2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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#LyX 2.2 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
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2015-11-27 08:23:22 +00:00
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\lyxformat 503
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\begin_document
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\begin_header
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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\origin /systemlyxdir/examples/es/
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\textclass tufte-book
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\index Índice
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\shortcut idx
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\color #008000
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\end_index
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\tocdepth 2
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\paragraph_separation indent
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\paragraph_indentation default
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\quotes_language english
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\papersides 1
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\end_header
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\begin_body
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset Note Note
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\series bold
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\lang english
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Note
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\series default
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: To be able to view your file as PDF you must have the \SpecialCharNoPassThru LaTeX
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-package
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\family sans
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fpl
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\family default
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installed to your \SpecialCharNoPassThru LaTeX
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system.
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If you are using MiK\SpecialCharNoPassThru TeX
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, you will automatically be asked to install this
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package when previewing your file, if you are using \SpecialCharNoPassThru TeX
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Live, use \SpecialCharNoPassThru TeX
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Live's
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package manager.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\begin_layout Title
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Ejemplos Tufte
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Author
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Autor Falso
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\begin_inset Note Note
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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autor de este archivo de ejemplo: Jason Waskiewicz
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset CommandInset toc
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LatexCommand tableofcontents
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Chapter
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Características de la clase Tufte-book
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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En este documento se ha intentado mostrar algunas de las características
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de la clase
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\family sans
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Tufte-book
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\family default
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.
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En el primer capítulo se perfila su uso a grandes rasgos.
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En el segundo capítulo se muestra su uso aplicado a un folleto para una
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clase de cálculo.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Section
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Características
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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La clase
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\family sans
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Tufte-book
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\family default
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se basa en el trabajo de
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\noun on
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Edward Tufte
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\noun default
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.
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Proporciona la misma funcionalidad que la clase
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\family sans
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Tufte-handout
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\family default
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con adiciones específicas para libros.
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Los documentos de Tufte constan de una columna de texto más bien estrecha
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y una amplia columna de margen donde se ponen notas y figuras.
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Esto tiene como fin mejorar la legibilidad:
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Itemize
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Figuras en el margen
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Itemize
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Figuras ordinarias en el texto con leyendas en el margen
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Itemize
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Figuras y texto de ancho completo cuando hace falta
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Itemize
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\begin_inset Quotes eld
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\end_inset
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Notas al pie
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\begin_inset Quotes erd
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\end_inset
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en el margen
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Itemize
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Niveles limitados de secciones y subsecciones
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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En este documento de muestra se ponen de manifiesto algunas de estas característ
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icas.
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Para una demostración completa, visita el sitio web de tufte-latex:
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\begin_inset Flex URL
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status collapsed
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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http://code.google.com/p/tufte-latex
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Section
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Formato de página
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Los márgenes de Tufte son
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\begin_inset Quotes eld
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\end_inset
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irregulares a la derecha
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\begin_inset Quotes erd
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\end_inset
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, en vez de justificados.
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\begin_inset Flex Sidenote
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status collapsed
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Para obtener texto justificado se añade la opción
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\emph on
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justified
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\emph default
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en el campo
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\emph on
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Personalizado
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\emph default
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en
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\family sans
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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Documento\SpecialChar menuseparator
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Configuración\SpecialChar menuseparator
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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Clase del documento
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\family default
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.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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El texto con el margen derecho irregular se usa en la mayoría de sus trabajos,
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pero se suministra la opción de clase
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\emph on
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justified
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\emph default
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por si se desea cambiar esto.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Tufte además da un formato asimétrico a sus páginas.
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Esto quiere decir que las notas adjuntas aparecen en el lado derecho de
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cada página, tanto en las pares como en las impares.
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Si lo prefieres, puedes cambiarlo por un formato simétrico, como es habitual
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en la tipografía tradicional de libros, usando la opción de clase
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\emph on
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symmetric
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\emph default
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.
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\begin_inset Flex Sidenote
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Para dar formato simétrico, se añade la opción
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\emph on
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symmetric
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\emph default
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en el campo
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\emph on
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Personalizado
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\emph default
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del menú
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\family sans
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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Documento\SpecialChar menuseparator
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Configuración\SpecialChar menuseparator
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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Clase del documento
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\family default
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.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Por último, Tufte no numera los capítulos o secciones; si quieres hacer
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referencias a secciones mediante un número, mueve el deslizador
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\emph on
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Numeración
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\emph default
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en
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\family sans
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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Documento\SpecialChar menuseparator
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Configuración\SpecialChar menuseparator
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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Numeación e IG
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\family default
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al extremo derecho (como se ha hecho en este documento).
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\begin_inset Flex Marginnote
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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nota marginal
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Section
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Figuras
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Tufte usa flotantes ordinarios de figuras tal como sigue:
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset Float figure
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wide false
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sideways false
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status open
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Box Boxed
|
|
|
|
|
position "t"
|
|
|
|
|
hor_pos "c"
|
|
|
|
|
has_inner_box 1
|
|
|
|
|
inner_pos "t"
|
|
|
|
|
use_parbox 0
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
use_makebox 0
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
width "100col%"
|
|
|
|
|
special "none"
|
|
|
|
|
height "1in"
|
|
|
|
|
height_special "totalheight"
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
thickness "0.4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
separation "3pt"
|
|
|
|
|
shadowsize "4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
framecolor "black"
|
|
|
|
|
backgroundcolor "none"
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Imagina tu figura favorita dentro de este cuadro en vez de este insulso
|
|
|
|
|
texto.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Una figura flotante ordinaria.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
Además coloca figuras en el margen, como se muestra en la fig.
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space ~
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
|
|
|
|
LatexCommand ref
|
|
|
|
|
reference "fig:fig-margen"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Float marginfigure
|
|
|
|
|
wide false
|
|
|
|
|
sideways false
|
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Box Boxed
|
|
|
|
|
position "t"
|
|
|
|
|
hor_pos "c"
|
|
|
|
|
has_inner_box 1
|
|
|
|
|
inner_pos "t"
|
|
|
|
|
use_parbox 0
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
use_makebox 0
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
width "100col%"
|
|
|
|
|
special "none"
|
|
|
|
|
height "1in"
|
|
|
|
|
height_special "totalheight"
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
thickness "0.4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
separation "3pt"
|
|
|
|
|
shadowsize "4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
framecolor "black"
|
|
|
|
|
backgroundcolor "none"
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Imagina tu foto favorita de una ardilla en este cuadro en vez de este soso
|
|
|
|
|
texto.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Una figura al margen.
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
|
|
|
|
LatexCommand label
|
|
|
|
|
name "fig:fig-margen"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
De igual modo, la clase
|
|
|
|
|
\family sans
|
|
|
|
|
Tufte-book
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
permite la inserción de tablas, tanto en el margen como en el texto.
|
|
|
|
|
Las tablas al margen están recomendadas para pequeños conjuntos de datos
|
|
|
|
|
para ilustrar conceptos como
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fíjate, la relación distancia-tiempo en un movimiento de caída es cuadrática
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
|
|
|
|
Por el contrario, conjuntos de datos más detallados, como resultados de
|
|
|
|
|
tests de llamas y comentarios deberían ponerse en una tabla de anchura
|
|
|
|
|
total.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
Finalmente,
|
|
|
|
|
\family sans
|
|
|
|
|
Tufte-book
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
proporciona figuras de ancho total.
|
|
|
|
|
Estas toman todo el ancho de la página, es decir, texto y margen.
|
|
|
|
|
Véase por ejemplo la Fig.
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space ~
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
|
|
|
|
LatexCommand ref
|
|
|
|
|
reference "fig:fig-ancho-total"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Float figure
|
|
|
|
|
wide true
|
|
|
|
|
sideways false
|
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Box Boxed
|
|
|
|
|
position "t"
|
|
|
|
|
hor_pos "c"
|
|
|
|
|
has_inner_box 1
|
|
|
|
|
inner_pos "t"
|
|
|
|
|
use_parbox 0
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
use_makebox 0
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
width "100line%"
|
|
|
|
|
special "none"
|
|
|
|
|
height "1in"
|
|
|
|
|
height_special "totalheight"
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
thickness "0.4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
separation "3pt"
|
|
|
|
|
shadowsize "4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
framecolor "black"
|
|
|
|
|
backgroundcolor "none"
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Imagina tu foto favorita de una ardilla en este cuadro en vez de este soso
|
|
|
|
|
texto.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Una figura de ancho total.
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
|
|
|
|
LatexCommand label
|
|
|
|
|
name "fig:fig-ancho-total"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Section
|
|
|
|
|
Trabajando con texto
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
Una de las características más destacadas y peculiares de este estilo es
|
|
|
|
|
el uso exhaustivo de notas al margen.
|
|
|
|
|
Hay un gran margen para dejar sitio a notas y pequeñas figuras.
|
|
|
|
|
Las notas al pie se convertirán automáticamente a notas al margen (numeradas).
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Foot
|
|
|
|
|
status collapsed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Esta nota al margen se introdujo como
|
|
|
|
|
\family typewriter
|
|
|
|
|
Nota al pie
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alternativamente se puede usar directamente la inserción como
|
|
|
|
|
\family typewriter
|
|
|
|
|
nota al margen
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
; lo encontrarás en el menú
|
|
|
|
|
\family sans
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Insertar\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Recuadro personalizado
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Flex Sidenote
|
|
|
|
|
status collapsed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Esto es una nota al margen insertada con el menú
|
|
|
|
|
\family typewriter
|
|
|
|
|
Nota al margen
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
Si quieres poner información complementaria en el margen sin la marca de
|
|
|
|
|
nota (el voladito), puedes usar la inserción
|
|
|
|
|
\family typewriter
|
|
|
|
|
Nota marginal
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
(éstas no se numeran).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Flex Marginnote
|
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Esto es una nota marginal de Tufte.
|
|
|
|
|
Observa que no hay número antepuesto, y no hay número en el lugar de inserción
|
|
|
|
|
en el cuerpo del texto.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
La nota al margen normal también funciona, pero se verá un poco rara.
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Marginal
|
|
|
|
|
status collapsed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Esto es una nota al margen normal.
|
|
|
|
|
No la uses.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Flex NewThought
|
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Otra innovación
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
útil de Tufte es el estilo de texto
|
|
|
|
|
\family typewriter
|
|
|
|
|
Idea nueva
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
(
|
|
|
|
|
\family sans
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Editar\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
|
|
|
|
Estilo del texto\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Idea nueva
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
).
|
|
|
|
|
Introduce conceptos nuevos mediante el uso de versalitas, como se ve en
|
|
|
|
|
este párrafo.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
Las clases de documento Tufte incluyen dos nuevos estilos de texto y algunas
|
|
|
|
|
mejoras en los comandos para el espaciado entre tipos.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
Cuando se insertan caracteres en
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Flex AllCaps
|
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
MAYÚSCULAS
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
o
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Flex SmallCaps
|
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Versalitas
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, el espaciado de las letras —o sea, entre ellas— debería ser levemente
|
|
|
|
|
aumentado.
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
|
|
|
|
|
LatexCommand cite
|
|
|
|
|
key "Bringhurst2005"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
El estilo de texto
|
|
|
|
|
\emph on
|
|
|
|
|
Mayúsculas
|
|
|
|
|
\emph default
|
|
|
|
|
(
|
|
|
|
|
\family sans
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Editar\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
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Estilo del texto\SpecialChar menuseparator
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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M
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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a
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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y
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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ú
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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s
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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c
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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u
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l
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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a
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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s
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\family default
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) añade el espacio adecuado en cadenas de caracteres
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\begin_inset Flex AllCaps
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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EN MAYÚSCULAS
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\end_inset
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, y el estilo
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\emph on
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Versalitas Tufte
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\emph default
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(
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\family sans
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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Editar\SpecialChar menuseparator
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Estilo del texto\SpecialChar menuseparator
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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V
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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\end_inset
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e
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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\end_inset
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r
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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\end_inset
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s
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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\end_inset
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a
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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\end_inset
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l
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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\end_inset
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i
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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t
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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\end_inset
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a
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\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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\end_inset
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s
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\family default
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) lo añade para
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\begin_inset Flex SmallCaps
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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letras versalitas
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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.
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Estos comandos también cambiarán automáticamente la caja del texto a mayúscula
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o minúscula, respectivamente.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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La forma normal de
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\emph on
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Versalitas
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\emph default
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también se ha redefinido para incluir espacio entre las letras.
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Su caja se deja tal cual, sin embargo.
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Esto permite usar tanto letras de caja alta como de caja baja para la misma
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forma de letra:
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\noun on
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Las Letras Iniciales De Las Palabras En Esta Frase Son Capitales.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Por último, el entorno de párrafo
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\emph on
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Ancho total
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\emph default
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proporciona un formato de párrafo que se extiende a través del bloque de
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texto principal y del área de notas:
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Full Width
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
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Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac, adipiscing vitae, felis.
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Curabitur dictum gravida mauris.
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Nam arcu libero, nonummy eget, consectetuer id, vulputate a, magna.
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Donec vehicula augue eu neque.
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Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames
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ac turpis egestas.
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Mauris ut leo.
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Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem.
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Nulla et lectus vestibulum urna fringilla ultrices.
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Phasellus eu tellus sit amet tortor gravida placerat.
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Integer sapien est, iaculis in, pretium quis, viverra ac, nunc.
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Praesent eget sem vel leo ultrices bibendum.
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Aenean faucibus.
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Morbi dolor nulla, malesuada eu, pulvinar at, mollis ac, nulla.
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Curabitur auctor semper nulla.
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Donec varius orci eget risus.
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Duis nibh mi, congue eu, accumsan eleifend, sagittis quis, diam.
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Duis eget orci sit amet orci dignissim rutrum.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Section
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Referencias
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Las referencias se colocan al lado de sus citas, como las notas al margen.
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Esto se puede conseguir usando el habitual comando de citas.
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\begin_inset Foot
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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La sección anterior incluye una cita.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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La lista completa de referencias se puede además imprimir automáticamente
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usando
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\family sans
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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Insertar\SpecialChar menuseparator
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Lista/Índice\SpecialChar menuseparator
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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Bibliografía
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\begin_inset space ~
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\end_inset
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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Bib\SpecialCharNoPassThru TeX
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\family default
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(véase un ejemplo al final del documento).
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Si no quieres imprimir una bibliografía al final de un documento, inserta
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la
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\family sans
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Bibliografía
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\begin_inset space ~
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\end_inset
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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Bib\SpecialCharNoPassThru TeX
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\family default
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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dentro de una nota \SpecialCharNoPassThru LyX
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y usa el comando \SpecialCharNoPassThru LaTeX
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\family typewriter
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\backslash
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nobibliography
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\family default
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en el texto.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Chapter
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Cálculo de volumen: Secciones 2.12–2.13
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Supongamos que tomamos una función como
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\begin_inset Formula $y=\sqrt{x}$
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\end_inset
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y la rotamos en 3 dimensiones alrededor del eje X.
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La forma resultante debería ser algo como una copa (de costado).
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Interesante, la integración nos permite hacer eso exactamente y encontrar
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cuánta agua podría contener esa copa.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Section
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Visualización de la rotación
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset Float marginfigure
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wide false
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sideways false
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Box Boxed
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position "t"
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hor_pos "c"
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has_inner_box 1
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inner_pos "t"
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use_parbox 0
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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use_makebox 0
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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width "100col%"
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special "none"
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height "1in"
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height_special "totalheight"
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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thickness "0.4pt"
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separation "3pt"
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shadowsize "4pt"
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framecolor "black"
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backgroundcolor "none"
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Aquí tenía una gráfica de la función raíz cuadrada.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
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\begin_inset Caption Standard
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset CommandInset label
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LatexCommand label
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name "mar:una-grafica"
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\end_inset
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Una gráfica de of
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\begin_inset Formula $f(x)=\sqrt{x}$
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset Float marginfigure
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wide false
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sideways false
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Box Boxed
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position "t"
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hor_pos "c"
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has_inner_box 1
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inner_pos "t"
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use_parbox 0
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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|
use_makebox 0
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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width "100col%"
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special "none"
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height "1in"
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height_special "totalheight"
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
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thickness "0.4pt"
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separation "3pt"
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shadowsize "4pt"
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framecolor "black"
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backgroundcolor "none"
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Aquí giraba la función raíz cuadrada y después dibujaba un disco sobre la
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gráfica para ilustrar cómo calcular el volumen de la figura.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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|
2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
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\begin_inset Caption Standard
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset CommandInset label
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LatexCommand label
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name "mar:girada"
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\end_inset
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Una gráfica de
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\begin_inset Formula $f(x)=\sqrt{x}$
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\end_inset
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|
girada sobre el eje X con notas adicionales para la integración.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
|
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|
La figura
|
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|
|
\begin_inset space ~
|
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\end_inset
|
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\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
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|
LatexCommand ref
|
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|
reference "mar:una-grafica"
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\end_inset
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muestra la gráfica de la función
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $f(x)=\sqrt{x}.$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
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|
|
Ahora imagina que rotamos esa función sobre el eje X: la figura resultante
|
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|
sería algo como la figura
|
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|
\begin_inset space ~
|
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\end_inset
|
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\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
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|
LatexCommand ref
|
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|
reference "mar:girada"
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\end_inset
|
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.
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|
Esto es semejente a una copa tumbada de lado.
|
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|
En beneficio de la claridad, el artista (yo) dibujó un círculo al final
|
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|
|
de la gráfica para mostrar que realmente está girada.
|
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\end_layout
|
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|
\begin_layout Standard
|
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|
|
Ahora supongamos que queremos averigüar el volumen de la figura.
|
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|
Cuando integramos la función original raíz cuadrada para calcular el área,
|
|
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|
|
imaginamos una serie de rectángulos dentro de la figura.
|
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|
Su altura es
|
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|
\begin_inset Formula $h=f(x)$
|
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|
\end_inset
|
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y su anchura
|
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|
|
\begin_inset Formula $dx$
|
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|
\end_inset
|
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|
|
|
|
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.
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Puesto que la altura multiplicada por la anchura es el área de cada rectángulo,
|
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|
|
sumamos estas áreas y reescribimos esto como
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $\int\, f(x)\, dx$
|
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|
|
\end_inset
|
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|
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|
|
, o, en este caso concreto,
|
|
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|
|
\begin_inset Formula $\int\,\sqrt{x}\, dx$
|
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|
|
|
\end_inset
|
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|
|
.
|
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|
|
\end_layout
|
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|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
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|
|
|
Para encontrar el volumen de nuestra figura girada el procedimiento es similar.
|
|
|
|
|
Comenzamos rotando cada rectángulo sobre el eje X, esto da origen a una
|
|
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|
|
serie de cilindros.
|
|
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|
|
\begin_inset Flex Sidenote
|
|
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|
|
status collapsed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
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|
|
El texto se refiere a estos cilindros como "discos".
|
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|
Esto es lo habitual en los libros de Cálculo que he consultado.
|
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|
\end_layout
|
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|
\end_inset
|
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|
Después, podemos encontrar el volumen de cada cilindro/disco.
|
|
|
|
|
La fórmula básica es:
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\[
|
|
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|
|
V=hA
|
|
|
|
|
\]
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
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|
donde
|
|
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|
|
\begin_inset Formula $h=dx$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
es la altura del cilindro (anchura del rectángulo), y el área de cada figura
|
|
|
|
|
es un círculo siendo
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $A=\pi r^{2}$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
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|
El radio en este caso es la función
|
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|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $f(x)$
|
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|
|
|
\end_inset
|
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|
.
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|
Por sustitución
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\[
|
|
|
|
|
A=\pi f^{2}(x)
|
|
|
|
|
\]
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
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|
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|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
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|
|
En nuestro caso concreto,
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
A & = & \pi\left(\sqrt{x}\right)^{2}\\
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
& = & \pi x
|
|
|
|
|
\end{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Para calcular el volumen de un disco, tenemos
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\[
|
|
|
|
|
V=\pi x\, dx
|
|
|
|
|
\]
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
o, en el caso general
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\[
|
|
|
|
|
V=\pi f^{2}(x)\, dx
|
|
|
|
|
\]
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Para encontrar el volumen de la figura entre los puntos
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $a$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
y
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $b$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sumamos los volúmenes por medio de la integración:
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{equation}
|
|
|
|
|
\int_{a}^{b}\,\pi f^{2}(x)\, dx
|
|
|
|
|
\end{equation}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
En el ejemplo concreto, en el intervalo
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $[0,4]$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\int_{0}^{4}\,\pi x\, dx & = & \pi\int_{0}^{4}\, x\, dx\\
|
|
|
|
|
& = & \pi\left.\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)\right|_{0}^{4}\\
|
|
|
|
|
& = & \pi\left(\frac{4^{2}}{2}-0\right)\\
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
& = & 8\pi
|
|
|
|
|
\end{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Flex NewThought
|
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Supongamos que taladro
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
un agujero especial a lo largo de la copa con la que acabamos de trabajar.
|
|
|
|
|
Se hace con un pedazo de forma cuadrática.
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Flex Sidenote
|
|
|
|
|
status collapsed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
No tengo ni idea cómo se hace esto en la vida real, pero lo estoy intentando.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Encontré que el agujero que hace el trozo puede modelarse con la función
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $g(x)=\frac{x^{2}}{16}$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
|
|
|
|
Necesitaría sustraer el volumen del material quitado del volumen de la
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
copa
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
entera.
|
|
|
|
|
Cada cilindro individual se convertiría en una arandela.
|
|
|
|
|
Para obtener el área de una arandela podría usar la fórmula
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
\noindent
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Float marginfigure
|
|
|
|
|
wide false
|
|
|
|
|
sideways false
|
|
|
|
|
status collapsed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Box Boxed
|
|
|
|
|
position "t"
|
|
|
|
|
hor_pos "c"
|
|
|
|
|
has_inner_box 1
|
|
|
|
|
inner_pos "t"
|
|
|
|
|
use_parbox 0
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
use_makebox 0
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
width "100col%"
|
|
|
|
|
special "none"
|
|
|
|
|
height "1in"
|
|
|
|
|
height_special "totalheight"
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
thickness "0.4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
separation "3pt"
|
|
|
|
|
shadowsize "4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
framecolor "black"
|
|
|
|
|
backgroundcolor "none"
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
status collapsed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Aquí usé RLPlot para dibujar la función raíz cuadrada y la función cuadrática.
|
|
|
|
|
Después usé Inkscape para sombrear la zona entre ellas.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Las funciones
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $f(x)$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
y
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $g(x)$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
y el área dejada por
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $f(x)-g(x)$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
A_{arandela} & = & A_{copa}-A_{taladro}\\
|
|
|
|
|
& = & \pi f^{2}(x)-\pi g^{2}(x)\\
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
& = & \pi\left(f^{2}(x)-g^{2}(x)\right)
|
|
|
|
|
\end{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
El volumen de cada arandela sería
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
V_{arandela} & = & A_{arandela}\, dx\\
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
& = & \pi\left(f^{2}(x)-g^{2}(x)\right)\, dx
|
|
|
|
|
\end{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
\noindent
|
|
|
|
|
Después, sumando los volúmenes de todas las arandelas entre los puntos
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $a$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
y
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $b$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, se obtiene la integral:
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{equation}
|
|
|
|
|
\int_{a}^{b}\,\pi\left(f^{2}(x)-g^{2}(x)\right)\, dx
|
|
|
|
|
\end{equation}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
En el caso de nuestro trozo de taladro cuadrático:
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
\noindent
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Float marginfigure
|
|
|
|
|
wide false
|
|
|
|
|
sideways false
|
|
|
|
|
status collapsed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Box Boxed
|
|
|
|
|
position "t"
|
|
|
|
|
hor_pos "c"
|
|
|
|
|
has_inner_box 1
|
|
|
|
|
inner_pos "t"
|
|
|
|
|
use_parbox 0
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
use_makebox 0
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
width "100col%"
|
|
|
|
|
special "none"
|
|
|
|
|
height "1in"
|
|
|
|
|
height_special "totalheight"
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
thickness "0.4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
separation "3pt"
|
|
|
|
|
shadowsize "4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
framecolor "black"
|
|
|
|
|
backgroundcolor "none"
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Esto era el conjunto rotado de 2 funciones.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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La copa con un agujero cuadrático taladrado a lo largo.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\begin_inset Formula
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\begin{eqnarray*}
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\int_{0}^{4}\,\pi\left(\left(\sqrt{x}\right)^{2}-\left(\frac{x^{2}}{16}\right)\right)\, dx & = & \pi\int_{0}^{4}\,\left(x-\frac{x^{4}}{256}\right)\, dx\\
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& = & \pi\left(\int_{0}^{4}\, x\, dx-\int_{0}^{4}\,\frac{x^{4}}{256}\, dx\right)\\
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& = & \pi\left(\left.\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)\right|_{0}^{4}-\left.\left(\frac{x^{5}}{1280}\right)\right|_{0}^{4}\right)\\
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& = & \pi\left(\left(\frac{4^{2}}{2}-0\right)-\left(\frac{4^{5}}{1280}-0\right)\right)\\
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& = & \pi\left(8-0.8\right)\\
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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& = & 7.2\pi
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\end{eqnarray*}
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Section
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Tarea
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Itemize
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p114: 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex
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LatexCommand bibtex
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2013-06-24 09:07:40 +00:00
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bibfiles "../biblioExample"
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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options "plainnat"
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\end_body
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\end_document
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