diff --git a/development/scons/scons_manifest.py b/development/scons/scons_manifest.py
index 5314186d11..fc169f00d8 100644
--- a/development/scons/scons_manifest.py
+++ b/development/scons/scons_manifest.py
@@ -2147,7 +2147,9 @@ lib_doc_es_files = Split('''
EmbeddedObjects.lyx
Extended.lyx
FAQ.lyx
+ Formula-numbering.lyx
Intro.lyx
+ Math.lyx
Tutorial.lyx
UserGuide.lyx
''')
diff --git a/lib/doc/Makefile.am b/lib/doc/Makefile.am
index e0312f5a3b..e03b5d45ef 100644
--- a/lib/doc/Makefile.am
+++ b/lib/doc/Makefile.am
@@ -89,7 +89,9 @@ dist_esdoc_DATA = \
es/EmbeddedObjects.lyx \
es/Extended.lyx \
es/FAQ.lyx \
+ es/Formula-numbering.lyx \
es/Intro.lyx \
+ es/Math.lyx \
es/Tutorial.lyx \
es/UserGuide.lyx
diff --git a/lib/doc/Makefile.depend b/lib/doc/Makefile.depend
index 1a2028857d..f501459cbc 100644
--- a/lib/doc/Makefile.depend
+++ b/lib/doc/Makefile.depend
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ de/TOC.lyx: $(srcdir)/de/Customization.lyx $(srcdir)/de/EmbeddedObjects.lyx $(sr
TOC.lyx: $(srcdir)/Customization.lyx $(srcdir)/EmbeddedObjects.lyx $(srcdir)/Extended.lyx $(srcdir)/FAQ.lyx $(srcdir)/Intro.lyx $(srcdir)/Math.lyx $(srcdir)/Tutorial.lyx $(srcdir)/UserGuide.lyx
PYTHONPATH=$(top_builddir)/lib/lyx2lyx python -tt $(srcdir)/doc_toc.py en .
-es/TOC.lyx: $(srcdir)/Customization.lyx $(srcdir)/Math.lyx $(srcdir)/es/EmbeddedObjects.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Extended.lyx $(srcdir)/es/FAQ.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Intro.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Tutorial.lyx $(srcdir)/es/UserGuide.lyx
+es/TOC.lyx: $(srcdir)/Customization.lyx $(srcdir)/es/EmbeddedObjects.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Extended.lyx $(srcdir)/es/FAQ.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Intro.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Math.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Tutorial.lyx $(srcdir)/es/UserGuide.lyx
PYTHONPATH=$(top_builddir)/lib/lyx2lyx python -tt $(srcdir)/doc_toc.py es .
eu/TOC.lyx: $(srcdir)/EmbeddedObjects.lyx $(srcdir)/Math.lyx $(srcdir)/eu/Customization.lyx $(srcdir)/eu/Extended.lyx $(srcdir)/eu/FAQ.lyx $(srcdir)/eu/Intro.lyx $(srcdir)/eu/Tutorial.lyx $(srcdir)/eu/UserGuide.lyx
diff --git a/lib/doc/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/Math.lyx
index e6c5363689..3cd0df29e0 100644
--- a/lib/doc/Math.lyx
+++ b/lib/doc/Math.lyx
@@ -11435,40 +11435,6 @@ When the command
framebox
\series default
is inserted, a box appears containing three blue boxes.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Due to a bug in LyX the cursor has to be placed left beside blue the boxes
- to fill them, see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2461}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-LyX-bug #2461
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
The first two boxes are surrounded by brackets and denote the two optional
arguments.
The third box is for formula parts like for
diff --git a/lib/doc/de/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/de/Math.lyx
index dae8a87c65..98770d95e4 100644
--- a/lib/doc/de/Math.lyx
+++ b/lib/doc/de/Math.lyx
@@ -11468,40 +11468,6 @@ Wenn man den Befehl
framebox
\series default
eingibt, erscheint eine Box mit drei Eingabefeldern.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Aufgrund eines Fehlers in LyX muss der Cursor links neben die Eingabefelder
- gesetzt werden um sie zu füllen, siehe
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2461}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-LyX-Fehler #2461
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
Die ersten beiden sind von eckigen Klammern umgeben und stehen für die
beiden optionalen Argumente.
In das dritte Feld wird wie bei
diff --git a/lib/doc/es/Formula-numbering.lyx b/lib/doc/es/Formula-numbering.lyx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb6ee97d51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/doc/es/Formula-numbering.lyx
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+#LyX 1.5.5svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
+\lyxformat 276
+\begin_document
+\begin_header
+\textclass scrartcl
+\begin_preamble
+\usepackage{ifpdf}
+
+\ifpdf
+
+\usepackage[colorlinks=true,
+ pdftitle=Formelnummerierung, pdfpagemode=none,
+ pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfstartview=XYZ,
+ pdfauthor={Uwe Stöhr},
+ pdfsubject={LaTeX/LyX numbering example},
+ pdfkeywords={LaTeX, numbering, LyX}]{hyperref}
+
+\else % if DVI
+
+\usepackage[colorlinks=true, hypertex]{hyperref}
+
+\fi
+
+% define Roman counter
+\newcounter{rom}
+\renewcommand{\therom}{\roman{rom}}
+
+% remember the original counter
+\newcommand{\c@org@eq}{}
+\let\c@org@eq\c@equation
+\newcommand{\org@theeq}{}
+\let\org@theeq\theequation
+
+% \setrom activates the Roman counter
+\newcommand{\setrom}{
+ \let\c@equation\c@rom
+ \let\theequation\therom}
+
+% \setarab activates the original Arabic counter
+\newcommand{\setarab}{
+ \let\c@equation\c@org@eq
+ \let\theequation\org@theeq}
+\end_preamble
+\options fleqn
+\language spanish
+\inputencoding auto
+\font_roman default
+\font_sans default
+\font_typewriter default
+\font_default_family default
+\font_sc false
+\font_osf false
+\font_sf_scale 100
+\font_tt_scale 100
+\graphics default
+\paperfontsize 12
+\spacing single
+\papersize default
+\use_geometry false
+\use_amsmath 2
+\use_esint 0
+\cite_engine basic
+\use_bibtopic false
+\paperorientation portrait
+\secnumdepth 4
+\tocdepth 3
+\paragraph_separation skip
+\defskip medskip
+\quotes_language english
+\papercolumns 1
+\papersides 1
+\paperpagestyle empty
+\tracking_changes false
+\output_changes false
+\author ""
+\author ""
+\end_header
+
+\begin_body
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Este documento muestra el uso de dos categorías diferentes de ecuaciones.
+ Una está numerada en arábigos, la otra en romanos.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+A=B\label{eq:B}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+A=C\label{eq:C}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setrom
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+A=D\label{eq:D}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+A=E\label{eq:E}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setarab
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+A=F\label{eq:F}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+A=G\label{eq:G}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setrom
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+A=H\label{eq:H}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+A=I\label{eq:I}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Referencias cruzadas:
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:B"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ ,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:C"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ ,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:F"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ ,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:G"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ ,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:D"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ ,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:E"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ ,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:H"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ ,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:I"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\lyxline
+
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+Para escribir este ejemplo, primero hay que definir un contador para las
+ fórmulas numeradas en romanos.
+ Para ello se inserta lo siguiente en el preámbulo LaTeX:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcounter{rom}
+\newline
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+therom}{
+\backslash
+roman{rom}}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\newpage
+Para guardar el valor del contador arábigo
+\series bold
+equation
+\series default
+, se añade al preámbulo lo siguiente
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+c@org@eq}{}
+\newline
+
+\backslash
+let
+\backslash
+c@org@eq
+\backslash
+c@equation
+\newline
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+org@theeq}{}
+\newline
+
+\backslash
+let
+\backslash
+org@theeq
+\backslash
+theequation
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para poder alternar en el documento entre ambos esquemas de numeración,
+ se definen los siguientes comandos en el preámbulo:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+setrom}{
+\backslash
+let
+\backslash
+c@equation
+\backslash
+c@rom
+\backslash
+let
+\backslash
+theequation
+\backslash
+therom}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+para la numeración romana y
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+setarab}{
+\backslash
+let
+\backslash
+c@equation
+\backslash
+c@org@eq
+\backslash
+let
+\backslash
+theequation
+\backslash
+org@theeq}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+para la numeración arábiga.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cada fórmula será numerada en arábigos por defecto.
+ Para cambiar a numeración en romanos, se inserta el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setrom
+\series default
+ en modo TeX.
+ Con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setarab
+\series default
+ la numeración retorna a números arábigos.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_body
+\end_document
diff --git a/lib/doc/es/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/es/Math.lyx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..739c797b96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/doc/es/Math.lyx
@@ -0,0 +1,34107 @@
+#LyX 1.5.5svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
+\lyxformat 276
+\begin_document
+\begin_header
+\textclass scrartcl
+\begin_preamble
+% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
+%
+% This preamble is designed to ensure that the file prints
+% out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
+% parts of this document may not print out as expected. If you
+% have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
+% the documentation team
+% email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
+
+
+% if pdflatex is used
+\usepackage{ifpdf}
+\ifpdf
+
+% set fonts for nicer pdf view
+\IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}
+ {\usepackage{lmodern}}{}
+
+% link all cross references and URLs
+% in pdf output
+ \usepackage[colorlinks=true, bookmarks, bookmarksnumbered,
+ bookmarksopen, bookmarksopenlevel=1,
+ linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue,
+ pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true,
+ pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels,
+ pdfauthor={LyX Team}, pdftex,
+ pdftitle={LyX's Math Manual},
+ pdfsubject={LyX-documentation about math},
+ pdfkeywords={LyX, Mathed}]{hyperref}
+
+\else % if dvi or ps is produced
+
+ % link all cross references and URLs in DVI output
+ \usepackage[ps2pdf, colorlinks=true,
+ linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue]{hyperref}
+
+\fi % end if pdflatex is used
+
+% Folgendes Problem lösen:
+% Besteht die Kapitelnummer aus zu vielen Ziffern, wird die
+% Kapitelüberschrift im Inhaltsverzeichnis direkt an oder über
+% die Kapitelnummer geschrieben.
+% Als Lösung wird mehr Platz zwischen Nummer und
+% Überschrift eingefügt.
+\renewcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.8em}}
+\renewcommand{\l@subsubsection}{\@dottedtocline{3}{4.3em}{3.6em}}
+
+% To be able to enter the character ° and · directly in LyX,
+% see sec. 22.11
+\DeclareInputText{176}{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi}
+\DeclareInputText{183}{\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi}
+
+% increase link area for cross-references and autoname them,
+% see sec. 22.18.1
+\AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\ref}[1]{\mbox{\autoref{#1}}}}
+%\renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}
+\renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}
+\renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}
+\newlength{\abc}
+\settowidth{\abc}{\space}
+\renewcommand{\equationautorefname}{\hspace{-\abc}}
+
+% don't load packages twice
+% see first footnote in sec. 9.3
+\@ifundefined{textcolor}{\usepackage{color}}{}
+
+% the pages of the TOC are numbered roman
+% and a PDF-bookmark for the TOC is added
+\pagenumbering{Roman}
+\let\myTOC\tableofcontents
+\renewcommand{\tableofcontents}{%
+ \vspace{1cm}
+ \pdfbookmark[1]{Índice}{}
+ \myTOC
+ \cleardoublepage
+ \pagenumbering{arabic}}
+
+% insert additional vertical space of 1.5 mm between footnotes,
+% see sec. 22.16
+\let\myFoot\footnote
+\renewcommand{\footnote}[1]{\myFoot{#1\vspace{1.5mm}}}
+
+% provides caption formatting
+\setkomafont{captionlabel}{\bfseries}
+
+% used in Kap. 22.4
+\usepackage{braket}
+
+% used in Kap. 22.6
+\usepackage[samesize]{cancel}
+
+% enables calculation of values,
+\usepackage{calc}
+
+% for multiple table row and column cells
+\usepackage{multirow}
+\usepackage{multicol}
+
+% needed for diagrams
+\usepackage{amscd}
+
+% needed in sec. 19.4
+\usepackage{remreset}
+
+% center multirows (e.g. in sec. 13.3)
+\renewcommand{\multirowsetup}{\centering}
+
+% define a color, used in sec.9.3
+\definecolor{verdeoscuro}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5}
+
+% declare operators (see sec. 10.4 and sec. 15.2)
+\DeclareMathOperator*{\Lozenge}{\blacklozenge}
+\DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn}
+% declare operator example in Spanish (see sec.15.2)
+\DeclareMathOperator{\mcd}{mcd}
+
+\newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace}
+
+% example definitions for sec. 20.1
+\newcommand{\gr}{\Longrightarrow}
+\newcommand{\us}[1]{\underline{#1}}
+\newcommand{\fb}[3]{\framebox#1#2{$#3$}}
+\newcommand{\cb}[3][white]{\fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}}
+\newcommand{\fracS}[3][]{\genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}}
+
+% example macro from sec. 19.4
+%\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{|#1|}}
+
+% macro from sec. 10.2
+\def\clap#1{\hbox to 0pt{\hss #1\hss}}
+\def\mathclap {\mathpalette \mathclapinternal}
+\def\mathclapinternal #1#2{\clap{$\mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}}
+
+% redefine the greyed out note
+\renewenvironment{lyxgreyedout}
+ {\textcolor{blue}\bgroup}{\egroup}
+
+% check for package eurosym
+% used for the Euro symbol
+\newboolean{eurosym}
+\IfFileExists{eurosym.sty}
+ {\usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym}
+ \setboolean{eurosym}{true}}
+ {\setboolean{eurosym}{false}}
+
+% needed in sec. 22.4
+% check for package braket
+\newboolean{braket}
+\IfFileExists{braket.sty}
+ {\usepackage{braket}
+ \setboolean{braket}{true}}
+ {\setboolean{braket}{false}}
+
+% needed in sec. 22.10
+% check for package upgreek
+\newboolean{upgreek}
+\IfFileExists{upgreek.sty}
+ {\usepackage{upgreek}
+ \setboolean{upgreek}{true}}
+ {\setboolean{upgreek}{false}}
+\end_preamble
+\options bibtotoc,idxtotoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,tablecaptionabove
+\language spanish
+\inputencoding auto
+\font_roman default
+\font_sans default
+\font_typewriter default
+\font_default_family default
+\font_sc false
+\font_osf false
+\font_sf_scale 100
+\font_tt_scale 100
+\graphics default
+\paperfontsize 12
+\spacing single
+\papersize a4paper
+\use_geometry false
+\use_amsmath 2
+\use_esint 1
+\cite_engine basic
+\use_bibtopic false
+\paperorientation portrait
+\secnumdepth 4
+\tocdepth 3
+\paragraph_separation skip
+\defskip medskip
+\quotes_language french
+\papercolumns 1
+\papersides 2
+\paperpagestyle plain
+\bullet 1 0 6 -1
+\bullet 2 2 35 -1
+\bullet 3 2 7 -1
+\tracking_changes false
+\output_changes false
+\author ""
+\author ""
+\end_header
+
+\begin_body
+
+\begin_layout Title
+Manual detallado de
+\newline
+Matemáticas en LyX
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Author
+por el Equipo LyX
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si tienes comentarios o correcciones de errores envíalos, por favor, a la
+ lista de correo de documentación de LyX
+\family typewriter
+:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{mailto:lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's Math manual}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+autor: Uwe Stöhr
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Versión 1.5.5
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand tableofcontents
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para exportar este documento a PDF, PS, o DVI deben estar instalados los
+ paquetes LaTeX
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+multirow
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+was
+\series default
+.
+ Si no están instalados también puedes exportar el documento pero las secciones
+ en que se requieren dichos paquetes no aparecerán en la salida.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newpage
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Introducción
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Introducción"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Este documento explica las características matemáticas de LyX y además es
+ una colección de comandos LaTeX para caracteres y estructuras matemáticas.
+ Las explicaciones están diseñadas para el uso de comandos.
+ Por consiguiente es preciso que hayas leido la sección
+\emph on
+Ecuaciones matemáticas
+\emph default
+ de la
+\emph on
+Guía del usuario
+\emph default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La mayoría de caracteres y muchas estructuras explicadas en este manual
+ también son accesibles mediante el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación
+\family default
+ o la barra de herramientas
+\family sans
+ Ecuaciones
+\family default
+.
+ Pero todo aquel que tenga que escribir muchas fórmulas observará que es
+ mucho más rápido usar comandos que la barra de herramientas.
+ Por tanto este manual está enfocado al uso de comandos, aunque también
+ se mencionan los botones correspondientes de las barras de herramientas
+ cuando están disponibles.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si no se especifica lo contrario los comandos sólo están disponibles dentro
+ de las fórmulas.
+ Para poder usar todos los comandos explicados en este documento, debe usarse
+ la opción
+\family sans
+Usar el paquete de ecuaciones AMS
+\family default
+ en la configuración del documento (menú
+\family sans
+Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Configuración\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuaciones
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La opción
+\family sans
+Usar el paquete de ecuaciones AMS automáticamente
+\family default
+ sólo usa
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+AmS
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ si las estructuras matemáticas son soportadas por LyX.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Este documento no recoge todos los comandos de ecuaciones
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+AmS
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En el archivo
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/amsguide.ps}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+amsguide.ps
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, que forma parte de todas las distribuciones estándar de LaTeX, hay una
+ lista con todos los comandos de ecuaciones
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+AmS
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ por razones de claridad.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Instrucciones generales
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Instrucciones-generales"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para crear una ecuación en línea
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! en línea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, insertada en una línea de texto, teclea
+\family sans
+Ctrl-m
+\family default
+ o pulsa el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math-mode.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de herramientas.
+\newline
+Para crear una ecuación en estilo presentación
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! en presentación"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, que se verá más grande y en su propio párrafo, teclea
+\family sans
+ Ctrl-M
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para cambiar una ecuación en estilo presentación a estilo en línea, pon
+ el cursor dentro de la ecuación y teclea
+\family sans
+Ctrl-M
+\family default
+ o usa el menú
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Cambiar tipo de ecuación
+\family default
+.
+ De igual forma se puede cambiar una ecuación en línea a estilo presentación.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para mostrar partes de una ecuación en línea en el tamaño del estilo presentació
+n, añade el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+displaystyle
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash displaystyle"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ a la ecuación.
+ Entonces aparece un nuevo recuadro azul en el que se inserta la parte deseada
+ de la ecuación.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En las tablas sólo se permiten ecuaciones en línea.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las barras
+\family sans
+Ecuaciones
+\family default
+ y
+\family sans
+Panel de ecuaciones
+\family default
+se pueden visualizar mediante el menú
+\family sans
+Ver\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Barras de herramientas
+\family default
+.
+ Si ahí pulsas en
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+Ecuaciones
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ y/o en
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+Panel de ecuaciones
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+, una y/u otra se mostrarán de forma permanente en la parte inferior; este
+ estado se visualiza en el menú de las barras de herramientas con una marca.
+ Si en este estado pulsas de nuevo sobre
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+Ecuaciones
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ y/o
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+Panel de ecuaciones
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ en el menú, las barras sólo se visualizarán cuando el cursor esté dentro
+ de una ecuación; este estado se indica añadiendo a las entradas del menú
+ la palabra
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+(auto)
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El modo TeX
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "T@\\TeX ! modo"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ se invoca pulsando el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/ert-insert.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+de la barra de herramientas o con el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Código T
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+e
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+X
+\family default
+, (atajo
+\family sans
+Ctrl-l
+\family default
+).
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En LyX hay tres
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+nombres propios
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ que se ven en la salida con letras sobre o bajo la alineación normal: TeX,
+ LaTeX y LyX.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para evitar que estas palabras sean reconocidas como tales nombres propios,
+ se pone una de las letras entre llaves TeX.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para cambiar el preámbulo LaTeX
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! preámbulo"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, usa el menú
+\family sans
+Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Configuración\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Preámbulo La
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+T
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+eX
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para editar posteriormente matrices, diferenciaciones de casos y ecuaciones
+ multilínea, se pueden usar los menús
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación
+\family default
+ y
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Filas y columnas
+\family default
+ o la barra de herramientas
+\family sans
+Tabla
+\family default
+.
+ Cuando las líneas y columnas se intercambian mediante el menú, la columna
+ o línea en la que está se cambia con la columna de la derecha o con la
+ línea de abajo, respectivamente.
+ Si el cursor está en la última columna o fila, el cambio se hace con la
+ columna de la izquierda o la línea de arriba.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para escribir texto en fórmulas se usa
+\emph on
+texto de ecuaciones
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Texto ! en ecuaciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para ecuaciones multilínea se usa el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+intertext
+\series default
+, véase\InsetSpace ~
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Texto-en-multilínea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Este modo se invoca con el atajo
+\family sans
+Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
+m
+\family default
+ o insertando el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+text
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash text"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ El texto se ve en negro en LyX y por tanto puede distinguirse de otras
+ partes de la ecuación que se ven en azul.
+ En la salida, el texto en una ecuación se imprime en letra redonda, a diferenci
+a de otras partes de la fórmula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection*
+Esquema de comandos
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La mayoría de los comandos LaTeX para estructuras matemáticas tienen el
+ siguiente esquema:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+nombre_del_comando[argumento opcional]{argumento requerido}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un comando empieza siempre por una contrabarra,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+
+\series default
+.
+ Para omitir argumentos opcionales, quita también los corchetes asociados.
+ En este documento, las llaves que encierran los argumentos requeridos se
+ denominan llaves TeX
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "T@\\TeX ! llaves"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Si en una ecuación añades una llave de apertura al nombre de un comando,
+ LyX crea automáticamente una llave TeX.
+ En todos los demás casos las llaves TeX se crean en las ecuaciones con
+ el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+{
+\series default
+.
+ Las llaves TeX se ven en rojo en LyX, a diferencia de las llaves normales,
+ que se muestran en azul.
+ En modo TeX no hace falta comando para poner llaves TeX.
+ Las llaves TeX no aparecen en la salida.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En el caso de comandos sin argumentos, como los comandos para símbolos que
+ se introducen en modo TeX,
+\emph on
+siempre
+\emph default
+ debe teclearse un espacio tras el comando para finalizarlo.
+ Este espacio no aparece en la salida.
+ Si ese espacio debiera mostrarse en la salida, el espacio debe ir seguido
+ de un espacio protegido en texto normal.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un espacio protegido se inserta con
+\family sans
+Ctrl-espacio
+\family default
+.
+\newpage
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection*
+Explicación de la sintaxis
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+El símbolo
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Este carácter, espacio visible, se puede componer con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textvisiblespace
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash textvisiblespace"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ insertado en código TeX.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+\InsetSpace ~
+indica un espacio que se debe introducir.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Una flecha como
+\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+ indica el uso de la correspondiente tecla de flecha.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection*
+Unidades empleadas
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Float table
+placement H
+wide false
+sideways false
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Caption
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "tab:Unidades-empleadas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+Unidades empleadas
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Unidad
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Nombre / Descripción
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+mm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Milímetro
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+cm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Centímetro
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+in
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Pulgada (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+in = 2,54\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+cm)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+pt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Punto (72.27\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+in)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+pc
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Pica (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+sp
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Punto escalado (65536\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+sp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+bp
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Punto grande (72\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+bp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+in)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+dd
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Didot (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+dd
+\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
+\end_inset
+
+ 0.376\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+mm)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+cc
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cicero (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+cc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+dd)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+ex
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Altura de la letra
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph on
+x
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ en la fuente actual
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+em
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Anchura de la letra
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph on
+M
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ en la fuente actual
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+mu
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Unidad matemática (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+mu =
+\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{1}{18}$
+\end_inset
+
+\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+em)
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textfrac
+\series default
+ se explica en la sec.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Fracciones-auto-definidas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+
+\newpage
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Funciones básicas
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Exponentes
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Exponentes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ e índices
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "In@Índices"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Superíndices|see{Exponentes}"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Subíndices|see{Índices}"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los índices se componen con un guión bajo
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+_
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ o con el botón de la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math-subscript.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+, los exponentes con un circunflejo
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+^
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ o con el botón de la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math-superscript.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ sólo se usa como espaciador.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+B_V
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $B_{V}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+B^V
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{V}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+B^
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Como en algunos idiomas la tecla circunflejo funciona como acento, en ese
+ caso acentuará las vocales y no funcionará como exponente
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Dependiendo de la configuración del teclado esto puede suceder también con
+ otros caracteres además de las vocales.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Para conseguir exponentes en estos casos debes pulsar
+\family sans
+Espacio
+\family default
+ tras el circunflejo, como en el último ejemplo.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Fracciones
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Fracciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Fracciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las fracciones se generan con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+frac
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! F ! \\textbackslash frac"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ o con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/frac.xpm
+ scale 50
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de herramientas.
+ El tamaño de fuente se ajusta automáticamente, dependiendo de si la fracción
+ está en línea o en estilo presentación.
+ Con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/frac-square.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+de la barra de herramientas matemáticas puedes seleccionar distintos tipos
+ de fracciones.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dfrac
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dfrac"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ se puede crear en cualquier caso una fracción que tenga el tamaño del estilo
+ presentación.
+ Con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tfrac
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash tfrac"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ la fracción tiene siempre el tamaño del estilo en línea.
+ Un ejemplo:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Una línea con la fracción
+\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
+\end_inset
+
+ creada con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+frac
+\series default
+.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Una línea con la fracción
+\begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{1}{2}$
+\end_inset
+
+ creada con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dfrac
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+frac
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\frac{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+dfrac
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\dfrac{A}{B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+dfrac
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+e^
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+frac
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+1
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+2
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+3
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8mm}{}\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para fracciones anidadas se puede usar el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cfrac
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash cfrac"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Un ejemplo:
+\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
+\textrm{creada con \textbf{\textbackslash frac} } & & \textrm{creada con }\mathbf{\textbackslash\textbf{cfrac}}\\
+\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}}\end{align*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando para el ejemplo de arriba es:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cfrac{A
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{B+
+\backslash
+cfrac{C+
+\backslash
+cfrac{E
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{F
+\begin_inset Formula $\to\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{D
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cfrac
+\series default
+ compone la fracción siempre en el tamaño del estilo presentación, también
+ cuando es parte de otra fracción.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cfrac
+\series default
+ tiene el siguiente esquema de comando:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cfrac[posición del numerador]{numerador}{denominador}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La posición del numerador puede ser
+\emph on
+l
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+c
+\emph default
+ o
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+ .
+
+\emph on
+l
+\emph default
+ o
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+ alinean el numerador a la izquierda o a la derecha, respectivamente, de
+ la raya de fracción.
+ Si se pone
+\emph on
+c
+\emph default
+ o no se especifica posición, el numerador aparece centrado.
+ Estas fracciones muestran las distintas alineaciones:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}$
+\end_inset
+
+ ;
+\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac{A}{B+C}$
+\end_inset
+
+ ;
+\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Muchas veces es adecuado combinar
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cfrac
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+frac
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para componer fracciones en línea con raya de fracción inclinada puedes
+ usar el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+nicefrac
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! N ! \\textbackslash nicefrac"
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{5}{31}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Fracciones-personalizadas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ se explica cómo componer fracciones personalizadas en las que la raya de
+ fracción se puede cambiar.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Raíces
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Raíces"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las raíces cuadradas se componen con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sqrt
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash sqrt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ o con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/sqrt.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones; todas las demás raíces con el
+ comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+root
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash root"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ o con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/root.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sqrt
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A-B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt{A-B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+root
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+3
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+A-B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt[3]{A-B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Una raíz cuadrada se compone también con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+root
+\series default
+ dejando vacío el campo del índice.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Con ciertos índices la distancia a la raíz es demasiado pequeña, como en
+ la raíz:
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\beta]{B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+La
+\begin_inset Formula $\beta$
+\end_inset
+
+ toca la raíz.
+ Para evitar esto se usan los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+leftroot
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash leftroot"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+uproot
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash uproot"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ con el esquema siguiente:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+leftroot{distancia}
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+uproot{distancia}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Distancia es el número de Puntos Grandes (
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+Big Points
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+, unidad bp;
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\, bp=1\, pulgada}$
+\end_inset
+
+) que debería moverse el índice a la izquierda o arriba, respectivamente.
+ Los comandos se escriben en el índice.
+ Así, el comando:
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+root
+\backslash
+leftroot{-1
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+uproot{2
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+beta
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\newline
+
+\series default
+genera una fórmula correctamente tipografiada:
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{2}\beta]{B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Coeficientes de un binomio
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Binomios"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los coeficientes de un binomio se insertan con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+binom
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash binom"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ o con el submenú del botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/frac-square.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+de la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+binom
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\binom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+dbinom{A
+\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dbinom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Como en las fracciones, además de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+binom
+\series default
+ hay los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dbinom
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dbinom"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tbinom
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash tbinom"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, con el esquema siguiente:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dbinom{numerador}{denominador}
+\series default
+ y
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tbinom{numerador}{denominador}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Diferenciaciones de casos
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Casos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cases
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+B>0
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash cases"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases}
+A & B>0\end{cases}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cases
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Ctrl-Enter
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases}
+A & \textrm{para }x>0\\
+B & \textrm{para }x=0\end{cases}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Después de insertar
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cases
+\series default
+ o usar el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/cases.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de ecuaciones puedes añadir líneas nuevas con el atajo
+\family sans
+Ctrl-Enter
+\family default
+ o con el botón
+\family sans
+
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de tablas.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cases
+\series default
+ también está disponible en el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Entorno casos
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Negaciones
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Negaciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+not
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! N ! \\textbackslash not"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ todo carácter se puede mostrar cancelado.
+ Los caracteres son casi tachados con una barra inclinada.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+not=
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\not=$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+not
+\backslash
+le
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\not\le$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+not
+\backslash
+parallel
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\not\parallel$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El último ejemplo muestra que no todas las negaciones tienen buen aspecto.
+ Por tanto para algunas negaciones hay comandos especiales (véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Símbolos-matemáticos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Relaciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Espaciadores fantasma
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Espaciadores-fantasma"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Espaciadores fantasma"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Química ! isótopos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Isótopos|see{Química}"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En la presentación de isótopos
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Más sobre símbolos químicos en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Símbolos-y-ecuaciones-químicas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e., surge el problema siguiente:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Índices generados con sub- y superíndices:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $_{9}^{19}\textrm{F}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Índices correctos:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\textrm{F}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Por defecto, el índice más corto se coloca sobre o bajo el primer carácter
+ del índice más largo.
+ Para evitarlo está el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+phantom
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! P ! \\textbackslash phantom"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ o el botón \InsetSpace ~
+
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/phantom.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ del submenú de espaciado de ecuaciones
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/space.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de ecuaciones
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, que genera uno o más caracteres fantasma.
+ Al insertar
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+phantom
+\series default
+ aparece un pequeño marco azul con dos flechas rojas superpuestas
+\begin_inset Formula $\phantom{}$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Las flechas indican que se utilizarán como espaciador la anchura y altura
+ totales del contenido del marco.
+ Los caracteres fantasmas son espaciadores adecuados al tamaño de los caracteres.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
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+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+_
+\backslash
+phantom
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+1
+\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+9
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\textrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+^235
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+_
+\backslash
+phantom
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+23
+\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+9
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\textrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Lambda^
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+phantom
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ii
+\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+t
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+_MMt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\Lambda_{MMt}^{\phantom{ii}t}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Además hay los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+vphantom
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! V ! \\textbackslash vphantom"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (botón \InsetSpace ~
+
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/vphantom.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+) y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hphantom
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hphantom"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (botón \InsetSpace ~
+
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/hphantom.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hphantom
+\series default
+ genera espacio en el marco sólo para la altura máxima de los caracteres,
+ no para su anchura.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+vphantom
+\series default
+ genera espacio sólo para la anchura del contenido del marco.
+ Por esto los marcos de estos comandos sólo tienen una flecha roja.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Por ejemplo,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+vphantom
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+a
+\backslash
+int
+\series default
+ genera espacio de la altura del signo de la integral
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+int
+\series default
+ genera un signo de integral, véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Operadores-grandes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, porque este es el carácter más largo.
+ Hay un ejemplo de aplicación en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Delimitadores-multilínea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Barras
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Barras"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! sub- o superrayada"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+overline
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A+B
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash overline"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{A+B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+underline
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A+B
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash underline"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+overline
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+underline
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{\underline{A+B}}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En el último ejemplo es indiferente poner primero
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+overline
+\series default
+ o
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underline
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para poner doble subrayado, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e.
+ en resultados, se usa
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underline
+\series default
+ dos veces.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Es posible colocar hasta 6 líneas sobre o bajo los caracteres.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Puntos
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Puntos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Hay distintos tipos de puntos disponibles.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones, en el panel del botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/ldots.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Para continuación en enumeraciones se usan puntos bajos, (
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ldots
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash ldots"
+
+\end_inset
+
+), mientras que para operaciones se usan puntos centrados a la misma altura
+ que los operadores, (
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cdots
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash cdots"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ Si se usa el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dots
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dots"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, LaTeX decide el tipo a usar en función del carácter siguiente.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A_1
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\backslash
+dots
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,A_n
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A_{1},\dots,A_{n}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A_1
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
++
+\backslash
+dots
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
++A_n
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\dots+A_{n}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A_1
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\backslash
+ldots
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,A_n
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A_{1},\ldots,A_{n}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A_1
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
++
+\backslash
+cdots
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
++A_n
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\cdots+A_{n}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+vdots
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\vdots$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ddots
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddots$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Matriz\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+3×3 con los distintos puntos
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
+A_{11} & \cdots & A_{1m}\\
+\vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
+A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm}\end{array}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los puntos suspensivos disponibles en el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Carácter especial
+\family default
+ son
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ldots
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Hay puntos específicos para matrices que se extienden por varias columnas.
+ Se generan con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hdotsfor
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hdotsfor"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, que tiene el siguiente esquema:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hdotsfor[distancia]{número de columnas}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Número de columnas especifica cuántas columnas deben abarcarse.
+ Distancia es un factor para la separación entre los puntos.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En la siguiente matriz se ha insertado el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hdotsfor[2]{4}
+\series default
+ en el primer recuadro de la segunda línea para obtener puntos separados
+ una distancia equivalente a dos veces la del comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dots
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\left(\begin{array}{cccc}
+A & B & C & D\\
+\hdotsfor[2]{4}\\
+q & w & e & r\end{array}\right)\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Ten en cuenta que los campos abarcados de la matriz deben estar vacíos,
+ de lo contrario se producen errores de LaTeX.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Además, con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dotfill
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dotfill"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ puedes completar con puntos una línea.
+ El efecto de este tipo de comandos es como el de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+, véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Espacio-variable"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Por ejemplo el comando
+\series bold
+A
+\backslash
+dotfill
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+B
+\series default
+ genera
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\dotfill B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un comando análogo a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dotfill
+\series default
+ para rellenar con una línea es
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hrulefill
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hrulefill"
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hrulefill B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para usar estos comandos en el texto, deben insertarse en modo TeX.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Matrices
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Matrices"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Matrices"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Se pueden insertar matrices con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de ecuaciones o con el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Matriz
+\family default
+.
+ Se te pedirá el número de filas y columnas y la alineación.
+ La alineación vertical sólo es relevante para matrices en línea:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Esta primera matriz tiene alineación superior
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[t]{cccc}
+A & D & G & J\\
+B & E & H & K\\
+D & F & I & L\end{array}$
+\end_inset
+
+ , la segunda alineación central
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{cccc}
+A & D & G & J\\
+B & E & H & K\\
+D & F & I & L\end{array}$
+\end_inset
+
+ , y la tercera alineación inferior
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[b]{cccc}
+A & D & G & J\\
+B & E & H & K\\
+D & F & I & L\end{array}$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La alineación horizontal especifica cómo deben alinearse las entradas de
+ la columna.
+ Se determina mediante una letra para cada columna.
+
+\emph on
+l
+\emph default
+ indica alineación a la izquierda,
+\emph on
+c
+\emph default
+ alineación centrada y
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+ alineación a la derecha.
+ Por ejemplo, para componer una matriz\InsetSpace ~
+4×4 con la primera columna alineada
+ a la izquierda, la segunda y la tercera centradas y la última a la derecha,
+ se anota
+\series bold
+lccr
+\series default
+ en la alineación horizontal.
+ Normalmente todas las columnas de una matriz están centradas, por tanto
+ el valor por defecto es
+\series bold
+c
+\series default
+ para todas ellas.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Alineación horizontal:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+lll
+\series default
+ :
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{lll}
+10000 & D & G\\
+B & 10000 & H\\
+C & F & 10000\end{array}$
+\end_inset
+
+ ,
+\series bold
+ccc
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
+10000 & D & G\\
+B & 10000 & H\\
+C & F & 10000\end{array}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+,
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+rrr
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{rrr}
+10000 & D & G\\
+B & 10000 & H\\
+C & F & 10000\end{array}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para añadir o borrar filas y columnas posteriormente, se pueden usar los
+ botones
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+, etc.
+ de la barra de ecuaciones o el menú
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Filas y columnas
+\family default
+.
+ También se pueden añadir filas nuevas con
+\family sans
+Ctrl-Enter
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Se pueden poner paréntesis alrededor de una matriz con los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+left
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash left"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+right
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash right"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (atajo
+\family sans
+Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
+paréntesis
+\family default
+), véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Tamaño-automático-de"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, o usando los comandos siguientes:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bmatrix
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+2
+\series bold
+×
+\series default
+2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+matrix
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
+\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Bmatrix
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+2×2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+matrix
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
+\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+pmatrix
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+2
+\series bold
+×
+\series default
+2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+matrix
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
+\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{pmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+vmatrix
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+2
+\series bold
+×
+\series default
+2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+matrix
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
+\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Vmatrix
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+2
+\series bold
+×
+\series default
+2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+matrix
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
+\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+matrix
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+2
+\series bold
+×
+\series default
+2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+matrix
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
+\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{matrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cuando se inserta p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e.\InsetSpace ~
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+vmatrix
+\series default
+, aparece un recuadro azul entre dos líneas verticales donde se inserta
+ la matriz.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Como todas las ecuaciones multilínea son matrices, la longitud
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+arraycolsep
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arraycolsep"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, que se describe en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Separación-de-columnas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, también se puede usar para cambiar la separación de las columnas en una
+ matriz.
+ Para cambiar la separación de las filas, se usa el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+arraystretch
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arraystretch"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la siguiente manera:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+arraystretch}{factor de separación}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash renewcommand"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand
+\series default
+ asigna el factor de separación al comando predefinido
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+arraystretch
+\series default
+.
+ Por ejemplo, para doblar la separación de las filas, pones factor 2.
+ Además, este se usa para todas las matrices siguientes.
+ Para volver a la separación original, asigna factor 1 a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+arraystretch
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para poner matrices en línea se usa el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+smallmatrix
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash smallmatrix"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Al insertarlo aparece un recuadro azul con dos líneas de trazos en el que
+ se inserta la matriz.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Esto es una matriz
+\begin_inset Formula $\left(\begin{smallmatrix}A & B\\
+C & D\end{smallmatrix}\right)$
+\end_inset
+
+ en línea.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Delimitadores
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Delimitadores"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Delimitadores verticales
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Delimitadores ! verticales"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+(
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $($
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\{$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+[
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $[$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+langle
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\langle$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+lceil
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\lceil$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+lfloor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\lfloor$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $/$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+|
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $|$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $)$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+]
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $]$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+rangle
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\rangle$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+rceil
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\rceil$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+rfloor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\rfloor$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+
+\backslash
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\backslash$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+|
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\|$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Nota
+\series default
+: En modo TeX hay que usar el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textbackslash
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash textbackslash"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ para la barra invertida, porque si no el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+
+\backslash
+
+\series default
+ genera un salto de línea.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El tamaño de los caracteres listados arriba se puede ajustar con los comandos
+ descritos en las dos subsecciones siguientes.
+ Cuando se emplean esos comandos se pueden usar directamente los caracteres
+ <\InsetSpace ~
+ y > en vez de los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+langle
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+rangle
+\series default
+.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Tamaño manual de los delimitadores
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Tamaño-manual-de"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Delimitadores ! tamaño manual"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El tamaño de los delimitadores se puede determinar manualmente con los comandos
+ LaTeX
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+big
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash big"
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Big
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bigg
+\series default
+, y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Bigg
+\series default
+.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+big
+\series default
+ indica el tamaño menor y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Bigg
+\series default
+ el mayor.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Estos comandos se usan para resaltar niveles de delimitación:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+todos los delimitadores de igual tamaño:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}{\normalcolor \raisebox{-4mm}{}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+así tiene mejor aspecto:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Big((A+B)(A-B)\Big)^{C}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para la segunda expresión se ha empleado el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Big((A+B)(A-B)
+\backslash
+Big)^
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+C
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+He aquí una visión conjunta de todos los tamaños y delimitadores:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+
+\backslash
+Bigg(
+\backslash
+exp
+\backslash
+bigg<
+\backslash
+Big[
+\backslash
+big{
+\backslash
+ln(3x)
+\backslash
+big}^2
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+sen(x)
+\backslash
+Big]^
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+bigg>
+\backslash
+Bigg)^0,5
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\Bigg(\exp\bigg<\Big[\big\{\ln(3x)\big\}^{2}\sen(x)\Big]^{A}\bigg>\Bigg)^{0,5}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Además de los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+big
+\series default
+ hay la variante
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bigm
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash bigm"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, que añade un poco más de espacio entre el delimitador y su contenido,
+ y la variante
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bigl
+\series default
+-
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bigr
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash bigl - \\textbackslash bigr"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, que no añade espacio adicional.
+ La
+\emph on
+l
+\emph default
+ al final del comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bigl
+\series default
+es para el delimitador izquierdo, la
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+ es para el delimitador derecho.
+ Un delimitador izquierdo o derecho puede ser cada uno un delimitador de
+ apertura o de cierre.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En el siguiente cuadro hay una comparación de las variantes:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Bigm(
+\backslash
+bigm(
+\backslash
+ln(3x)
+\backslash
+bigm)^2
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\backslash
+Bigm)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Big(
+\backslash
+big(
+\backslash
+ln(3x)
+\backslash
+big)^2
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\backslash
+Big)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Bigl(
+\backslash
+bigl(
+\backslash
+ln(3x)
+\backslash
+bigr)^2
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\backslash
+Bigr)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)\raisebox{-3.2mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bigl)
+\backslash
+ln(3x)
+\backslash
+bigr(
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr(\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Tamaño automático de los delimitadores
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Tamaño-automático-de"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Delimitadores ! tamaño automático"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Se pueden insertar delimitadores de tamaño variable con los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+left
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash left"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+right
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash right"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ o con el botón de la barra de ecuaciones
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ El delimitador deseado se debe insertar directamente detrás de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+left
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+right
+\series default
+.
+ El tamaño se calculará automáticamente después para la salida.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+delimitador normal: El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ln(
+\backslash
+frac
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+C
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+)
+\series default
+ genera
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\ln(\frac{A}{C})\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+delimitador multilínea: El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ln
+\backslash
+left(
+\backslash
+frac
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+C
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+right)
+\series default
+ genera
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right)\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En lugar de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+left
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+right
+\series default
+ se puede usar el atajo
+\family sans
+Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
+delimitador
+\family default
+.
+ Esto tiene la ventaja de que puedes ver inmediatamente en LyX el tamaño
+ real del delimitador y además se genera el correspondiente delimitador
+ de cierre.
+\newline
+El comando para el último ejemplo sería
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ln Alt-m
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+(
+\backslash
+frac
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para omitir uno de los dos delimitadores se inserta un punto.
+ Por ejemplo, el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+left.
+\backslash
+frac
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+right}
+\series default
+ da lugar a:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\} \]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+LyX convertirá los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+left
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+right
+\series default
+ a su tamaño adecuado cuando el documento sea recargado y el delimitador
+ omitido aparecerá como línea de trazos.
+
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Como todas las distribuciones habituales de LaTeX incluyen eTeX, una extensión
+ de LaTeX, el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+middle
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash middle"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ está también disponible para todos los delimitadores y límites.
+ Con este comando la altura del siguiente carácter se adapta a la de los
+ delimitadores circundantes, lo que es necesario, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e., para vectores físicos:
+
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\left\langle \phi\;\middle|\; J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}\right\rangle \]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para vectores físicos hay un paquete LaTeX especial que se describe en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Vectores-físicos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Delimitadores horizontales
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Delimitadores ! horizontales"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+raisebox{2.3mm}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+overbrace
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A+B
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+^
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+3
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash overbrace"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{A+B}^{3}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+raisebox{-2.2mm}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+underbrace
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A+B
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+_5
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash underbrace"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{A+B}_{5}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+overbrace
+\backslash
+underbrace
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A+B_w
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+_7
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+^
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{\underbrace{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En el último ejemplo no importa en qué orden se introducen los comandos
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+overbrace
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underbrace
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si un delimitador debe estar superpuesto a otro, hay que usar ecuaciones
+ multilínea, como se describe en\InsetSpace ~
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Ecuaciones-multilínea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\\
+ & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+En la primera fila se insertan la ecuación y la primera llave.
+ Aquí es importante insertar el comando de espacio
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los comandos para espacios se explican en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Espacios-predefinidos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+:
+\series default
+ antes de la primera
+\series bold
+
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Formula $d$
+\end_inset
+
+, porque la llave que termina detrás de
+\begin_inset Formula $q$
+\end_inset
+
+ impide que el siguiente
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
++
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ esté rodeado de espacio.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Debido a que la llave no es considerada como carácter, véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Operadores-binarios"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ En la segunda fila se inserta la segunda llave: como debe comenzar antes
+ de
+\begin_inset Formula $b$
+\end_inset
+
+ se inserta antes el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{gggg+
+\backslash
+:}
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Más sobre
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hphantom
+\series default
+ en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Espaciadores-fantasma"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Ese espacio es necesario porque el signo
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
++
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ va seguido de un espacio en la ecuación.
+ La llave se coloca bajo el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{bbqq+dddd}
+\series default
+.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resulta más complicado cuando una llave debe solapar a otra como en el siguiente
+ ejemplo:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{-6pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+ & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\
+A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{3pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+La primera fila de la ecuación es igual que la segunda fila del ejemplo
+ anterior, con la diferencia de que la llave está encima.
+ La segunda fila contiene la ecuación junto con la segunda llave.
+ Para evitar que haya demasiado espacio entre la llave superior en la primera
+ fila y la ecuación hay que reducirlo.
+ Esto no es fácil de hacer debido a un fallo de LyX
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+LyX-bug #1505
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Una solución es cambiar la separación global de filas en la ecuación,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+jot
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! J ! \\textbackslash jot"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, en -6\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt insertando antes de la ecuación el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{-6pt}
+\series default
+ en modo TeX.
+ Después de la ecuación se vuelve al valor normal 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+jot
+\series default
+ usando el mismo comando.
+ Más información sobre separación de filas en ecuaciones en\InsetSpace ~
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Separación-de-líneas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Flechas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Flechas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las flechas se pueden insertar con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/leftarrow.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de ecuaciones o mediante los comandos listados en las subsecciones
+ siguientes.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Flechas horizontales
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Flechas ! horizontales"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+gets
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Leftarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Leftarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+longleftarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\longleftarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Longleftarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Longleftarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+leftharpoonup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\leftharpoonup$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+leftharpoondown
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\leftharpoondown$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+hookleftarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\hookleftarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+to
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Rightarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+longrightarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\longrightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Longrightarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Longrightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+rightharpoonup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\rightharpoonup$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+rightharpoondown
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\rightharpoondown$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+hookrightarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\hookrightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+leftrightarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\leftrightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Leftrightarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+longleftrightarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\longleftrightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Longleftrightarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Longleftrightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+rightleftharpoons
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\rightleftharpoons$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+hspace{25pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mapsto
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mapsto$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+longmapsto
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\longmapsto$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+leadsto
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\leadsto$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+dasharrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\dasharrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las flechas que se utilizan como acentos, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e.
+ en vectores, se describen en\InsetSpace ~
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Acentos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Además hay las flechas etiquetadas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Flechas ! etiquetadas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+xleftarrow
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! X ! \\textbackslash xleftarrow"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+xrightarrow
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! X ! \\textbackslash xrightarrow\\vspace{4mm}"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Cuando se inserta uno de estos comandos en una ecuación aparece una flecha
+ con dos marcos azules donde se puede insertar la etiqueta.
+ La longitud de la flecha se adapta a la anchura de la etiqueta.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+F(a)
+\backslash
+xleftarrow
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+x=a
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+x>0
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+F(x)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+F(x)
+\backslash
+xrightarrow
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+x=a
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+x>0
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+F(a)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Flechas verticales y diagonales
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Flechas ! diagonales"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Flechas ! verticales"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+uparrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Uparrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+updownarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Updownarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Downarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+downarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+nearrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+searrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\searrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+swarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+nwarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las flechas verticales también se pueden usar como delimitadores junto con
+ los comandos descritos en\InsetSpace ~
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Tamaño-manual-de"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Tamaño-automático-de"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Acentos
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Acentos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Acentos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los acentos se pueden insertar con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/hat.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ o mediante los comandos listados en las siguientes subsecciones.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Acentos para un carácter
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para acentos en texto, véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Acentos-en-texto"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores
+ PDF.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Más sobre
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring en la sección
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-títulos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Acentos-para-un"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Acentos ! para un carácter"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+dot
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dot{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ddot
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+dddot
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dddot{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ddddot{A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddddot{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+vec
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Vectores"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\vec{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bar
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\bar{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mathring
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\mathring{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+tilde
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\tilde{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+hat
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\hat{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+check
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\check{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+acute
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\acute{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+grave
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\grave{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+breve
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\breve{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para poner diéresis
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Diéresis"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ en una ecuación se insertan comillas antes de la vocal.
+ Estos dos caracteres son considerados por LaTeX como
+\emph on
+un solo
+\emph default
+ carácter si la parte de la ecuación con la diéresis se marca con idioma
+ alemán.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+O algún otro idioma que use acentos, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e.
+ catalán.
+ Sin embargo, en español no funciona por algún conflicto con el estilo
+\series bold
+spanish
+\series default
+ de
+\series bold
+babel
+\series default
+.
+ Dicho estilo suministra la orden
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dotlessi
+\series default
+ para generar una
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+i
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ sin punto en modo matemático, que se puede usar como alternativa al comando
+
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+i
+\series default
+, p.e., el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ddot
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dotlessi
+\series default
+ genera
+\series bold
+
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{\dotlessi}$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Véase la documentación del estilo,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
+key "spanish"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ También se puede usar
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+imath
+\series default
+ en vez de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dotlessi
+\series default
+.
+ (
+\emph on
+N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+del t.
+\emph default
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ A diferencia de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ddot
+\series default
+, con este método se generan diéresis
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+reales
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+, como se demuestra en el siguiente ejemplo:
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\lang english
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes grd
+\end_inset
+
+i
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{\dotlessi}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ddot
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+i
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{i}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Otra ventaja con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ddot
+\series default
+ es que la diéresis puede convertirse directamente a texto matemático, porque
+ los comandos para acentos de arriba
+\emph on
+no están permitidos en texto matemático
+\emph default
+.
+ Para convertir un carácter acentuado a texto matemático, se debe convertir
+ sólo el carácter bajo el acento.
+ Esto también se aplica para otras conversiones, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e.\InsetSpace ~
+cursiva o negrita.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En texto matemático, la diéresis y otros acentos pueden insertarse directamente.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Acentos para operadores
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Acentos ! en operadores"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Con los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+overset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash overset"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash underset"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ se pueden colocar caracteres sobre o bajo un operador, respectivamente.
+ Con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sideset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash sideset"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ se pueden poner caracteres delante y detrás de un operador.
+ El esquema del comando es:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sideset{carácter
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+anterior}{carácter posterior}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sideset
+\series default
+ siempre debe estar delante del operador que debe acentuarse.
+ Se puede acentuar con varios caracteres e incluso con otros operadores
+ y símbolos.
+ Para colocar caracteres sólo detrás, por ejemplo, con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sideset
+\series default
+, no debe escribirse nada en el primer par de llaves, pero sin quitarlas.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Por ejemplo, el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sideset{
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\series default
+'
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+sum_k=1
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+^
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+n
+\series default
+ genera:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+overset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+maltese
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+a
+\series default
+ genera:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\overset{a}{\maltese}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Como se ve en el último ejemplo, con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+overset
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underset
+\series default
+ también se pueden acentuar símbolos y caracteres; con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sideset
+\series default
+ esto no es posible.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Acentos para varios caracteres
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Acentos-para-varios"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Acentos ! en varios caracteres"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+overleftarrow
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+underleftarrow
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+overleftrightarrow
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+underleftrightarrow
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+overrightarrow
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+underrightarrow
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+widetilde
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widetilde{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+widehat
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widehat{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Con estos comandos se pueden acentuar tantos caracteres como quieras.
+ Pero los acentos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+widetilde
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+widehat
+\series default
+ sólo pueden abarcar tres caracteres en la salida, como se muestra en este
+ ejemplo:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\widetilde{A+B=C-D}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Con los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+overset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash overset"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash underset"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, descritos en la subsección anterior, también se pueden acentuar varios
+ caracteres.
+ El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+***
+\series default
+ da:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\underset{***}{A=B}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Espacios
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Espacio"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Espacio ! horizontal"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Espacio predefinido
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Espacio-predefinido"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Espacio ! horizontal ! predefinido"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A veces es necesario insertar espacio horizontal en una ecuación.
+ Esto se hace insertando un espacio protegido (atajo
+\family sans
+Ctrl-Espacio
+\family default
+).
+ Aparece un
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ azul, y pulsando
+\family sans
+Espacio
+\family default
+ sucesivas veces se pueden seleccionar hasta ocho diferentes tamaños de
+ espacio.
+ También se pueden insertar espacios mediante el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/space.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de ecuaciones o con comandos especiales.
+ Independientemente del comando insertado, se puede seleccionar de nuevo
+ el tamaño pulsando acto seguido
+\family sans
+Espacio.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+,
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+;
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+quad
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+qquad
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+!
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Número de pulsaciones de
+\family sans
+Espacio
+\family default
+ tras insertar el espacio protegido
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+3
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+4
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+5
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\, B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\: B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\; B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\! B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El último tamaño parece no generar espacio.
+ A diferencia de los otros se muestra en rojo en LyX, porque es un espacio
+ negativo.
+ Hay otros dos espacios negativos:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+negmedspace
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+negthickspace
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Número de pulsaciones de
+\family sans
+Espacio
+\family default
+ tras insertar el espacio protegido
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+6
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+7
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\negmedspace B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\negthickspace B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los espacios negativos pueden dar lugar a caracteres solapados con otros.
+ Así, se pueden usar para forzar ligaduras, lo que es apropiado, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e., para
+ operadores de suma:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sum
+\backslash
+sum
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+f_kl
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sum
+\backslash
+negmedspace
+\backslash
+sum
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+f_kl
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Relaciones como por ejemplo el signo igual siempre están rodeadas por espacios.
+ Para suprimirlos, el signo igual se coloca entre llaves TeX.
+ El siguiente ejemplo lo ilustra:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+ecuación normal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+ecuación sin espacio
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A{=}B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando para la segunda ecuación es:
+\series bold
+A
+\backslash
+{=
+\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para las unidades físicas hacen falta espacios, porque el espacio entre
+ el valor y su unidad es el espacio más pequeño y no el normal.
+ Para unidades en el texto el espacio más pequeño se inserta con el menú
+
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formato\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Espacio\InsetSpace ~
+delgado
+\family default
+ (atajo
+\family sans
+Ctrl-Mayúscula-Espacio
+\family default
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un ejemplo para visualizar la diferencia:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+24 kW
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\end_inset
+
+h
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+espacio entre valor y unidad
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+24\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+kW
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\end_inset
+
+h
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+espacio delgado entre valor y unidad
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Espacio variable
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para espacio vertical en ecuaciones véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Separación-de-líneas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores
+ PDF.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Más sobre
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring en la sección
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-títulos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Espacio-variable"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Espacio ! horizontal ! variable"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En LyX se puede insertar espacio con una longitud definida con el comando
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace{longitud}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hspace"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Para la longitud están permitidas todas las unidades de la
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "tab:Unidades-empleadas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, excepto la unidad
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+mu
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ La longitud también puede ser negativa.
+ Para insertar en una ecuación tanto espacio como esté disponible se usa
+ el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hfill"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\begin_inset VSpace -1mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A=B
+\backslash
+hspace{3cm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\backslash
+not=C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B\hspace{3cm}A\not=C$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A
+\backslash
+hspace{-1mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\backslash
+not=A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{-1mm}A\not=A$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A=A
+\backslash
+hfill
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+B=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A=A\hfill B=B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En el último ejemplo el espacio disponible viene dado por la entrada más
+ larga de columna en la tabla.
+ En una ecuación en línea el espacio depende de la longitud de la línea
+ en la que se inserta
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+.
+ Así, cuando la línea ocupa toda la anchura no se creará espacio.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ sólo tiene efecto en ecuaciones presentadas cuando se usa el estilo
+\series bold
+Sangrado
+\series default
+.
+ (Los estilos de ecuaciones se explican en\InsetSpace ~
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ también se pueden insertar en modo TeX para texto:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En esta línea hay un espacio
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+hspace{2cm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+de 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+cm.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En esta línea hay un
+\hfill
+espacio máximo.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En el último ejemplo
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ se ha insertado con el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formato\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Relleno\InsetSpace ~
+horizontal
+\family default
+, que no es posible en ecuaciones.
+ Esto tiene la ventaja de que se puede ver directamente en LyX que es un
+ espacio flexible.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si los comandos están al principio de una línea de texto pero no al principio
+ de un párrafo, serán ignorados por LaTeX.
+ Para evitar esto se usa el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace*
+\series default
+ en vez de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace
+\series default
+.
+ Para conseguir lo mismo con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ hay que insertar un salto de línea y un espacio fantasma
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Espaciadores-fantasma"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ vacío, con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+vphantom{}
+\series default
+ en modo TeX antes de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Espacio adicional en ecuaciones en línea
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Espacio ! adicional en línea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El espacio que rodea a una ecuación en línea se puede ajustar con la longitud
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathsurround"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+.
+ El valor de una longitud se establece con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash setlength"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ según el siguiente esquema:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{nombre de la longitud}{valor}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para poner a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\series default
+ un valor de 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+mm, se inserta el comando
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathsurround}{5mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+en modo TeX.
+ Se establecerá un espacio de 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+mm alrededor de todas las ecuaciones en línea:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathsurround}{5mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En esta línea hay una ecuación
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
+\end_inset
+
+ rodeada por espacios de 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+mm.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathsurround}{0mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para volver al espacio predeterminado,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\series default
+ se restablece al valor 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Cuadros y marcos
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Marcos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Marcos | see {Cuadros}"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los cuadros para texto se describen en el capítulo
+\emph on
+Cuadros
+\emph default
+ del manual
+\emph on
+Objetos incrustados
+\emph default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Cuadros con marco
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Cuadros-con-marco"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Cuadros ! con marco"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Es posible enmarcar ecuaciones o partes de ellas con los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! F ! \\textbackslash fbox"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash boxed"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cuando uno de estos comandos se inserta en una ecuación, aparece un recuadro
+ azul en un marco donde se introduce parte de una ecuación.
+ Para
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ hay que generar una ecuación adicional con
+\family sans
+Ctrl-m
+\family default
+ dentro del recuadro
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Debido a un fallo de LyX,
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+LyX-bug #1435
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, no es posible crear una nueva ecuación con
+\family sans
+Ctrl-m
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, porque si no el contenido del recuadro sería considerado texto matemático.
+ Si se usa
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+ la nueva ecuación se genera automáticamente dentro del marco.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ no es adecuado para enmarcar ecuaciones en modo presentación, porque la
+ ecuación tendría siempre el tamaño del texto.
+ Por otra parte,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxed
+\series default
+ no es adecuada para enmarcar ecuaciones en línea porque la ecuación tendría
+ siempre el tamaño de una ecuación en modo presentación.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! F ! \\textbackslash framebox"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ es una extensión de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+, que permite especificar además la anchura del marco yla alineación.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+ se usa con el siguiente esquema:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox[anchura del marco][posición]{contenido del cuadro}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La posición puede ser
+\emph on
+l
+\emph default
+ o
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+l
+\emph default
+ alinea la ecuación a la izquierda del cuadro,
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+ la alinea a la derecha.
+ Si no se da posición la ecuación será centrada.
+\newline
+Si no se pone anchura tampoco
+ puede darse posición.
+ En este caso la anchura del marco se ajusta al contenido del cuadro, como
+ con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cuando se inserta el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+ aparece un recuadro con tres marcos azules.
+ Los dos primeros marcos están encerrados entre corchetes e indican los
+ dos argumentos opcionales.
+ El tercer marco es para partes de la ecuación, como para
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La tabla se ha puesto en una minipágina para que aparezca la nota al pie.
+ De lo contrario el texto de la nota no se mostraría.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Box Frameless
+position "t"
+hor_pos "c"
+has_inner_box 1
+inner_pos "t"
+use_parbox 0
+width "100col%"
+special "none"
+height "1in"
+height_special "totalheight"
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Debido a un fallo de LyX,
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+LyX-bug #1435
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, no es posible crear una nueva ecuación con
+\family sans
+Ctrl-m
+\family default
+.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl-m
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula \raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{$\int A=B$}\raisebox{-4mm}{}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8.5mm}{}\boxed{\int A=B}\raisebox{-6.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}A+\fbox{B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+20mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl-m
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+frac
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm]{$\frac{A}{B}$}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El grosor del marco también se puede ajustar.
+ Para ello hay que insertar los siguientes comandos en modo TeX antes de
+ la fórmula:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+grosor
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+distancia
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+distancia
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ especifica la distancia mínima entre el marco y el primer carácter en el
+ cuadro.
+ Un ejemplo de esto es la siguiente ecuación enmarcada:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 2mm
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3mm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\boxed{A+B=C}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Delante de esta ecuación se han insertado los comandos
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+2mm
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+3mm
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+en modo TeX.
+ Los valores dados se usan para todos los cuadros siguientes.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para volver al tamaño estándar del marco se inserta el comando
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+0.4pt
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+3pt
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 0.4pt
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3pt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+en modo TeX antes de la ecuación siguiente.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Cuadros sin marco
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Cuadros-sin-marco"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Cuadros ! sin marco"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para cuadros sin marco hay los siguientes comandos:
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mbox"
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash makebox"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash raisebox"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se puede poner un cuadro subíndice o superíndice, pero a diferencia de
+ los normales, los caracteres en el cuadro mantienen su tamaño de fuente.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa con el siguiente esquema:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox{altura}{contenido del marco}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cuando el cuadro tenga que contener una ecuación, hace falta una ecuación
+ extra, como con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+H
+\backslash
+raisebox{2mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{al
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+ lo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{2mm}{al}lo$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+H
+\backslash
+raisebox{-2mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{al
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+lo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{-2mm}{al}lo$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A=
+\backslash
+raisebox{-2mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\family sans
+Ctrl-m
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+sqrt
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+$A=
+\backslash
+raisebox{-2mm}{$
+\backslash
+sqrt{B}$}$
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La última ecuación sólo se puede componer, de momento, usando el modo TeX
+ porque LyX inserta un cuadro en lugar de la ecuación extra que hace falta.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+LyX-bug #1435
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mbox
+\series default
+ es equivalente a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makebox
+\series default
+ es equivalente a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+, con la diferencia de que no hay marco.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Cuadros coloreados
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Cuadros-coloreados"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Cuadros ! coloreados"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para poder usar todos los comandos explicados en esta sección hay que cargar
+ en el preámbulo LaTeX el paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+color
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+color
+\series default
+ forma parte de toda distribución LaTeX estándar.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! color"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, con la línea
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cuando hay texto coloreado con un color predefinido en alguna parte del
+ documento, LyX carga automáticamente el paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+color
+\series default
+.
+ Por tanto es posible que el paquete sea cargado dos veces, pero esto no
+ origina problemas.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para evitar que el paquete sea cargado dos veces se ha insertado una macro
+ en el preámbulo LaTeX.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{color}
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para colorear cuadros se usa el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash colorbox"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ con el siguiente esquema:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{color}{contenido del cuadro}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El contenido del cuadro puede ser otro cuadro, y también un
+\backslash
+
+\series bold
+colorbox
+\series default
+ puede ser parte de otro cuadro (véanse los ejemplos 2º y 3º).
+ Si el cuadro debe contener una ecuación debe crearse una ecuación extra,
+ como con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Esto también se aplica para el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+.
+ Por eso ten en cuenta
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+LyX-bug #1435
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Se puede elegir uno de los siguientes colores predefinidos:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+black
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+blue
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+cyan
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+green
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+magenta
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+red
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+white
+\series default
+, y
+\series bold
+yellow
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{yellow
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{green
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{green
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{\colorbox{green}{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+ sólo colorea el cuadro pero no los caracteres.
+ Para colorear todos los caracteres se selecciona toda la ecuación y se
+ elige un color en el diálogo
+\family sans
+Estilo\InsetSpace ~
+del\InsetSpace ~
+texto
+\family default
+.
+ El diálogo puede abrirse con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/dialog-show_character.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de herramientas o con el menú
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Estilo\InsetSpace ~
+del\InsetSpace ~
+texto\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Personalizado
+\family default
+.
+ El número de la ecuación tendrá en ese caso el mismo color que la ecuación.
+ Si el número de la ecuación debe tener otro color que el de los caracteres
+ de la ecuación, el color debe cambiarse dentro de la ecuación.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un ejemplo:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+\int A=B\label{eq:rojo}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+{\color{red}{\color{red}{\color{red}\int}A=B}}\label{eq:rojoverde}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La ecuación
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:rojo"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ está toda coloreada en rojo.
+\newline
+La ecuación
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:rojoverde"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ se ha coloreado en primer lugar toda en verde para colorear el número de
+ la ecuación.
+ Posteriormente se han coloreado en rojo los caracteres.
+\family sans
+
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para colorear diferente el marco y el resto del cuadro se usa el comando
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! F ! \\textbackslash fcolorbox"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ con el siguiente esquema:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox{color del marco}{color}{contenido del cuadro}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Así pues
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+ es una extensión del comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+.
+ La anchura del marco se establece, como para
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+, con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+.
+ Un ejemplo:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 1mm
+\backslash
+fboxsep 1mm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 0.4pt
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3pt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Esta ecuación se ha compuesto con el comando
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox{cyan
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{magenta
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para usar colores distintos de los predefinidos deben ser definidos previamente.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Por ejemplo, se puede definir el color
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+verdeoscuro
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ con la línea de preámbulo LaTeX:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+definecolor{verdeoscuro}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash definecolor"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+cmyk
+\series default
+ es el espacio de color referido a los colores
+\series bold
+cyan
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+magenta
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+yellow
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+black
+\series default
+.
+ Los cuatro números separados por coma son el factor de cuota para los colores
+ correspondientes del espacio de color.
+ Los factores pueden estar en el rango 0-1.
+ En vez de
+\series bold
+cmyk
+\series default
+ se puede usar el espacio de color
+\series bold
+rgb
+\series default
+, que se refiere a
+\series bold
+red
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+green
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+blue
+\series default
+, así pues en este caso hay tres factores de cuota para los correspondientes
+ colores.
+ Además hay el espacio de color
+\series bold
+gray
+\series default
+ con un factor de cuota para el valor gris.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Como ejemplo he aquí un cuadro enmarcado con el nuevo color definido
+\series bold
+verdeoscuro
+\series default
+ y los caracteres en color amarillo:
+\color black
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+\colorbox{verdeoscuro}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[3]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los colores personalizados también se pueden usar para texto con la ayuda
+ del comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Texto ! coloreado"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+textcolor{verdeoscuro}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Esta frase en
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+verdeoscuro
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash textcolor"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ se usa con el esquema
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textcolor{color}{caracteres a colorear}
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Cuadros de párrafo
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Cuadros-de-párrafo"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Cuadros ! para párrafos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un cuadro que puede contener varias líneas y párrafos, denominado cuadro
+ de párrafo (parbox), se puede generar con el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Cuadro
+\family default
+ o con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/box-insert.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de herramientas.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El siguiente ejemplo muestra un cuadro de párrafo enmarcado en una línea:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+Esta línea contiene
+\begin_inset Box Boxed
+position "c"
+hor_pos "c"
+has_inner_box 1
+inner_pos "c"
+use_parbox 1
+width "5cm"
+special "none"
+height "1in"
+height_special "totalheight"
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Esto es un cuadro de párrafo.
+ Tiene exactamente 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+cm de largo y además puede contener ecuaciones:
+\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}s=C$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+\InsetSpace ~
+ un cuadro de párrafo.
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+Ese cuadro se compone haciendo clic derecho sobre el rectángulo gris insertado.
+ Surge un diálogo con las propiedades del cuadro.
+ En este caso:
+\emph on
+Decoración
+\emph default
+: Marco rectangular,
+\emph on
+Cuadro interior
+\emph default
+: Parbox,
+\emph on
+Ancho
+\emph default
+: 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+cm,
+\emph on
+Alineación Vertical
+\emph default
+
+\emph on
+Cuadro
+\emph default
+: Medio.
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+En LaTeX, un cuadro de párrafo se hace con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! P ! \\textbackslash parbox"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ con el esquema siguiente:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox[posición]{anchura}{contenido}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Son posibles las posiciones
+\emph on
+b
+\emph default
+ y
+\emph on
+t
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+b
+\emph default
+ por
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+bottom
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ (abajo), que alinea la última línea del cuadro con el texto de alrededor.
+ Con
+\emph on
+t
+\emph default
+, por
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+top
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ (arriba), la alineación se hace con la primera línea.
+ Si no se da posición, el cuadro se centrará verticalmente, véase la sección
+
+\emph on
+Cuadros
+\emph default
+ del manual
+\emph on
+Objetos incrustados
+\emph default
+ para ejemplos.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+Para enmarcar ecuaciones completas, incluso el número de la ecuación, deben
+ ponerse en un cuadro de párrafo.
+ Para ello se inserta el comando
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox{
+\backslash
+parbox{
+\backslash
+linewidth-2
+\backslash
+fboxsep-2
+\backslash
+fboxrule}{
+\newline
+
+\series default
+en modo TeX delante de la ecuación.
+ Aquí
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+linewidth
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash linewidth"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ es la anchura de línea establecida para el documento.
+ Como el marco está por fuera del cuadro de párrafo, hay que restar de dicha
+ anchura dos veces la separación del marco y el grosor.
+ Como LyX no lo hace automáticamente debido a un fallo
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4483}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+LyX-bug #4483
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, hay que usar modo TeX.
+ Para poder multiplicar y restar en los argumentos hay que cargar en el
+ preámbulo LaTeX el paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+calc
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+calc
+\series default
+ es parte de toda instalación LaTeX estándar.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! calc"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, con la línea
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{calc}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Detrás de la ecuación se cierran ambos cuadros con
+\series bold
+}}
+\series default
+ en modo TeX.
+ Aquí hay un ejemplo:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep 5mm
+\backslash
+fboxrule 5mm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+fbox{
+\backslash
+parbox{
+\backslash
+linewidth-2
+\backslash
+fboxsep-2
+\backslash
+fboxrule}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 0.4pt
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3pt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Como se ha usado el cuadro de párrafo como argumento de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+, en este caso no hay diferencia entre
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los cuadros de párrafo son muy útiles para comentar ecuaciones directamente.
+ Para hacerlo, se usa
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+ en combinación con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\series default
+.
+ (Véase más sobre
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\series default
+ en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Numeración-personalizada"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un ejemplo de ecuación comentada con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+[5x-7b=3b
+\backslash
+tag*{
+\backslash
+parbox{5cm}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Esto es una descripción.
+ Está claramente separada de la ecuación y es multilínea.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}}
+\backslash
+]
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Tales ecuaciones deben insertarse completamente en modo TeX porque LyX aún
+ no soporta el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+ en ecuaciones.
+ La ecuación se compone con la siguiente secuencia de comandos:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+[5x-7b=3b
+\backslash
+tag*
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+parbox{5cm}{
+\series default
+ se inserta en modo TeX.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si se usa el estilo de ecuación
+\series bold
+Sangrado
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag*
+\backslash
+
+\series default
+ se puede reemplazar por
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+.
+ (Véanse los estilos de ecuación en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Después sigue la descripción en texto normal, y por último
+\series bold
+}}
+\backslash
+]
+\series default
+ en modo TeX.
+ Aquí los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+[
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+]
+\series default
+ crean una ecuación presentada.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las ventajas de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+ pueden verse en este ejemplo que se ha
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+comentado
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ usando el modo texto matemático:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+5x-7b=3b\textrm{ Esto es una descripción. No está separada de la ecuación...}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Operadores
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Operadores"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Operadores grandes
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Operadores-grandes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Operadores ! grandes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Sumatorios"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Integrales"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para poder usar todos los comandos de integrales listados aquí, debe estar
+ marcada la opción
+\family sans
+Usar paquete esint automáticamente
+\family default
+ de
+\family sans
+Ecuaciones
+\family default
+ en la configuración del documento.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sum
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash sum"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! I ! \\textbackslash int"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\int$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+intop
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\intop$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+oint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\oint$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ointop
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\ointop$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ointctrclockwise
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ointclockwise
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sqint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bigcap
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigcap$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bigcup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigcup$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+prod
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! P ! \\textbackslash prod"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\prod$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+coprod
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\coprod$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bigodot
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigodot$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bigotimes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigotimes$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bigoplus
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigoplus$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bigwedge
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigwedge$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bigvee
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigvee$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bigsqcup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigsqcup$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+biguplus
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\biguplus$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Todos los operadores grandes se pueden insertar con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/intop.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de ecuaciones.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Estos operadores son llamados grandes porque son mayores que los operadores
+ binarios de aspecto semejante.
+ Todos los operadores grandes pueden tener límites, como se describe en
+ la subsección siguiente.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los operadores
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+intop
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ointop
+\series default
+ difieren de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+int
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+oint
+\series default
+ en el estilo en que se presentan los límites, véase
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Límites-de-operadores"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+Sugerencias para las integrales
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La letra
+\emph on
+d
+\emph default
+ en una integral es un operador, por consiguiente debe escribirse en redonda.
+ Esto se hace resaltando la
+\emph on
+d
+\emph default
+ y usando el atajo de teclado
+\family sans
+Alt-c\InsetSpace ~
+r
+\family default
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase estilos de letras en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Delante de la
+\emph on
+d
+\emph default
+ se inserta un espacio delgado, como es habitual en los operadores.
+ Un ejemplo:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+incorrecto:
+\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)dx$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{in}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+correcto:
+\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para integrales múltiples hay los siguientes comandos:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+iint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+oiint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\oiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sqiint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+iiint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+iiiint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+dotsint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\dotsint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Límites de operadores
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Límites-de-operadores"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Operadores ! límites de"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los límites se crean mediante superíndices y subíndices:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+prod^
+\backslash
+infty
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+_0
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+A(x)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En ecuaciones en línea los límites se colocan al lado derecho del operador.
+ En ecuaciones presentadas se colocan encima y debajo, excepto en las integrales.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para forzar que los límites se coloquen junto al operador, se pone el cursor
+ directamente detrás del operador y se elige
+\series bold
+Insertado
+\series default
+ en el menú
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Cambiar tipo de límites
+\family default
+ (atajo
+\family sans
+Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
+l
+\family default
+).
+ Un ejemplo:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los límites por defecto son:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Así se ven si se cambia el tipo de límites a
+\series bold
+Insertado
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En integrales, excepto
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+intop
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ointop
+\series default
+, los límites se colocan por defecto junto al operador.
+ Pero en integrales múltiples los límites se ponen con frecuencia bajo el
+ operador.
+ Por tanto, en el siguiente ejemplo se ha elegido el tipo
+\series bold
+Pantalla
+\series default
+ para poner el límite debajo:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:IntVol}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+Para especificar condiciones en los límites se usan los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+subarray
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash subarray"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+substack
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash substack"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Por ejemplo, para componer la expresión
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c}
+0
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Operador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
++
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $+$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $-$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+pm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\pm$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mp
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mp$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cdot
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+times
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\times$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+div
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\div$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+raisebox{-1.2mm}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+*
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $*$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+star
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\star$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+circ
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\circ$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+diamond
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\diamond$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bullet
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Operador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+nabla
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\nabla$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bigtriangledown
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangledown$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bigtriangleup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangleup$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Box
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Box$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cap
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\cap$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\cup$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+dagger
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\dagger$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ddagger
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddagger$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+wr
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\wr$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bigcirc
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigcirc$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+wedge
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\wedge$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+vee
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\vee$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Operador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+oplus
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\oplus$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ominus
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\ominus$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+otimes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\otimes$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+oslash
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\oslash$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+odot
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\odot$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+amalg
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\amalg$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+uplus
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\uplus$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+setminus
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\setminus$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sqcap
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqcap$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sqcup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqcup$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+triangleleft
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\triangleleft$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+triangleright
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\triangleright$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Todos los operadores binarios se pueden insertar también con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/pm.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de ecuaciones.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para imprimir el operador Laplace se pueden usar
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Delta
+\series default
+ o
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+nabla
+\series default
+^
+\series bold
+2
+\series default
+ (
+\begin_inset Formula $\nabla^{2}$
+\end_inset
+
+) en vez de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bigtriangleup
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El carácter
+\family sans
+Separador de menú
+\family default
+ del menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Carácter especial
+\family default
+ es el operador
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+triangleright
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Operadores definidos por el usuario
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Operadores-de-usuario"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Operadores ! personalizados"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Con ayuda del comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+DeclareMathOperator
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dbinom@\\textbackslash DeclareMathOperator"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ se pueden definir operadores personalizados en el preámbulo LaTeX.
+ Su esquema es:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+DeclareMathOperator{comando nuevo}{presentación}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Presentación puede ser un carácter o símbolo que define el aspecto del operador
+ en la salida.
+ Para definir un operador grande hay que añadirle un * detrás.
+ Todos los operadores grandes personalizados pueden tener límites como se
+ describe en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Límites-de-operadores"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Por ejemplo, la línea en el preámbulo LaTeX
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+DeclareMathOperator*{
+\backslash
+Lozenge}{
+\backslash
+blacklozenge}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+define el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Lozenge
+\series default
+, que inserta un operador grande que es el símbolo blacklozenge de la
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Símbolos-misceláneos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+El comando para esta expresión es:
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Lozenge^
+\backslash
+infty
+\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+_n=1
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si los operadores personalizados no se van a usar varias veces en el documento,
+ se pueden también definir con los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathop
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathop"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathbin
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathbin"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, con el siguiente esquema:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathop{presentación}
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathbin{presentación}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathop
+\series default
+ define operadores grandes,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathbin
+\series default
+ operadores binarios.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathop
+\series default
+ se puede usar, p.e., para poner un límite a varios operadores:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando para la expresión anterior es:
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathop{
+\backslash
+sum
+\backslash
+negmedspace
+\backslash
+sum
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+^N
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+_i,j=1
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Fuentes
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Fuentes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Estilos de fuentes
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Fuentes ! estilos de"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las letras latinas en las ecuaciones se pueden poner en uno de los siguientes
+ estilos:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+atajo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mathbb
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ABC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{ABC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Alt-c c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mathbf
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Alt-c b
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+boldsymbol
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\boldsymbol{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mathcal
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ABC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{ABC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Alt-c e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mathfrak
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+atajo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mathit
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mathrm
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Alt-c r
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mathsf
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Alt-c s
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mathtt
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Alt-c p
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Nota
+\series default
+: Los estilos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathbb
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathcal
+\series default
+ sólo se aplican a letras mayúsculas.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El estilo predeterminado es
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathnormal
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los comandos de estilo funcionan también en estructuras matemáticas:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los caracteres en texto matemático no aparecen en un estilo de letra de
+ ecuaciones sino en el estilo
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textrm
+\series default
+.
+ Este estilo no se puede poner correctamente con el diálogo de estilo de
+ texto por un fallo de LyX.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4091}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+LyX-bug #4091
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En vez de comandos se puede usar el menú
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Estilo del texto
+\family default
+ o el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/font.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Ecuaciones en negrita
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Ecuaciones-en-negrita"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! en negrita"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para poner en negrita una ecuación completa no se puede usar el comando
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathbf
+\series default
+, porque no funciona con minúsculas griegas.
+ Además, siempre imprime en redonda las letras latinas, como en la ecuación:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{ecuación con \textbackslash mathbf}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para presentar la ecuación correctamente se usa el comando
+\series bold
+boldsymbol
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{ecuación con \textbackslash boldsymbol}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+También es posible poner la fórmula en un
+\series bold
+entorno boldmath
+\series default
+, que se inserta con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boldmath
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash boldmath"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ en modo TeX.
+ Para finalizar el entorno se usa el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+unboldmath
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash unboldmath"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ en modo TeX.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+boldmath
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{ecuación en un entorno boldmath}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+unboldmath
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Tamaños de fuentes
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Tamaños-de-fuentes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Fuentes ! tamaño"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para los caracteres en ecuaciones hay, como para caracteres en texto, los
+ siguientes comandos de tamaño:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Huge
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+huge
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+LARGE
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Large
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+large
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+small
+\series default
+,
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+footnotesize
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+scriptsize
+\series default
+, y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tiny
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El tamaño dado por los comandos depende del tamaño base de la fuente en
+ el documento, dado por el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\series default
+.
+ Los demás comandos producen tamaños menores o mayores que
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\series default
+.
+ No obstante, puede que el tamaño de fuente no exceda de cierto valor.
+ Si, por ejemplo, la fuente del documento es de 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt, el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Huge
+\series default
+ da el mismo tamaño que
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+huge
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un comando de tamaño se inserta en modo TeX antes de la ecuación, y se aplica
+ a todas las ecuaciones y texto siguientes.
+ Para volver al tamaño anterior hay que insertar el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\series default
+ en modo TeX detraś de la ecuación.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Dentro de una fórmula el tamaño sólo se puede cambiar para símbolos o letras
+ en texto matemático.
+ Para hacerlo se inserta el comando en texto matemático.
+ Todos los caracteres siguientes, hasta el final del texto matemático o
+ hasta otro comando de tamaño, tendrán el tamaño seleccionado.
+ Dos ejemplos:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+huge
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Antes de las ecuaciones se ha insertado el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+huge
+\series default
+.
+ Para la segunda ecuación el comando es:
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+maltese
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A Alt-m m
+\backslash
+Large
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+maltese
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+textit
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+hspace*{1cm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Alt-m
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+m
+\backslash
+tiny
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+maltese
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+textit
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si un símbolo no se puede mostrar en distintos tamaños se usará siempre
+ el tamño por defecto.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Letras griegas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Letras griegas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Todas las letras griegas se pueden insertar mediante el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/alpha.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de ecuaciones.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Minúsculas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Minúsculas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Letras griegas ! minúsculas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Símbolo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+alpha
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+beta
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\beta$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+gamma
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+delta
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\delta$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+epsilon
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+varepsilon
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+zeta
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\zeta$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+eta
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\eta$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+theta
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\theta$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+vartheta
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\vartheta$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Símbolo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+iota
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\iota$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+kappa
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\kappa$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+varkappa
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\varkappa$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+lambda
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mu
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mu$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+nu
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\nu$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+xi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\xi$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+o
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $o$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+pi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\pi$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+varpi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\varpi$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+rho
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\rho$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Símbolo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+varrho
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\varrho$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sigma
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+varsigma
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\varsigma$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+tau
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\tau$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+upsilon
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\upsilon$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+phi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\phi$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+varphi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\varphi$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+chi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\chi$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+psi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\psi$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+omega
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\omega$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cómo escribir letras griegas en redonda se explica en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Griegas-en-redonda"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Mayúsculas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Letras griegas ! mayúsculas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Símbolo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Gamma
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Delta
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Delta$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Theta
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Theta$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Lambda
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Lambda$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Xi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Xi$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Pi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Pi$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Símbolo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Sigma
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Upsilon
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Phi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Phi$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Psi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Psi$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Omega
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las mayúsculas griegas se imprimen en redonda debido a un fallo de diseño
+ cuando se desarrolló TeX.
+ Para obtener mayúsculas en cursiva, inicia cada comando con
+\series bold
+var
+\series default
+.
+ Por ejemplo, el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+varGamma
+\series default
+ genera:
+\begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Letras en negrita
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Letras griegas ! en negrita"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las letras griegas no admiten diferentes estilos de fuente como las latinas.
+ Sólo se pueden poner en negrita con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boldsymbol
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash boldsymbol"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Símbolo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Upsilon
+\backslash
+boldsymbol
+\backslash
+Upsilon
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon\boldsymbol{\Upsilon}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+theta
+\backslash
+boldsymbol
+\backslash
+theta
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\theta\boldsymbol{\theta}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Símbolos
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Se puede encontrar una lista con todos los símbolos de la mayoría de paquetes
+ LaTeX en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
+key "Symbole"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores
+ PDF.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Más sobre
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring en la sección
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-títulos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Símbolos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Muchos de los símbolos listados en esta sección se pueden insertar además
+ mediante los botones
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/nabla.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/digamma.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de ecuaciones.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Símbolos matemáticos
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Símbolos-matemáticos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Símbolos ! matemáticos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Símbolo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+neg
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\neg$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Im
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Im$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Re
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Re$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+aleph
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\aleph$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+partial
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\partial$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+infty
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\infty$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+wp
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\wp$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+imath
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\imath$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+jmath
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\jmath$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Símbolo
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+forall
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\forall$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+exists
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\exists$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+nexists
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\nexists$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+emptyset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\emptyset$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+varnothing
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\varnothing$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+dag
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\dag$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ddag
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddag$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+complement
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+raisebox{-0.8mm}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\complement$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
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+
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+
+
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+
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+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Hay más símbolos en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Caracteres-especiales-misceláneos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Algunos símbolos pueden presentarse en distintos tamaños, véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Tamaños-de-fuentes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+El símbolo del euro, €
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Símbolos ! euro"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\textcent@\\officialeuro"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para usar el símbolo del euro en ecuaciones debe estar instalado el paquete
+ Latex
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! eurosym"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, y cargado en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Actualmente también se puede insertar con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
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+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! E ! \\textbackslash euro"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El símbolo del euro puede insertarse directamente con la tecla € en texto
+ matemático sin tener
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+ instalado.
+ Si
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+ está instalado, se puede insertar
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+euro
+\series default
+ en modo TeX.
+ El símbolo oficial de la moneda se puede insertar con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
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+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash officialeuro"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, que sólo está disponible en modo TeX.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
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+status collapsed
+
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+
+
+\backslash
+ifeurosym
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La tabla siguiente sólo se mostrará si está instalado el paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un vistazo a los diferentes símbolos del euro.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
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+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+
+|
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
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+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
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+
+\backslash
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
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+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
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+
+\begin_layout Standard
+texto matemático
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+€
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{€}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
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+
+\backslash
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
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+
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+
+
+\backslash
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+else
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Se mostrará lo siguiente si no está instalado el paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para ver la salida completa de esta subsección debe estar instalado el paquete
+ LaTeX
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+fi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Relaciones
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Relaciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Relaciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comparaciones|see{Relaciones}"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Todas las relaciones se pueden insertar también con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/leq.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de ecuaciones.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Relación
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+<
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $<$
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+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+le
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\le$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\ll$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
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+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
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+|
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+
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+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
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+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
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+
+|
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+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\subset$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+subseteq
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\subseteq$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqsubseteq$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+in
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\in$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+vdash
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\vdash$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+smile
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\smile$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+lhd
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\lhd$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+unlhd
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\unlhd$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+gtrless
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\gtrless$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+mid
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mid$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+nmid
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\nmid$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Relación
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+=
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $=$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+not=
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\not=$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+equiv
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\equiv$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sim
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\sim$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+simeq
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\simeq$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+approx
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cong
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\cong$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bowtie
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\bowtie$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+notin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\notin$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+perp
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\perp$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+propto
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\propto$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+asymp
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\asymp$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+doteq
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\doteq$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+circeq
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\circeq$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+models
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\models$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+widehat=
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\widehat{=}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Relación
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+>
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $>$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ge
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\ge$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+gg
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\gg$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+succ
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\succ$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+succeq
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\succeq$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+supset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\supset$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+supseteq
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\supseteq$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sqsupseteq
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqsupseteq$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ni
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\ni$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+dashv
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\dashv$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+frown
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\frown$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+rhd
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\rhd$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+unrhd
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\unrhd$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+lessgtr
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\lessgtr$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+parallel
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\parallel$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+nparallel
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\nparallel$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los caracteres
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+lhd
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+rhd
+\series default
+ son mayores que los operadores de aspecto similar
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+triangleleft
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+triangleright
+\series default
+, respectivamente.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las relaciones, a diferencia de los símbolos, siempre se rodean de espacios.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Se pueden componer relaciones con etiquetas con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+stackrel
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash stackrel"
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A(r)
+\backslash
+stackrel
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+r
+\backslash
+to
+\backslash
+infty
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+approx
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Funciones
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Funciones predefinidas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Funciones-predefinidas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Funciones ! predefinidas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En general las variables se escriben en
+\emph on
+cursiva
+\emph default
+ en expresiones matemáticas, pero no los nombres de las funciones, porque
+
+\begin_inset Formula $sen$
+\end_inset
+
+ podría confundirse con
+\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot e\cdot n$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Por eso hay funciones predefinidas, que además se separan un poco del factor
+ precedente.
+ Se insertan como comandos con una contrabarra delante de su nombre.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Asen(x)+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $Asen(x)+B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A
+\backslash
+sen(x)+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\sen(x)+B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+
+\newpage
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las funciones siguientes están predefinidas
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Se han añadido tres columnas con los comandos suministrados por el estilo
+
+\series bold
+spanish
+\series default
+ de
+\series bold
+babel
+\series default
+, adaptados a las convenciones hispanohablantes.
+ Además, en su caso, las funciones serán acentuadas automáticamente, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e.
+
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+lím
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ o
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+máx
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Véase la documentación de
+\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
+key "spanish"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ (
+\emph on
+N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+del t.
+\emph default
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+español
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+español
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+español
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sen
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sinh
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+senh
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+arcsin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+arcsen
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cos
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cosh
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+arccos
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+arccos
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+inf
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+tan
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+tg
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+tanh
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+tgh
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+arctan
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+arctg
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+lim
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cot
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $ $
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+cotg
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+coth
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+arg
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+liminf
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+sec
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+min
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+deg
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+limsup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+csc
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cosec
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+max
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+det
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Pr
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ln
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+exp
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+dim
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+hom
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+lg
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+log
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ker
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+gcd
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+También se pueden insertar con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/functions.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de ecuaciones.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Funciones definidas por el usuario
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Funciones ! personalizadas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para usar una función no predefinida, como por ejemplo la función máximo
+ común divisor
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Se ha sustituido el ejemplo del original en inglés,
+\backslash
+
+\series bold
+sgn
+\series default
+, por la función máximo común divisor,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mcd
+\series default
+, equivalente a la predefinida en inglés
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+gcd
+\series default
+.
+ (
+\emph on
+N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+del t.
+\emph default
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, mcd, hay dos posibilidades:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Define la función añadiendo al preámbulo LaTeX la línea
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Más sobre
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+DeclareMathOperator
+\series default
+ en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Operadores-de-usuario"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+DeclareMathOperator{
+\backslash
+mcd}{mcd}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dbinom@\\textbackslash DeclareMathOperator"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+Ahora la función recién definida se puede obtener con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mcd
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Escribe la ecuación de la forma habitual, marca el nombre de la ecuación,
+ en nuestro ejemplo las letras
+\emph on
+mcd
+\emph default
+, y cámbialo a texto matemático.
+ Entre el factor precedente y la función se inserta un espacio.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El resultado es el mismo con ambos métodos como con una función predefinida
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En LyX, las funciones personalizadas se ven en rojo, las predefinidas en
+ negro.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A
+\backslash
+mcd(x)+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\mcd(x)+B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A
+\backslash
+,
+\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{mcd}}_{\textrm{Alt-m}\,\textrm{m}}$
+\end_inset
+
+(x)+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\,\mbox{mcd}(x)+B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El primer método es preferible si la función se va a usar varias veces.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Límites
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Límites"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para límites, además de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+lim
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash lim"
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+liminf
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+limsup
+\series default
+ están definidas las siguientes funciones:
+\series bold
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+varliminf
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\varliminf$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+varlimsup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\varlimsup$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+varprojlim
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\varprojlim$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+varinjlim
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\varinjlim$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El límite se crea insertando un subíndice.
+ Se imprime a la derecha junto a la función en una fórmula en línea:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+hspace{1cm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+lim
+\backslash
+limits_x
+\backslash
+to
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+x=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\hspace{1cm}\raisebox{5mm}{}\lim_{x\rightarrow A}x=B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En una ecuación presentada el límite se imprime debajo, como es habitual
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El estilo
+\series bold
+spanish
+\series default
+ de
+\series bold
+babel
+\series default
+hace que el límite se imprima como en la ecuación en línea.
+ Para evitarlo, se puede insertar el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+limits
+\series default
+ justo detrás de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+lim
+\series default
+, o usar el menú
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Cambiar tipo de límites\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Pantalla
+\family default
+, como se explica en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Límites-de-operadores"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
+key "spanish"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ (
+\emph on
+N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+del t.
+\emph default
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\lim\limits _{x\rightarrow A}=B\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Función módulo
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Funciones ! módulo"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La función módulo es especial, porque existe en cuatro variantes.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En una ecuación presentada:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
+\underline{\textrm{Comando}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Resultado}}\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\mod b\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pmod b\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\bmod b\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pod b\end{align*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En una ecuación en línea se pone menos espacio delante del nombre de la
+ función para todas las variantes.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Caracteres especiales
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Caracteres especiales"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Caracteres especiales en texto matemático
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los siguientes comandos sólo se pueden usar en texto matemático o en modo
+ TeX:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+oe
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\oe}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+OE
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\OE}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+ae
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\ae}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+AE
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\AE}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+aa
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\aa}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+AA
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\@\\textrm{\\AA}"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\AA}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+i
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\i}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+o
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\o}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+O
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\O}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+l
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\l}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\L}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
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+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
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+
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+\end_inset
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+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
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+\begin_layout Standard
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+\begin_inset ERT
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+
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+
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+\end_inset
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+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
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+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{?`}$
+\end_inset
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+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
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+\begin_layout Standard
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
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+
+\begin_inset Text
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+\begin_layout Standard
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+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los caracteres
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Å}}$
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Ø}}$
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+
+ también se pueden insertar mediante el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/math/digamma.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
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+
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+\begin_inset ERT
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+
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+
+\backslash
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+\end_inset
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+\series bold
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+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
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+
+\end_inset
+
+`
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+
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+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
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+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Con los siguientes comandos se pueden acentuar todas las letras.
+ Los comandos deben ponerse en modo TeX.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
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+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
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+
+\begin_inset Text
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+
+\end_inset
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+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
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+
+\begin_inset Text
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+\begin_layout Standard
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+
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+\end_inset
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+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
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+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
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+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+^
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
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+e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
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+
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+
+
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+
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+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
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+\begin_layout Standard
+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
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+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
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+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
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+e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
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+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
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+
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+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
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+\begin_inset ERT
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+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
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+
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+e
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+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
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+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
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+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
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+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
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+\begin_inset ERT
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+
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+
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+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
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+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
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+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+H
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+'e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
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+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Tilde"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+~e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+.e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+v
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+v e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
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+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
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+
+\backslash
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+\begin_inset ERT
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+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
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+
+\end_inset
+
+e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+c e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\hfill
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+t
+\series default
+ también se pueden acentuar dos caracteres distintos.
+ El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+t
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+sz
+\series default
+ genera
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+t sz
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los acentos
+\series bold
+`
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
+'
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+^
+\series default
+ se pueden insertar directamente con el teclado sobre vocales sin usar modo
+ TeX.
+ Lo mismo se aplica a la tilde
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Esto sólo se aplica a teclados en los que la tilde está definida como acento.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ con
+\emph on
+a
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+o
+\emph default
+ y
+\emph on
+n.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+b
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+c
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+d
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+H
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+t
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+u
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+v
+\series default
+, y acentos insertados directamente con el teclado también están disponibles
+ en texto matemático.
+ Para otros acentos hay comandos especiales para usar en ecuaciones, véase
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Acentos-para-un"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Además, con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textcircled
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash textcircled"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ se pueden insertar en un círculo todos los números y letras, de forma parecida
+ al símbolo copyright.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+textcircled{w}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+textcircled{w}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Large
+\backslash
+textcircled{
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\backslash
+protect
+\backslash
+raisebox{-1.5pt}{W}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+Large
+\backslash
+textcircled{
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\backslash
+protect
+\backslash
+raisebox{-1.5pt}W}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Hay que tener cuidado que el carácter se ajuste al círculo.
+ Por eso
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Large
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Tamaños-de-fuentes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ especifica el tamaño del círculo.
+ Con ayuda de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Cuadros-sin-marco"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ se puede centrar el carácter.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Números minúsculos
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Números minúsculos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los núeros minúsculos se componen con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+oldstylenums
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash oldstylenums"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ El comando se puede usar en ecuaciones y en modo TeX.
+ Su esquema es:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+oldstylenums{número}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+oldsylenums{0123456789}
+\series default
+ genera:
+\begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Caracteres especiales misceláneos
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Caracteres-especiales-misceláneos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Caracteres especiales ! misceláneos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los siguientes caracteres sólo pueden insertarse en ecuaciones mediante
+ comandos:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+^
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+_
+\begin_inset Formula $ $
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\_$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+^
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+circ
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "°"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\circ}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El símbolo grado ° puede no obstante insertarse directamente si el preámbulo
+ LaTeX contiene la línea
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Más sobre este asunto en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Caracteres-de-texto"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+DeclareInputtext{176}{
+\backslash
+ifmmode^
+\backslash
+circ
+\backslash
+else
+\backslash
+textdegree
+\backslash
+f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
+i}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La tilde
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Tilde"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ está diseñada como acento, así que sola se ve un poco fuera de sitio: ~
+\newline
+Pero
+ a veces hace falta una tilde para direcciones web.
+ En ese caso, en una ecuación se usa el signo de relación
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sim
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Relaciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Como en un cuadro URL (menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+URL
+\family default
+) no se puede escribir una ecuación, se inserta la URL como texto normal
+ en estilo '
+\family typewriter
+typewriter
+\family default
+'.
+ Si la URL ha de ser un hiperenlace en la salida DVI o PDF, se usa el comando
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+href
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+href
+\series default
+ sólo puede usarse junto con el paquete LaTeX
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! hyperref"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Más sobre
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+href
+\series default
+ en la sección
+\emph on
+URL
+\emph default
+ del manual
+\emph on
+Objetos incrustados
+\emph default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash href"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Ejemplo de una URL con una tilde:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+como texto:
+\family typewriter
+http://www.lyx.org/
+\begin_inset Formula $\sim$
+\end_inset
+
+mustermann
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+href
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://www.lyx.org/~mustermann}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+http://www.lyx.org/
+\begin_inset Formula $\sim$
+\end_inset
+
+mustermann
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Estilos de ecuación
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! estilos de"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Hay dos estilos diferentes de alineación:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Description
+Centrado es el estándar predefinido
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Sangrado para este estilo debe insertarse la opción
+\series bold
+fleqn
+\series default
+ en el menú
+\family sans
+Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Configuración
+\family default
+ bajo
+\family sans
+Clase de documento
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cuando se usa
+\series bold
+Sangrado
+\series default
+, éste se puede ajustar con la longitud
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathindent
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathindent"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Para 15\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+mm, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e., se inserta esta línea de comando en el preámbulo LaTeX:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathindent}{15mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si no se especifica longitud se usa el valor predeterminado de 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Y dos estilos diferentes de numeración:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Description
+Derecha es el estándar predefinido
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Izquierda para este estilo debe insertarse la opción
+\series bold
+fleqn
+\series default
+ en el menú
+\family sans
+Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Configuración
+\family default
+ bajo
+\family sans
+Clase de documento
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+fleqn
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+leqno
+\series default
+ también se pueden usar juntos.
+ En ese caso se insertan ambas opciones, separadas por una coma.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los estilos escogidos se aplican a todas las ecuaciones en presentación
+ del documento.
+ Si un documento debe tener ecuaciones centradas y sangradas, se usa el
+ estilo
+\series bold
+Centrado
+\series default
+ y las ecuaciones sangradas se ponen en un entorno flalign; véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Entorno-flalign"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Ecuaciones multilínea
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Ecuaciones-multilínea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! multilínea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+General
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En LyX se generan nuevas líneas en una ecuación con
+\family sans
+\series bold
+Ctrl-Intro
+\family default
+\series default
+.
+ Esto crea un
+\series bold
+entorno align
+\series default
+, que se describe en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Entorno-align-estándar"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Hay otros entornos para fórmulas multilínea que se pueden introducir mediante
+ el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación
+\family default
+.
+ En las siguientes secciones se describen estos entornos.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En todos los entornos de ecuación multilínea la combinación
+\family sans
+Ctrl-Intro
+\family default
+ genera una línea nueva.
+ Para añadir o quitar líneas se pueden usar los botones
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ o
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+de la barra de herramientas, respectivamente, o el menú
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Filas y columnas
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Separación de líneas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Separación-de-líneas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! separación de filas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A veces no hay suficiente espacio entre las líneas de una ecuación multilínea:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+En LaTeX un espacio adicional para una línea se especifica como argumento
+ opcional del comando de nueva línea.
+ Esto aún no es posible en LYX
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+LyX-bug #1505
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, por lo que toda la ecuación debe insertarse en modo TeX.
+ Para añadir espacio en nuestro ejemplo se inserta el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+
+\backslash
+[3mm]
+\series default
+ al final de la primera línea.
+ Así:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+begin{eqnarray*}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD &
+ = &
+\backslash
+textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}
+\backslash
+
+\backslash
+[3mm]
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+4x^{2}
+\backslash
+left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}
+\backslash
+right)+4x_{0}x
+\backslash
+left(D-B^{2}
+\backslash
+right)+B^{2}
+\backslash
+left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}
+\backslash
+right) & = & 0
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+end{eqnarray*}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para obtener separación en todas las líneas hay que cambiar la longitud
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+jot
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! J ! \\textbackslash jot"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ La definición es:
+\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{separación de línea}=\mathrm{6\, pt+\backslash jot}$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ El valor predeterminado para
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+jot
+\series default
+ es 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt.
+ Para establecer una separación adicional de 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+mm como en el ejemplo anterior,
+ se inserta el comando
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{3mm+3pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+en modo TeX antes de la ecuación.
+ Es necesario cargar el paquete
+\series bold
+calc
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+calc
+\series default
+ forma parte de toda instalación LaTeX estándar.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! calc"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ en el preámbulo con la línea
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{calc}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Se obtiene:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{3mm+3pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{3pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Para volver a la distancia predeterminada,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+jot
+\series default
+ se establece en 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Separación de columnas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Separación-de-columnas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! multilínea !separación de columnas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Una ecuación multilínea forma una matriz.
+ Una ecuación en un entorno eqnarray, por ejemplo, es una matriz con tres
+ columnas.
+ Cambiando la separación de columnas en este entorno se puede cambiar el
+ espacio junto al signo de realación.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La separación de columnas se especifica con la longitud
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+arraycolsep
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arraycolsep"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ según:
+\newline
+column separation = 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+arraycolsep
+\series default
+
+\newline
+Así, el comando en modo TeX
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+arraycolsep}{1cm}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+establece para todas las ecuaciones siguientes una separación de columnas
+ de 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+cm.
+ Para volver al valor predefinido,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+arraycolsep
+\series default
+ se pone en 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Una ecuación con separación de 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+cm entre columnas:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+arraycolsep}{1cm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & B\\
+C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+Una ecuación con la separación predefinida para matrices, 10\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+arraycolsep}{5pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & B\\
+C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Ecuaciones largas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! larga"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Se pueden componer ecuaciones largas mediante estos métodos:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Si un lado de la ecuación es mucho más corto que la anchura de línea, este
+ se elige para el lado izquierdo y el derecho se imprime en dos líneas:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
+H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\
+ & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:kurzlang}\end{eqnarray}
+
+\end_inset
+
+El signo menos al principio de la segunda línea normalmente no aparece como
+ operador porque es el primer carácter de la línea.
+ No se rodearía de espacio y podría no distinguirse de la raya de fracción.
+ Para evitarlo se ha insertado espacio dtrás del menos con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace{3pt}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase más sobre
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace
+\series default
+ en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Espacio-variable"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hspace"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Si ambos lados de la ecuación son demasiado largos se usa el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+lefteqn
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash lefteqn"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Se inserta en la primer columna de la primera línea y hace que todas las
+ inserciones posteriores sobreescriban las columnas siguientes:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
+\lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\
+ & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\
+ & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}\end{eqnarray}
+
+\end_inset
+
+Tras la inserción de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+lefteqn
+\series default
+ el cursor está en un marco púrpura un poco a la izquierda del azul.
+ La ecuación se inserta en éste.
+\newline
+El contenido de las restantes líneas se inserta
+ en la segunda columna o en otra.
+ A mayor número de columna donde se inserte, mayor sangrado.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+medskip
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Ten en cuenta lo siguiente si usas
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+lefteqn
+\series default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+La ecuación no usa la anchura total de la página.
+ Cuando se añade, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e., el término
+\begin_inset Formula $-B^{2}$
+\end_inset
+
+ en la primera línea del ejemplo, debería estar fuera del margen.
+ Para aprovechar mejor la anchura, se puede insertar espacio negativo al
+ principio de la primera línea.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Debido a un fallo en LyX el cursor no se puede poner con el ratón en la
+ primera línea.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1429}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+LyX-bug #1429
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Sólo se puede poner el cursor al principio de la línea y moverlo con las
+ teclas de flecha.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Se describen otros métodos para escribir fórmulas largas en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Entorno-multilínea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Partes-de-una-multilínea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Delimitadores multilínea
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Delimitadores-multilínea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Delimitadores ! para varias líneas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para poner delimitadores que cubran varias líneas hay un problema:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
+ & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+El delimitador de cierre es más pequeño que el de apertura porque los delimitado
+res con tamaño variable no abarcan líneas múltiples.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para obtener el tamaño adecuado, la primera línea se termina con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+right.
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash right"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y la segunda con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+left.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Más sobre
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+left.
+
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+right.
+
+\series default
+ en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Tamaño-automático-de"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash left"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Después de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+left.
+
+\series default
+ se inserta el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+vphantom
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+prod
+\series default
+^
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+infty
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+_R=1}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! V ! \\textbackslash vphantom"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, porque el operador de multiplicación con sus límites es el símbolo mayor
+ en la primera línea y ese debería ser el tamaño para el delimitador en
+ la segunda línea.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El resultado es:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
+ & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Entornos align
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los entornos align se pueden usar para todo tipo de ecuaciones multilínea.
+ Son especialmente apropiados para poner ecuaciones adosadas.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los entornos align constan de columnas.
+ Las columnas impares se alinean a la derecha, las pares a la izquierda.
+ En un entorno align se puede numerar cada línea.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los entornos align se crean con el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación
+\family default
+.
+ Una ecuación existente se puede convertir a align con el menú
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Cambiar tipo de ecuación
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para añadir o quitar columnas se pueden usar los botones
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ o
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+de la barra de ecuaciones o el menú
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Filas y columnas
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Entorno align estándar
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Entorno-align-estándar"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno align"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Este entorno align se crea pulsando
+\family sans
+Ctrl-Intro
+\family default
+ en una ecuación o con el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Entorno AMS align
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un ejemplo para dos ecuaciones adosadas, que se componen con un entorno
+ align de cuatro columnas:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
+A & =\sen(B) & C & =D\\
+C & \neq A & B & \neq D\end{align*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+Como se puede ver, las ecuaciones en este entorno se colocan como si hubiera
+ un
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Más sobre
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Espacio-variable"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ antes de la primera y detrás de cada columna par.
+ Si se pone en estilo
+\series bold
+Sangrado
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase estilos de ecuación en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, la ecuación queda sin el
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ ante la primera columna.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Entorno alignat
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno alignat"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El entorno alignat no tiene separación predefinida de columnas.
+ Se puede insertar manualmente con los espacios descritos en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Espacio"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El ejemplo anterior en el entorno alignat, con un espacio de 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+cm al comienzo
+ da la segunda ecuación:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{alignat*}{2}
+A & =\sen(B)\hspace{1cm} & C & =D\\
+C & \neq A & B & \neq D\end{alignat*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+Como cada columna puede tener un espacio diferente, este entorno es especialment
+e apropiado para poner tres o más ecuaciones adosadas.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Entorno flalign
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Entorno-flalign"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno flalign"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En este entorno las dos primeras columnas están siempre tan a la izquierda
+ como sea posible y las dos últimas a la derecha.
+ Ejemplo:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign*}
+A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\
+X & =\mbox{-}1 & Y & =\mbox{-}2 & Z & =4\end{flalign*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+En un entorno flalign con un número impar de columnas, en la última de las
+ cuales se inserta una llave TeX vacía, se pueden poner varias ecuaciones
+ alineadas a la izquierda, aunque se use el estilo
+\series bold
+Centrado
+\series default
+.
+ Un ejemplo de fórmula sangrada
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:IntVol"
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign}
+\hspace{30pt}\iiint_{V}X\mbox{d}V & =U & {}\end{flalign}
+
+\end_inset
+
+Las dos primeras columnas contienen la fórmula.
+ Para sangrarla como con el estilo
+\series bold
+Sangrado
+\series default
+, se añade un espacio de 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt al comienzo de la primera columna.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Entorno eqnarray
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno eqnarray"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno eqnarray"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Al introducir este entorno aparecen tres marcos azules.
+ El contenido del primero se alinea a la derecha, el del último a la izquierda.
+ El contenido del marco central está centrado y algo más pequeño, porque
+ está diseñado para insertar sólo caracteres de relación.
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+\frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\
+AB & AB & AB\\
+A & = & A\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Entorno gather
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno gather"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Este entorno consta de una sola columna centrada.
+ Se puede numerar cada línea.
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{gather}
+A=1\\
+X=\mbox{-}1\end{gather}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Entorno multilínea
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Entorno-multilínea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno multilínea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El entorno multilínea, como gather, consta de una sola columna.
+ Pero la primera línea está alineada a la izquierda, la última a la derecha.
+ Las demás están centradas.
+ Por tanto este entorno es apropiado para ecuaciones largas.
+ Como ejemplo, la ecuación
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:lefteqn"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ en entorno multilínea:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline}
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
+-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\
+=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline}
+
+\end_inset
+
+En la salida sólo aparece numerada la última (primera) línea si la numeración
+ del documento es a la derecha (izquierda).
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véanse los estilos de numeración en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Este también es el caso si hay número de ecuación detrás de cada línea
+ en LyX.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Es el
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=518}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+LyX-bug #518
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Con los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+shoveright
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash shoveright"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+shoveleft
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash shoveleft"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, una línea centrada se puede alinear a la derecha o a la izquierda, respectivam
+ente.
+ Los comandos se usan como sigue:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+shoveright{contenido de la línea}
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+shoveleft{contenido de la línea}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La longitud
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+multlinegap
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash multlinegap"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ especifica la distancia de la primera línea desde el margen izquierdo de
+ la página.
+ Esta longitud es 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt por defecto.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Como ejemplo la ecuación anterior con el comando
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+multlinegap}{2cm}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+insertado previamente en modo TeX:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+multlinegap}{2cm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline}
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
+\shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\
+=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+multlinegap}{0pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+La segunda línea se ha alineado a la izquierda con
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+shoveleft
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Partes de una ecuación multilínea
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Partes-de-una-multilínea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! partes de"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para mostrar sólo partes de una ecuación multilínea se
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+
+\backslash
+left.
+\backslash
+right
+\backslash
+}
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+ usa uno de los siguientes métodos:
+\series bold
+aligned
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+alignedat
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+gathered
+\series default
+ o
+\series bold
+split
+\series default
+.
+ Se pueden elegir en el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación
+\family default
+ o usando los comandos aquí descritos.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los tres primeros tienen las mismas propiedades que los correspondientes
+ entornos multilínea, pero es posible poner al lado más partes de la ecuación.
+ Un ejemplo:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\
+\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\end{aligned}
+\right\} \mbox{Relaciones de incertidumbre}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+Para componer esta expresión se inserta una ecuación en presentación y en
+ ella se introduce el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+aligned
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash aligned"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Aparece un marco púrpura alrededor del marco azul en el que ahora se pueden
+ añadir filas y columnas.
+ Fuera del entorno multilínea se pueden poner otras partes de la ecuación,
+ como la llave.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El entorno aligned también es apropiado para ecuaciones largas cuyas líneas
+ se alinean horizontalmente.
+ Usar aligned en una ecuación en presentación tiene la ventaja de que el
+ número de ecuación se centra verticalmente con las líneas.
+ Como ejemplo, la ecuación
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:kurzlang"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ en entorno aligned:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+\begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\
+ & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\end{aligned}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+Para usar los entornos
+\series bold
+alignedat
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+gathered
+\series default
+, o
+\series bold
+split
+\series default
+, se insertan respectivamente los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+alignedat
+\series default
+,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash alignedat"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+gathered
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! G ! \\textbackslash gathered"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, o
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+split
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash split"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ El entorno split tiene las mismas propiedades que aligned pero sólo puede
+ tener dos columnas.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Texto en ecuaciones multilínea
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Texto-en-multilínea"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Texto ! en ecuaciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! texto en"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En los entornos Align, multilínea y gather, se puede insertar texto que
+ se mostrará en una línea separada y que no afecta la alineación de columna.
+ Para esto se usa el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+intertext
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! I ! \\textbackslash intertext"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ con el siguiente esquema:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+intertext{texto}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El texto no debería ocupar más de una línea porque no se puede partir con
+ guión.
+ Como LyX aún no soporta
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+intertext
+\series default
+ directamente, el texto se escribe como texto matemático.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+intertext
+\series default
+ debe por tanto estar al comienzo de una línea y en la salida se presenta
+ sobre esta línea.
+ Un ejemplo en el que se ha insertado texto al inicio de la segunda línea:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{align}
+I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\
+\intertext{\text{el integrando es simétrico para $\phi=\pi$, por tanto}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\end{align}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Numeración de ecuaciones
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! numeración|see{Numeración de ecuaciones}"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Numeración de ecuaciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+General
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las ecuaciones numeradas se pueden generar con el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación\InsetSpace ~
+numerada
+\family default
+ (atajo
+\family sans
+Ctrl-Alt\InsetSpace ~
+n
+\family default
+).
+ Ecuaciones existentes se pueden numerar con el menú
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Conmutar\InsetSpace ~
+numeración
+\family default
+ (atajo
+\family sans
+ Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
+n
+\family default
+).
+ En LyX se muestra detrás de la ecuación el signo almohadilla entre paréntesis.
+ En la salida se muestra el número real.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si se activa la numeración en ecuaciones multilínea se numerarán todas las
+ líneas.
+ No obstante, la numeración se puede controlar en cada línea con el menú
+
+\family sans
+Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Conmutar\InsetSpace ~
+numeración\InsetSpace ~
+de\InsetSpace ~
+línea
+\family default
+ (atajo
+\family sans
+ Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
+N
+\family default
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Todas las ecuaciones, excepto en línea, pueden numerarse con dos estilos
+ distintos, véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Referencias cruzadas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Referencias-cruzadas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Referencias cruzadas ! a ecuaciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Todas las ecuaciones con etiqueta se pueden referenciar.
+ La etiqueta se añade con el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Etiqueta
+\family default
+ o con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/label-insert.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ de la barra de herramientas.
+ El cursor debe estar dentro de una ecuación en presentación.
+ Surge un diálogo con el prefijo
+\series bold
+eq:
+\series default
+, detrás del cual se escribe el texto de la etiqueta.
+ El prefijo significa
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+equation
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ y hace más fácil encontrar etiquetas en documentos extensos porque así
+ se distingue p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e.\InsetSpace ~
+de las etiquetas de sección.
+ Para cambiar una etiqueta se usa de nuevo el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Etiqueta
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En LyX, el nombre de la etiqueta se muestra entre paréntesis detrás de la
+ ecuación.
+ Una ecuación con etiqueta se numera siempre.
+ La etiqueta se borra si se desactiva la numeración.
+ De momento, es la única forma de borrar una etiqueta.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2556}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+LyX-bug #2556
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las referencias cruzadas se insertan mediante el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Referencia cruzada
+\family default
+ o con el botón
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.xpm
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Una referencia a una ecuación aparece en la salida con su número.
+ Si en el diálogo de referencia cruzada se elige el formato
+\series bold
+()
+\series default
+, la referencia se muestra en la salida entre paréntesis.
+
+\newline
+En LyX, pulsando clic derecho sobre una referencia cruzada el cursor salta
+ a la ecuación de referencia.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+He aquí ejemplos de referencias cruzadas a ecuaciones de las subsecciones
+ siguientes:
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Observa los distintos tipos de referencias cruzadas.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las ecuaciones
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:tag"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ y
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:c"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ son equivalentes.
+ En (
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "eq:Lat"
+
+\end_inset
+
+) se usan mayúsculas para la numeración, a diferencia de (
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "eq:Rom"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si el argumento de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\series default
+ se describe en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Numeración-personalizada"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ contiene un marco, como se describe en la
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Cuadros-de-párrafo"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, no se puede referenciar la ecuación.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Subnumeración
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! subnumeración"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Con ayuda de los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+begin{subequations}
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+end{subequations}
+\series default
+ en modo TeX se pueden subnumerar ecuaciones.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Ejemplo:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+A=C-B\label{eq:a}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+addtocounter{equation}{-1}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+begin{subequations}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+B=C-A\label{eq:b}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+C=A+B\label{eq:c}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+end{subequations}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para este ejemplo se ha hecho lo siguiente:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+se inserta la primera ecuación
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+después de ella se inserta
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\backslash
+addtocounter{equation}{-1}
+\backslash
+begin{subequations}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash addtocounter"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+se inserta la segunda ecuación
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+se inserta la tercera ecuación
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+se inserta
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+end{subequations}
+\series default
+ tras la tercera ecuación
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Toda ecuación entre los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+begin
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+end
+\series default
+ se subnumera con a, b, c\SpecialChar \ldots{}
+ En ecuaciones multilínea se subnumerará cada línea.
+ Todas las ecuaciones subnumeradas son tratadas como
+\emph on
+una
+\emph default
+ ecuación numerada.
+ Pero como cada ecuación numerada aumenta el contador
+\series bold
+equation
+\series default
+ en uno, hay que disminuir el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+addtocounter
+\series default
+.
+ De lo contrario, las ecuaciones
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:a"
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:b"
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:c"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ se numerarían
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:a"
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:d"
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:f"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Al insertar los comandos en modo TeX se crea un espacio entre las dos primeras
+ ecuaciones.
+ Para evitarlo se inserta ese espacio vertical de -5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+mm detrás del comando
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+begin{subequations}
+\series default
+.
+
+\series bold
+
+\series default
+Si se usa el estilo
+\series bold
+Sangrado
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase estilos de ecuación en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, entonces se inserta -7\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+mm.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un ejemplo de ecuación multilínea en la que se ha eliminado la numeración
+ de la segunda línea:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+begin{subequations}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
+A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\label{eq:d}\\
+ & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{²}\nonumber \\
+ & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}\label{eq:f}\end{eqnarray}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+end{subequations}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Numeración definida por el usuario
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Numeración-personalizada"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! personalizada"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! delimitadores personalizados"
+
+\end_inset
+
+Con la numeración estándar el número se coloca entre paréntesis.
+ Para reemplazar los paréntesis con barras verticales, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e., se añade al preámbulo
+ LaTeX la línea:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+def
+\backslash
+tagform@#1{
+\backslash
+maketag@@@{|#1|}}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Esta macro ya está declarada en el preámbulo LaTeX para pruebas.
+ Para activarlo, quita el % del principio.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para usar otros caracteres, se reemplazan las barras al lado de
+\series bold
+#1
+\series default
+ por ellos.
+ Para obtener sólo el número de ecuación se omiten las barras verticales.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si quieres poner una expresión entre paréntesis en vez del número de ecuación
+ consecutivo, se usa el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash tag"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+A+B=C\tag{algo}\label{eq:tag}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+En este ejemplo se ha insertado el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+algo
+\series default
+ en la ecuación.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si se usa en su lugar el comando con asterisco
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag*
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+algo
+\series default
+ no se imprimen los paréntesis:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+A+B=C\tag*{algo}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para reiniciar la numeración en nuevas partes o secciones del documento
+ se usan los siguientes comandos:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+@addtoreset{equation}{part}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! \"@\" ! \\textbackslash \"@\"addtoreset"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+@addtoreset{equation}{section}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Pata poder usar estos comandos en modo TeX, el carácter
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+@
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ debe
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+activarse
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ para LaTeX con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makeatletter
+\series default
+.
+ El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makeatother
+\series default
+ deshace esto.
+ Así pues, la secuencia de comandos en modo TeX es:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makeatletter
+\newline
+
+\backslash
+@addtoreset{equation}{section}
+\newline
+
+\backslash
+makeatother
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En el preámbulo LaTeX se pueden omitir
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makeatletter
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makeatother
+\series default
+ pues son automáticamente insertados por LyX.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+@addtoreset
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+
+\series default
+hay que cargar en el preámbulo LaTeX el archivo
+\series bold
+remreset.sty
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+remreset
+\series default
+ es parte del paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+carlisle
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! carlisle"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, incluido en las instalaciones estándar de LaTeX.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! remreset"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ con la línea
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{remreset}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Entonces se puede usar el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+@removefromreset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! \"@\" ! \\textbackslash \"@\"removefromreset"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ con el mismo esquema que
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+@addtoreset
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A veces las ecuaciones se podrían numerar de la siguiente manera:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+(número de sección.número de ecuación)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El número de ecuación empezaría con
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+1
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ en cada sección.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para este caso hay el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+numberwithin
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! N ! \\textbackslash numberwithin"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, que se usa con el esquema:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+numberwithin{counter}{sectioning}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+counter
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ indica qué clase de numeración es afectada,
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+sectioning
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ indica qué número va delante del punto.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Así pues, en nuestro caso se ha usado la siguiente línea ERT o de preámbulo
+ LaTeX:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+numberwithin{equation}{section}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Este es el resultado::
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+numberwithin{equation}{section}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+A+B=C\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para numerar p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e.\InsetSpace ~
+tablas de modo que
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+sectioning
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ es el número de la parte se usa
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+numberwithin{table}{part}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para volver a la numeración estándar o evitar esta clase numeración cuando
+ es definida por la clase de documento, se inserta el siguiente comando
+ como ERT o en el preámbulo LaTeX:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arabic"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\series default
+o
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+thetable}{
+\backslash
+arabic{table}}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+numberwithin
+\series default
+ usa internamente el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+@addtoreset
+\series default
+, descrito arriba, que también necesita ser restaurado.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+makeatletter
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+@removefromreset{equation}{section}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+makeatother
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Numeración con números romanos y letras
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Numeración-con-romanos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! con números romanos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! con letras"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las ecuaciones también se pueden numerar con números romanos y letras latinas.
+ Por ejemplo, para numerar con romanos en minúscula
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Como en español no se usan romanos en minúscula, el estilo
+\series bold
+spanish
+\series default
+ del sistema
+\series bold
+babel
+\series default
+ redefine
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+roman
+\series default
+ para que los dé en versalitas.
+ Véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
+key "spanish"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (
+\emph on
+N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+del t
+\emph default
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, se inserta el comando
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+antes de la ecuación en modo TeX.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash renewcommand"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ redefine el comando predefinido
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+theequation
+\series default
+ como
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+roman{equation}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand
+\series default
+ tiene el mismo esquema que el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+, descrito en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Comandos-de-usuario"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\series bold
+equation
+\series default
+ es el contador de ecuaciones.
+ Si se usa el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+the
+\series default
+ como prefijo de un contador, el valor del contador sale en números arábigos.
+ Si una ecuación es numerada, LaTeX pone internamente el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+theequation
+\series default
+ detrás de la ecuación.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+roman{equation}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash roman"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ pone el contador en romanos en minúscula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Todas las ecuaciones siguientes a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+renew
+\series default
+c
+\series bold
+ommand
+\series default
+ se numerarán en romanos.
+ Para cambiar a números romanos en mayúscula se inserta de nuevo el comando,
+ cambiando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+roman
+\series default
+ por
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Roman
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash roman@\\textbackslash Roman"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Para
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+numerar
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ con minúsculas latinas hay el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+alph
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash alph"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, y para mayúsculas el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Alph
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash alph@\\textbackslash Alph"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Nota:
+\series default
+ Con letras latinas sólo se puede numerar hasta un máximo de 26 ecuaciones.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+A=\textrm{romanos en minúscula}\label{eq:rom}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+Roman{equation}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+B=\textrm{romanos en mayúscula}\label{eq:Rom}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+alph{equation}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+C=\textrm{latinas en minúscula}\label{eq:lat}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+Alph{equation}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+D=\textrm{latinas en mayúscula}\label{eq:Lat}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para volver a la numeración por defecto se inserta el comando:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arabic"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+E=\mbox{arábigos}\label{eq:arab}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Como ves, las ecuaciones se numeran consecutivamente independientemente
+ del estilo de numeración.
+ Cuando la numeración haya de empezar con
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+1
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ al cambiar el estilo, hay que definir nuevos contadores de ecuación.
+ Una descripción sobre esto se encuentra en el archivo
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{Formula-numbering.lyx}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Formula-numbering.lyx
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Comandos definidos por el usuario
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Comandos-de-usuario"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos personalizados"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Muchos comandos LaTeX son demasiado largos para usarlos con frecuencia.
+ Pero es posible definir nuevos comandos más cortos con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! N ! \\textbackslash newcommand"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El esquema del comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ es:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{nombre nuevo de comando}[número de argumentos]
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+phantom{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+[valor opcional]{definición de comando}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Nota:
+\series default
+ Asegúrate de que el nombre del nuevo comando no está definido ya en el
+ documento o en paquetes LaTeX que uses.
+ Si p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e.
+ defines el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+le
+\series default
+ para
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Leftarrow,
+\series default
+ se producirán errores porque
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+le
+\series default
+ ya existe como comando para
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\le$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\series bold
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Nota:
+\series default
+ Los nombres de comandos personalizados sólo pueden tener letras latinas.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El número de argumentos es un entero en el rango 0-9 y especifica cuántos
+ argumentos debería tener el nuevo comando.
+ Con el valor opcional se puede predefinir un valor para un argumento opcional.
+ Cuando se hace esto, el
+\emph on
+primer
+\emph default
+ argumento del nuevo comando es automáticamente opcional.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Veamos unos ejemplos:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Para definir el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+gr
+\series default
+ para
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Longrightarrow
+\series default
+, la línea de preámbulo LaTeX es:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+medskip
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+gr}{
+\backslash
+Longrightarrow}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Para definir el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+us
+\series default
+ para
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underline
+\series default
+, el argumento (que sería subrayado) debe tenerse en cuenta.
+ Para esto la línea de preámbulo es: :
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+medskip
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+us}[1]{
+\backslash
+underline{#1}}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+medskip
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+El carácter
+\series bold
+#
+\series default
+ actúa como colocador del argumento, el
+\series bold
+1
+\series default
+ indica que es el colocador para el primer argumento.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Para
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+ se puede p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+e.
+ definir el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fb
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+medskip
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+fb}[3]{
+\backslash
+framebox#1#2{$#3$}}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+medskip
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+Los dos signos dólar generan la ecuación extra necesaria para
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+, véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Cuadros-con-marco"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Para crear un nuevo comando para
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+ donde no es necesario especificar el color para el cuadro, el argumento
+ para el color se define opcional:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+medskip
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+cb}[3][white]{
+\backslash
+fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+medskip
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+Si el color no es especificado al usar
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cb
+\series default
+, se elige el color
+\series bold
+white
+\series default
+ predefinido.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un ensayo con los nuevos comandos definidos:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A
+\backslash
+gr
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+us{ABcd
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+fb{[2cm]
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cb{red
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cb[green]
+\backslash
+{red
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Diagramas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Diagramas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para componer diagramas se necesita el paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+amscd
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+amscd
+\series default
+ forma parte de las instalaciones estándar de LaTeX.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! amscd"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Se carga en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{amscd}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los diagramas visualizan relaciones y su aspecto es como este:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\begin{CD}A@)))B@)))C\\
+@AAA@.@VVV\\
+F@(((E@(((D\end{CD}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+Para obtener el diagrama se inserta en la ecuación el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+CD
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash CD"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+.
+ Surge un marco azul entre dos líneas de trazos en el que se insertan a
+ continuación comandos.
+ Con
+\family sans
+Ctrl-Intro
+\family default
+ se inicia una nueva línea.
+ En las líneas impares de insertan relaciones horizontales, en las pares
+ verticales.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para componer las relaciones hay los siguientes comandos
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "fn:sinónimos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+Los comandos con
+\series bold
+>
+\series default
+ o
+\series bold
+<
+\series default
+ pueden generar errores con el estilo
+\series bold
+spanish
+\series default
+ de
+\series bold
+babel
+\series default
+.
+ Para evitarlos se pueden sustituir por sus sinónimos
+\series bold
+)
+\series default
+ o
+\series bold
+(
+\series default
+ respectivamente.
+ Véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
+key "spanish"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ (
+\emph on
+N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+del t.
+\emph default
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+@<<<
+\series default
+ genera una flecha hacia la izquierda,
+\series bold
+@>>>
+\series default
+ una hacia la derecha, y
+\series bold
+@=
+\series default
+ un signo igual largo
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+@AAA
+\series default
+ genera una flecha hacia arriba,
+\series bold
+@VVV
+\series default
+ una hacia abajo, y
+\series bold
+@|
+\series default
+ un signo igual vertical
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+@.
+
+\series default
+ genera una ubicación vacía para relaciones inexistentes
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Todas las flechas pueden etiquetarse como sigue:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Si se inserta texto entre la primera y segunda <\InsetSpace ~
+ o >, respectivamente, se
+ muestra sobre la flecha.
+ Si se inserta entre la segunda y la tercera, bajo la flecha.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Para flechas verticales, si se inserta texto entre la primera y la segunda
+ A o V, respectivamente, se muestra al lado izquierdo de la flecha.
+ Si se inserta entre la segunda y la tercera, al lado derecho.
+ Si el texto contiene A o V, estas letras deben ponerse entre llaves TeX.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Como ejemplo un diagrama con todas las relaciones posibles:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\begin{CD}A@)j))B@))k)C@=F\\
+@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\
+D@((j\,(E@)k))F@=C\end{CD}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+El comando para este diagrama es:
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+CD
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl-Enter
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+CD
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+@AmAA@.@VV
+\backslash
+{V
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+V@| Ctrl-Enter
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+CD
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+D@<k>>F@=C
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\newpage
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Indicaciones
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Otras sugerencias útiles para matemáticas en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
+key "Voss"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores
+ PDF.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Más sobre
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring hay en la sección
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-Sección"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Indicaciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Símbolos y ecuaciones químicas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Símbolos-y-ecuaciones-químicas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Química ! símbolos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación química"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Química ! caracteres"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Iones|see{Química ! caracteres}"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un ejemplo de texto de química:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Quote
+El ión
+\begin_inset Formula $ $
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$
+\end_inset
+
+ reacciona con dos iones
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$
+\end_inset
+
+ para dar sulfato de sodio
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{(Na_{2}SO_{4})}$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ La ecuación química es:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Esta ecuación química puede crearse directamente como ecuación.
+ Para evitar que los símbolos se impriman en cursiva, se selecciona todo
+ y con el atajo
+\family sans
+Alt-c\InsetSpace ~
+r
+\family default
+ se cambia en redonda.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase estilos de fuentes en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Números negativos
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Números ! negativos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Los números negativos a veces se ven feos en las ecuaciones porque el signo
+ menos delante del número tiene la misma longitud que el operador signo
+ menos.
+ Si se escribe el número negativo en texto normal el signo menos aparece
+ correctamente.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Así pues, el problema desaparece si se convierte el signo menos a texto
+ matemático.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un ejemplo para visualizar el problema:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+texto normal:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+x = -2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+ecuación:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $x=-2$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+solución:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $x=\mbox{-}2$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Coma como separador decimal
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Coma decimal"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+En LaTeX, de acuerdo a la convención inglesa, en las ecuaciones se usa la
+ coma como separador de grupos numéricos en las ecuaciones.
+ Así, habrá un espacio añadido tras la coma en las ecuaciones.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para evitarlo, se selecciona la coma y se cambia a texto matemático (atajo
+
+\family sans
+Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
+m
+\family default
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para usar las comas en todas las fórmulas del documento como separador decimal,
+ se carga el archivo
+\series bold
+icomma.sty
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+icomma
+\series default
+ forma parte del paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+was
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! was"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! icomma"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{icomma}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Vectores físicos
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Vectores-físicos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Vectores físicos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+braket
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+braket
+\series default
+ es parte de una instalación LaTeX estándar.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! braket"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ suministra vectores predefinidos, se carga con la línea de preámbulo LaTeX:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{braket}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+ifbraket
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+La tabla siguiente sólo se mostrará en la salida si el paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+braket
+\series default
+ está instalado.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Están definidos los siguientes comandos:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Bra{
+\backslash
+psi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Bra{\psi}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Ket{
+\backslash
+psi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Ket{\psi}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+Braket{
+\backslash
+psi|
+\backslash
+phi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\Braket{\psi|\phi}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Braket
+\series default
+ asegura que todas las barras verticales tienen el tamaño de los delimitadores
+ circundantes:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+else
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Lo que sigue se verá en la salida si el paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+braket
+\series default
+ no está instalado:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Debes instalar el paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+braket
+\series default
+ para ver en la salida el resto de esta subsección.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+fi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El efecto de
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Braket
+\series default
+ también se puede conseguir con el comando
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+middle
+\series default
+, que se describe en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Tamaño-automático-de"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Fracciones definidas por el usuario
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Fracciones-personalizadas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Fracciones ! personalizadas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para definir comandos personalizados para fracciones, se usa el comando
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+genfrac
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! G ! \\textbackslash genfrac"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ con el siguiente esquema:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+genfrac{delimitador izquierdo}{delimitador derecho}{grosor raya de
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+phantom{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+genfrac{
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+fracción}{estilo}{numerador}{denominador}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El estilo es un número en el rango 0-3.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Número
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Estilo (tamaño)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+ecuación en presentación
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+ecuación en línea
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+pequeño
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+3
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+muy pequeño
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si no se pone estilo el tamaño se ajusta al entorno como para el comando
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+frac
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si no se pone grosor de la raya de fracción se usará el valor predefinido
+ de 0.4\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+pt.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Por ejemplo, los comandos
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dfrac
+\series default
+ y
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tbinom
+\series default
+ de la
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Fracciones"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ se definen con los comandos:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+dfrac}[2]{
+\backslash
+genfrac{}{}{}{0}{#1}{#2}}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+y
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+tbinom}[2]{
+\backslash
+genfrac{(}{)}{0pt}{1}{#1}{#2}}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para definir una fracción en la que el grosor de la raya se pueda definir
+ como argumento opcional, se inserta la siguiente línea en el preámbulo
+ LaTeX:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+fracS}[3][]{
+\backslash
+genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un ensayo:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
+\text{Comando} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[1mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[5mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B}\\
+\text{Resultado} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B}\end{align*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+Como se puede ver, la distancia del numerador y el denominador a la raya
+ de fracción se redondea a unas tres veces el grosor de la raya.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Ecuaciones canceladas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Ecuaciones-canceladas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! cancelada"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para cancelar ecuaciones o partes de ellas hay que cargar el paquete LaTeX
+
+\series bold
+cancel
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+cancel
+\series default
+ forma parte de las distribuciones estándar de LaTeX.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! cancel"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ con la línea de preámbulo LaTeX
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage[samesize]{cancel}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Hay cuatro formas de cancelar ecuaciones:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Comando
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Resultado
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ se usa sólo como espaciador
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cancel{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\cancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+bcancel{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+xcancel{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\xcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+|
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\backslash
+cancelto{1
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}\hspace{3mm}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ |
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cancelto
+\series default
+ es especialmente apropiada para visualizar la simplificación de fracciones
+ en una ecuación:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Ecuaciones en encabezados de sección
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Ecuaciones-en-encabezados"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! en encabezados de sección"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si se quiere poner una ecuación en un encabezado de sección hay que tener
+ en cuenta lo siguiente:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cuando se usa el paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+hyperref
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! hyperref"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, los marcadores PDF se generan automáticamente para cada encabezado de
+ sección en el índice.
+ Si el encabezado contiene ecuaciones, se muestran incorrectamente en el
+ texto del marcador, porque se infringen las convenciones PDF.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Estos problemas se pueden solucionar insertando al final del encabezado
+ un título breve con el menú
+\family sans
+Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Título\InsetSpace ~
+breve
+\family default
+.
+ Los títulos breves se usan como alternativa para encabezados de sección
+ con más de una línea para mantener el buen aspecto del índice.
+ En éste sólo aparece el título breve y por tanto también en los marcadores.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Si hay que poner ecuaciones en el índice y se usa
+\series bold
+hyperref
+\series default
+, se puede insertar el siguiente comando en modo TeX:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring{parte}{alternativa}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash texorpdfstring"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Parte se refiere a la parte del encabezado que no debería aparecer en el
+ marcador PDF.
+ Puede ser caracteres, ecuaciones, notas al pie, y también referencias cruzadas.
+ La alternativa se usa para el marcador en vez de la parte.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Aquí hay dos ejemplo de encabezados:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+boldmath
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Encabezado sin ecuación en el índice
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{-1}=\mathrm{i}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset OptArg
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Encabezado sin ecuación en el índice
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Encabezado con ecuación en el índice
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{-1}=\mathrm{i}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+unboldmath
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+En el primer encabezado se ha puesto un título breve, en el segundo un
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para obtener el mismo formato que en los demás encabezados se han puesto
+ ambos en un
+\series bold
+entorno boldmath
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-negrita"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Ecuaciones en texto multicolumna
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! en texto multicolumna"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Las ecuaciones en texto multicolumna son con frecuencia demasiado anchas
+ para ajustarse a la columna y entonces es preciso abarcar la anchura total
+ de la página.
+ Esto se hace usando el paquete LaTeX
+\series bold
+multicol
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+multicol
+\series default
+ forma parte de las distribuciones LaTeX estándar.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! multicol"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, que se carga en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{multicol}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Ten en cuenta que la opción
+\family sans
+Documento\InsetSpace ~
+con\InsetSpace ~
+dos\InsetSpace ~
+caras
+\family default
+, bajo
+\family sans
+Diseño\InsetSpace ~
+de\InsetSpace ~
+página
+\family default
+en el menú
+\family sans
+Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Configuración
+\family default
+
+\emph on
+debe
+\emph default
+ estar desmarcada.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Antes del texto multicolumna se inserta en modo TeX el comando
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+begin{multicols}{número de columnas}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+El número de columnas está en el rango 2-10.
+ Antes de la ecuación, se finaliza el texto multicolumna insertando en modo
+ TeX el comando
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+end{multicols}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Debido al comando se añade automáticamente algún espacio delante de la ecuación.
+ Para quitarlo se inserta un espacio vertical de -6\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+mm antes de la ecuación.
+ Si se usa el estilo
+\series bold
+Sangrado
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+véase estilos de ecuación en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, se inserta un espacio de -9\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+mm.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Un ejemplo de texto multicolumna con una ecuación en modo presentación:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+begin{multicols}{2}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Das Spektrum wird fouriertransformiert.
+ the Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um the überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk
+, Lösungsmittel) zu trennen.
+ Nachdem wir the Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns
+ nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals.
+ Im Experiment haben wir es with sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so that man
+ über alle Phasen integrieren muss.
+ Sei nun
+\begin_inset Formula $S$
+\end_inset
+
+ unser normiertes Ausgangssignal and
+\begin_inset Formula $P$
+\end_inset
+
+ the Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich the Beziehung
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+end{multicols}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset VSpace -6mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi\label{eq:fouriertrafo}\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+begin{multicols}{2}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+wobei
+\begin_inset Formula $S_{0}$
+\end_inset
+
+ das Signal ohne Gradient ist and the Normierungsbedingung
+\begin_inset Formula $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\,\mathrm{d}\phi=1$
+\end_inset
+
+ gilt.
+ Nun dürfen wir aber nicht the Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen.
+ Direkt nach the
+\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{\pi}{2}$
+\end_inset
+
+\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+-rf-Puls beginnt sich the Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich
+ das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt.
+ Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit the so genannten
+
+\begin_inset Formula $T_{2}$
+\end_inset
+
+-Zeit.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+end{multicols}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Ecuaciones con descripción de variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Ecuación ! con descripción de variables"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Para describir variables en una ecuación, como en la fórmula
+\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:within"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, se inserta una matriz 2×
+\begin_inset Formula $n$
+\end_inset
+
+ con columnas alineadas a la izquierda para las
+\emph on
+
+\begin_inset Formula $n$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ variables usadas.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
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+\begin_inset Foot
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+\begin_layout Itemize
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+\begin_layout Itemize
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+
+\end_inset
+
+.
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+
+\begin_layout Itemize
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+
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+
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+
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+ Addison Wesley, 2004
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+
+\backslash
+href{ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Description
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ of
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+AmS
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-LaTeX
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Bibliography
+\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
+key "Symbole"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+List
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ of all symbols available with LaTeX-packages
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Bibliography
+\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
+key "hyperref"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ftp/doc/manual.pdf}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Documentation
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ of the LaTeX-package
+\series bold
+hyperref
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! hyperref"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Bibliography
+\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
+key "Mathclap"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb22-4/tb72perlS.pdf}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Description
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ of the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathclap
+\series default
+, descrito en
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Límites-de-operadores"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathclap"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Bibliography
+\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
+key "Duden"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph on
+Duden Band 1
+\emph default
+.
+ 22.
+ Auflage, Duden 2001
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Bibliography
+\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
+key "spanish"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://www.texytipografia.com/archive/spanish.pdf}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Documentación
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ del estilo
+\series bold
+spanish
+\family sans
+\series default
+
+\family default
+incluido en el paquete
+\series bold
+babel
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Bibliography
+\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
+key "Bezos"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+href{http://www.texytipografia.com/archive/ortomatem.pdf}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Documento
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ sobre ortotipografía y notaciones matemáticas en español
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+\begin_inset LatexCommand printindex
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_body
+\end_document
diff --git a/lib/doc/fr/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/fr/Math.lyx
index 16052b56a9..32ab253cab 100644
--- a/lib/doc/fr/Math.lyx
+++ b/lib/doc/fr/Math.lyx
@@ -11395,40 +11395,6 @@ Quand on insère la commande
framebox
\series default
, une boîte apparaît contenant trois boîtes bleues.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-À cause d'un bug de LyX, le curseur doit être placé à gauche, à côté des
- boîtes bleues pour pouvoir les remplir, voir
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2461}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-LyX-bug #2461
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
Les deux premières sont entourées de crochets pour signales des arguments
optionnels.
La troisième boîte est là pour contenir les portions de formules, comme