diff --git a/development/scons/scons_manifest.py b/development/scons/scons_manifest.py index 51a8f348e8..93e2a5ae20 100644 --- a/development/scons/scons_manifest.py +++ b/development/scons/scons_manifest.py @@ -2219,19 +2219,29 @@ lib_doc_files = Split(''' lib_doc_clipart_files = Split(''' + Abstract.pdf BoxInsetDefaultQt4.png ChildDocumentQt4.png CommentNoteImageQt4.png + ERT.png ExternalMaterialQt4.png + ExtraToolbar.png FramedNoteImageQt4.png GreyedOutNoteImageQt4.png + LaTeX.png LyXNoteImageQt4.png ShadedNoteImageQt4.png + SpaceMarker.png + StandardToolbar.png + ToolbarEnvBox.png endnotes.pdf escher-lsd.eps floatQt4.png footnoteQt4.png labelQt4.png + macrobox.png + macrouse.png + mbox.png mobius.eps platypus.eps referenceQt4.png diff --git a/lib/doc/Makefile.am b/lib/doc/Makefile.am index 23a05703bd..04e286fdbc 100644 --- a/lib/doc/Makefile.am +++ b/lib/doc/Makefile.am @@ -9,19 +9,29 @@ dist_clipartdoc_DATA = \ clipart/escher-lsd.eps \ clipart/mobius.eps \ clipart/platypus.eps \ + clipart/Abstract.pdf \ clipart/BoxInsetDefaultQt4.png \ clipart/ChildDocumentQt4.png \ clipart/CommentNoteImageQt4.png \ clipart/endnotes.pdf \ + clipartERT.png \ clipart/ExternalMaterialQt4.png \ + clipartExtraToolbar.png \ clipart/floatQt4.png \ clipart/footnoteQt4.png \ clipart/FramedNoteImageQt4.png \ clipart/GreyedOutNoteImageQt4.png \ clipart/labelQt4.png \ + clipartLaTeX.png \ clipart/LyXNoteImageQt4.png \ + clipartmacrobox.png \ + clipartmacrouse.png \ + clipartmbox.png \ clipart/referenceQt4.png \ clipart/ShadedNoteImageQt4.png \ + clipartSpaceMarker.png \ + clipartStandardToolbar.png \ + clipartToolbarEnvBox.png \ clipart/without_fntright.pdf \ clipart/with_fntright.pdf diff --git a/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx b/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx index 02ebf3ed7b..eabadb7965 100644 --- a/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx @@ -59,8 +59,17 @@ \pagenumbering{arabic} } \fi + +% redefine the \LyX macro for PDF bookmarks +\def\LyX{\texorpdfstring{% + L\kern-.1667em\lower.25em\hbox{Y}\kern-.125emX\@} + {LyX }} + + +% define a short command for \textvisiblespace +\newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace} \end_preamble -\options bibtotoc,BCOR7mm +\options bibtotoc,idxtotoc,BCOR7mm \language english \inputencoding latin1 \font_roman default @@ -76,7 +85,7 @@ \spacing single \papersize default \use_geometry false -\use_amsmath 0 +\use_amsmath 1 \use_esint 0 \cite_engine basic \use_bibtopic false @@ -117,6 +126,10 @@ lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org \end_inset +\newline + +\newline +Version 1.5.2 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -149,71 +162,11 @@ This package should be part of all popular LaTeX-distributions. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter -Introduction +Getting Started \end_layout \begin_layout Section -What is -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -LyX -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -}{LyX} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -? -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -The command -\series bold - -\backslash -texorpdfstring -\series default - is needed because the font of the PDF bookmarks cannot contain special - text formats, like sub- and superscripts. - The -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -y -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -LyX -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - appears in the output 0.25\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -em below the baseline and this cannot be handled - by PDF bookmark text. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - +What is LyX? \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -303,91 +256,7 @@ Introduction \end_layout \begin_layout Section -Getting Started -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Invoking -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -LyX -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -}{LyX} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Similar to other Linux [and other brands of Unix] programs, you start LyX - by simply typing -\family typewriter -lyx -\family default - at the command line. - You can, of course, include several command-line options, including file - names. - We're not going to repeat all of the command-line options here, since we've - already done that in the -\family typewriter -man -\family default - page for LyX. - Check there for more info. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are one or two things we'd like to comment on: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Please note that if you include more than one file name on the command line, - LyX will load them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously. - More on that in a bit. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -How -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -LyX -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -}{LyX} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Looks +How LyX Looks \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -402,8 +271,7 @@ Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of \emph on minibuffer \emph default - (a term which we've swiped, lock, stock, and barrel, from GNU Emacs), which - really means +, which really means \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -426,10 +294,7 @@ Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar. next line. Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for only a vertical scrollbar. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar. + There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar. The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@. This, however, is due to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a @@ -441,19 +306,26 @@ There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar. this doesn't work for equations yet. \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -HELP! +\begin_layout Standard +For a brief description of all LyX menus and toolbar buttons, have a look + at appendix\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:The-User-Interface" + +\end_inset + +. + Most of them are self-explanatory and you'll find them listed in the correspond +ing sections of this documentation. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +HELP \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough as that in many - commercial applications. - Patience. - We're working on it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Now the good news: the help system consists of the LyX manuals. +The help system consists of the LyX manuals. You can read \emph on all @@ -461,112 +333,154 @@ all of the manuals from inside LyX. Just select the manual you want read from the \family sans -\bar under -H -\bar default -elp +Help \family default menu. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -While we're at it, we'd like to make a comment about the manuals. - They're not idiot-proof, not in the least. - Here's what one of our authors, -\noun on -John Weiss -\noun default -, once said about manuals: -\end_layout +\begin_layout Section +Basic LyX Setup +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" -\begin_layout Quotation -I hate manuals. -\end_layout +\end_inset -\begin_layout Quotation -Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals. - They are aggravating. - I find, however, that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating. - First, they spend about half their time carefully explaining to the user - how to operate a mouse, what a menu is, et cetera, ad nauseum. - Please, if someone doesn't know how to use their own computer, or a GUI, - then they should sit down and learn -\emph on -before -\emph default - they start up a major piece of software. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Quotation -Second, what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is - stupid. - Utter nonsense! Most users, in my experience, are some combination of clueless - and intimidated, not stupid. - Besides, if someone is truly slow on the uptake, they need help that a - manual for a piece of computer software can't give. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard - -\emph on -Editor's Note: With this in mind, I've instructed all of the other authors - to avoid patronizing you, the reader, and to be more pedagogical than pedantic. - As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals --- well, - as we say here in America, there's no such thing as a free lunch. - - jw +There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX, + without resorting to configuration files. + First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document + classes and LaTeX packages are available. + It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + settings. + Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed + on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally, e.g. + new LaTeX classes, and which are not seen by LyX. + To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reconfigure +\family default +. + You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account. \end_layout \begin_layout Section -The +LaTeX Setup +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:LaTeX-Setup" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX needs several LaTeX packages to work properly. + The packages found on the system by LyX are listed in the file +\emph on +LaT +\emph default + \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard - -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ +{} \end_layout \end_inset -LyX + +\emph on +eX\InsetSpace ~ +Configuration +\emph default + that will be created when using the menu +\family sans +Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard -}{LyX} +{} \end_layout \end_inset - Interface +eX\InsetSpace ~ +Configuration +\family default +. + You should install the required missing packages and then reconfigure LyX. +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +The two braces in the ERT box prevent that the term +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is printed with sub- and superscript letters. + More on ERT is described in section +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:ERT" + +\end_inset + +, the printout of proper names like LaTeX is explained in section +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names" + +\end_inset + +. \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +How to work with LyX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Basic File Operations +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "File Operations" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Under the \family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -ile +File \family default - menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor in addition to some - more advanced operations: + menu are basic operations for any word processor in addition to some more + advanced operations: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans -\bar under -N -\bar default -ew +New \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -576,75 +490,73 @@ New\InsetSpace ~ from \bar under \InsetSpace ~ -T + \bar default -emplate +Template \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans -\bar under -O -\bar default -pen +Open \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans -\bar under -C -\bar default -lose +Close \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans -\bar under -S -\bar default -ave +Save \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Save\InsetSpace ~ - -\bar under -A -\bar default -s +As \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans -\bar under -R -\bar default -evert +Revert\InsetSpace ~ +to\InsetSpace ~ +saved \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans -\bar under -P -\bar default -rint +Version\InsetSpace ~ +Control \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans -E -\bar under -x -\bar default -it +Import +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Export +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Print +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Exit \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -652,31 +564,28 @@ They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with a few minor differences. The \family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator New\InsetSpace ~ from \bar under \InsetSpace ~ -T + \bar default -emplate +Template \family default command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts you for a template to use. Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually. They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters - [see sec. + (see sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:doc-classes" \end_inset -] +). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -709,15 +618,18 @@ scratch. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The + \family sans -\bar under -R -\bar default -evert +Revert\InsetSpace ~ +to\InsetSpace ~ +saved \family default - command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same - time + and +\family sans +Version\InsetSpace ~ +Control +\family default + are is useful if more people work on the same document at the same time \begin_inset Foot status collapsed @@ -735,52 +647,32 @@ Extended Features \end_inset . - It will simply reload the document from disk. + +\family sans +Revert\InsetSpace ~ +to\InsetSpace ~ +saved +\family default + will reload the document from disk. You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document and want to restore it to the last save. + With +\family sans + Version\InsetSpace ~ +Control +\family default +you can there register the changes you made to a document so that others + can identify this as your changes. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -The second matter of note concerns the commands -\family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -C -\bar default -lose -\family default - and -\family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator -E -\bar under -x -\bar default -it -\family default -. - They both feature a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -nag box -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to save us all from our own stupidity. - That is, if you try to close a file with changes [or exit LyX], you'll - be informed that there are unsaved files. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection +\begin_layout Section Basic Editing Features +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Editing" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -795,10 +687,7 @@ Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations \begin_layout Standard As you might expect, the \family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit +Edit \family default menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features. Some of these are special and covered in later sections. @@ -826,13 +715,16 @@ Paste \begin_layout Itemize \family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -ind\InsetSpace ~ -&\InsetSpace ~ -Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{} +Paste\InsetSpace ~ +Recent +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Find\InsetSpace ~ +&\InsetSpace ~ +Replace \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -863,95 +755,66 @@ U ndo \family default to get back the lost text. + The submenu of +\family sans +Paste\InsetSpace ~ +Recent +\family default + shows you a list with the last strings you have pasted. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -F -\bar default -ind\InsetSpace ~ -&\InsetSpace ~ -Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\family default - item opens the -\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Find\InsetSpace ~ &\InsetSpace ~ Replace \family default - dialog. - The text you want to find goes in the + item opens the \family sans -Fi -\bar under -n -\bar default -d +Find\InsetSpace ~ +and\InsetSpace ~ +Replace \family default - box. + dialog. Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it. Hitting the \family sans -\bar under -R -\bar default -eplace +Replace \family default button replaces the selected text with the contents of the \family sans Replace\InsetSpace ~ - -\bar under -w -\bar default -ith +with \family default - box. - You can click to search again to skip the current word. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Hit + field. + You can click the \family sans -Replace +Find\InsetSpace ~ +Next \family default - + button to skip the current word. + Hit \family sans -\bar under -A -\bar default -ll +Replace\InsetSpace ~ +All \family default to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The + The \family sans -Ca -\bar under -s -\bar default -e\InsetSpace ~ +Case\InsetSpace ~ sensitive \family default - toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of - the search word. + option can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search + word. If the toggle is set, searching for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter -Match +Test \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd @@ -963,32 +826,25 @@ Match \family typewriter -match +test \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The + The \family sans -\bar under -M -\bar default -atch\InsetSpace ~ -Word +Match whole words only \family default - toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words. + option can be used to force LyX to only find complete words. I.e., searching for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter -match +star \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd @@ -1000,29 +856,29 @@ match \family typewriter -matches +starlet \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset -, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -matchbox -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, etc. +. \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\begin_layout Section Undo and Redo +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Redo" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Undo" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -1030,28 +886,14 @@ If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it. LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer. Select \family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -U -\bar default -ndo +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Undo \family default to undo some mistake. If you accidently undo too much, use \family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -R -\bar default -edo +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Redo \family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld @@ -1083,62 +925,47 @@ changed \begin_layout Standard The \family sans -\bar under -U -\bar default -ndo +Undo \family default and \family sans -\bar under -R -\bar default -edo +Redo \family default work on almost everything in LyX. They have some quirks, too. They won't \family sans -\bar under -U -\bar default -ndo +Undo \family default or \family sans -\bar under -R -\bar default -edo +Redo \family default text character by character, but by blocks of text. That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with \family sans -\bar under -U -\bar default -ndo +Undo \family default and \family sans -\bar under -R -\bar default -edo +Redo \family default to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll - hopefully appreciate how it works. + surely appreciate how it works. \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Basic Mouse Bindings +\begin_layout Section +Mouse Operations +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Mouse Operations" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -We're not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here. - Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you - can do with the mouse. - Instead, we're going to cover the most basic mouse operations. +This are the most basic mouse operations. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate @@ -1170,22 +997,16 @@ left mouse button LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions. Use \family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Copy \family default - to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer. + to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer (and the clipboard). \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using \family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Paste \family default . @@ -1193,7 +1014,7 @@ Paste \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate -Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc. +Insets (Footnotes, Notes, Floats, etc.) \end_layout \begin_deeper @@ -1203,6 +1024,7 @@ Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc. Single click \emph default the left mouse button to open or close any of these. + Right-click on them to set its properties. Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details. \end_layout @@ -1222,7 +1044,7 @@ Single click \end_layout \end_deeper -\begin_layout Subsection +\begin_layout Section Basic Key Bindings \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec: key bindings" @@ -1230,14 +1052,19 @@ name "sec: key bindings" \end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Key Bindings" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Again, we're not going to cover all of the keybindings. +We're not going to cover all of the keybindings. Be aware that there are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA and Emacs. - I guarantee you will cuss when you press Control-d to delete a character, - and it starts up a DVI previewer instead (or vice versa). + LyX's default is CUA. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -1286,14 +1113,14 @@ reference "sec:parindentintro" and \begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:par-environments" +reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments" \end_inset , especially Section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:parenvlists" +reference "sub:Lists" \end_inset @@ -1341,59 +1168,30 @@ End or end of the file. \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +There are three modifier keys: +\end_layout + \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans -Backspace +Control \family default -\InsetSpace ~ -and\InsetSpace ~ - -\family sans -Delete -\family default - -\emph on -If -\emph default - you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Windows System, -\family sans -Backspace -\family default - works as expected and -\family sans -Delete -\family default - deletes the character under the cursor [if no text is selected]. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -If you haven't set up your keyboard under X, or have no idea what we mean - by that, go read section -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:x-win-keys" - + (Denoted by +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset - immediately. - You'll save yourself a lot of headaches. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Then there are the modifier keys: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans -Control- +C \family default - This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used - in combination with: + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the documentation files) This has a couple of different uses, depending + on which keys it's used in combination with: \end_layout \begin_deeper @@ -1438,23 +1236,46 @@ End \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans -Shift- +Shift \family default - Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old - and new cursor positions. + (Denoted by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +S +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the documentation files) Use this with any of the motion keys to select + the text between the old and new cursor positions. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans -Meta- +Meta \family default - This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless your keyboard has a distinct - Meta key. - Unfortunately, X sometimes has their functionality swapped, so if you have - both keys, you will need to do a little trial and error to find out which - one actually performs the + (Denoted by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the documentation files) This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless + your keyboard has a distinct Meta key. + If you have you have both keys, you will need to try out which one actually + performs the \family sans Meta- \family default @@ -1476,14 +1297,24 @@ For example, the sequence \family sans -M-e\InsetSpace ~ +M\InsetSpace ~ +e\InsetSpace ~ s \family default +\InsetSpace ~ + +\family sans +c +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - brings up the + +\family sans +brings +\family default + up the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -1498,7 +1329,8 @@ Text Style \family sans -M-f +M\InsetSpace ~ +f \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd @@ -1506,10 +1338,7 @@ M-f opens the \family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -ile +File \family default menu. \end_layout @@ -1532,10 +1361,10 @@ manual \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard -Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as - you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in - the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered, - and any existing keybindings for that action. +You'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as you use LyX, + because most actions will prompt a small message in the status bar at the + bottom of LyX's main window which describe the name of the action, you've + just triggered, and any existing keybindings for that action. The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it. However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so @@ -1565,7 +1394,7 @@ A \family sans -S-C-S +S-C-s \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd @@ -1578,1546 +1407,24 @@ Shift-Control-s . \end_layout -\begin_layout Section -Using -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -LyX -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -}{LyX} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - with Other Programs -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Importing plain text files -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can import text from an plain text file using the -\family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -I -\bar default -mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -A -\bar default -scii\InsetSpace ~ -text\InsetSpace ~ -as\InsetSpace ~ -lines -\family default - or -\family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -I -\bar default -mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -A -\bar default -scii\InsetSpace ~ -text\InsetSpace ~ -as\InsetSpace ~ -paragraphs -\family default - options. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -I -\bar default -mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -A -\bar default -scii\InsetSpace ~ -text\InsetSpace ~ -as_lines -\family default - puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph. - This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it. - However, if your text file contains paragraphs in it, LyX will mangle the - paragraphs if you use this form of import. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -I -\bar default -mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -A -\bar default -scii\InsetSpace ~ -text\InsetSpace ~ -as\InsetSpace ~ -paragraphs -\family default - preserves paragraphs in text files. - Often in a text file, you didn't put the contents of an entire paragraph - on one line. - You used -\family sans -Return -\family default - to break up the paragraph into separate lines. - Using the -\family sans -as\InsetSpace ~ -paragraphs -\family default -, LyX won't mangle such paragraphs. - Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph. - Remember: you must make sure there is a -\emph on -completely blank -\emph default - line between each and every paragraph in your text file. - If not, LyX might end up merging two paragraphs. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Cut -\family default -, -\family sans -Copy -\family default -, and -\family sans -Paste -\family default - operations will transfer text to and from LyX. - You can copy text from LyX to another window in this way: Select the text - that you want to copy, then go to the destination window and paste the - text with the middle mouse button. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Pasting text into LyX also works much the same way as in X. - Select the text with the mouse in another X window. - Go to the Lyx window and paste the text with the middle mouse button. -\end_layout - \begin_layout Chapter -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -LyX -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -}{LyX} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Setup and Supporting Applications -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Introduction -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you're using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you, then you - can safely skip this chapter. - It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files - distributed with it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you're installing LyX on your system, -\emph on -you should read the README's that came with the LyX distribution and then -\emph default - -\family sans -\bar under -H -\bar default -elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -L -\bar default -aTeX\InsetSpace ~ -Configuration -\family default -\emph on -. - -\emph default - Do that first. - This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary - [Well, not everything\SpecialChar \ldots{} -]. - It does describe all of the things you'll need to use LyX to its fullest. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running - LyX, including what other programs you'll need to make LyX useful. -\end_layout +LyX Basics +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LyX ! Basics" \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Section -Basic -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -LyX -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -}{LyX} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Setup -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:setup" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are two ways to run LyX. - The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system. - Of course, you need root (administrator) privileges to do that. - The second way to run LyX doesn't require root access, letting you -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -install -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - LyX somewhere in your own account. - LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories - are put in the correct places. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX, - without resorting to configuration files. - First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document - classes and LaTeX packages are available. - It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several -\family typewriter -preferences -\family default - variables. - Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed - on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally and - which are not seen by LyX. - To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use -\family sans -\bar under -T -\bar default -ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -R -\bar default -econfigure -\family default -. - You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account. - As far as LaTeX classes and packages are concerned, you will find information - about what has been found under -\family sans -\bar under -H -\bar default -elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -L -\bar default -aTeX\InsetSpace ~ -Configuration -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the - document-level setting that you can change via the -\family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings -\family default - dialog. - To do this, open a scrap document, set all these options according to your - taste and save them with the -\family sans -\bar under -S -\bar default -ave\InsetSpace ~ -as\InsetSpace ~ -Document\InsetSpace ~ -Defaults -\family default - button in the -\family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument -\family default - dialog. - This will create a template named -\family typewriter -default.lyx -\family default - which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template - such that the settings are automatically set-up as you defined them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are many other user-configurable options that you can feed to LyX. - Upon startup, LyX reads a global options file called -\family typewriter -lyxrc.defaults -\family default -. - It will then attempt to read a file called -\family typewriter -preferences -\family default - -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family typewriter -preferences -\family default - file is found in different directories on different systems. - This directory is called LyX's -\emph on -user directory -\emph default -. - To find out where it is, use -\family sans -\bar under -H -\bar default -elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator -About Ly -\bar under -X -\family default -\bar default -. - (You may set up an alternative user directory from the command line, using - the switch -\family typewriter --userdir -\family default -.) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -\bar under -T -\bar default -ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -P -\bar default -references -\family default - dialog can be used to change these options; the document -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - contains more information about the preferences dialog and these configuration - files. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Setting Up the X Keyboard [obsolescent] -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:x-win-keys" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To use LyX properly, X -\emph on -must -\emph default - be set up correctly. - This is especially vital if you're using the international support features - of LyX and want to use non-English keyboard mappings. - On modern distributions, this likely has been taken care of, but if not, - you must do this yourself. - Administrators of large systems often neglect this, so don't assume that - you're safe if you're using a large system. - Also ordinary users can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -xmodmap and xkeycaps -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -First of all read the man pages for these two programs. - They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping - correctly. - If you don't have them, install them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -xmodmap -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This document contains no information on how to use -\family typewriter -xmodmap -\family default -. - There is a sample -\family typewriter -.Xmodmap -\family default - file in -\emph on -Customization -\emph default -. - To load the new X keyboard mappings, place the command -\family typewriter -xmodmap\InsetSpace ~ -.Xmodmap -\family default - somewhere in your startup scripts [e.g. - -\family typewriter -.cshrc -\family default -, -\family typewriter -.profile -\family default -, -\family typewriter -.login -\family default - or -\family typewriter -.xinitrc -\family default - are possible]. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -xkeycaps -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This program brings up a graphical version of your keyboard, allows you - to make modifications, and then spits those modifications out to the standard - output in a form readable by -\family typewriter -xmodmap -\family default -. - It is very useful when you're trying to design a new -\family typewriter -.Xmodmap -\family default - file, though it will require you to do a bit of cut-and-pasting. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Modifiers and Mode_switch -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX supports three modifiers: Shift [ -\family sans -S- -\family default -], Control [ -\family sans -C- -\family default -], and Meta [ -\family sans -M- -\family default -]. - Moreover, if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a -\family sans -Compose -\family default - key, then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your - keyboard. - This compose key can be used either as a modifier (like -\family sans -Shift -\family default - or -\family sans -Control -\family default -) or as a prefix key. - Here are some examples of what you can do with a -\family sans -Compose -\family default - key: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Compose+e+' -\family default - -\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ -\end_inset - - é -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Compose+O+R -\family default - -\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ -\end_inset - - ® -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Compose+1+2 -\family default - -\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ -\end_inset - - ½ -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Compose+<+< -\family default - -\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ -\end_inset - - « -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters - only from time to time. - It works by default for latin1 characters, but other input methods will - be used if you setup your locale correctly. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Helpful Hints and Tips -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -First, open up two xterminals. - Use one to edit a new -\family typewriter -.Xmodmap -\family default - file and run -\family typewriter -xkeycaps -\family default - from the other. - Using -\family typewriter -xkeycaps -\family default -, remap your keyboard the way you want it. - There's a button in -\family typewriter -xkeycaps -\family default - to output the new keymap. - Once you hit it, -\family typewriter -xkeycaps -\family default - will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from. - Just copy and paste all of that into your -\family typewriter -.Xmodmap -\family default - file, and you're done. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -You could also save yourself some typing by executing -\family typewriter -xkeycaps > .Xmodmap -\family default -. - This will create a usable map file. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Also, there are some things you can do to help you get oriented. - Try executing the command -\family typewriter -xmodmap -v -pm -\family default -. - This will show you all of the currently active modifiers. - Also try -\family typewriter -xmodmap -v -pke | more -\family default - to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names. - It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the -\family typewriter -.Xmodmap -\family default - file. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There's one thing you'll need to check. - Make sure that your -\family sans -Delete -\family default - and -\family sans -BackSpace -\family default - keys are -\emph on -not -\emph default - defined as the same key symbol by X! Note that giving these two keys unique - symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs. - Some programs bind -\family sans -Delete -\family default - and -\family sans -BackSpace -\family default - to the same operation. - Emacs is one. - Other programs, however, use -\family sans -Delete -\family default - and -\family sans -BackSpace -\family default - for different operations. - LyX is one of these programs, and if you have -\family sans -Delete -\family default - and -\family sans -BackSpace -\family default - labeled with the same key symbol name, you'll have trouble using LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -LaTeX -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out - -\family typewriter -.tex -\family default - files, you'll need LaTeX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In case you were wondering, LaTeX is a markup language front end for TeX, - a document preparation system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -A note about pronunciation: TeX originated from the Greek letters, -\begin_inset Formula $\tau\epsilon\chi$ -\end_inset - -, which rhymes with -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -blech. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - That's how you pronounce -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -TeX -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -LaTeX. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [If you're American, just pronounce the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -X -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - as a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -k -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and you've got it.] -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - TeX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -device-independent -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - format, or Dvi, for short. - The Dvi file can then be sent to printers. - TeX is programmable, and LaTeX is nothing but a [really huge] set of TeX - macros. - LaTeX will typically come as part of a TeX distribution, so all you need - is a TeX package. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that on some old systems you may find that only LaTeX 2.09 is installed - (as opposed to the more current LaTeX2e). - LyX cannot be used with LaTeX 2.09. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you're using Linux, LaTeX2e should have come with your distribution. - For other systems, you might need to install LaTeX yourself.You can obtain - a LaTeX distribution (and anything and everything related to TeX and LaTeX) - from a Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) mirror. - A complete list of mirrors may be found at -\newline - -\begin_inset LatexCommand url -target "http://www.ctan.org" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:ctan" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Dvips and Ghostscript -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -What You Need -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There's one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents. - Obviously, you'll need to make sure your printer is configured [see next - section]. - You'll also need to install these programs (or compatibles), if you don't - have them already: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family typewriter -dvips -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family typewriter -ghostscript -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family typewriter -xdvi -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family typewriter -ghostview -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScript® -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -PostScript® is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated, and - is the main page description language in the UN*X world. - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - format. - If you don't know what a DVI file is, you've probably also never worked - with LaTeX and should read the -\emph on -Tutorial -\emph default - document before proceeding further. - -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - converts DVI files into PostScript, which is the format most printers use - nowadays. - For those of you using dot-matrix and inkjet printers, you'll want to filter - the PostScript through -\family typewriter -ghostscript -\family default -, which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers. - The following section on printer setup describes how to do this automatically - every time you print. - For now, we'll concentrate on -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Dvips -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:dvipsconfig" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Whether you'll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home, - you should configure -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default -. - -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - will either -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -print -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - into a file, or send output directly to the printer, depending on how it's - configured. - If it is set up to print to a file, and if no filename is specified, it - will simply turn -\family typewriter -foo.dvi -\family default - into -\family typewriter -foo.ps -\family default -. - Most systems have -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - set up to send output to the default printer. - For LyX, you'll want the flexibility to do both. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you are not in a mood to configure -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - to adapt its output to your printer, you can safely skip this section. - Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could - expect from your printer. - At least, it will print. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you are using teTeX (a TeX distribution which is particularly popular - on Linux), you should run the program -\family typewriter -texconfig -\family default -. - To make the name of a new printer recognized by -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - you should then select menu entry -\family sans -Dvips -\family default -, then add. - Enter the required parameters and, before exiting, remember to select the - function -\family sans -Rehash -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Let's turn now to manual configuration: in order to inform -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - how to automagically convert a -\family typewriter -.dvi -\family default - file into a -\family typewriter -.ps -\family default - file adapted to printer -\family typewriter -foo -\family default -, you need to have a config-file, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -config.foo -\family default -, -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - lying around somewhere. - Typically, the -\family typewriter -config.* -\family default - files for -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - will be in -\family typewriter -/usr/lib/texmf/dvips -\family default - in most TeX distributions. - Your system will probably be different, of course, so just look under the - main TeX directory for a subdirectory called -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default -. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - It'll be there somewhere. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Typically, there will be at least one config-file: -\family typewriter -config.ps -\family default -. - This file is the default configuration file, which is -\emph on -always -\emph default - read by dvips -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -In particular, this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of - a file named -\family typewriter -ps -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particula -r printer. - Then create a file -\family typewriter -config.foo -\family default - containing only the relevant lines. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There's at least one thing you need to do to the config-file. - There may exist a line that looks like, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -o | lpr -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [without the quotes, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{} -]. - Change it to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -o | lpr -Pfoo -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, so that the output is sent by default to printer -\family typewriter -foo -\family default -. - However, you should probably investigate the entries -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -M -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -D -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the - printer. - If you do not know what a Metafont mode is, you can see it as a printer - driver: it adapts the design of TeX fonts to ensure that they give the - best possible result on your printer. - Be warned however that, if you define different Metafont modes for different - printers, -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - will generate several copies of your TeX fonts on disk, and these take - valuable space. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured, you - should tell LyX to make use of this configuration. - To do this, you should launch the -\family sans -Preferences -\family default - dialog ( -\family sans -\bar under -T -\bar default -ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -P -\bar default -references -\family default -), select the -\family sans -Printer -\family default - tab, and set the entries -\family sans -Adapt\InsetSpace ~ -output -\family default - and -\family sans -Spool\InsetSpace ~ -command -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can use as many configuration files as you like, one for each of your - printers. - The default printer for LyX can be specified from the -\family sans -\bar under -P -\bar default -references -\family default - dialog or with the -\family typewriter -PRINTER -\family default - environment variable. - You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX, as described in - a later section. - Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript printer - or file from LyX. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If your printer doesn't understand PostScript®, you'll need to use -\family typewriter -ghostscript -\family default - as a filter for your print spooler. - That's covered in numerous HOWTO's and manuals. - We also have a section that covers a little bit of this. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some people don't seem to like using the -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - plus -\family typewriter -ghostscript -\family default - combination. - As alternative, you can use a program that converts the DVI file directly - into your printer language. - You can specify this program in the -\family sans -Preferences -\family default - dialog, too. - There is a major disadvantage to this method. - You can't include any PostScript files, such as graphics, in your documents, - since the printer-specific conversion programs don't understand PostScript®. - For that reason, the LyX team highly recommends using -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - and -\family typewriter -ghostscript -\family default - for printing. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family typewriter -Xdvi -\family default - and -\family typewriter -ghostview -\family default - are viewers. - The former handles -\family typewriter -.dvi -\family default - files, while the later interfaces with -\family typewriter -ghostscript -\family default - to allow you to view PostScript files. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A quick note on both of these programs. - Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -That means the -\family typewriter -.dvi -\family default - or -\family typewriter -.ps -\family default - file, not the files used to make these. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - changes. - You can also force an update. - So, once you've opened one of these two viewers, there's no reason to close - it. - Also, both programs are functionally the same, providing all of the same - features. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The LyX team recommends using -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default - for fine tuning documents. - Why? It's faster; there's one less layer of processing you need to do before - you can view the changes. - Here's an example: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Use -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default - to preview a document from LyX, and leave it running. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Make changes to the document using LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -To view those changes, just choose -\family sans -\bar under -V -\bar default -iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -U -\bar default -pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -D -\bar default -VI -\family default -. - When LaTeX's all done, click on the -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default - window, and voilà! -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default - will update itself. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Now, this doesn't mean -\family typewriter -ghostview -\family default - is useless. - -\family typewriter -ghostview -\family default - is better suited to those occasions where you -\emph on -must -\emph default - view the PostScript version of the document. - For repeated changes that aren't PostScript® dependent, you're better off - previewing with -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default -. - There is an alternative to -\family typewriter -ghostview -\family default - which sports a much better interface: -\family typewriter -gv -\family default -. - LyX will automatically use it instead of -\family typewriter -ghostview -\family default - if it is available. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The Printer -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\size normal -Anyone working on a large system shouldn't have any problems here. - Your sysadmin [or you, if you are the sysadmin] should already have the - printers set up for your system. - All you need to do is find out the name of the printer you want to use, - and configure you -\size default -r setup -\size normal -as described in the last section. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\size normal -Those of you using Linux, however, may have a bit more work to do. - Many people now install Linux from an ISO image of one of the popular distribut -ions. - They follow the install instructions, get Linux up and running, but never - realize that they need to set up their printer. - -\size default -The more desktop friendly distributions may do this for you automatically. - However, if you find that you need to do this by hand, we've written a - little something to help you out with that; check out the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\emph on -A Printer Tutorial -\emph default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - chapter in the -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - manual for help. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -LyX -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -}{LyX} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Basics -\end_layout - \begin_layout Section Document Types +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Document ! Types" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -3126,11 +1433,7 @@ Introduction \begin_layout Standard Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you - need to decide what -\emph on -type -\emph default - of document you want to edit. + need to decide what type of document you want to edit. Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings, numbering schemes, and so on. Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments, @@ -3143,7 +1446,7 @@ A document class \emph default describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents. - By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties, + By setting the document class, you automatically select these properties, making it easier to create the type of document you want. If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default. So, it behooves you to change the class of your document. @@ -3151,16 +1454,23 @@ document class \begin_layout Standard Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and - how to fine-tune some of their properties. + how to adjust their properties. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection +The Various Document Classes +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Document ! Classes" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:doc-classes" \end_inset -The Various Document Classes + \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection @@ -3168,7 +1478,7 @@ Overview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -There are five standard document classes in LyX. +There are four standard document classes in LyX. They are: \end_layout @@ -3188,29 +1498,51 @@ Book for writing a book Letter for US-style letters \end_layout -\begin_layout Description -Slides is used to make transparencies -\end_layout - \begin_layout Standard There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have - a LaTeX setup that supports them: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic -s -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American - Mathematical Society]. - There are three amsart layouts available. - The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems, + installed them. + Here are some of the classes, the full list with detailed explanations + can be found in chapter \emph on -etc. +Special Document Classes \emph default -, that prepends the section number to the number of the result. + in the +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default + manual: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +A&A Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysics +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +AAST +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default +eX For submissions to the journals published by the American Astronomical + Society +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +AMS Layouts for articles and books in the style and format used by the American + Mathematical Society (AMS). + There are three article layouts available. + The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems etc., that + prepends the section number to the number of the result. All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence. The @@ -3228,37 +1560,124 @@ sequential numbering \end_layout \begin_layout Description -Amsbook Books in the style and format used by the AMS. - Only the standard numbering scheme is provided, under the assumption that - you would not want to number results consecutively throughout a book, and - that you would need to number results. +Beamer Layout for presentations \end_layout \begin_layout Description -Dinbrief für Briefe nach deutscher Art +broadway Layout for writing plays. + It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one which is distributed + with LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Description -Foils is used to make transparencies, but is better than -\family sans -slides +curiculum\InsetSpace ~ +vitae classes to create curriculum vitaes \end_layout \begin_layout Description -Paper for use with the +Dinbrief Letters in format of the german DIN (german industry norm) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +dtk Layout for +\family typewriter +Die TeXnische Komödie +\family default +, the journal of the german TeX user Group (Dante) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Elsevier Layout for journals of the Elsevier publishing group +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Foils Used to make transparencies +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +g-brief Letters in format of the german DIN (german industry norm) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +hollywood Used to type spec scripts for the US film industry. + It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one which is distributed + with LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +IEEEtran Layout for the journals published by the Institute of Electrical + and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +IOP Layout for journals of the Institute of Physics publishing group +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Kluwer Layout for journals of the Kluwer publishing group +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +koma-script a replacement for the standard classes, offers many useful features + like caption formatting, automatic print space calculation etc. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Memoir another replacement for the standard classes +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +paper Used with the \family typewriter paper \family default - LaTeX document class [not in all LaTeX distributions] + LaTeX document class \end_layout \begin_layout Description -Revtex is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical +Powerdot Layout for presentations +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +REVTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society of America (OSA). This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features. \end_layout +\begin_layout Description +Slides Used to make transparencies +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +SPIE\InsetSpace ~ +Proceedings Layout for the journals published by The International Society + for Optical Engineering (SPIE) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Springer Layouts for journals of the Springer publishing group +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +TUGboat Layout for +\family typewriter +TUGboat +\family default +, the journal of the international TeX user Group (TUG) +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes here. @@ -3278,15 +1697,8 @@ Selecting a Class \begin_layout Standard You can select a class using the \family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument -\bar under -\SpecialChar \menuseparator -S -\bar default -ettings +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings \family default dialog. Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options @@ -3312,7 +1724,7 @@ Each class has a default set of options. \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -3675,7 +2087,7 @@ Chapter \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text @@ -3762,369 +2174,6 @@ One none \end_layout -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -aapaper -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Plain -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Two -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Two -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Section -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -amsart -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Headings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Section -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -dinbrief -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Plain -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -none -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -paper -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Headings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Section -\end_layout - \end_inset @@ -4140,20 +2189,6 @@ Section \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There is no default value of -\family sans -E -\bar under -x -\bar default -tra\InsetSpace ~ -Options -\family default - for any of these classes. - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -4161,13 +2196,13 @@ You're probably also wondering what \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -Max. - sectioning level +Max.\InsetSpace ~ +sectioning level \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means. - There are several paragraph environment used to create section headings. + There are several paragraph environments used to create section headings. Different document classes allow different types of section headings. Only two use the \family sans @@ -4178,7 +2213,7 @@ Chapter Section \family default heading. - Some document classes, such as the three for letters, don't use any section + Some document classes, such as the ones for letters, don't use any section headings. In addition to \family sans @@ -4199,7 +2234,7 @@ Subsubsection headings, and so on. We'll describe these headings fully in section \begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:parenvheadings" +reference "sub:Headings" \end_inset @@ -4207,55 +2242,48 @@ reference "sec:parenvheadings" \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Fine-tuning the Defaults +Document Layout +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Document ! Layout" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Okay, we know we never told you what most of these -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -default options -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - set by the +The most important properties of documents classes are set in the menu \family sans -\bar under -C -\bar default -lass +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings \family default - button do. - That's what this section is for. +. \end_layout -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM - -\family sans -\bar under -P -\bar default -agestyle -\family default - This is another list, containing five options. - It controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page: -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - \begin_layout Standard -LaTeX does this part. +In the +\family sans +Options +\family default + field, you can enter special options for your document class in a comma-separat +ed list. + This is only necessary if LyX doesn't support special options you want + to use for your document. + To learn more about your favorite LaTeX-class and its options, you have + to read its manual. \end_layout -\end_inset - - +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Pagestyle +\family default + controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page. + You can choose between the following five options: \end_layout -\begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Default @@ -4264,7 +2292,7 @@ Default \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Empty @@ -4273,7 +2301,7 @@ Empty \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Plain @@ -4282,18 +2310,18 @@ Plain \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Headings \family default Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number. Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on - which is the maximum sectioning level. + the maximum sectioning level of the class. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Fancy @@ -4314,192 +2342,63 @@ fancyhdr package for more details. \end_layout -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM - -\family sans -Sides -\family default - No, LyX can't make your printer print on both sides of a sheet of paper! - However, it can use a different format for odd-numbered pages than even-numbere -d pages. - This way, if you -\emph on -do -\emph default - have a printer that duplexes -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - \begin_layout Standard -i.e. - prints on both sides of a sheet of paper -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, your page number will always be in the upper right corner of the page - and the left margin will have extra room for a binding. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -There are two radio buttons here: -\family sans -One -\family default - for single-sided documents, -\family sans -Two -\family default - for double-sided documents. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM - -\family sans -Columns -\family default - Yes, this does control how many columns each page has. - You can choose, using the toggle buttons, -\family sans -One -\family default - or -\family sans -Two -\family default - for the number of columns. - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Note that LyX won't show two columns on screen. - That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept. - However, there -\emph on -will -\emph default - be two columns in the generated output. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM - -\family sans -E -\bar under -x -\bar default -tra\InsetSpace ~ -Options -\family default - The LaTeX command -\family typewriter - -\backslash -documentclass -\family default - takes several options. - LyX sets some of these automatically for you. - This text box allows you to enter in others. - Just type in a comma-separated list of options. - See a good LaTeX book to find out what kinds of additional options you - can use. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM - +The \family sans Separation \family default - This has its own section. - See sec. - + of paragraphs is described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:parindentintro" \end_inset - for a description of what this does. +. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Paper Size, Orientation, and Margins +Paper Size and Orientation +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Document ! Paper size" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation," + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -There are several other options to set in the -\family sans -Document\InsetSpace ~ -Settings -\family default - dialog. - All of them are global options, but they have special purposes and only - affect certain features. - We describe what these options do in the same section that describes the - features they affect. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are two options that affect the overall layout of the document, so - we'll describe them here. - You'll find them in the +You'll find the following options in the menu \family sans Paper \family default - dialog under the + of the dialog of the \family sans -Layout +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings \family default menu: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans -Orientation -\family default - Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as -\family sans -\bar under -L -\bar default -andscape -\family default - or as -\family sans -Po -\bar under -r -\bar default -trait -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM - -\family sans -Papersi -\bar under -z -\bar default -e +Papersize \family default What size paper to print on. The choices are \end_layout -\begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \family sans @@ -4525,7 +2424,7 @@ B3, B4, B5 \begin_layout Itemize \family sans -US Letter +US letter \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -4546,35 +2445,96 @@ US executive Custom \end_layout -\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Orientation +\family default + Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as +\family sans +Landscape +\family default + or as +\family sans +Portrait +\family default +. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard -Some of these settings require you to have the +There are also two check-boxes in the menu: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + \family sans -geometry +Two-column\InsetSpace ~ +document \family default - package installed. - This package will also allow you to set the margins in the + Prints the document in two columns per page. + Note that LyX won't show two columns on screen. + That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept. + However, there will be two columns in the generated output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + \family sans -Paper +Two-sided\InsetSpace ~ +document \family default - dialog. + Adjusts the print space to print both sides of paper. + That means that the print space for odd- and even-numbered pages is different. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Important Note: +Margins +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Document ! Margins" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Margins" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -If you change a document's class, LyX has to convert +Paper margins are set in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you use a koma-script document class, you can use the default settings. + Because koma-script calculates then the printspace automatically by taking + the paper format and the font size into consideration. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Important Note +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you change a document class, LyX has to convert \emph on everything \emph default into the new class. That includes the paragraph environments. Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have - them. - Some classes have special paragraph environments, however. - If this is the case, and you change document classes, LyX sets the missing + them; but some classes have special paragraph environments. + If this is the case, and you change the document class, LyX sets the missing paragraph environments to \family sans Standard @@ -4586,6 +2546,12 @@ Standard \begin_layout Section Paragraph Indentation and Separation +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Paragraph ! Indentation" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -4607,8 +2573,7 @@ Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs. Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph. Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs. - LyX uses the same convention you find among typographers. - The + If you choose indentation for paragraphs the \emph on first \emph default @@ -4619,25 +2584,9 @@ not \emph default indented. Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented. - Some people don't like this convention, but if you want to use indented - paragraphs, you'll have to live with it. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -There is a way to force LaTeX to indent all paragraphs. - LyX won't show this, of course, but LaTeX -\emph on -will -\emph default - print it that way. - You'll need to get a special package and insert an appropriate command - in the preamble. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - + Note that the indentation behaviour is different when you use another document + language than English. + LaTeX takes care that the indentation follows the rules of the used language. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -4655,7 +2604,7 @@ The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings status collapsed \begin_layout Standard -Actually, LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file. +LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -4670,24 +2619,27 @@ all \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Global Indentation Method +Global Indentation \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To select the default method of separating paragraphs, select \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -ndent +Indent \family default or \family sans -S -\bar under -k -\bar default -ip +Skip +\family default + in the submenu +\family sans +Text\InsetSpace ~ +Layout +\family default + of the dialog +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings \family default to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively. \end_layout @@ -4700,80 +2652,69 @@ Fine-Tuning You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph. Open the \family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -P -\bar default -aragraph\InsetSpace ~ -Settings +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph Settings \family default dialog and toggle the \family sans -\bar under -N -\bar default -o Indent +Don't indent \family default button to change the state of the current paragraph. - If paragraphs indent by default, this button will be inactive at first. If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this - button will be completely ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph - by toggling this). + button will be ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling + this). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph if you need to do some fine-tuning. - Typically, you'll select -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -ndent -\family default - or -\family sans -S -\bar under -k -\bar default -ip -\family default - for the entire document and edit away. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Changing Line Spacing +Line Spacing +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Paragraph ! Line spacing" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the \family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings \family default - dialog you can choose your line spacing provided you have the + dialog you can set the spacing in the submenu +\family sans +Text\InsetSpace ~ +Layout. + +\family default + You need to have the LaTeX-package \family sans setspace \family default - package installed. + installed to use this feature. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Paragraph Environments +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Paragraph ! Environments" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:par-environments" +name "sec:Paragraph-Environments" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Paragraph environments|(" \end_inset @@ -4891,41 +2832,7 @@ typically \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - because this isn't always the case. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -If you are in one of these environments: -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -vspace{-2ex} -\backslash -parbox[t]{3cm}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - + because if you are in one of these environments: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -4940,22 +2847,6 @@ Quote Quotation \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -} -\backslash -parbox[t]{3cm}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - \begin_layout Itemize \family sans @@ -4968,22 +2859,6 @@ Verse Itemize \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -} -\backslash -parbox[t]{3cm}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - \begin_layout Itemize \family sans @@ -4996,42 +2871,12 @@ Enumerate Description \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -} -\backslash -parbox[t]{3cm}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - \begin_layout Itemize \family sans List \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - \begin_layout Standard LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit \family sans @@ -5043,18 +2888,14 @@ Standard \family default . LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment - and the nesting depth [more on nesting in section + and the nesting depth (for more on nesting see section \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:nest" \end_inset -]. +). At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting \family sans @@ -5081,8 +2922,8 @@ Standard for most classes. It creates a plain paragraph. If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses. - In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now [and most of the ones in - this manual] are in the + In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now (and most of the ones in + this manual) are in the \family sans Standard \family default @@ -5103,12 +2944,18 @@ Standard \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Document Titles +Document Title +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Document !Title" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name[s] of the - author[s] and a +A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name(s) of the + author(s) and a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -5175,11 +3022,26 @@ Date environment. Note that using this environment is optional. If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date. + If you don't want any date, add the line +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +date{} +\series default + +\newline +to the preamble of your document (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Be sure to do this at the top of the document. - You can use footnotes to insert +You can use footnotes to insert \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -5187,13 +3049,19 @@ thanks \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - or contact information. + or contact informations. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Headings +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Section headings" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:parenvheadings" +name "sub:Headings" \end_inset @@ -5201,32 +3069,33 @@ name "sec:parenvheadings" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings. +There are several paragraph environments for producing section headings. LyX takes care of the numbering for you. - All you need to do is decide what you're going to call section 3 of chapter - 9. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Numbered Headings -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are 6 numbered types of section headings. -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Standard -Why no mention of Part ? -\end_layout +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Section headings ! Numbered" \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are 7 numbered types of section headings. They are: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate +\family sans +Part +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + \family sans Chapter \end_layout @@ -5264,22 +3133,28 @@ Subparagraph \begin_layout Standard LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods. The numbers describe where in the document you are. - These headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text. + Unlike the other headings, parts are numbered with latin letters. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text. For example, suppose you're writing a book. You group the book into chapters. LyX does similar grouping: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -Either + +\family sans +Part +\family default + is divided in either \family sans Chapter \family default or \family sans Section -\family default - is the maximum sectioning level. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -5381,15 +3256,33 @@ Subsubsection \begin_layout Subsubsection Unnumbered Headings +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Section headings ! Unnumbered" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -There are 3 types of unnumbered section headings. +There are 5 types of unnumbered section headings. They are: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate +\family sans +Part*line spacing +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Chapter* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + \family sans Section* \end_layout @@ -5416,13 +3309,24 @@ The \end_inset after each name means that these headings are not numbered. - They work the same as their numbered counterparts. + They work the same as their numbered counterparts but won't appear in the + table of contents, see sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:toc" + +\end_inset + +. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Changing the Numbering \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sub:section-depth" +name "sub:numbering-depth" \end_inset @@ -5464,36 +3368,52 @@ Subparagraph \begin_layout Standard Open the \family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings \family default dialog. - You should see a counter labelled + Under \family sans -Section\InsetSpace ~ -number\InsetSpace ~ -depth +Numbering&TOC \family default - under the + you'll see two counters. + The one named \family sans -Extra +Section \family default - tab. - This counter controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers - a section heading. - Unfortunately, the number you choose with the slider is really goofy, so - here's a table of values and what they do: + controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section + heading. + The other one controls the appearance of the section headings in the table + of contents. + Unfortunately, the numbers you can choose are not intuitive. + Table\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Values-of-the" + +\end_inset + + explain all possible values. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cap:Values-of-the" + +\end_inset + +Values of the numbering depth +\end_layout + \end_inset @@ -5520,8 +3440,20 @@ Extra \bar no \noun off \color none -Sec. - Num. +Num +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +bering +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off Depth \end_layout @@ -5558,7 +3490,7 @@ LyX numbers these \bar no \noun off \color none -value: +value \end_layout \end_inset @@ -5575,7 +3507,7 @@ value: \bar no \noun off \color none -section headings: +section headings \end_layout \end_inset @@ -5640,10 +3572,6 @@ no numbering of any kind \begin_layout Standard -\family sans -add -\family default - \family sans \series medium \shape up @@ -5689,7 +3617,7 @@ Parts \bar no \noun off \color none -add Chapters +Chapters \end_layout \end_inset @@ -5726,7 +3654,7 @@ add Chapters \bar no \noun off \color none -add Sections +Sections \end_layout \end_inset @@ -5763,7 +3691,7 @@ add Sections \bar no \noun off \color none -add Subsections +Subsections \end_layout \end_inset @@ -5792,10 +3720,6 @@ add Subsections \begin_layout Standard -\family sans -add -\family default - \family sans \series medium \shape up @@ -5833,10 +3757,6 @@ Subsubsections \begin_layout Standard -\family sans -add -\family default - \family sans \series medium \shape up @@ -5874,10 +3794,6 @@ Paragraphs \begin_layout Standard -\family sans -add -\family default - \family sans \series medium \shape up @@ -5899,8 +3815,6 @@ Subparagraphs \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset @@ -5924,58 +3838,21 @@ The increasing numbers are cumulative: a setting of \end_inset will number parts, chapters, sections, and subsections. - Of course, if you're using a document class that doesn't use part or chapter - headings ( + Of course, if you're using a document class that doesn't use chapter headings + ( \emph on e.g. \emph default - the default article class), then the numbering begins at the -\family sans -Section -\family default - heading, and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -0 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - also corresponds to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -no numbering. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - + the default article class), then the values 0 and -1 have the same effect. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -There's another counter in the dialog, called -\family sans -Table\InsetSpace ~ -of\InsetSpace ~ -contents\InsetSpace ~ -depth -\family default -. - It works the same way as -\family sans -Section\InsetSpace ~ -numbering\InsetSpace ~ -depth -\family default -, only it controls which sectioning levels appear in, you guessed it, the - Table of Contents. - This is a great control to have. - Suppose you wanted to number +Suppose you want to number \emph on all \emph default - sectioning heading, but you only wanted + sectioning heading, but you only want \family sans Chapter \family default @@ -5988,11 +3865,9 @@ s, and Subsection \family default s in the Table of Contents. - You'd just set + You have to set the value of \family sans -Section\InsetSpace ~ -numbering\InsetSpace ~ -depth +Section \family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld @@ -6004,8 +3879,7 @@ depth and \family sans -Table of contents\InsetSpace ~ -depth +the value of Table of contents \family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld @@ -6015,7 +3889,75 @@ depth \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - and voilà! You're all set. +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Short Titles of Headings +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Section headings ! Short titles" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset OptArg +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Short Titles +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Short-Titles" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long. + This can cause troubles when there is limited horizontal space. + For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section + title, a long title will protrude over the page margins and look awful. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LaTeX allows you to specify a short title for section headings. + This short title is used in the header and in the actual table of contents, + avoiding the problem mentioned. + To specify a short title, use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Short\InsetSpace ~ +Title +\family default +. + This will insert a box labelled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +opt +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (stands for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +optional +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) which you can use to enter the short title text. + This also works for captions inside floats. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The title of this section is a good example of using this feature. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection @@ -6023,43 +3965,11 @@ Special Information \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The following information applies to -\family sans -Chapter -\family default -, -\family sans -Section -\family default -, -\family sans -Subsection -\family default -, -\family sans -Subsubsection -\family default -, -\family sans -Paragraph -\family default -, -\family sans -Subparagraph -\family default - as well as -\family sans -Section* -\family default -, -\family sans -Subsection* -\family default -, and -\family sans -Subsubsection* -\family default -: +The following information applies to all section headings: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You cannot do any nesting with these environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -6070,49 +3980,12 @@ You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments. You can only use inlined math in these environments. \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -You cannot nest other environments into these environments. -\end_layout - \begin_layout Itemize You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -As for examples of these paragraph environments - look around you! We're - using them everywhere in the manuals. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Creating an Appendix -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To create an appendix, simply start by adding a new chapter or section heading. - Move the cursor back to the beginning of the heading and select -\family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\newline -Start\InsetSpace ~ - -\bar under -A -\bar default -ppendix\InsetSpace ~ -Here -\family default -. - A red/brown box will be drawn around the remainder of the file to indicate - there is something special about it, and the numerical chapter or section - label(s) will be changed to a letter. -\end_layout - \begin_layout Subsection -Quotes and Poetry +Quotes and Poetryline spacing \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -6130,7 +4003,7 @@ Quotation Verse \family default . - Forget the days of changing linespacing and twiddling with margins. + Forget the days of changing line spacing and twiddling with margins. These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in. They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below the text they contain. @@ -6185,6 +4058,12 @@ name "sec:quote" \end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Quotation" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -6230,7 +4109,7 @@ Quote environment. I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it wraps. - See - no indentation! + See -- no indentation! \end_layout \begin_layout Quote @@ -6240,8 +4119,7 @@ Here's the second paragraph of this quote. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -That ends that example. - Here's another example, this time in the +Here's another example, this time in the \family sans Quotation \family default @@ -6274,8 +4152,7 @@ Here's a new paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -That was our other example. - As the example notes, +As the examples show, \family sans Quote \family default @@ -6296,8 +4173,24 @@ Quotation \family sans Verse +\family default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Paragraph ! Verse" + +\end_inset + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Poetry" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:verse" +name "sec:Verse" \end_inset @@ -6352,7 +4245,7 @@ Verse \family typewriter break-line \family default - function, + function \family sans C-Return \family default @@ -6361,8 +4254,14 @@ C-Return \begin_layout Subsection Lists +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Lists" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:parenvlists" +name "sub:Lists" \end_inset @@ -6426,8 +4325,8 @@ M-Return \begin_layout Standard You can nest lists of any type inside one another. - In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how its - nested. + In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how it + is nested. If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest you read all of section \begin_inset LatexCommand ref @@ -6445,6 +4344,12 @@ reference "sec:nest" Itemize \family default +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Lists ! Itemize" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:itemize" @@ -6477,7 +4382,7 @@ The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line. \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize -The items can be any length. +The items can have any length. LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item. The offset is always relative to whatever environment the \family sans @@ -6504,7 +4409,7 @@ There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -LyX always shows the same symbol, an asterisk, on screen. +LyX always shows the same symbol on screen. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -6534,7 +4439,7 @@ Itemize \begin_layout Standard We said that different levels use different symbols as their label. Here's an example of all four possible symbols. - Note that those of you reading this manual online won't see any difference. + Note that those of you reading this manual within LyX won't see any difference. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -6581,36 +4486,16 @@ These are the default labels for an Itemize \family default list. - You can customize these labels in the -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -linebreak -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - + You can customize these labels in the \family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings \family default - dialog in the + dialog in the submenu \family sans Bullets \family default - tab. +. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -6623,7 +4508,6 @@ reference "sec:nest" \end_inset . - Be sure to read it! \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection @@ -6632,6 +4516,12 @@ reference "sec:nest" Enumerate \family default +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Lists ! Enumerate" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:enumerate" @@ -6645,7 +4535,7 @@ The \family sans Enumerate \family default - environment is the tool to use to create numbered lists and outlines. + environment is used to create numbered lists and outlines. It has these properties: \end_layout @@ -6686,7 +4576,7 @@ Enumerate \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Offsets the items relative to the left margin. - Items can be any length. + Items can have any length. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate @@ -6711,11 +4601,7 @@ Itemize \family sans Enumerate \family default - -\emph on -does -\emph default - show the different labels for each item. + shows the different labels for each item in LyX. Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an \family sans Enumerate @@ -6776,9 +4662,9 @@ Enumerate \emph on Extended Features \emph default - manual), however. + manual). As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version, - not on the LyX screen. + not in LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -6787,11 +4673,7 @@ There is more to nesting Enumerate \family default environments than we've stated here. - You -\emph on -really -\emph default - should read section + You should read section \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:nest" @@ -6806,6 +4688,12 @@ reference "sec:nest" Description \family default +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Lists ! Description" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:descrlist" @@ -6850,10 +4738,11 @@ Now, you're probably wondering what we mean by, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -uses the first 'word'. +uses the first 'word' \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset +. The \family sans Space @@ -6867,8 +4756,8 @@ Description \family sans Space \family default - key tells LyX to end the label if we're at the beginning of the first line - of an item. + key tells LyX to end the label if we are at the beginning of the first + line of an item. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -6882,41 +4771,26 @@ Description Protected Blank \family default . - [Use either + (Use either \family sans C-Space \family default - or + or the menu \family sans -Special\InsetSpace ~ -F -\bar under -o -\bar default -rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -P -\bar under -r -\bar default -otected\InsetSpace ~ +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Fotrmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Protected\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default - from the -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert -\family default - menu. +. See sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:hspace" +reference "sub:Protected-blanks" \end_inset - for more info.] Here's an example: + for more info.) Here is an example: \end_layout \begin_layout Description @@ -6962,7 +4836,7 @@ Standard \end_layout \begin_layout Description -Nesting: You can, of course, nest +Nesting: You can nest \family sans Description \family default @@ -6976,35 +4850,17 @@ Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection -The -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -LyX -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -}{LyX} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - +The LyX \family sans List \family default +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Lists ! LyX list" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:lyxlist" @@ -7022,43 +4878,6 @@ List \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Now, if you jumped here without reading sections -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:itemize" - -\end_inset - -- -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:descrlist" - -\end_inset - -, you've goofed. - The -\family sans -List -\family default - environment does -\emph on -not -\emph default - create numbered lists. - That's what -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - does, and it's documented in section -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:enumerate" - -\end_inset - -. - -\end_layout - \begin_layout Standard Like the \family sans @@ -7069,12 +4888,11 @@ Description List \family default environment has user-defined labels for each list item. - There are some key differences between this list environment and the other - three: + There are the properties of this list environment: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 item\InsetSpace ~ labels LyX uses the first \begin_inset Quotes eld @@ -7095,7 +4913,7 @@ Space \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and the body of the item text. The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default @@ -7104,11 +4922,11 @@ margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 label\InsetSpace ~ -width LyX uses one of two things for the label width: the actual width - of the label, or the default width, whichever is larger. - If the actual width is larger, then the label +width LyX uses one of two things for the left margin: the width of + the label, or the default width, whichever is larger. + If the label width is larger, the label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -7122,94 +4940,45 @@ extends \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 default\InsetSpace ~ width You can very easily set this default width. - It's quite painless, actually. - So, you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a + So you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a \family sans List \family default environment have the same left margin. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -uses You should use the -\family sans -List -\family default - environment the same way you'd use as -\family sans -Description -\family default - list: when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes - it. - The -\family sans -List -\family default - environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall - layout. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -nesting You can nest -\family sans -List -\family default - environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and - so on. - They work just like the other list paragraph environments. - Read section -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:nest" - -\end_inset - - to learn about nesting. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As you can see, this is a feature-packed paragraph environment! -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To change the default width of the label, select the items in the list to - change. +\newline +To change the default width, select + the items in the list. You can also simply move the cursor into a \family sans List \family default item if you want to change only its label width. - Now open the + Now open the tab +\family sans +Lines\InsetSpace ~ +&\InsetSpace ~ +Pagebreaks +\family default + of the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph +\family default + \family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -P -\bar default -aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings \family default - dialog and find the +. + The text in the box \family sans -Label\InsetSpace ~ -width +Longest\InsetSpace ~ +label \family default - text box. - The text in the -\family sans -Label\InsetSpace ~ -width -\family default - box determines the default label width. - If you really, really want to, you can use the text of your largest label - here, but you don't need to. + determines the default label width. + You can use the text of your largest label here, but you don't need to. We recommend using the letter \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -7249,8 +5018,8 @@ Width box has one more advantage: you don't need to keep changing the contents of \family sans -Label\InsetSpace ~ -Width +Longest\InsetSpace ~ +label \family default every time you alter a label in a \family sans @@ -7259,6 +5028,48 @@ List environment. \end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +uses You should use the +\family sans +List +\family default + environment the same way you'd use the +\family sans +Description +\family default + list: when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes + it. + The +\family sans +List +\family default + environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall + layout. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +nesting You can nest +\family sans +List +\family default + environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and + so on. + They work just like the other list paragraph environments. + Read section +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:nest" + +\end_inset + + to learn about nesting. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As you can see, this is a feature-packed paragraph environment! +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard There's yet another feature of the \family sans @@ -7277,7 +5088,7 @@ HFills \family default later in section \begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:hspace" +reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" \end_inset @@ -7286,7 +5097,7 @@ reference "sec:hspace" \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 Left The default for \family sans List @@ -7295,7 +5106,7 @@ List \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \hfill Right One @@ -7306,7 +5117,7 @@ HFill \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \hfill Center @@ -7318,33 +5129,14 @@ HFill at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Don't worry if you have no idea what -\family sans -HFill -\family default -s are yet. - Just remember that you can use them to customize the look of the -\family sans -List -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -That does it for the four paragraph environments for making lists. - Oh - did we mention that you should read about nesting environments in - section -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:nest" +\begin_layout Subsection +Letters +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Letters" \end_inset - if you want to use any of these list environments? -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Letters \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection @@ -7438,9 +5230,9 @@ Address \begin_layout Right Address Right Address \newline -WhoAmI +Who I am \newline -WhereAmI +Where I am \newline When is it? What is today? \end_layout @@ -7462,7 +5254,7 @@ Address \end_layout \begin_layout Address -WhoAreYou +Who are you \newline Where do I send this \newline @@ -7480,7 +5272,7 @@ Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph. - Speaking of which, if you hit + If you hit \family sans Return \family default @@ -7490,7 +5282,7 @@ Return Standard \family default . - This makes sense, however, since + This makes sense, since \family sans Return \family default @@ -7499,36 +5291,26 @@ Return break-paragraph \family default function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs. - Thus, you'd use + Thus, you have to use \family typewriter break-line \family default - [ + ( \family sans C-Return \family default or \family sans -Special\InsetSpace ~ -F -\bar under -o -\bar default -rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -L -\bar default -inebreak +Formatting\InsetSpace ~ +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Line\InsetSpace ~ +Break \family default from the \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert +Insert \family default - menu] to start a new line in an + menu) to start a new line in an \family sans Address \family default @@ -7554,6 +5336,12 @@ Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography \family sans Abstract +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Abstracts" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -7562,61 +5350,20 @@ The Abstract \family default environment is used for the abstract of an article. - Technically, you -\emph on -could -\emph default - use this environment anywhere, but you really -\emph on -should -\emph default + Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title. + Also, don't bother trying to nest +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + in anything else or vice versa. + It won't work. The \family sans Abstract \family default - environment is only useful in the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -article -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -report -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - document classes [as well as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -amsart, -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - which is just a specialized version of -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -article -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -]. - The -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -book -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - document class ignores the + environment is only useful in the article and report document classes. + The book document classes ignores the \family sans Abstract \family default @@ -7624,15 +5371,7 @@ Abstract \family sans Abstract \family default - in the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -letter -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - document class. + in a letter document class. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -7656,16 +5395,7 @@ Abstract Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and the subsequent text. Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen. - If your document is in the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -report -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - class, the abstract actually appears on a separate page in the printed - version of the file. + The appearance in the output depends on the used article or report class. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -7673,11 +5403,7 @@ Starting a new paragraph by hitting \family sans Return \family default - does -\emph on -not -\emph default - reset the paragraph environment. + does not reset the paragraph environment. The new paragraph will still be in the \family sans Abstract @@ -7688,11 +5414,54 @@ Abstract \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -We'd love to give you an example of the +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/Abstract.pdf + lyxscale 25 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cap:Paragraph-in-the" + +\end_inset + +Paragraph in the \family sans Abstract \family default - environment, but we can't, since this document is in the + environment +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We'd love to give you directly an example of the +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment, but since this document is in the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -7700,7 +5469,15 @@ book \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - class. + class, we can't do this. + We inserted it therefore as figure\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Paragraph-in-the" + +\end_inset + +. If you've never heard of an \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -7718,8 +5495,14 @@ abstract Bibliography \family default +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Bibliography" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:bibliography" +name "sub:biblio_environment" \end_inset @@ -7732,21 +5515,13 @@ The Bibliography \family default environment is used to list references. - Technically, you -\emph on -could -\emph default - use this environment anywhere, but you really -\emph on -should -\emph default + Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should only use it at the end of the document. - Also, don't bother trying to nest + Nesting \family sans Bibliography \family default - in anything else or vice versa. - It won't work. + in anything else or vice versa won't work. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -7781,11 +5556,7 @@ Bibliography \family sans Return \family default - does -\emph on -not -\emph default - reset the paragraph environment. + does not reset the paragraph environment. Each new paragraph is still in the \family sans Bibliography @@ -7794,292 +5565,36 @@ Bibliography \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -At the -\emph on -beginning -\emph default - of the -\emph on -first line -\emph default - of each paragraph, you will see a gray button showing a number. - If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a -\family sans -key -\family default - and a -\family sans -label -\family default -. - The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography - entry. - For example, suppose your first entry in the bibliography was a book about - LaTeX. - We could choose the key -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -latexguide -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - for that entry. - You can also give a label, which will be displayed in the gray inset box. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -key -\family default - field isn't useless. - You can refer to your bibliography entries using the -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -C -\bar default -itation -\family default - command. - Just choose the key inside in the available keys list, then add a reference - by clicking on the left arrow, which will add it to the selected keys list. - Multiple references can be placed by selecting more than one key. - An example of the -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default - appears at the end of this document. - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -See -\begin_inset LatexCommand cite -key "latexguide" - -\end_inset - - or -\begin_inset LatexCommand cite -after "Chapter 3" -key "latexcompanion" - +For a detailed description of LyX's bibliography handling, have a look at + in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" - is an example of how to cite two of the entries in it. - In the second one, we used the -\family sans -T -\bar under -e -\bar default -xt\InsetSpace ~ -after -\family default - field of the citation dialog to add the text -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Chapter 3 -\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . - The texts -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -latexguide -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -latexcompanion -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - that you see on screen will be replaced in print by the number or the label - of the bibliography entry. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The more advanced LaTeX bibliography package BibTeX is also supported by - LyX. - For a description of how to use it, please refer to the -\emph on -Extended LyX Features -\emph default - document. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Special Purpose -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are three standard paragraph environments that simply don't fit any - category, as they are very specialized for a particular purpose. - We'll point out the highlights and uses of each. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection - -\family sans -Caption -\family default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:captionlayout" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Caption -\family default - environment is the default paragraph environment for -\family sans -Figure\InsetSpace ~ -Floats -\family default - and -\family sans -Table\InsetSpace ~ -Floats -\family default -. - On the LyX screen, you'll see either the label -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Figure #: -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - or -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Table #: -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, depending on which type of -\family sans -Float -\family default - it's in. - The actual reference number is substituted in this label in the printed - output. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can't really nest things into a -\family sans -Caption -\family default - environment. - Additionally, hitting -\family sans -Return -\family default - resets the paragraph environment to -\family sans -Standard -\family default -, so a -\family sans -Caption -\family default - can only be a single paragraph. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You cannot use a -\family sans -Caption -\family default - environment outside of a -\family sans -Figure\InsetSpace ~ -Float -\family default - or a -\family sans -Table\InsetSpace ~ -Float -\family default -. - See sections -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:figures" - -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:tables" - -\end_inset - - for more information on -\family sans -Figure\InsetSpace ~ -Floats -\family default - and -\family sans -Table\InsetSpace ~ -Floats -\family default -. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - LyX -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -}{LyX} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \family sans -Code +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Paragraph ! LyX code" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:LyX-Code" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -8121,11 +5636,11 @@ Blank \family sans C-Return \family default - [the + (the \family typewriter break-line \family default - function]. + function). \family sans Return @@ -8135,21 +5650,13 @@ Return \family sans Return \family default - does -\emph on -not -\emph default - reset the paragraph environment. + does not reset the paragraph environment. So, when you finish using the \family sans LyX-Code \family default environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself. - Also, you -\emph on -can -\emph default - nest the + Also, you can nest the \family sans LyX-Code \family default @@ -8165,7 +5672,7 @@ You cannot use \family sans C-Return \family default - at the beginning of a new paragraph [i.e. + at the beginning of a new paragraph (i.e. you can't follow \family sans Return @@ -8174,7 +5681,7 @@ Return \family sans C-Return \family default -]. +). \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -8263,7 +5770,7 @@ int main(void) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code - printf("Hello World + printf("Hello World! \backslash n"); \end_layout @@ -8296,12 +5803,24 @@ LyX-Code \family default has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts, rc-files, and so on. - Use it only in those very, very special cases where you need to generate - text as if you used a typewriter. + Use it only in those very special cases where you need to generate text + as if you used a typewriter. +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Paragraph environments|)" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Section Nesting Environments +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Nesting ! Environments" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:nest" @@ -8311,71 +5830,18 @@ name "sec:nest" \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -The Big Deal +Introduction \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Throughout the previous sections, we've been nagging you to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -go read Section\InsetSpace ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:nest" - -\end_inset - -. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - So, you're probably wondering what the big deal is. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The big deal is that LyX differs rather strongly from the traditional -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -word\SpecialChar \- -processor-as-overglorified-typewriter -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - concept. - With a typewriter, text is merely ink on a page. - Most word processors aren't much better, treating text as pixels on the - screen and bytes in memory. - In contrast, LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context - and specific properties. - However, what if you wanted one -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -block -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to inherit some of the properties of another -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -block -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - ? -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here's a more specific example: outlines. - You have three main points in your outline, but point #2 also has two subpoints. - In other words, you have a list -\emph on -inside -\emph default - of another list, with the inner list +LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific + properties. + This allows you to create blocks that inherits some of the properties of + another block. + For example you have three main points in an outline, but point #2 also + has two subpoints. + In other words, you have a list inside of another list, with the inner + list \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -8409,70 +5875,44 @@ three \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -How do you put a list inside of a list? By now, the answer should be obvious: - you nest one list inside the other. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -How to nest an environment is quite simple. - Select +You put a list inside of a list by nesting one list inside the other. + Nesting an environment is quite simple: Select \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -ncrease\InsetSpace ~ -Environment\InsetSpace ~ +Increase\InsetSpace ~ +List\InsetSpace ~ Depth \family default or \family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ecrease\InsetSpace ~ -Environment\InsetSpace ~ +Decrease\InsetSpace ~ +List\InsetSpace ~ Depth \family default from the \family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit +Edit \family default menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar will tell you how far you are nested). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also use the convenient key bindings -\family sans -S-M-Left -\family default - and -\family sans -S-M-Right -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Left -\family default - and -\family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Right -\family default - are alternatives, if you prefer those bindings -\end_layout + Instead of the menu, you can also use the toolbar buttons +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/depth-increment.xpm \end_inset + and +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/depth-decrement.xpm +\end_inset + + or the convenient key bindings +\family sans +S-M-Right +\family default + and +\family sans +S-M-Left \family default to change the nesting level. The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing @@ -8485,14 +5925,10 @@ Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can. If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth. Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the depth of every paragraph nested inside of it. - It's hard to describe what exactly LyX does in this case. - That depends specifically on what your text looks like. - Your best bet is to simply play with changing the nesting depth and see - what happens. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Nesting isn't just limited to lists. +Nesting isn't limited to lists. In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're about to find out. This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments. @@ -8508,81 +5944,28 @@ Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The question of nesting is a bit more complicated than a simple yes or no, - can you or can't you. - There's also the question of how. - Can you nest this environment into anything else? Can you nest another - environment into it? A -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -yes -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to one of these doesn't guarantee a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -yes -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to the other. +The question if nesting a paragraph environment is possible, is a bit more + complicated than a simple yes or no. + There are three types of paragraph environments: \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -The paragraph environments in LyX can do one of three things when it comes - to nesting. - First, an environment may be completely unnestable. - Second, there are environments that are fully nestable. - You can nest them inside of things and you can also nest other things inside - of them. - There is one last type of environment. - You can nest them into other environments, but that's it. - You can't nest anything into them. +\begin_layout Itemize +Completely unnestable +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Fully nestable, you can nest them inside of things and you can also nest + other things inside of them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +A third type, you can nest them into other environments, but you can't nest + anything into them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph environments have them: -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -For some odd reason, LyX allows you to fully nest both -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default - and -\family sans -Abstract -\family default -. - Also, LyX allows you to nest -\family sans -Title -\family default -, -\family sans -Author -\family default -, and -\family sans -Date -\family default - into other environments. - We urge you not to. - LaTeX may barf if you try it. - Then again, it may not. - We don't know for certain. - However, it makes no sense contextually to perform any nesting with these - environments, so why would you ever want to? -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Description @@ -8593,99 +5976,6 @@ Unnestable Can't nest them. \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Bibliography -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Title -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Author -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Date -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Fully\InsetSpace ~ -Nestable You can nest them. - You can nest other things into them. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Abstract -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Verse -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Quote -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Quotation -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Itemize -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Enumerate -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Description -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -List -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -LyX-Code -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things. - You can't nest anything into them. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize - \family sans Part \end_layout @@ -8762,6 +6052,99 @@ Subsubsection* \begin_layout Itemize +\family sans +Bibliography +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Abstract +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Title +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Author +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Date +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Fully\InsetSpace ~ +Nestable You can nest them. + You can nest other things into them. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Verse +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Quote +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Quotation +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Itemize +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Enumerate +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Description +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +List +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things. + You can't nest anything into them. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize + \family sans Standard \end_layout @@ -8779,15 +6162,34 @@ Address Address \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize - +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +The \family sans Caption +\family default + environment doesn't really fit anywhere, since it's only used inside of + +\family sans +Table\InsetSpace ~ +Floats +\family default + and +\family sans +Figure\InsetSpace ~ +Floats +\family default +. \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Subsection Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc. +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Nesting ! Tables etc." + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:table-and-fig-nesting" @@ -8815,31 +6217,29 @@ figures \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -[Note: if you put a figure or a table in a +(Note: If you put a figure or a table in a \family sans Float \family default , this is no longer true. - See below or look in sections + Have a look at section\InsetSpace ~ + \begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:figures" +reference "sec:Floats" \end_inset - or -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:tables" - -\end_inset - - for more info.] + for more informations about +\family sans +Floats +\family default +.) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph. - Well, you can't inline a table, but you can inline math and figures. - If a figure or an equation is inlined, it goes wherever the paragraph it's - in goes. + If a figure, table, or an equation is inlined, it goes wherever the paragraph + it is in goes. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -8860,7 +6260,7 @@ nestable-inside \end_inset paragraph environment. - You can nest it into any environment, but you [obviously] can't nest anything + You can nest it into any environment, but you obviously can't nest anything into it. \end_layout @@ -9131,9 +6531,9 @@ Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -There's another trap you can fall into: nesting the table, but not going +There's another trap you can fall into: Nesting the table, but not going deep enough. - LyX turns anything after the table into a new [sub]list. + LyX then turns anything after the table into a new sublist. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate @@ -9275,63 +6675,14 @@ inside depth! \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Then there are the so-called -\family sans -Floats -\family default -. - A -\family sans -Float -\family default - is a block of text associated with some sort of label, but which doesn't - have a fixed location. - It can -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -float -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best. - -\family sans -Footnotes -\family default - and -\family sans -Margin\InsetSpace ~ -Notes -\family default - are floats, as are -\family sans -Table\InsetSpace ~ -Floats -\family default - and -\family sans -Figure\InsetSpace ~ -Floats -\family default -. - When you're editing a document in LyX, a closed -\family sans -Float -\family default - looks like a gray button with a red label and goes wherever the paragraph - it's in goes. - However, because a -\family sans -Float -\family default - has no fixed location in the final text, nesting has no effect on its actual - location after you feed your document to LaTeX. -\end_layout - \begin_layout Subsection Usage and General Features +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:nest-Usage" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -9382,32 +6733,6 @@ level #6 \end_deeper \end_deeper \end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Once again, LyX has a maximum of 6 levels, regardless of which specific - paragraph environments you're using at a given level. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -Unfortunately, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation. - If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go - to produce output for your document. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - That means that you can perform a six-fold nesting of a -\family sans -Description -\family default - list, or a -\family sans -Verse -\family default - environment, and so on. - You can also mix environments, as we shall see later. -\end_layout - \begin_layout Standard There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see both of them in the example. @@ -9434,60 +6759,18 @@ A. \end_inset , we'd get errors. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -Once again, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation. - If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go - to produce output for your document. \end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection +Some Examples +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Nesting ! Examples" + \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -In case that you want to start a new list immediately after a list, or consecuti -ve definitions, proofs etc, you can use the -\family sans ---Separator-- -\family default - environment to separate them. - For example -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -item1 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout --Separator-- - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -another item1 -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -nested item1 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout --Separator-- - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -nested another item1 -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Subsection -Some Examples -\end_layout - \begin_layout Standard The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration. We have several examples of nested environments. @@ -9496,7 +6779,7 @@ The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection -Example #1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting +Example 1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling @@ -9519,8 +6802,7 @@ M-Return \family default followed by \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Right +S-M-Right \family default . \end_layout @@ -9535,8 +6817,7 @@ Return \family default , then used \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Right +S-M-Right \family default twice in a row. We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level, @@ -9546,8 +6827,7 @@ M-Return \family default followed by \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Right +S-M-Right \family default . \end_layout @@ -9574,8 +6854,7 @@ M-Return \family default , then \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Right +S-M-Right \family default , then changing the paragraph environment to \family sans @@ -9667,8 +6946,7 @@ M-Return \family default followed by a \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Left +S-M-Left \family default . \end_layout @@ -9682,8 +6960,7 @@ M-Return \family default followed by a \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Left +S-M-Left \family default , we're back at level #4. \end_layout @@ -9718,7 +6995,7 @@ Standard \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -There you have it! Oh --- we could have also used the +We could have also used the \family sans Description \family default @@ -9743,7 +7020,7 @@ List \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection -Example #2: Inheritance +Example 2: Inheritance \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code @@ -9758,7 +7035,7 @@ Return \family default , then \family sans -M-p Right +S-M-Right \family default , after which, we'll change to the \family sans @@ -9781,11 +7058,11 @@ Notice how the nested \family sans Enumerate \family default - not only inherits its margins from its parent environment [ + not only inherits its margins from its parent environment ( \family sans LyX-Code \family default -], but also inherits its font and spacing! +), but also inherits its font and spacing! \end_layout \end_deeper @@ -9801,14 +7078,13 @@ Standard \family default and resetting the nesting depth by using \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Left +S-M-Left \family default once. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection -Example #3: Labels, Levels, and the +Example 3: Labels, Levels, and the \family sans Enumerate \family default @@ -9847,8 +7123,7 @@ M-Return \family default followed by \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Right +S-M-Right \family default . Now, what happens if we nest an @@ -9872,20 +7147,19 @@ Itemize \family default environment, even though it's at level #3. So, its label is a bullet. - [Note: we got here by using + (We got here by using \family sans M-Return \family default , then \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Right +S-M-Right \family default , then changing the environment to \family sans Itemize \family default -.] +.) \end_layout \begin_deeper @@ -9896,8 +7170,7 @@ M-Return \family default , then \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Right +S-M-Right \family default . We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{} @@ -9913,11 +7186,11 @@ to get to level #5. Enumerate \family default . - Notice the type of numbering! It's + Notice the type of numbering, it is \emph on lowercase Roman \emph default -, because we're the +, because we are in the \emph on thirdfold \emph default @@ -9925,8 +7198,8 @@ thirdfold \family sans Enumerate \family default - environment [i.e. - we're an + environment (i.e. + it is an \family sans Enumerate \family default @@ -9938,7 +7211,7 @@ Enumerate \family sans Enumerate \family default -]. +). \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate @@ -9961,8 +7234,7 @@ M-Return \begin_layout Enumerate Let's use \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Left +S-M-Left \family default to decrease the depth after the next \family sans @@ -9982,7 +7254,7 @@ This is level #4. This is level #3. Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman numeral as the label. - Why?! + Why? \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate @@ -10010,8 +7282,7 @@ M-Return \family default \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Left +S-M-Left \family default sequence, and we're back to level #2. This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back @@ -10030,8 +7301,7 @@ M-Return \family default \family sans -M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Left +S-M-Left \family default sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level. \end_layout @@ -10052,21 +7322,12 @@ Enumerate Itemize \family default environments. - The number of -\emph on -other -\emph default - + The number of other \family sans -\emph on Enumerate \family default -\emph default - -\emph on -environments -\emph default - surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for an + environments surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for + an \family sans Enumerate \family default @@ -10079,41 +7340,40 @@ Itemize \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection -Example #4: Going Bonkers +Example 4: Going Bonkers \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate We're going to go totally nuts now. We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the same detail with how we did it. - [level #1: + (level #1: \family sans Enumerate \family default -] +) \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard -[ +( \family sans -Return, M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Right, Standard +Return, S-M-Right, Standard \family default -: level #2] We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the - example in brackets someplace. +: level #2) We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the + example in parentheses someplace. For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth. - The environment name is, obviously, the name of the current environment. + The environment name is the name of the current environment. Either before or after this, we'll put in the level. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate -[ +( \family sans Return, Enumerate \family default -: level #1] This is the next item in the list. +: level #1) This is the next item in the list. \end_layout \begin_deeper @@ -10122,12 +7382,11 @@ Now we'll add verse. \newline It will get much worse. \newline -[ +( \family sans -Return, M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Right, Verse +Return, S-M-Right, Verse \family default -: level #2] +: level #2) \end_layout \begin_layout Verse @@ -10135,15 +7394,13 @@ Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo. \newline Bippitey boppitey boo! \newline -[ +( \family sans -M-Return -\family default -] +M-Return) \end_layout \begin_layout Verse -Here comes a table for you: +Here comes a table: \end_layout \begin_deeper @@ -10246,26 +7503,24 @@ blue-fish \end_deeper \begin_layout Verse -[ +( \family sans -M-Return, Table, M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Right +M-Return, Table, S-M-Right \family default 3 times, \family sans -M-Return, Verse, M-p\InsetSpace ~ -Left +M-Return, Verse, S-M-Left \family default -] +) \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate -[ +( \family sans Return, Enumerate \family default -: level #1] This is another item. +: level #1) This is another item. Note that selecting a \family sans Table @@ -10350,8 +7605,11 @@ Fizlewitz: \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation -We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50L of compressed - methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control. +We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50 +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + +L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control. Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating a backlog in our orders for methane. We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order @@ -10407,14 +7665,973 @@ Itemize You have a huge variety of options at your disposal. \end_layout +\begin_layout Section +Spacing, pagination and line breaks +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Horizontal Space +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Horizontal-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Horizontal Fills +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Horizontal Fills (HFills) are a special LyX feature for adding extra space + in a uniform fashion. + An HFill is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals + the remaining space between the left and right margins. + If there is more than one HFill on a line, they divide the available space + equally between themselves. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +HFill +\family roman +s +\family default + can be inserted with +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\InsetSpace ~ +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Horizontal Fill +\family default +. + Here a few examples what you can do with them: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +\noindent +This is on the left side +\hfill +This is on the right +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +\noindent +Left +\hfill +Middle +\hfill +Right +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +\noindent +Left +\hfill +1/3 Left +\hfill + +\hfill +Right +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +That was an example in the +\family sans +Quote +\family default + environment. + Here +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + +is one in a standard paragraph. + It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it +\emph on +is +\emph default + sitting in-between the two arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There may be more than one set of margins on a line. + Here's an example with the +\family sans +List +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +one +\hfill +two :three +\hfill +four +\hfill +five +\hfill +six +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + marks the beginning of the item. + (There is actually a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hidden +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + HFill inside of the label of the +\family sans +List +\family default + environment; it's put at the end of the label automatically.) HFills work + similarly in other +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +multi-margin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + situations, like two-column mode. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note: if an HFill is at the beginning of a line, and +\emph on +not +\emph default + in the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it. + This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line. + If you need space in this case anyway, you have to use the LaTeX-command + +\series bold + +\backslash +hspace*{ +\backslash +fill} +\series default + in ERT. + ERT is explained in section\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:ERT" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Other space variants +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Other-space-variants" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The following two sorts of spaces are not yet supported by LyX, so that + you have to use ERT, see sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:ERT" + +\end_inset + +. + That they are not supported is a hint that you need them very seldom in + LyX. + So use them only if it is really necessary (remind the WYSIWYM concept). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Defined space +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes one needs space with a defined length, e.g for forms and questionnaires. + This can be inserted by using the LaTeX-command +\series bold + +\backslash +hspace +\series default + in +\family sans +ERT +\family default +. + For example the command +\series bold + +\backslash +hspace{2cm} +\series default + produces 2 +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + +cm space within the following line: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a line with +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +hspace{2cm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + + 2 +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + +cm space between the arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can use all length units listed in Appendix\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Phantom space +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes you want to insert space with exactly the length of a phrase. + E.g. + you want to create the following multiple choice question: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +What is correct English?: +\newline + +\newline +Mr.\InsetSpace ~ +Edge would have been jumps the gun. +\newline + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +phantom{Mr. + Edge } +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +has to be jumped +\newline + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +phantom{Mr. + Edge } +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +jumps +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +So that the choices appear exactly after the phrase +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Mr.\InsetSpace ~ +Edge\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + To get this, you can use the LaTeX-command +\series bold + +\backslash +phantom +\series default + in ERT. + In our case write the command +\series bold + +\backslash +phantom{Mr. + Edge } +\series default + (note the space after +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Edge +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) at the beginning of the last two lines. + The command prints out the phrase within the the two braces, but invisible. + That is why it is named +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +phantom +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +There exists also the commands +\backslash + +\series bold +hphantom +\series default + and +\backslash + +\series bold +vphantom +\series default +, but this too special for the LyX userguide. + If you are interested in knowing more about this, have a look at +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion,latexguide" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Vertical Space +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:vertspace" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph Settings +\family default + dialog. + There you find the following sizes: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +SmallSkip +\family default +, +\family sans +MedSkip +\family default + and +\family sans +BigSkip +\family default + are LaTeX sizes which depends on the font size of the document. + +\family sans +DefSkip +\family default + is the skip adjusted in the dialog +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + for the paragraph separation. + If you use indentation to separate paragraphs +\family sans +DefSkip +\family default + is equal to +\family sans +MedSkip +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +VFill +\family default + is a variable space, set so that the space is maximal within one page. + An example: You have only two short paragraphs on one page with a vfill + between them. + Then the first paragraph is placed at the top of the page and the second + one at the bottom, because the space between them is then maximal. + +\family sans +VFill +\family default +s work like +\family sans +HFill +\family default +s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space. + If there are several +\family sans +VFill +\family default +s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves. + You can therefore use +\family sans +VFill +\family default +s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Custom +\family default + are custom spaces in units explained in Appendix\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that for paragraphs at the top/bottom of a page, the extra space is + only added if you have also checked the option +\family sans +Keep\InsetSpace ~ +space +\family default + in the dialog +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph Settings +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Paragraph Alignment +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can change the paragraph alignment with the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph Settings +\family default + dialog. + There are four possibilities: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Justified +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Left +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Right +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Center +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word + spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between + the left and right margins. + The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align right +This paragraph is right aligned, +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +this one is centered, +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align left +this one is left aligned. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Forced Pagebreaks +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:pagebreak" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you don't like the way LaTeX does the pagebreaks in your document, you + can force a pagebreak where you want one. + Normally this will not be necessary, because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking. + Only if you use many +\family sans +Floats +\family default +, LaTeX's page breaking algorithm can fail. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We recommend not to use forced pagebreaks until the text is finished, and + until you have checked in the preview to see if you +\emph on +really +\emph default + have to change the pagebreaking. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are two types of pagebreaks: One that ends the page without any special + action. + This can be inserted above or below a paragraph by the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph Settings +\family default +. + The second type ends a page, but stretches the content of the page, so + that it fills out the complete page. + This type is useful to avoid whitespace when a pagebreak produces a page + on which only the last few lines are absent. + This type is not yet supported by LyX, so that you have to use the LaTeX + command +\series bold + +\backslash +pagebreak[number] +\series default + in ERT +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +More about ERT is in section\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:ERT" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + The number can vary between 0 and 4. + If 4 or no number is used, it will always be created a pagebreak +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +normally one uses simply +\series bold + +\backslash +pagebreak +\series default + without a number +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + The numbers 0 to 3 stand for the increasing priority level -- LaTeX decides, + concerning the priority, if a pagebreak is created or not. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears + at the top of a page. + This is, of course, the wrong way to do it. + LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables + appear at the top of a page (or the bottom, or on their own page) without + having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table. + See chapter +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Floats-and-Notes" + +\end_inset + + to learn more about +\family sans +Floats +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Forced Linebreaks +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Similar to pagebreaks there are two types of linebreaks: One that simply + breaks the line. + You can force this line break within a paragraph by selecting +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Line\InsetSpace ~ +Break +\family default + or with +\family sans +C-Return +\family default +. + The other type breaks the line and stretches it so that it fills out the + whole space between the page margins. + This is necessary to avoid +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fringes +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in justifies paragraphs due to whitespace introduced by linebreaks. + This type is not yet supported by LyX, so that you have to use the LaTeX-comman +d +\series bold + +\backslash +linebreak[number] +\series default + in +\family sans +ERT +\family default +. + The syntax is similar tho the command +\series bold + +\backslash +pagebreak +\series default +, described in the previous section. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You shouldn't use forced linebreaks to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as + LaTeX is very good at linebreaking. + There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively + set a linebreak, e.g. + in a poem or for an address (see sections +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:quote" + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Verse" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:adress_usage" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Protected Blanks +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Protected-blanks" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +protected\InsetSpace ~ +blank +\family default + is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the line at that point. + This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +More information is given in section +\newline +2.2. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected blank between +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +section +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + A protected blank is inserted with +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Protected\InsetSpace ~ +Space +\family default + or with +\family sans +C-Space. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Lines around Paragraphs +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Lines-around-Paragraphs" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\lyxline + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +vspace{-1 +\backslash +parskip} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +In the dialog +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph Settings +\family default + you can put lines above and below a paragraph, as this is done for this + paragraph. +\lyxline + +\end_layout + \begin_layout Section Fonts and Text Styles +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Fonts-and-Text" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Overview \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +There are two types of fonts: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Outline\InsetSpace ~ +fonts are fonts, built from outlines of the single glyphs (i.e. + characters) in the font. + This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are + well suited for scaling to any requested size. + This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and the + curve is filled out with pixels according to the size and glyph. + This means that outline fonts will look pretty good in all sizes. + Only at very small sizes it might be hard to provide a good rendering at + very small sizes, where each pixel has to be very carefully computed to + provide a good image. +\newline +One could mean that one only needs to define one font + size and scale them. + But to achieve a better quality, many fonts define several font sizes. + That improves the appearance, because you need more details at large font + sizes than at small ones. +\newline +The font types +\family typewriter +TrueType +\family default +, +\family typewriter +OpenType +\family default +, and +\family typewriter +Type\InsetSpace ~ +1 PostScript +\family default + are outline fonts. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Bitmap\InsetSpace ~ +fonts on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the start, + so they will look good at all the sizes they are meant for. + However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each + pixel is enlarged into several pixels. + It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in a + picture manipulation program. + In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in + several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels + or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful. + The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary + to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable + fonts. + The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exists as fixed versions have + to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad. +\newline +Bitmap fonts are named + +\family typewriter +Type\InsetSpace ~ +3 +\family default + in PostScript- and PDF-documents. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The result of all this, is that bitmap fonts are best for the size they + are designed for, while scalable fonts are good for nearly all sizes. + So one need less font size definitions for scalable fonts. + That's the reason why nearly all text render and typesetting programs use + scalable fonts. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To test which fonts are used in a PDF-document, you can have a look into + its document properties. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font. @@ -10433,256 +8650,442 @@ emphasized style details. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Right now, LyX allows you to specify a global default font, and has two - character styles, -\family sans -Emphasized -\family default - and -\family sans -Noun -\family default -. - The -\family sans -Emphasized -\family default - style corresponds to an italics font. - The -\family sans -Noun -\family default - style corresponds to a font in smallcaps, which some languages and writing - styles use to typeset proper names. - The LyX Team has at last (as of LyX version\InsetSpace ~ -1.4) introduced true character - styles, but currently these must be defined explicitly in the document - layout file. - There's currently no GUI support to define new, or tweak existing, character - styles to allow you, the user, to customize which font changes correspond - to what styles. -\end_layout - \begin_layout Subsection -Global Options +Document Font and Font size +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Document-Font" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You can set the default font from the +You can set the default font in the \family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings \family default dialog. - The + The possible options for the font include \family sans -Fonts +default \family default - tabfolder/pane offers you a variety of possibilities to set up and adjust - your document fonts. - The most important ones are those in the + and a list of fonts available on your system. + The option \family sans -Font Families +default \family default - and -\family sans -Font Sizes -\family default - group. - The possible options under -\family sans -Font Families -\family default - include + uses the standard TeX fonts, known as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -\family sans -Default +\family typewriter +Computer Modern \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - and a list of fonts available on your system, each for the + ( +\family typewriter +cm +\family default +) or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +European Computer Modern +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ( +\family typewriter +ec +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As +\family typewriter +cm +\family default + and +\family typewriter +ec +\family default + are bitmap fonts, they often looks pixeld in PDF output, especially when + you read the PDF in a zoomed size. + This problem doesn't appear if you read PDFs in +\family typewriter +Acroread +\family default + in version 6 or later, because this program includes a special bitmap font + renderer. + But to get rid of pixeld fonts generally, you have to use an outline font. + We will show you three possibilities to use them: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +One way is to use the +\family typewriter +ae +\family default + font by choosing it in the \family sans -\bar under -R -\bar default -oman +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog. + +\family typewriter +ae +\family default + stands for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Almost European +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and is a virtual font. + Virtual means that it +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +steals +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + outline +\family typewriter +cm +\family default +-glyphs from other fonts. + This has the disadvantage that some characters are missing, like the French + guillemets ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +« +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +» +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Loading the LaTeX-package +\family typewriter +aeguill +\family default + with the document preamble line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[ec]{aeguill} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +will fix the guillemet problem. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + And accented characters are not +\emph on +one +\emph default + glyph, they are build of +\emph on +two +\emph default + characters, the accent and the letter. + Therefore you can't search in documents that are created with the +\family typewriter +ae +\family default + font for words with accented characters. + E.g. + if you search for the French word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +rève +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in a PDF, you won't get any result, because the PDF-viewer searches for + the glyph +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + è +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and not for the glyph +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + e + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +`{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +The LaTeX command +\series bold + +\backslash +` +\series default + produces a grave. + The two braces behind the command prevents the following quotation mark + to be accented with the grave. +\newline +More about ERT and LaTeX-commands is described + in section +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:ERT" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Note, that this problem appears only in the output, because LyX's screen + fonts are different from the one in the output, see the last paragraph + in this section. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Another possibility is to use three different outline fonts +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Other fonts, like +\family typewriter +Latin Modern +\family default + or +\family typewriter +Computer Modern +\family default +, consists of these three main font types +\family sans +sans\InsetSpace ~ +serif \family default , \family sans -\bar under -S -\bar default -ans Serif +typewriter \family default - and +, and \family sans -T -\bar under -y -\bar default -pewriter -\family default - (a.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -k.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -a. - Monospaced) family of fonts. - The option -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -Default -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - uses the fonts that are specified by the document class you are using. - Often, these are the standard TeX fonts, known as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -computer modern -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (cm) or -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -European modern -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (ec). - Depending on the document class, however, it might as well be another font. - Most fonts in the list should be installed on your system. - For others, you might have to get and install the fonts first (LyX indicates - if a font is not installed). - Please have a look at -\family sans -\bar under -H -\bar default -elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -L -\bar default -aTeX Configuration -\family default - about where to get the fonts. - Installing a new font for LaTeX is, unfortunately, not as easy as installing - a new font to common operation systems. - However, most font packages include a step-by-step instruction. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In most cases, the default family of a document class is roman (a.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -k.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -a. - serif), so the roman font (e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -g. - Times) will be used all over, unless you select -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Sans Serif -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - od -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Typewriter -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - from -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Text St -\bar under -y -\bar default -le -\family default - for specific selections of the text (see below section -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Text-Style-Dialog" - -\end_inset - -). - The -\family sans -Default\InsetSpace ~ -Family -\family default - option lets you change this. - So if you want your document (including footnotes etc.), say, all over in - Helvetica, chose -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Helvetica -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - as -\family sans -Sans Serif -\family default - Font and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Sans Serif -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - as -\family sans -Default\InsetSpace ~ -Family +serif \family default . \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -In the -\family sans -Font\InsetSpace ~ +\end_inset -\bar under -S -\bar default -izes -\family default - group, you can usually select from four possible +: \family sans -Base\InsetSpace ~ -Size +helvetica \family default - values: + as sans serif font (package +\family typewriter +helvet +\family default +), +\family sans +courier +\family default + for typewriter (package +\family typewriter +courier +\family default +), and +\family sans +times +\family default + as serif font (package +\family typewriter +mathptmx +\family default +). + They are loaded in the document preamble (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +) with the following lines: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\newline + +\backslash +usepackage[scaled=0.92]{helvet} +\newline + +\backslash +usepackage{mathptmx} +\newline + +\backslash +usepackage{courier} +\series default + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\newline +You also have to use +\family sans +default +\family default + as font in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog. +\newline +The differences between +\family sans +sans\InsetSpace ~ +serif +\family default +, +\family sans +typewriter +\family default + and +\family sans +serif +\family default + fonts are explained in section\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" + +\end_inset + +. +\newline +The font +\family sans +times +\family default + was originally designed for newspapers. + That means its glyphs are smaller than the one from other fonts to fit + into the small newspaper columns. + So +\family sans +times +\family default + is not the optimal choice for larger documents like books. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The best solution is to use the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Latin Modern +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ( +\family typewriter +lm +\family default +) font. + This font is developed in order of the LaTeX community to replace +\family typewriter +cm +\family default + as default font. + To use the font, use +\family sans +default +\family default + as font in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog and add the following line to the document preamble: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{lmodern} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The document font size is adjusted in the dialog +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +. + There are four possible values: \family sans default, 10 \family default @@ -10694,139 +9097,55 @@ default, 10 \family sans 12 \family default - (some document classes provide more, some less choices). - Remember, this is the -\emph on -base -\emph default - font size. - LyX actually scales all of the other possible font sizes (such as those - used in footnotes, superscripts, and subscripts) by this value. - You can always fine-tune the font size from within the document if you - need to. - It's also rather silly to use an 8pt or 24pt font as the default font size, - as this typically renders your document unreadable. +. + The size of +\family sans +default +\family default + depends on your LaTeX-system, normally it is equal to the font size 10. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Some Sans Serif and Typewriter Fonts provide the possibility to be scaled. - This might be useful, if a Sans Serif or Typewriter Font has a different - height than the Roman Font. - Please be careful with this option, it can be easily misused. +The font sizes are the +\emph on +base size +\emph default +. + LyX actually scales all other possible font sizes (such as those used in + footnotes, super-, and subscripts) by this value. + You can always fine-tune the font size of text parts from within the document + if you need to. + The possible font sizes for text parts are explained in section\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" + +\end_inset + +. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In the -\family sans -Advanced Options -\family default - group box, you'll finally find possibilities for using so-called -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -expert settings -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, given that they are provided by a certain font. - -\family sans -Use true S -\bar under -m -\bar default -all Caps -\family default - indicates that lots of fonts do not use real, but -\emph on -faked -\emph default - Small Caps. - True Small Caps are specifically designed characters, whereas faked Small - Caps are just scaled Capital letters. - The former looks way better, so if a font offers you the choice, you should - check this option. - -\family sans -Use -\family default - -\family sans -\bar under -O -\bar default -ld Style Figures -\family default - finally lets you select so called Old Style Figures (a.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -k.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -a. - Medieval Figures, i.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -e. - figures with ascending or descending form) instead of the standard Lining - Figures. - Old Style Figures are often preferred due to better legibility in the text, - but it's certainly also a matter of taste. - Just try it out, if it is provided for your font of choice. - Note that math figures are +Note that when you choose a new font or font size, LyX does \emph on not \emph default - affected by this choice. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Please note that even if LyX tries its best in guessing what fonts are installed - and which options are provided by a given font, it might fail if the fonts - are not set up correctly. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note further that once you choose a new value for -\family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -onts -\family default - or -\family sans -Font\InsetSpace ~ - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ize -\family default -, LyX does -\emph on -not -\emph default - change the screen. - You'll only see a difference once you generate the final output. + change the screen font. + You'll only see a difference in the printed output. This is part of the WYSIWYM concept. - The only visible change is caused by a change of the default font family. - However, you certainly noticed that, for instance, the roman font on screen - is just a representation of -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Roman -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (as set up in the + LyX's screen fonts can be adjusted in the \family sans -\bar under -T -\bar default -ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -P -\bar default -references +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences \family default - dialog), not of the actual roman document font. + dialog, see chapter\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog" + +\end_inset + +. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -10836,7 +9155,7 @@ Using Different Character Styles \begin_layout Standard As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for certain paragraph environments. - We also mentioned two other character styles, + LyX supports two character styles, \family sans Emphasized \family default @@ -10858,7 +9177,13 @@ Noun \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -click on the toolbar button with the person-shaped icon +click on the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/font-noun.xpm + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -10904,7 +9229,7 @@ A more widely used character style is the Emphasized \family default style. - You can activate [or deactivate - it's also a toggle] the + You can activate (or deactivate - it's also a toggle) the \family sans Emphasized \family default @@ -10912,15 +9237,13 @@ Emphasized \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -clicking on the toolbar button with the -\begin_inset Quotes eld +clicking on the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/font-emph.xpm + \end_inset -! -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - character on it \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -10931,12 +9254,12 @@ e \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -At the moment, the +Normally the \family sans Emphasized \family default - style is equivalent to an italicized font. - We have plans to make that association more user-configurable in the future. + style is equivalent to an italic font but some document classes or LaTeX-packag +es use a different font. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -10963,11 +9286,16 @@ It's also a warning in addition to an example. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Oh --- one last note: You can always reset to the default font using the - keybinding +You can always reset to the default font using the keybinding \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ Space +\family default + or the dialog +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text\InsetSpace ~ +Style \family default . \end_layout @@ -10975,11 +9303,11 @@ Space \begin_layout Subsection Fine-Tuning with the \family sans -Character Layout +Text Style \family default dialog \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sub:Text-Style-Dialog" +name "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" \end_inset @@ -10991,65 +9319,30 @@ There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX gives you a way to create custom character style. For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -Note from -\noun on -John Weiss -\noun default -: There is, in fact, such a style sheet for the LyX Documentation, since - manuals need a certain amount of consistency. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts from ordinary dialogue. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a - warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles. - Many modern word processors have a vast array of fonts available to them, - providing you with the power of a printing press. - Unfortunately, there is a tendency to overuse that power. - The phrase, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Using a sledgehammer to swat a fly, -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - comes to mind. - And, as the old saying implies, documents that overuse different fonts - and sizes tend to look like someone's knocked huge holes in them. + warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles! +\newline +Documents that overuse + different fonts and sizes are not well readable and tend to look like someone's + knocked huge holes in it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Enough complaining. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To use custom fonts, open the +To use custom character styles, open the \family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ - -\bar under -S -\bar default -tyle +Style \family default dialog. - There are seven buttons on this dialog, each corresponding to a different + There are several boxes on this dialog, each corresponding to a different font property which you can choose. - You can choose an option for one of these seven properties, or select + You can choose an option for one of these properties, or select \family sans No\InsetSpace ~ change @@ -11059,14 +9352,13 @@ change \family sans Reset \family default - will reset the property to whatever is the default for the hosting paragraph - environment. + will reset the property to whatever is the default. You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph environments in a snap. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The seven font properties, and their options [in addition to +The font properties, and their options (in addition to \family sans No\InsetSpace ~ change @@ -11075,17 +9367,14 @@ change \family sans Reset \family default -] are: +) are: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -amily +Family \family default The \begin_inset Quotes eld @@ -11101,28 +9390,65 @@ overall look \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Roman \family default This is the Roman font family. + Normally a serif font. + It's also the default family. + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -It's also the default family. - [keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ r \family default -] + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +The LaTeX-command prevents text to be breaked at the end of a line. + It is explained in section +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Hyphenation" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Sans\InsetSpace ~ @@ -11131,21 +9457,42 @@ Serif \family sans This is the Sans Serif font family. + +\family default + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -[keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ s \family default -] + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Typewriter @@ -11153,28 +9500,48 @@ Typewriter \family typewriter This is the Typewriter font family. + +\family default + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -[keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ p \family default -] + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +) \end_layout -\end_deeper \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans -\bar under -S -\bar default -eries +Series \family default This corresponds to the print weight. Options are: @@ -11182,22 +9549,17 @@ eries \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Medium \family default This is the Medium font series. + It's also the default series. \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -It's also the default series. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Bold @@ -11205,29 +9567,46 @@ Bold \series bold This is the Bold font series. + +\series default + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -You can toggle this series on or off with the keybinding +\end_inset + + \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ b \family default -. + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) \end_layout -\end_deeper \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans -S -\bar under -h -\bar default -ape +Shape \family default As the name implies. Options are: @@ -11235,22 +9614,17 @@ ape \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Upright \family default This is the Upright font shape. + It's also the default shape. \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -It's also the default shape. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Italic @@ -11271,7 +9645,7 @@ s the Italic font shape \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Slanted @@ -11280,11 +9654,11 @@ Slanted \shape slanted This is the Slanted font shape \shape default - (although it might not be visible on screen, this is different from italic). + (although it might not be visible in LyX, this is different from italic). \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Small\InsetSpace ~ @@ -11300,29 +9674,22 @@ This is the Small caps font shape \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans -Si -\bar under -z -\bar default -e +Size \family default Alters the size of the font. You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio -nal to the default font size. +nal to the document font size. Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of what you want to do. + The options are: \end_layout \begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -The options [and their keybindings] are: -\end_layout - \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Tiny @@ -11338,26 +9705,71 @@ Tiny \end_inset font size. + +\size default + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -[keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ t \family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + or +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ 1 \family default -] + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Smallest @@ -11373,21 +9785,42 @@ Smallest \end_inset font size +\size default +. + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -[keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default -2] +2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Smaller @@ -11402,27 +9835,72 @@ Smaller \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - font size + font size. + +\size default + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -[keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ S \family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + or +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default -3] +3 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Small @@ -11438,26 +9916,71 @@ Small \end_inset font size. + +\size default + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -[keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ s \family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + or +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default -4] +4 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Normal @@ -11471,27 +9994,70 @@ Normal \end_inset font size. + It's also the default size. + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -It's also the default size. - [keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ n \family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + or +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default -5] +5 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Large @@ -11507,26 +10073,71 @@ Large \end_inset font size. + +\size default + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -[keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ l \family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + or +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default -6] +6 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Larger @@ -11542,26 +10153,71 @@ Larger \end_inset font size. + +\size default + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -[keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ S-L \family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + or +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default -7] +7 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Largest @@ -11577,21 +10233,42 @@ Largest \end_inset font size. + +\size default + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -[keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default -8] +8 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Huge @@ -11607,26 +10284,71 @@ Huge \end_inset font size. + +\size default + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -[keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ h \family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + or +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default -9] +9 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Huger @@ -11642,21 +10364,67 @@ Huger \end_inset font size. + +\size default + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -[keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ H \family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + or +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default -0] +0 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) \end_layout \end_deeper @@ -11669,20 +10437,14 @@ yet again You should almost never need to change the font size. LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments - use that instead. - This is here for fine-tuning -\emph on -only! + This is here for fine-tuning only! \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans -\bar under -M -\bar default -isc +Misc \family default Here you can change a few other things at the character level. Options are: @@ -11690,7 +10452,7 @@ isc \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Emph @@ -11700,27 +10462,23 @@ Emph This is text with emphasize on \emph default . -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -This might seem like the same as + This might seem like the same as \shape italic Italic \shape default , but it is actually a bit different. - If you use emphasize on italicized text, it will make it upright. - In future versions of LyX, we hope to let you customize the exact behavior - of this + Emphasized is a \emph on logical \emph default - property. + attribute. + That means every document class can define its own font used for emphasized + text. + Normally this font is equal to italic. \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Underbar @@ -11728,21 +10486,55 @@ Underbar \bar under This is text with Underbar on. + +\bar default + (keybinding +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +mbox{ \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -[keybinding = +\end_inset + + \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ u \family default -] + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +) +\newline + +\family default +Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days, + when you couldn't change fonts. + We no longer need to emphasize text by underscoring characters. + It's only included in LyX because some people +\emph on +may +\emph default + need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions. \end_layout -\end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Noun @@ -11750,37 +10542,19 @@ Noun \noun on This is text with Noun on. -\end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Like +\noun default + Like \family sans Emph \family default , this is a logical attribute. - For the moment, it is equivalent to + Normally it's equivalent to \family sans Small\InsetSpace ~ Caps \family default -, but that is bound to change some day. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days, - when you couldn't change fonts. - We no longer need to resort to emphasizing text by overstriking it with - an underscore character. - It's only included in LyX because it's also in LaTeX, and because some - people -\emph on -may -\emph default - need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions (and in - fact we use it in these manuals to indicate keyboard shortcuts for menu - items). +. \end_layout \end_deeper @@ -11791,23 +10565,13 @@ may Color \family default You can adjust the color of the text with this control. - Of course, you need to have a color printer to exploit this, but you also - need to have the -\family sans -color -\family default - LaTeX package installed. - Notice that -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default - is not able to display these colors. + Notice that not all dvi-viewers are are able to display colors. Besides \family sans No\InsetSpace ~ color \family default -, which is the standard +, which is the default \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -11815,7 +10579,7 @@ color \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset -, you can choose between + and means normally black, you can choose between \family sans Black \family default @@ -11858,58 +10622,40 @@ Language \family default This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from the language of the document. - Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change. + Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change + (only within LyX). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You have a huge number of combinations to choose from. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Once you've chosen a new character style via the +So you have a huge number of combinations to choose from. + Once you've chosen a new character style via the \family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ - -\bar under -S -\bar default -tyle +Style \family default - dialog, you can activate it using the toolbar button labelled -\begin_inset Quotes eld + dialog, the settings are saved. + You can activate them using the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/font-free-apply.xpm + \end_inset -Font -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, or select -\family sans -\bar under -A -\bar default -pply -\family default . - The toolbar button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style - even when the dialog isn't visible. + The button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style even + when the dialog isn't visible. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -As we stated earlier, to completely reset the character style to the default, - use +To completely reset the character style to the default, use \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default . If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed - (suppose you just sent the shape to + (suppose you just set the shape to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -11927,25 +10673,161 @@ bold ), set the \family sans -Toggle on all these +Toggle\InsetSpace ~ +all \family default switch and press \family sans -\bar under -A -\bar default -pply +Apply \family default . - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -We conclude with the same warning we've been spewing: Don't overuse the - fonts. - They are, more often than not, a kludge and a horrible substitute for good - writing. - Your writing should speak for itself --- and will. +You should also know something about the differences between the three main + font types +\family sans +serif +\family default +, +\family sans +sans\InsetSpace ~ +serif +\family default +, and +\family sans +typewriter +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Typewriter +\family default + is a so called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +monospaced +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font, that means every character has the same width, the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +i +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is as wide as the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Here is an example +\newline + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +phantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +no +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +typewriter text +\family default + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +For more on phantoms see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Other-space-variants" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\newline +no typewriter text +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Serif +\family default + fonts use characters with serifs. + These are the small +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +appendices +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + at all ends of of the streaks that form the character. + The following example will show the difference: +\newline +text with serifs +\newline + +\family sans +text without serifs +\family default + +\newline +Serifs facilitates an easy and fast reading. + They are therefore used as default font (named +\family sans +roman +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Sans serif +\family default + don't use serifs. + This font type is therefore often used for headings and short texts. + We use it in this document to highlight menu names. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We conclude with the same warning once again: Don't overuse the fonts. + They are, more often than not, a kludge and a bad substitute for good writing. \end_layout \begin_layout Section @@ -11959,9 +10841,9 @@ Overview \begin_layout Standard Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece. - Before we tell you that, however, we want to give you a quickie explanation - of what goes on behind-the-scenes. - We cover this information in much greater detail in the + Before we tell you that, we want to give you a quick explanation of what + goes on behind-the-scenes. + We cover these informations in much greater detail in the \emph on Extended Features \emph default @@ -11969,27 +10851,12 @@ Extended Features \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -LyX uses a program called -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -LaTeX -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - as its backend. - (Actually, LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, - but to prevent confusion, we'll just refer to the whole magilla as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -LaTeX. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) Think of it this way: LyX is what you use to do your actual writing. +LyX uses the program LaTeX as its backend. + LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, but to prevent + confusion, we'll only refer to LaTeX. + LyX is what you use to do your actual writing. Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output. - This happens in a couple of stages: + This happens in two stages: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate @@ -12007,7 +10874,6 @@ First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX, \end_inset . - \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate @@ -12016,13 +10882,134 @@ Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the .tex \family default file to produce printable output. - It doesn't know anything about your printer, however. - Instead, LaTeX produces what's known as a -\emph on -device-independent -\emph default - file, or DVI for short. - The actual output is in a file with the extension, + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Output file formats +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "File formats" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Output-file-formats" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +ASCII +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "File formats ! ASCII" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.txt +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It contains your document as plain text following the rules of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +American Standard Code for Information Interchange +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (ASCII). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to ASCII by the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +ASCII +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +LaTeX +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "File formats ! LaTeX" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and contains all commands that are necessary for the LaTeX program to process + your document. + If you know LaTeX, you can use it to find out LaTeX-Errors or to process + it manually with console commands. + The LaTeX-file is automatically created in LyX's temporary directory whenever + you view or export your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document as LaTeX-file using the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +DVI +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "File formats ! DVI" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -12035,309 +11022,428 @@ device-independent \end_inset . - DVI files are completely portable; you can move them from one machine to - another without needing to do any sort of conversion. + It is called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +device-independent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (DVI), because it is completely portable; you can move them from one machine + to another without needing to do any sort of conversion. + At the time when this file-format was developed, this was no matter of + course. + DVIs are used for quick previews and as pre-stage for other output formats, + like PostScript. \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Description -NOTE: The DVI file only contains what was in the LaTeX file itself. - If you have included PostScript pictures in your document, there will only - be a link to these files. - So don't forget these files if you move your +\begin_layout Standard +NOTE: The DVI file doesn't contain images, they will only be a linked. + So don't forget this, if you move your \family typewriter .dvi \family default file to another computer. + This property can also slow down your computer when you view the DVI. + Because the DVI-viewer has to convert the image in the background to make + it visible when you scroll in the DVI. + So we recommend to use PDF for files with many images. \end_layout -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -Consider the -\family typewriter -.dvi +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to DVI by the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI \family default - file to be the +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +PostScript +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "File formats ! PostScript" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -final output. + +\family typewriter +.ps +\family default + \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - Once you have it, you can view it, print it, or convert it to other formats. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -You can view -\family typewriter -.dvi -\family default - files using a program called -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default . -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Some printers and Unix systems understand DVI, and can print your + PostScript was developed by the company \family typewriter -.dvi +Adobe \family default - file directly. -\end_layout + as printer language. + The file contains therefore commands that the printer uses to print the + file. + PostScript can be seen as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset -\begin_layout Enumerate -Nowadays, most printers understand the PostScript format. - LyX automatically converts the -\family typewriter -.dvi -\family default - file to a PostScript file for you when you go to print out your document. - LyX will also let you preview a PostScript version of your document using - the program -\family typewriter -ghostview -\family default -. -\end_layout +programming language +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -One advantage of using PostScript® is that the converter program [called - -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default -] takes any PostScript graphics you may have included in your document and - puts it into the resulting PostScript version of your document. - It also includes any special fonts you may have used. - That makes the PostScript version much, much more portable than the DVI - version. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -LyX does all of these steps automagically for you. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As you have seen, a lot of things happen before you get a hardcopy or a - preview of your document. - So, don't worry if printing requires a bit more time than with other word - processors. - The printed result is worth the wait. - Quality always has its price. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Quick Viewing with xdvi -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks - in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, select -\family sans -\bar under -V -\bar default -iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -D -\bar default -VI -\family default -. - Then wait a while. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When all of the behind-the-scenes action is done, LyX calls the program - -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default -. - You can now look at the results. - [If you want more info on the -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default - program, see the -\family typewriter -man -\family default --pages.] -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Helpful-Tip: Keep the -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default - window open, maybe moving it to another desktop. - Then, after you make changes to your document, just use -\family sans -\bar under -V -\bar default -iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -U -\bar default -pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -D -\bar default -VI -\family default -. - Now click on the -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default - window. - The -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default - program will automatically reread the -\family typewriter -.dvi -\family default - file and give you an updated view. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Viewing the PostScript Version with ghostview -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In general, using -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default - to view your document is the easiest and fastest way. - There may be times, however, when you want to look at the PostScript version. - One reason is fonts. +; you can calculate with it and draw diagrams and images \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard -Note from -\noun on -John Weiss -\noun default -: Another reason is paranoia. - I always like to look at the PostScript file before I print it, just so - I see exactly what went to the printer\SpecialChar \ldots{} - +If you are interested to learn more about this, have a look at the LaTeX-package + +\family typewriter +pstricks +\family default +. \end_layout \end_inset - You can use PostScript fonts in a LaTeX document, but -\family typewriter -xdvi -\family default - won't show this. - You'll need to use -\family typewriter -ghostview -\family default - or some other PostScript file viewer to see the actual results. +. + Due to this ability, the files are often bigger than PDFs. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To view the PostScript version of your document, select -\family sans -Pos -\bar under -t -\bar default -Script -\family default - from the -\family sans -\bar under -V -\bar default -iew -\family default - menu. - When all of the magic behind-the-scenes is done, LyX calls the program - +PostScript can only contain images in the format +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Encapsulated PostScript +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (EPS, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + \family typewriter -ghostview +.eps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + As LyX allows you to use any known image format in your document, it has + to convert them in the background to EPS. + If you have e.g 50 images in your document, LyX has to do 50 conversions + whenever you view or export your document. + This will slow down your workflow with LyX drastically. + So if you plan to use PostScript, you can insert your images directly as + EPS to avoid this problem. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to PostScript using the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PostScript \family default . - You can now look at the results. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +PDF +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "File formats ! PDF" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "PDF" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You've guessed what the -\family sans -\bar under -U -\bar default -pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Pos -\bar under -t -\bar default -script -\family default - command from the -\family sans -\bar under -V -\bar default -iew -\family default - menu does, haven't you? Remember to click once in the +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + \family typewriter -ghostview +.pdf \family default - window after this command to update the view. + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Portable Document Format +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (PDF) is developed by +\family typewriter +Adobe +\family default + as derivative from PostScript. + It is more compressed and it uses much less commands than PostScript. + As the name +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +portable +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + implies, it can be processed at any computer system and the printed output + looks exactly the same. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +PDF can contain images in its own PDF format and in the formats +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Joint Photographic Experts Group +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (JPG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.jpg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.jpeg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Portable Network Graphics +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (PNG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.png +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + You can although use any other image format, because LyX converts them + in the background to one of these formats. + But as described in the section about PostScript, the image conversion + will slow down your workflow. + So we recommend to use images in one of the three mentioned formats. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to PDF via the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export +\family default + in three different ways: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PDF This uses the program +\family typewriter +ps2pdf +\family default + that creates a PDF from a PostScript-version of your file. + The PostScript-version is produced by the program +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + which uses a DVI-version as intermediate step. + So this export variant consist of three conversions. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PDF\InsetSpace ~ +(dvipdfm) This uses the program +\family typewriter +dvipdfm +\family default + that converts your file in the background to DVI and in a second step to + PDF. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PDF\InsetSpace ~ +(pdflatex) This uses the program +\family typewriter +pdftex +\family default + that converts your file directly to PDF. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We recommend to use +\family sans +PDF\InsetSpace ~ +(pdflatex) +\family default + because +\family typewriter +pdftex +\family default + supports all features of actual PDF-versions, is quick and works stable + without problems. + The program +\family typewriter +dvipdfm +\family default + is no more under development and therefore a bit outdated. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Printing the File +Previewing +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Document ! Preview " + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To print a file, select +To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks + in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, use the menu \family sans -\bar under -P -\bar default -rint +View \family default - from the + and choose a file type. + A viewing program will popup showing the output. + For \family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -ile +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI \family default - menu, or click on the toolbar button with the printer on it. - This opens the + you can use the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.xpm + +\end_inset + + (shortcut \family sans +C-d +\family default +), for +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PDF\InsetSpace ~ +(pdflatex) +\family default + you can use the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/buffer-export_pdf2.xpm + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you have changed your document, you can refresh the output in the same + viewer window using the menu +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Update +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you preview a file, the output file is only generated in LyX's temporary + directory. + To have a real output, export your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Printing the File from within LyX +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Printing-the-File" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Instead of exporting your file and then printing them, you can also print + it directly from within LyX. + To print a file, select the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Print \family default - dialog. + or click on the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/dialog-show_print.xpm + +\end_inset + +. + LyX will internally call LaTeX to produce a DVI. + This file is then processed by the program +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + to PostScript-file, which is finally printed using the program +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default +. + Due to these steps in the background, this method is not the fastest. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You can choose to only print even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this - is useful for printing on two sides: you can re-insert the pages after - printing one set of pages, to print on the other side. +You can choose to print only even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this + is useful for printing on two sides: You can re-insert the pages after + printing one set to print on the other side. Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down. By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them. @@ -12346,30 +11452,24 @@ You can choose to only print even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this \begin_layout Standard You can set the parameters in the \family sans +Print\InsetSpace ~ Destination \family default - box as follows : + box as follows: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans -\bar under -P -\bar default -rinter +Printer \family default - This is the name of the printer to print to. + This is the name of the printer to print to \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard -Note that this printer name isn't for the -\family typewriter -lpr -\family default - command but for +Note that this printer name is for the program \family typewriter dvips \family default @@ -12379,63 +11479,52 @@ dvips dvips \family default has to be configured for this printer name. - See the section + The default printer can be set in LyX's preferences dialog, see chapter\InsetSpace ~ + \begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:dvipsconfig" +reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog" \end_inset - or the -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - documentation for details. - The default printer can also be set in -\family typewriter -lyxrc -\family default . \end_layout \end_inset - The printer should understand PostScript files. +. + The printer should understand PostScript. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -ile +File \family default The name of a file to print to. - The output will be in Post\SpecialChar \- -Script format. - The file will generally be written in the current directory, unless you - specify the full path. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that printing may need little time, since LaTeX, -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - and, if you don't have a PostScript printer, -\family typewriter -ghostscript -\family default - have to process your document. + The output will be a PostScript file. + It will be written in LyX's working directory unless you specify the full + path. \end_layout \begin_layout Section -A Few Words about Typography +A few Words about Typography +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Typography" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Hyphens and Hyphenation +Hyphens +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Hyphens" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:hyphens" @@ -12454,7 +11543,7 @@ In LyX, the - \family default -\begin_inset Quotes erd +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset character comes in three lengths, often called the @@ -12519,7 +11608,7 @@ status collapsed - \family default -\begin_inset Quotes erd +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -12565,7 +11654,7 @@ status collapsed - \family default -\begin_inset Quotes erd +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -12589,14 +11678,14 @@ a - \family default -\begin_inset Quotes erd +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset in math mode \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You generate these by using the +You generate them by inserting the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -12605,17 +11694,17 @@ You generate these by using the - \family default -\begin_inset Quotes erd +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset character multiple times in a row. - LyX automatically converts them to the appropriate length dash in the final - output. + They are automatically converted to the appropriate length dash in the + final output, but not in LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The three types of dash are distinct from the minus sign, which appears - in math mode and has a length of its own. +The three dash types are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in + math mode and has a length of its own. Here are some examples of the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -12625,7 +11714,7 @@ The three types of dash are distinct from the minus sign, which appears - \family default -\begin_inset Quotes erd +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset in use: @@ -12674,103 +11763,150 @@ minus sign ) \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Those of you reading this from within LyX will see no difference, though - there is one in the printed version. +\begin_layout Subsection +Hyphenation +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Hyphenation" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Hyphenation" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -One more note about hyphenation --- LyX automatically breaks up words and - inserts hyphens in English text. - The words won't be hyphenated until you generate the final output. -\end_layout +Words aren't hyphenated within LyX but automatically in the output. + Hyphenation is done by the LaTeX-package babel following the rules of the + document language +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed \begin_layout Standard -Actually, it's LaTeX that does this, and it will also hyphenate words in +For German readers: That's one of the main differences between the languages -\emph on -some -\emph default - other languages. - To know whether (PDF)LaTeX hyphenates for -\emph on -your -\emph default - language, look at any log file produced by a LaTeX run: it will say -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote - -\family typewriter -Babel and hyphenation patterns for american, french, german, ngerman, - nohyphenation, loaded. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This tells you that, e.g., if you write in Finnish, you're out of luck. - Study (for the teTeX distribution of LaTeX) the utilities -\family typewriter -texconfig +\family sans +German \family default and -\family typewriter -fmtutil -\family default - in order to switch hyphenation on for your language by -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -uncommenting -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - the relevant line in a file typically named -\family typewriter -language.dat -\family default -. - Sorry for the inconvenience. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If, for whatever reason, LaTeX -\emph on -still -\emph default - can't break a word correctly (e.g., a compound word), you can set hyphenation - points manually. - This is done with the menu item \family sans -Hyphenation\InsetSpace ~ - -\bar under -P -\bar default -oint -\family default - under -\family sans -Special\InsetSpace ~ -F -\bar under -o -\bar default -rmatting +German\InsetSpace ~ +(new\InsetSpace ~ +spelling) \family default in the \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings \family default - menu. - Note that these extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX. - If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will totally ignore them. + dialog. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LaTeX hyphenates nearly perfectly, it has only problems with text in the + font +\family sans +typewriter +\family default + and with unusual constructs, like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +h3knix/m0n0wall +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + If LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation points manually. + This is done with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Hyphenation\InsetSpace ~ +Point +\family default +. + These extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX. + If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will ignore them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes you want to prevent words or constructs to be hyphenated. + The keybindings/shortcuts in this document consists of three letters with + a hyphen and a space in the form +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +A-b c +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LaTeX finds there the hyphen +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + as hyphenation possibility. + Hyphenating at this point would look ugly. + To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, we can put it in the argument + of the LaTeX-box-command +\series bold + +\backslash +mbox +\series default +, because text within LaTeX-boxes can't be hyphenated. + As LyX doesn't support +\series bold + +\backslash +mbox +\series default +, we have to use ERT. + The result looks in LyX like: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/mbox.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To learn more about ERT, have a look at section\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:ERT" + +\end_inset + +. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Punctuation Marks +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Punctuation marks" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection @@ -12794,14 +11930,15 @@ appropriate amount of space \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset -: sentences get a little bit more space between the period and the next - word. +. + That means sentences get a little bit more space between the period and + the next word. Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation and - what's the end of a sentence is really quite brain-dead. +Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation works + not for all cases. If a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -12837,8 +11974,7 @@ Don't worry. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\SpecialChar \ldots{} -and here's an example of the algorithm going wrong: +And here's an example of the algorithm going wrong: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -12860,32 +11996,15 @@ You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document. To fix this problem, use one of the following: \end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate -Use an -\family sans -Inter-word\InsetSpace ~ -Space -\family default - after lowercase abbreviations (see section\InsetSpace ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:normblank-lbreak-horline" - -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - \begin_layout Enumerate Use a \family sans -Thin\InsetSpace ~ -Space +Protected\InsetSpace ~ +Blank \family default - between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section\InsetSpace ~ - + after lowercase abbreviations (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:thinblank-lbreak-horline" +reference "sub:Protected-blanks" \end_inset @@ -12897,28 +12016,19 @@ Use an \family sans End\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ -sentence\InsetSpace ~ -period +sentence \family default found under the \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -pecial\InsetSpace ~ +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special\InsetSpace ~ Character \family default - menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing. - This function is also bound to + menu (shortcut \family sans C-period \family default - for easy access. +) to force the use of inter-sentence spacing. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -12926,8 +12036,8 @@ With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -g.\InsetSpace \space{} +e.\InsetSpace ~ +g.\InsetSpace ~ this is too much space! \end_layout @@ -12938,20 +12048,16 @@ This is I\SpecialChar \@. \begin_layout Standard Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences. - If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry about all - of this. - For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors: + If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry, because the + LaTeX will care about this. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors: check out the \family sans -\bar under -T -\bar default -ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -C -\bar under -h -\bar default -eck\InsetSpace ~ +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Check\InsetSpace ~ TeX \family default feature described in @@ -12963,6 +12069,18 @@ Extended Editing \begin_layout Subsubsection Quotes +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Typography ! Quotes" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Quotes | see{Typography}" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:quotes" @@ -12992,16 +12110,46 @@ open close \end_layout \begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -New in version 1.4: -\series default - To get single quotation marks, you have to press +You can change the behavior of the \family sans -C-" +" \family default + key using the submenu +\family sans +Language +\family default + of the dialog +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog. + Selecting the button +\family sans +Double +\family default + makes the +\family sans +" +\family default + key produce the sequence: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + . - This produces quotation marks like this: + The button +\family sans +Single +\family default +, in contrast, makes the +\family sans +" +\family default + key produce: \begin_inset Quotes els \end_inset @@ -13009,19 +12157,16 @@ C-" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You can also select quotes for different languages via the +You can also select quotes for different languages in the box \family sans -\bar under -T -\bar default -ype +Type \family default option. There are six choices: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans \begin_inset Quotes eld @@ -13053,7 +12198,7 @@ single \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans \begin_inset Quotes sld @@ -13081,7 +12226,7 @@ this \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans \begin_inset Quotes gld @@ -13113,7 +12258,7 @@ this \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans \begin_inset Quotes pld @@ -13145,7 +12290,7 @@ this \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans \begin_inset Quotes fld @@ -13177,7 +12322,7 @@ this \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans \begin_inset Quotes ald @@ -13209,7 +12354,7 @@ this \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Again, this affects what character the +These options affects what character the \family sans " \family default @@ -13217,21 +12362,33 @@ Again, this affects what character the \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -On the other hand, if you want to produce a bona-fide quote character, type - +On the other hand, if you want to produce a plain text quote character, + type \family sans -M-" +C-" \family default . This produces: \family typewriter " \family default -. + in any cases. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Ligatures +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Typography ! Ligatures" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ligatures | see{Typography}" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:ligatures" @@ -13248,9 +12405,9 @@ It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and ligatures \emph default . - Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your LyX documents will contain them, - too. - Here are the possible ligatures: + Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your documents will contain them too + in the output. + Here are the standard ligatures: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -13274,7 +12431,11 @@ ffl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Once in a while, though, you don't want a ligature in a word. +Some languages uses other ligatures if the document font supports them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes, you don't want a ligature in a word. While a ligature may be okay in the word, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -13301,20 +12462,8 @@ Dorffest. To break a ligature, use \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Special\InsetSpace ~ -F -\bar under -o -\bar default -rmatting -\family default -\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Ligature\InsetSpace ~ Break. @@ -13356,8 +12505,320 @@ fest . \end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection +LyX's Proper Names +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LyX ! Proper names" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You have surely noticed, that the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + appears always with characters in different size and height. + LaTeX is the name of the program used by LyX and is therefore recognized + as proper name when you type it in LyX as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Note the order of the upper-and lowercase letters! LyX recognizes the following + proper names: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LyX The name of the game, write +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +L +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +yX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +TeX The program used by LaTeX, write +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +T +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LaTeX The program used by LyX, write +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LaTeX2e The actual version of LaTeX, write +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX2e +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You might wonder why the LaTeX-version is +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It's an old tradition in the TeX-world to give programs geek version numbers. + For example the version number of TeX converges to the number +\begin_inset Formula $\pi$ +\end_inset + +: The actual version is +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +TeX-3.141592 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, the previous one was +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +TeX-3.14159 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you don't want to use proper names, e.g. + in section headings, you can insert two empty braces in ERT in the word. + This will look in LyX like: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/LaTeX.png + +\end_inset + + +\newline +For more about ERT, look at section\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:ERT" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Units +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Typography ! Units" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Generally the space between units and the number is smaller than the normal + space between two words. + As you can see in the example below, it looks better when the space is + smaller. + To get such a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +half space +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for units use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Thin\InsetSpace ~ +Space +\family default + (shortcut +\family sans +C-S-Space +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's an example to show the differences: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +24\InsetSpace ~ +kW +\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ +\end_inset + +h +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +space between number and unit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +24\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +kW +\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ +\end_inset + +h +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +half space between number and unit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \begin_layout Subsection Widows and Orphans +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Typography ! Widows and orphans" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:widows" @@ -13417,207 +12878,183 @@ key "latexguide" \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter -Floats: Tables, Figures, Footnotes and Margin Notes +Notes, Graphics, Tables, and Floats \begin_inset OptArg status collapsed \begin_layout Standard -Tables, Figures, and Notes +Floats and Notes \end_layout \end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cha:Floats-and-Notes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. + There you'll also find tips and tricks for special cases. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Footnotes +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Footnotes" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Unlike other typesetting programs, LyX uses -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -foldable -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - boxes instead of displaying its footnotes at the bottom of the screen or - somewhere else in your text. - When you insert a footnote with +LyX uses boxes to display footnotes: When you insert a footnote using the + menu \family sans -\series medium -\bar under -I -\bar no -nsert -\series default -\bar default -\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Footnote +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/footnote-insert.xpm +\end_inset + +, +\family roman \series medium -\bar under -F \bar no -ootnote, +you'll see \family default \series default \bar default - + the following box: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/footnoteQt4.png + scale 80 + +\end_inset + + \family roman \series medium \bar no -you'll first see a -\family default -\series default -\bar default - grey -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no -box with a -\family default -\series default -\bar default - red -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no -label -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -foot -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - appearing within your text. - This box is LyX's representation of your footnote. - You can enter your text into this box. - If you click the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -foot -\family roman - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\family default -\series default -\bar default - -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no -label, the box will -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -fold -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - . + This box is LyX's representation of your footnote. + If you +\family default +\series default +\bar default + left-click on +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +foot +\family roman + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + \family default \series default \bar default - Clicking on the button again will + +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +label, the box will +\family default +\series default +\bar default + be opened and you can enter the footnote text into it. + Clicking on the box label again, will close +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +the +\family default +\series default +\bar default + box +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +. + If you want to turn existing text into a footnote, simply mark it and click + on the footnote +\family default +\series default +\bar default + toolbar +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +button +\family default +\series default +\bar default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's an example footnote: \family roman \series medium \bar no -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -unfold -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - the footnote. \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +status open \begin_layout Standard -To close this footnote, click on the red box at the top left. +To close a footnote, click on the red box at the top left. \end_layout \end_inset - You will not see any numbers within LyX. - You don't need to worry about those, anyhow, because LyX does the numbering - for you, as well as putting the footnote at the bottom of the correct page, - when it processes your file. - If you want to turn already existing text into a footnote, simply mark - it and click on the footnote button (a picture of text with an arrow pointing - to stuff in the bottom margin). -\family default -\series default -\bar default - Vice versa, you can change a footnote to regular text by hitting the -\family sans -Backspace -\family default - key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting - the -\family sans -Delete -\family default - key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote, respectively - (this works for all -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -foldable -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - boxes in LyX). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -What LyX cannot do, yet, is take care of special needs like setting the - footnote numbering back to 1 after each section in the +The footnote will appear in the output as a superscript number at the text + position where the footnote box is placed. + The footnote text is placed at the bottom of the current page. + The footnote number is calculated by LyX, the numbers are consecutive, + no matter in which chapter the footnote is in. + LyX doesn't support other numbering schemes yet, but you can get another + scheme using special LaTeX-commands. + T +\family roman +h +\family default +ey are described in the section \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -\family typewriter -article -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\family roman -document class or changing the counter -\family default - -\family roman -style. - You'll need to insert LaTeX commands like th -\family default -os -\family roman -e -\family default - described in the \emph on Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars -\emph default - section of -\begin_inset Quotes eld +\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset +\emph default + of the \emph on Extended \emph default @@ -13625,53 +13062,34 @@ Extended \emph on Features \emph default -. -\begin_inset Quotes erd + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Marginal Notes +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Marginal notes" + \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Description -NOTE: A float in LaTeX and LyX isn't a simple paragraph as with usual word - processors. - It is a complex text structure that may contain everything except floats. - That means you can use all the layouts inside a float, even figures and - tables. - You may not need this too often, but if you do occasionally need it, it's - a neat feature. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Margin Notes -\end_layout - \begin_layout Standard -Margin notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX. - When you insert a margin note via +Marginal notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX. + When you insert a margin note via the menu \family sans -\series medium -\bar under -I -\bar no -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -M -\bar no -argin -\series default -\bar default -\InsetSpace ~ -N -\series medium -\bar no -ote +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Marginal\InsetSpace ~ +Note \family default -\series default -\bar default - or the toolbar button (which contains a picture of text in a margin with - an arrow pointing to it), you'll see + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.xpm + +\end_inset + +, you'll see \family roman \series medium a @@ -13695,70 +13113,54 @@ margin \end_inset appearing within your text. + This box is LyX's representation of your margin +\family default +\series default +al +\family roman +\series medium +note. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +At the side is an example marginal note. +\family roman +\series medium + \begin_inset Marginal status open \begin_layout Standard -This is a margin note. +This is a marginal note. \end_layout \end_inset - This box is LyX's representation of your margin note. - You can enter your text into this box. - If you click the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset -margin -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\family default -\series default - -\family roman -\series medium -label, the box will -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -fold -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - You can access it at a later time by clicking on the -\family default -\series default - label again -\family roman -\series medium -, thereby -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -unfolding -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - the margin note. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -As a default, LyX uses 1.9 cm (0.75 inches) as the margin width to allow room - for margin notes. - This might not be what you're looking for, but as with footnotes, LyX cannot - yet do everything LaTeX has to offer. - You might want to consult your LaTeX handbook for additional commands. - +Marginal notes appear at the right side in single-sided documents. + In double-sided documents they appear in the outer margin -- left on even + pages, right on odd pages. \end_layout \begin_layout Section -Figures and Imported Graphics +Graphics and Images +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Images" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Graphics" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:figures" +name "sec:Graphics" \end_inset @@ -13766,47 +13168,110 @@ name "sec:figures" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -No document preparation system is complete without the ability to import - graphics from other utilities into the document. - In LyX, these are referred to as ``figures'' whether they are actually - figures in the traditional sense or simply some kind of imported image. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that figures referred to here are do not have captions and sit wherever - in the document you place them. - If you need one of these features, see sec.\InsetSpace ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:figurefloats" +To insert an image in your document, place the cursor at the text position + you want and click on the toolbar icon +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.xpm \end_inset - below. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To place a figure in your document, click on the second right-most icon - on the toolbar, or select + or select \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -G -\bar default -raphics... - +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphics \family default from the menu. + Then a dialog will appear to choose the file to load. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -A dialog will appear for you to choose the file to load. - You can also change any settings you need to in this dialog. +This dialog has numerous mostly self-explanatory parameters. + The +\family sans +Graphics +\family default + tab allows you to choose your image file. + The appearance of the image inside LyX and in the output is adjusted separately. + The image can be transformed by setting a rotation angle and a scaling + factor. + The scaling units are explained in Appendix\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the tab +\family sans +Clipping +\family default + it is possible to set image coordinates to adjust the height and width + of the image in the output. + The coordinates can also be calculated automatically by pressing the button + +\family sans +Get\InsetSpace ~ +from\InsetSpace ~ +file +\family default +. + The option +\family sans +Clip\InsetSpace ~ +to\InsetSpace ~ +bounding\InsetSpace ~ +box +\family default + will only print the image region within the given coordinates. + Normally you don't need to take care about image coordinates and can ignore + the tab +\family sans +Clipping +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LaTeX experts can specify additional LaTeX options in the +\family sans +Extras +\family default + tab. + You can also set the +\family sans +Subfigure +\family default + option here if the image is inside a figure float. + This option is explained in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Figure-Floats" + +\end_inset + +. + The option +\family sans +Draft\InsetSpace ~ +mode +\family default + effects that the image don't appear in the output, only a frame with the + image size is printed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The graphics dialog can be called at any time by right-clicking on an image. + The image will appear in the output exactly at the position where it is + in the text. + This is an example image in the PDF format within a separate, horizontally + centered paragraph: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -13815,7 +13280,6 @@ A dialog will appear for you to choose the file to load. filename clipart/mobius.eps display color scale 70 - scaleBeforeRotation rotateOrigin center \end_inset @@ -13824,86 +13288,30 @@ A dialog will appear for you to choose the file to load. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -This dialog has numerous parameters, though most should be self-explanatory. - The -\family sans -File -\family default - field allows you to choose your image file. - (See Section -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:How-it-works" - +If you need image captions and want to reference images, you have to put + the image into a float, see sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset - for information on supported formats.) The figure can be transformed by - setting a rotation angle, setting the output size, and clipping the image. - It is possible to set the clipping parameters automatically for some image - formats by clicking the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Clip to bounding box -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - check box under the -\family sans -Clipping -\family default - tab. - For scaling, you can set the scale directly by using a percentage value, - or you can set the width and height explicitly. - (See Table -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "cap:Units-for-image" - -\end_inset - - for the available units.) If you set only one of these, the other will be - determined automatically. - If you set both, then the image will be transformed to the given size, - possibly distorting it. - If you do not want the image distorted, check the -\family sans -Maintain aspect ratio -\family default - box. - The image will then be scaled so that its width and height do not exceed - the specified dimensions. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is possible to control the display of the figure in LyX and the display - in the final document separately, which can be very useful for large figures. - LaTeX wizards can specify additional LaTeX options in the -\family sans -LaTeX and LyX Options -\family default - tab. - You can also set the -\family sans -Subfigure -\family default - option here, for use in figure floats (see Section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:figurefloats" +reference "sec:Figure-Floats" \end_inset -). - See the documentation for the LaTeX-package -\family typewriter -subfigure -\family default - for more information. +. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -How it works +Image Formats +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Image formats" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sub:How-it-works" +name "sub:Image-Formats" \end_inset @@ -13911,1395 +13319,255 @@ name "sub:How-it-works" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -LyX has the ability to handle literally any graphics format in the known - universe so long as a conversion path from this graphics format to the - target output format can be created. - If that sounds a little obtuse, consider how LyX handles Encapsulated PostScrip -t® figures. - LaTeX provides native support for this format, so LyX needs do nothing - other than use the +You can insert images in any known file format. + But as we explained in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Output-file-formats" + +\end_inset + +, every output document format allows only a few image formats. + LyX uses therefore the program \family typewriter - -\backslash -includegraphics +Imagemagick \family default - LaTeX command to insert the figure in the final document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -placement t -wide false -sideways false -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "cap:Units-for-image" - -\end_inset - -Units for setting the image size -\end_layout - + in the background to convert the images to the right format. + To increase your workflow by avoiding these conversions in the background, + you can use only the image formats listed in the subsections of sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -unit -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -name/description -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -mm -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -millimetre -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -cm -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -centimetre -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -in -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -inch -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -pt -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -point (72.27\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -pt = 1 in) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -pc -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -pica (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -pc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -pt) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -sp -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -scaled point (65536\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -sp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -pt) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -bp -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -big point (72\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -bp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -in) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -dd -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -didot (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -dd -\begin_inset Formula $\approx$ -\end_inset - - 0.376\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -mm) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -cc -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -cicero (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -cc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -dd) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -Scale% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -% of original image width -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -text% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -% of text width -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -col% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -% of column width -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -page% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -% of paper width -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -line% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -% of line width -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -theight% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -% of text height -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -pheight% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -% of paper height -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -ex -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -height of letter -\emph on -x -\emph default - in current font -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -width of letter -\emph on -M -\emph default - in current font -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -mu -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -math unit (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -mu = 1/18\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -em) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Output-file-formats" \end_inset - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - +. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To view the figure on the LyX screen, however, some additional work is required - because neither the XForms nor the Qt GUI libraries can load PostScript® - figures themselves. - The XForms library can load figures in the following, widely used graphics - formats: -\family typewriter -bmp -\family default -, -\family typewriter -gif -\family default -, -\family typewriter -jpeg -\family default -, -\family typewriter -pbm -\family default -, -\family typewriter -pgm -\family default -, -\family typewriter -ppm -\family default -, -\family typewriter -tif -\family default - and -\family typewriter -xbm -\family default - whilst the Qt library can also handle -\family typewriter -mng -\family default -, -\family typewriter -png -\family default - and -\family typewriter -xpm -\family default - format figures. - Thus, LyX must initiate a conversion from Encapsulated PostScript® to a - loadable graphics format. +Similar to fonts there are two types of image formats: \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -It does this using the powerful, configurable converters mechanism exposed - in the -\family sans -Converters -\family default - section of the -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit -\family default -\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\family sans -\bar under -P -\bar default -references -\family default - dialog. - If LyX cannot create a conversion path (which might have many steps) from - Encapsulated PostScript® to one of the loadable formats listed above, then - it defaults to the use of ImageMagick's -\family typewriter -convert -\family default - utility. - If, after all that, LyX -\emph on -still -\emph default - cannot load the figure, then it'll tell you so with a message +\begin_layout Description +Bitmap\InsetSpace ~ +images consist of pixel values, often in a compressed form. + They are therefore not fully scalable and look pixeld in large zooms. + Well-known bitmap image formats are \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -Error converting to loadable format +Graphics Interchange Format \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - in place of an on-screen view of your figure. - If you're presented with such a message, then you'll need to augment the - list of known converters. -\end_layout + (GIF, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + -\begin_layout Standard -This strategy is used both to generate on-screen views of your image and - when generating the final document. - In the latter case, the LaTeX compiler must be supplied with graphics files - in PostScript® format. - Similarly the PDFLaTeX compiler requires files in \family typewriter -pdf +.gif \family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "GIF|see{Image formats}" + +\end_inset + , +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Portable Network Graphics +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (PNG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + \family typewriter -png +.png \family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "PNG|see{Image formats}" + +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Joint Photographic Experts Group +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (JPG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.jpg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + \family typewriter -jpeg +.jpeg \family default - format. - LyX will handle the necessary conversions behind the scenes. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Figure Floats -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Using Figure Floats -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:figurefloats" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The problem with inserting figures straight into your text is that they - might make the pagination of your document extremely awkward. - To suit the LyX mentality of automating such processes, you might find - it preferable to use -\family sans -Figure\InsetSpace ~ -Floats -\family default -, which LyX (actually, LaTeX) is free to move about your document as it - deems necessary for a good fit. - In return, LyX automates the listing of these figures and allows you to - place a caption on them, using the -\family sans -Caption -\family default - environment explained in Section\InsetSpace ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:captionlayout" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To place a -\family sans -Figure\InsetSpace ~ -Float -\family default - simply select -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Flo -\bar under -a -\bar default -t\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Figure -\family default - from the menu bar. - You will get a float without a figure in it; use the toolbar icon described - above to insert the actual figure. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float figure -placement htbp -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "fig:escher" - -\end_inset - -M.C. - Escher on acid. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps - display color - scaleBeforeRotation - rotateOrigin center - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float figure -placement htbp -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/platypus.eps - display color - scaleBeforeRotation - rotateOrigin center - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "fig:kill-plat" - -\end_inset - -A severely distorted platypus in a float. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It seems simple, but there is subtlety involved in the placement of the - caption. - If you prefer your caption to appear below the figure, then you must press - return when the cursor is at the very start of the caption, and insert - the figure in the new paragraph created above the caption; or you can delete - the caption and recreate it by selecting the -\family sans -Caption -\family default - environment after the figure has been inserted. - This is what we did for figure -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "fig:kill-plat" - -\end_inset - -. - If the cursor is in a paragraph after the caption when you insert the -\family sans -Figure -\family default - then it will be inserted after the caption, as was the case for -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "fig:escher" - -\end_inset - -. - It is preferred to use one -\family sans -Figure -\family default - per -\family sans -Float -\family default -. - This allows LyX [actually LaTeX] to best position each figure. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Right-clicking on a float opens a dialog where you can alter the placement - options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float (see -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:float-locn" - -\end_inset - -). - -\family sans -Span\InsetSpace ~ -columns -\family default - is only useful for two-column documents: if you select it, the float will - span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just - one. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This figure also shows how we place a label and create a cross-reference - to it; as you would expect from reading section -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:crossref" - -\end_inset - - you can simply insert a -\family sans -\bar under -L -\bar default -abel -\family default - in the caption and refer to it using a -\family sans -\bar under -C -\bar default -ross\InsetSpace ~ -Reference -\family default - as normal. - It is especially important to use these with figure floats, rather than - using vague references to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -the above figure, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - as LaTeX will reposition your floats for you in the final document; it - might not be -\begin_inset Quotes eld +) +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "JPG|see{Image formats}" + \end_inset -above -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - at all. - If it is not possible to fit the floats neatly on the same page as the - text which refers to it, the figures will be placed on a separate page - by themselves. - Rest assured that the overall effect is usually quite nice. +. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Note that the caption is used in a -\family sans -List\InsetSpace ~ -of\InsetSpace ~ - -\bar under -F -\bar default -igures -\family default - (as described in Section\InsetSpace ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:ListsOf" - -\end_inset - -) automatically, should you choose to include one in your document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Float Placement -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:float-locn" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Now, the whole idea behind -\family sans -Figure\InsetSpace ~ -Floats -\family default - [as well as -\family sans -Table\InsetSpace ~ -Floats -\family default -, which we introduce later] is to allow LyX to place a figure [or table] - on a page in a consistent, sensible fashion. - The rules LaTeX uses are rather arcane; refer to the LaTeX documentation - for the exact details. - You can use check boxes in the float dialog to set placement for a particular - float. - By default, each float uses the document's default placement rules. - You can change these, if you wish, in the -\family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under +\begin_layout Description +Scalable\InsetSpace ~ +images consist of vectors and can therefore be scaled to any size + without data loss. + The scaling ability is necessary if you want to create presentations, because + presentations are always scaled by the beamer. + Scaling is also useful for online documents to let the user zoom into diagrams. +\newline S -\bar default -ettings -\family default - dialog. - The -\family sans -Float\InsetSpace ~ -placement -\family default - box takes a LaTeX-style placement specification. - You can place any combination of four letters in the -\family sans -Float\InsetSpace ~ -placement -\family default - box, in any order: -\end_layout +calable image formats can be +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset -\begin_layout Itemize +Scalable Vector Graphics +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset -\family sans -h -\family default - for -\emph on -here -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -t -\family default - for -\emph on -top -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -b -\family default - for -\emph on -bottom -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -p -\family default - for -\emph on -page -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The letters correspond to the following behaviour: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Here: LyX tries to put the -\family sans -Float -\family default - at the same point in the text where you put it. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -If there isn't enough room, LyX tries one of the other three location types. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Top: LyX tries to put the -\family sans -Float -\family default - at the top of the current page. - If the figure won't fit on the current page, it goes to the next page. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Bottom: LyX tries to put the -\family sans -Float -\family default - at the bottom of the current page. - If there isn't room, it goes to the next page. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Page: LyX tries to put the -\family sans -Float -\family default - (or a number of -\family sans -Float -\family default -s) on a page of its own. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There is some subtlety to how this all works. - The order specifies what location LyX should try first. - If that one fails, it tries the next one, and so on, though + (SVG, file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -\family sans -h +\family typewriter +.svg \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - will always take precedence if it appears in the list. - The default placement list is +) +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "SVG|see{Image formats}" + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Encapsulated PostScript +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (EPS, file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -\family sans -tbp +\family typewriter +.eps \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset -: try the top of a text page first, then the bottom of a text page, then - on a page by itself. - If you want LyX to try +) +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "EPS|see{Image formats}" + +\end_inset + +, and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -really hard +Portable Document Format \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - to place the figure where you command it, precede the list with an exclamation - point; for example + (PDF, file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -\family sans -!htbp +\family typewriter +.pdf \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset +) +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "PDF" + +\end_inset + . - Here are some example entries and what they do: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -hbp -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Try putting the figure/table at its actual position in the text. - If that doesn't work, put it on the bottom of the page. - If that fails, put it on a separate page. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -!hbp -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Try really hard to put the figure/table at its actual position in the text. - Then the bottom of the page, then on a separate page. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -tp -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Put the figure/table at the top of each page. - If it's too long, put it on a separate page. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -p -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Always put figures and tables on their own page. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Subsection -XFig and -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -LyX -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -}{LyX} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -One obvious question is -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -how would I create the figures? -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - Fortunately, the answer is included in most Linux and/or LaTeX distributions. - -\family typewriter -XFig -\family default - is a powerful though slightly awkward drawing tool. - If you want to include figures that you have created with -\family typewriter -XFig -\family default - there are several ways. - We recommend the following: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Export the figure as Encapsulated PostScript. - This could be very easy included into LyX as described in the previous - sections. - The great advantage of this way is, that you have the full power of PostScript® - available. - That means Bezier curves, colors, all line thicknesses and many more. - If you have inserted text into your fig-document this will be printed with - PostScript fonts, which is OK\SpecialChar \@. - The figure can be manipulated like any other - EPS figure, as described above. - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -The only disadvantage is that you cannot create formulas as PostScript text - except by hand. - If you also need formulas or simple exponents or indices in your figure, - the next way is recommended. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -Export the figure as LaTeX. - This is just as easy to include into LyX, with the advantage that you may - use all LaTeX commands within the text inside XFig. - Therefore you have to set the -\emph on -special flag -\emph default - for text in XFig. - This is automatic if you invoke XFig with -\family typewriter -xfig\InsetSpace ~ --specialtext -\family default -. - If this is done and you have also chosen a LaTeX font you may simply write - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -$H_2$ -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in -\family typewriter -XFig\SpecialChar \@. - -\family default - If you export this figure as LaTeX and include it in LyX with -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Chil -\bar under -d -\bar default -\InsetSpace ~ -Document -\family default - (see description in -\emph on -Extended Features -\emph default -) this text will appear as -\begin_inset Formula $H_{2}$ -\end_inset - -. - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -The disadvantage of this way is that the graphical power of LaTeX isn't - as strong as PostScript®\SpecialChar \@. - You cannot use all thicknesses of lines and, more - annoyingly, not all slopes. - This is why we recommend the third way for more complex figures. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -Export the figure as LaTeX/PostScript combined. - Then -\family typewriter -XFig -\family default - [ -\family typewriter -transfig -\family default -, really] will generate two files: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -the PostScript part -\family typewriter -foo.pstex -\family default -, that contains all painting. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -the LaTeX part -\family typewriter -foo.pstex_t -\family default -, that contains all text and a link to the PostScript part. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Then you just have to include the LaTeX part as described above. - This will automatically include the PostScript part, too. + We say it can be, because you can convert any bitmap image format to PDF + or EPS and the result won't be scalable. + In this cases only a header with the image properties is added to the original + image \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard -If you get an error like -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -unknown graphics extension pstex -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - you have to declare these graphic extensions. - I think this is a -\family typewriter -transfig -\family default - bug that occurs with LaTeX2e. - Simply add a line like +In the case of PDF, the original image is additionally compressed. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\end_inset -\family typewriter - -\backslash -@namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -in the file -\family typewriter -/usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def -\family default . - Then add -\family typewriter -pstex -\family default - to the extension: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard - -\backslash -def -\backslash -Gin@extensions{eps, ps, pstex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This should fix the whole thing. - Alternatively you may export the postscript part as -\family typewriter -foo.eps -\family default - and change the LaTeX part -\family typewriter -foo.pstex_t -\family default - manually. - But this is annoying. - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - This way you have the full PostScript® and LaTeX power combined except - for the possibility to scale the figure after creating. - So if you want scalable pictures, the PostScript format is your only choice. - Another little advantage of letting LaTeX typeset the font is that the - same font will appear in your figures as in your text, which looks a little - nicer. +Normally one can't convert a bitmap image into a scalable one, only vice + versa. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Tables +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Tables" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:tables" @@ -15309,32 +13577,26 @@ name "sec:tables" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -LyX has powerful table support, but LaTeX can do many more things with tables - than LyX is currently capable of, so you might want to look at a good LaTeX - book if the features described here should turn out to be inadequate. -\end_layout +You can insert a table using either the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/tabular-insert.xpm + scale 85 -\begin_layout Standard -You can insert a table using either the table toolbar button or +\end_inset + + or the menu \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -T -\bar default -able +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Tabule \family default . A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns. - The default table has lines at the top and to the left of every cell, a - line to the right of the rightmost column and a line at the bottom of the - lowest row, forming a box around the table. - Additionally, the topmost row also has a line at the bottom, which causes - this row to appear separated from the rest of the table. - Here's an example: + The default table has lines around any cell and the first row appears separated + from the rest of the table. + This separation appears due to a double line: The cells of the first row + have a line below them and the cells of the second row have a line above + them. + Here's an example table: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -15369,7 +13631,7 @@ able \bar no \noun off \color none -12 +1 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15378,16 +13640,7 @@ able \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -45 +2 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15396,16 +13649,7 @@ able \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -98 +3 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15486,25 +13730,20 @@ B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up \size normal -\emph off -\bar no \noun off \color none -multi + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard @@ -15574,85 +13813,10 @@ The Table dialog \begin_layout Standard You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which - brings up a settings dialog. - Among these options are: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Adding/removing border lines from a row or column. - If you remove the top line from one of the rows, you'll get a dotted line - in LyX, but no line will appear in the printout. - If you set the bottom line of one row and the top line of the row below, - then the rows are separated by a small space, as you can see with the top - row in the example above. - You can do the same vertically if you set the right line of a column and - the left line of the column to the right. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Text alignment in a column -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Appending rows and columns -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Deleting rows, columns, or the entire table -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Multicolumn -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Setting a fixed width for a column -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Longtable options - this is useful if your table is higher than the paper. - Then the table is split on the bottom of the page and continued on the - next one, instead of running of the end of the page. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Rotate the whole table or a single cell sideways, by 90 degrees -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also use the menu to perform these operations. - Try -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\family default -\bar under -T -\family sans -\bar default -able -\family default - or -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Rows& -\bar under -C -\bar default -ols -\family default - when the cursor is inside a table. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Most of these options also work on selections. + brings up the table dialog. + Here you can adjust the settings of the cell and row/column respectively + where the cursor is placed currently. + Most of the dialog options also work on selections. This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is done on all of your selection. Note that there is a difference between selecting the @@ -15660,211 +13824,115 @@ Most of these options also work on selections. contents \emph default of the cell, and the cell itself. - If you can see a red border inside a cell, then a selection will select - the contents. - If you press + If you can see a red border inside a cell, you only selected the cell content. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the tab \family sans -Escape +Table\InsetSpace ~ +Settings \family default - or click outside of the box, then the selection will select cells (whether - you use the mouse or the normal cursor-movement keys). + you can delete the current row/column and set the horizontal alignment + for the current row. + If you add a row or column, it will be inserted right beside or below the + current cell respectively. + The vertical alignment of a column can only be adjusted when a column width + is given. + A given width will allow the cell to have linebreaks and multiple paragraphs + of text, see sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Table-Cells" + +\end_inset + +. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -When you append a row, it is added -\emph on -below -\emph default - the row containing the cursor. - Similarly, columns are appended to the -\emph on -right -\emph default - of the cursor. - This makes it difficult to add columns on the left edge of a table without - a lot of cutting and pasting. - Deletion is always performed on the row or column containing the cursor. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The multicolumn option merges two or more adjacent cells on a given row. - For example, in the above table, row -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -B -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - has had multicolumn applied to the columns labelled -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -45 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -98. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - To use it, you must first select the cells, then choose +You can mark multiple cells of one row as a multicolumn cell using the check + box \family sans Multicolumn \family default - from the menu. - This will not work vertically - see the Table Examples document for how - to do this. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also use -\family sans -Multicolumn -\family default - if you need to have a special handling for a single table cell's top and - bottom border lines and text alignment. - Here an example of this special handling of a cell: +. + This will merge the cells to +\emph on +one +\emph default + cell, spread over more than one column. + Multicolumn cells are treated as own rows, so that the alignment, width, + and border settings affect only the multicolumn cell. + Here's an example table with a multicolumn cell in the first row and one + in the last row without the upper border: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - - - + + + + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* +abc \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -x +def ghi \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -y +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +jkl \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman -\series bold +\series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none -point a & b -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -103 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -9 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -point b & a +A \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15873,52 +13941,7 @@ point b & a \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -599 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -340 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -point abc +B \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15927,15 +13950,7 @@ point abc \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -1009 +C \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15944,52 +13959,27 @@ point abc \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -52 +D \end_layout \end_inset - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -point abcd -\end_layout - -\end_inset - \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard +1 +\end_layout -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -96 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +2 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15998,15 +13988,16 @@ point abcd \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard +3 +\end_layout -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -11 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +4 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -16020,501 +14011,327 @@ point abcd \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You see here that the header line cells are aligned to the center, whereas - the left column is aligned to the left, and the other columns are aligned - to the right. - Also the bottom and top line of two cells have been removed. -\begin_inset Note Note -status open +At the moment LyX doesn't support multirow cells. + Adept users can declare special LaTeX-arguments for the table. + They are necessary for special table formatting, like for multirow cells, + explained in the tables section of the +\emph on +Extended\InsetSpace ~ +Features +\emph default + manual. + You can also rotate the current cell or the whole table 90 +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + +degrees counterclockwise. + These rotations are not visible in LyX but in the output. + Note, that most DVI-viewers are +\emph on +not +\emph default + able to display rotations. +\end_layout \begin_layout Standard -I can make nothing of this explanation. - An improvement would be nice :) - jbl +The +\family sans +Borders +\family default + tab allows you to add and delete border lines for the current row/column. + The button +\family sans +Default +\family default + adds lines for all cell borders. \end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection +Longtables +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Tables ! Longtables" + \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -If you want your column to have a fixed width, then you can insert a width - in the +If the table is too long to fit on one page, you can use the option \family sans -Width +Use\InsetSpace ~ +long\InsetSpace ~ +table \family default - input-field of the + in the tab \family sans -Table +Longtable \family default - dialog. - This will then allow the cell to have multiple paragraphs of text. + of the table dialog to split the table automatically over more pages. + Doing this enables some check boxes and you can now define: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Header +\family default +: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options + defined, are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable; + except for the first page, if +\family sans +First\InsetSpace ~ +header +\family default + is defined. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +First\InsetSpace ~ +header +\family default +: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options + defined, are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Footer +\family default +: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options + defined, are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable; + except for the last page, if +\family sans +Last\InsetSpace ~ +footer +\family default + is defined. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Last\InsetSpace ~ +footer +\family default +: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options + defined, are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -If your table becomes too large to fit on a portrait document layout, you - can select the +You can also specify a row where the table is splitted. + If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware + of the fact that only the first one is used in the given table row. + The others will then be defined as +\emph on +empty +\emph default +. + In this context, first means first in this order: \family sans -Rotate\InsetSpace ~ -90° +Footer, Last\InsetSpace ~ +footer, \family default - button, and the table will appear sideways (this means landscape in a portrait - document style). - You might also like to rotate single table cells to give them more horizontal - space. - The example below demonstrates why it is useful to rotate single cells. -\end_layout + +\family sans +Header, +\family default + +\family sans +First\InsetSpace ~ +header. -\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on -Note: -\emph default - This -\family sans -Rotate\InsetSpace ~ -90° \family default - option will -\emph on -not -\emph default - display on screen, and works -\emph on -only -\emph default - for PostScript output. - So, if you want to preview them, use -\family sans -\bar under -V -\bar default -iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Pos -\bar under -t -\bar default -script -\family default -, as -\family sans -\bar under -V -\bar default -iew -\bar under -\SpecialChar \menuseparator -D -\bar default -VI -\family default - will not show the table properly. + See the following longtable to see how it works: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Description +\series bold +Example Phone List (ignore the names) \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Flag 1 \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Flag 2 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Flag 3 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Flag 4 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Flag 5 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Flag 6 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Flag 7 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Flag 8 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Flag 9 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Flag 10 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Total \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Desc.\InsetSpace ~ -1 +\series bold +NAME \end_layout \end_inset + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +TEL. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Example Phone List +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +NAME +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +TEL. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +continue ... +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* +\series bold +Annovi \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* +Silvia \end_layout \end_inset @@ -16523,190 +14340,29 @@ Desc.\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -7 +111 \end_layout \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Desc.\InsetSpace ~ -2 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard +\series bold +Bertoli \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* +Stefano \end_layout \end_inset @@ -16715,199 +14371,29 @@ Desc.\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -9 +111 \end_layout \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Desc.\InsetSpace ~ -3 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* +\series bold +Bozzi \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - +Walter \end_layout \end_inset @@ -16916,190 +14402,29 @@ Desc.\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -8 +111 \end_layout \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Desc.\InsetSpace ~ -4 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* +\series bold +Cachia \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* +Maria \end_layout \end_inset @@ -17108,126 +14433,860 @@ Desc.\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -6 +111 \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Total +\series bold +Cachia \end_layout \end_inset - + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Maurizio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\size normal -\noun off -\color none +\series bold +Cinquemani +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Giusi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Colin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Bernard +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Concli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Gianfranco +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Dal Bosco +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Carolina +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Dalpiaz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Annamaria +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Feliciello +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Domenico +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Focarelli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Paola +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Galletti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Oreste +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Gasparini +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Franca +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Rizzardi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Paola +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Lassini +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Giancarlo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Malfatti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Luciano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Malfatti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Valeriano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Meneguzzo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Roberto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Mezzadra +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Roberto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Pirpamer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Erich +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Pochiesa +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Paolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111, 222 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Radina +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Claudio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Stuffer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Oskar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Tacchelli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Ugo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Tezzele +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Margit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Unterkalmsteiner +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Frieda +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Vieider +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Hilde +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Vigna +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Jürgen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Weber +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Maurizio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Winkler +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Franz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard @@ -17245,20 +15304,994 @@ Total \end_inset - + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Annovi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Silvia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Bertoli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Stefano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Bozzi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Walter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Cachia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Maria +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Cachia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Maurizio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Cinquemani +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Giusi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Colin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Bernard +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Concli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Gianfranco +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Dal Bosco +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Carolina +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Dalpiaz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Annamaria +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Feliciello +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Domenico +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Focarelli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Paola +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Galletti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Oreste +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Gasparini +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Franca +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Rizzardi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Paola +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Lassini +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Giancarlo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Malfatti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Luciano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Malfatti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Valeriano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Meneguzzo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Roberto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Mezzadra +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Roberto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Pirpamer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Erich +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Pochiesa +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Paolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555, 222 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Radina +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Claudio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Stuffer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Oskar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Tacchelli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Ugo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Tezzele +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Margit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Unterkalmsteiner +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Frieda +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Vieider +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Hilde +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Vigna +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Jürgen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +999 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Weber +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Maurizio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Winkler +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Franz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +End +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -30 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -17272,17 +16305,26 @@ Total \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -What can be placed inside a table cell? +Table Cells +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Tables ! Cells" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Table-Cells" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Many objects can be placed inside a table cell. - Any single line of text, an equation (not a displayed or multilined equation, - though), or a figure can be in a cell; in fact, all three kinds of objects - can be placed in the same cell. - Font sizes and shapes can be altered, and the table will adjust to display - them properly. - However, you can't put a special environment in a cell (like +A table cell can contain text, inline equations, a figure, or another table. + All these kinds of objects can be placed in the same cell. + Font sizes and shapes can also be altered. + But you can't put a special environment in a cell (like \family sans Section* \family default @@ -17290,419 +16332,11 @@ Section* for the cell's paragraph. \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Cut & Paste in Tables -\end_layout - \begin_layout Standard -Cutting and pasting between tables works reasonably well. - You can cut and paste even more than one row. - Selection with the mouse or with -\family sans -Shift -\family default - plus the arrow keys works as usual. - The values in the second table below were cut and pasted from the first, - using the mouse to select and paste. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -1 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -2 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -3 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -4 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -5 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -6 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -7 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -8 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -9 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -1 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -2 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -3 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -4 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -5 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -6 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -7 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that you can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit - by starting the selection from outside the table. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Multiple lines in cells -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is possible to have multi-line entries in tables, but not in a completely - WYSIWYM manner. - Define a fixed length for the column in the -\family sans -Table -\family default - dialog. - After this, your text is automatically split into more lines and the cell - enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given fixed - length. +To have multi-line entries in table cells, you have to declare a fixed width + for the column in the table dialog. + Your text is then automatically split into multiple lines and the cell + is enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given width. An example: \end_layout @@ -17947,133 +16581,133 @@ This is a multiline entry in a table. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Text within a cell will not normally wrap to fit the page, so if a line - of text in a table is too long, the table will extend beyond the right - margin of the page. - Similarly, tables will not split themselves at the bottom of a page, and - so might extend below the bottom margin. - You have these options to resolve this problem: +Cutting and pasting between tables and table cells works reasonably well. + You can cut and paste even more than one row. + Selection with the mouse or with +\family sans +Shift +\family default + plus the arrow keys works as usual. + You can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting + the selection from outside the table. \end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate -Split it into two tables. -\end_layout +\begin_layout Section +Floats +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Floats" -\begin_layout Enumerate -Select the -\family sans -Longtable -\family default - button in the -\family sans -Table -\family default - dialog. - This automatically splits the table over more pages, if it is too tall. - After doing this, the list of -\family sans -Longtable -\family default - buttons activate themselves and you may now define: -\end_layout +\end_inset -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans -First\InsetSpace ~ -header -\family default -: The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options - defined are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable. -\end_layout +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Floats" -\begin_layout Enumerate +\end_inset -\family sans -Header -\family default -: The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options - defined are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable; - except for the first page, if -\family sans -First\InsetSpace ~ -header -\family default - is defined. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -Footer -\family default -: The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options - defined are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable; - except for the last page, if -\family sans -Last\InsetSpace ~ -footer -\family default - is defined. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -Last\InsetSpace ~ -footer -\family default -: The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options - defined are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware - of the fact that only the first flag is used in the given table rows. - The others will then be defined as -\emph on -empty -\emph default +A float is a block of text associated with some sort of label, which doesn't + have a fixed location. + It can +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +float +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best. + +\family sans +Footnotes +\family default + and +\family sans +Margin\InsetSpace ~ +Notes +\family default + are also floats, because they can float to the next page when there are + too much notes at the page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Floats makes it possible to get a high quality layout. + Images and tables can evenly be spread to the pages to avoid whitespace + and pages without text. + As the floating often destroys the context between the text and the image/table +, every float can be referenced in the text. + Floats are therefore numbered. + Referencing is described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + . - In this context, first means first in this order: -\family sans -Footer, Last\InsetSpace ~ -footer, -\family default - -\family sans -Header, -\family default - -\family sans -First\InsetSpace ~ -header. - -\family default - See the -\family typewriter -TableExamples.lyx -\family default - example file to see how this works. - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The check box in the long table options can be used to specify specific - rows to break the page on as well. +To insert a float, use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Floats +\family default +. + A box with a caption that has e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +g.\InsetSpace ~ +the label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Figure\InsetSpace ~ +#: +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (# is the actual number) will be inserted into your document. + The label will automatically be translated to the document language in + the output. + Behind the label you can insert the caption text. + The image or table is inserted above or below the caption in a separate + paragraph within the float. + To keep your LyX-document readable, you can open and close the float box + by left-clicking on the box label. + A closed float box looks like this: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/floatQt4.png + scale 80 + +\end_inset + + -- a gray button with a red label. \end_layout -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -A table can also be placed in a float, as described below, which will allow - TeX to place it as well as it can within the page. +\begin_layout Standard +It is recommended to insert floats as a separate paragraph to avoid possible + LaTeX-errors that can occur when the surrounding text is specially formatted. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Table Floats +Float Types +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Figure Floats +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Floats ! Figure floats" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:table float" +name "sec:Figure-Floats" \end_inset @@ -18081,67 +16715,91 @@ name "sec:table float" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Outside of a float, the table will be positioned exactly where it is placed - in the document. - Using a +The menu \family sans -\shape up -Tabl -\bar under -e -\bar default -\InsetSpace ~ -Float +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Figure \family default -\shape default - from the -\family sans -\shape up -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Flo -\shape default -\bar under -a -\shape up -\bar default -t -\family default -\shape default - menu will enable LaTeX to place the table where it fits best, rather than - exactly where you insert it. - Float placement for table floats is similar to that for figure floats -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:figurefloats" - + inserts a float with the label +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -, and is described in section + +\series bold +Figure\InsetSpace ~ +#: +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Set the cursor behind this label, press enter and insert the image as described + above to get the caption printed below the image. + This is what we did for Figure\InsetSpace ~ + \begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:float-locn" +reference "cap:kill-plat" \end_inset . - Captions also work the same way as with figure floats, as described in - section + If you want the caption to be above the image, set the cursor at the end + of the caption, press enter and insert the image. + This was done in Figure\InsetSpace ~ + \begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:figurefloats" +reference "cap:escher" \end_inset . - Table -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "table:a table float" +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/platypus.eps + display color + width 50col% + rotateOrigin center \end_inset - is an example of a table float. -\begin_inset Float table -placement htbp + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cap:kill-plat" + +\end_inset + +A severely distorted platypus in a float. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure wide false sideways false status collapsed @@ -18151,7 +16809,229 @@ status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "table:a table float" +name "cap:escher" + +\end_inset + +M.C. + Escher on acid. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps + display color + scale 80 + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This figure float show also how to set a label and create a cross-reference + to it. + As described in section\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +, you can simply insert a label in the caption using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\family default + and refer to it using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross-Reference +\family default +. + It is important to use references to figure floats, rather than using vague + references like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +the figure above +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, because as LaTeX will reposition the floats in the final document; it + might not be +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +above +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + at all. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally one inserts only one image to a figure float, but sometimes you + might want to use two images with separate subcaptions. + This can be done in the graphics dialog: Right-click on an image and go + to the tab +\family sans +Extra\InsetSpace ~ +options +\family default + in the appearing dialog, use the option +\family sans +Subfigure +\family default +, and enter the subcaption for the image in the now enabled caption field. + Figure\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + is an example of a figure float with two images set side by side. + You can also set the images one below the other. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps + width 45col% + subcaption + subcaptionText "Undefinable structure" + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/platypus.eps + lyxscale 60 + width 45col% + subcaption + subcaptionText "Platypus" + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + +Two distorted images. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that the caption is added to the +\family sans +List\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +Figures +\family default + as described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:ListsOf" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Table Floats +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Floats ! Table floats" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Table-Floats" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Table floats can be inserted using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\family default +. + They have the same properties as figure floats except of the different + label. + Table\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:a table float" + +\end_inset + + is an example of a table float. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cap:a table float" \end_inset @@ -18359,13 +17239,13 @@ c & d\end{array}\right]$ \end_inset - + \end_layout -\begin_layout Section -Table of Contents and other Listings -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:toc" +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Algorithm Floats +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Floats ! Algorithm floats" \end_inset @@ -18373,152 +17253,295 @@ name "sec:toc" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -One of the really nice features of LaTeX is the ease with which it lets - you create various +This float type is inserted with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Algorithm +\family default +. + It is used for program codes and descriptions of algorithms. + A possible environment for algorithms is the +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LyX-Code" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that the float label is not automatically translated into the document + language. + You have to do this manually by adding the following line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +floatname{algorithm}{your\InsetSpace ~ +name} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +to the document preamble (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +). + +\series bold +your\InsetSpace ~ +name +\series default + is the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -Lists, + +\emph on +algorithm +\emph default + \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - such as a Table of Contents. - All you need to do is to use certain environments and insert a reference - at the place where you want the list to appear. + in your language. \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -The Table of Contents -\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Text Wrap Floats +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Floats ! Text Wrap Floats" -\begin_layout Standard -In order to get a Table of Contents, you need to do four things: -\end_layout +\end_inset -\begin_layout Enumerate -Use a document class that includes support (all but -\family typewriter -letter -\family default -). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate -Set paragraph environments appropriately: -\family sans -Chapter -\family default -, -\family sans -(Sub...) Section -\family default -, -\family sans -(Sub...), Paragraph -\family default -. - Note that styles with a -\family sans -* -\family default -, like -\family sans -Section* -\family default -, will -\emph on -not -\emph default - appear in the Table of Contents. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Make sure you set the -\family sans -\bar under -S -\bar default -ection\InsetSpace ~ -number\InsetSpace ~ -depth -\family default - and -\family sans -\bar under -T -\bar default -able\InsetSpace ~ -of\InsetSpace ~ -contents -\family default -. -\family sans -\InsetSpace ~ -depth -\family default - in the -\family sans -Document\InsetSpace ~ -Layout -\family default - dialog to the appropriate value as described in -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:section-depth" +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:floatflt" \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate -Insert the ToC command at some place in the document. - You'll find it under -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -List\InsetSpace ~ -/\InsetSpace ~ -T -\bar under -O -\bar default -C\SpecialChar \menuseparator +\begin_layout Standard +This float type is used if you want to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +wrap +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + text around a figure so that it only occupies some fraction of the column + width. + It can be inserted using the menu +\begin_inset Wrap figure +placement l +width "40col%" +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/mobius.eps + display color + width 40col% + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + -\bar under -T -\bar default -able\InsetSpace ~ -of\InsetSpace ~ -Contents -\family default -. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You can also bring up a dialog for navigating through your document with +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cap:This-is-a" + +\end_inset + +This is a wrapped figure, and this is the brilliant caption that describes + it +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + \family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -T -\bar default -able\InsetSpace ~ -of\InsetSpace ~ -Contents +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text\InsetSpace ~ +Wrap\InsetSpace ~ +Float \family default + if the LaTeX-package +\series bold +floatflt +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX-packages ! floatflt" + +\end_inset + + is installed. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Installing a LaTeX-package is explained it in the +\emph on +LaTeX\InsetSpace ~ +Configuration +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + The width and placement of the float is adjusted by right-clicking on the + float box. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:This-is-a" + +\end_inset + + is an example Text\InsetSpace ~ +wrap float with a width of 40 +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + +col%. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Available units are explained in Appendix\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + . \end_layout +\end_inset + + Some space was added under the caption to separate it better from the surroundi +ng text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The LaTeX-package +\series bold +floatflt +\series default + also supports table wrap floats, but they are not yet supported by LyX. + If you need this, read the documentation of +\series bold +floatflt +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "floatflt" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Text\InsetSpace ~ +wrap float floats might be fragile! E.g. + having a figure too close to the bottom of the page can mess things up + in the way that the float doesn't appear in the output or that it is placed + over some other text. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +The better solution is to use the LaTeX-package +\series bold +wrapfig +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX-packages ! wrapfig" + +\end_inset + + instead of +\series bold +floatflt +\series default + but it is currently not supported by LyX. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + In general: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Wrap floats should not be placed in paragraphs that run over a page break. + That means that wrap floats should better be inserted to the exact place + when the document is nearly ready and you are able to estimate where page + breaks will appear. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Wrap floats should either be placed in an own paragraph before the paragraph + where they should wrap into or within a paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Wrap floats in consecutive paragraphs may cause troubles, so assure that + there is a text paragraph between them as separator. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Wrap floats are not allowed in section headings or tables. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Subsection -List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms +Rotated Floats \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:ListsOf" +name "sub:Rotated-Floats" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Floats ! Rotating" \end_inset @@ -18526,146 +17549,626 @@ name "sec:ListsOf" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents. - You can insert them from the +Especially for wide tables you might have floats rotated. + To rotate a whole float including the caption, right-click on the float-box + and use the option \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -List\InsetSpace ~ -/\InsetSpace ~ - -\bar under -T -\bar default -OC +Rotate\InsetSpace ~ +sideways \family default - submenu. - If you want figures, tables, or algorithms to appear in the list, you must - place them inside a float of the relevant type and add a caption. +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Rotated floats are always placed on its own page (or column, when you have + a two-column document). + They are normally rotated so that you can read them from the outside margin + (They are rotated to the left in a two-sided document when they are on + a page with an even number). + Forcing their rotation direction is not yet supported by LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Referencing rotated floats is the same like for normal floats, the caption + format is also the same: Table\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Rotated-table" + +\end_inset + + is an example of a rotated table float. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[tablesleft]{rotating} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Not all DVI-viewers are able to display rotated floats. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways true +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cap:Rotated-table" + +\end_inset + + Rotated table +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +test +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +b +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +c +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +d +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Float Placement +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Float-Placement" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Floats ! Placement" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Right-clicking on a float-box opens a dialog where you can alter the placement + options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float. +\newline +The option +\family sans +Span\InsetSpace ~ +columns +\family default + is only useful for two-column documents: If you select it, the float will + span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just + one. +\newline +The option +\family sans +Rotate\InsetSpace ~ +sideways +\family default + is used to rotate floats, see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Rotated-Floats" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can use one ore more of the following options in the float dialog to + set the placement for a particular float when you uncheck the option +\family sans +Use\InsetSpace ~ +default\InsetSpace ~ +placement +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Here\InsetSpace ~ +if\InsetSpace ~ +possible: try to place the float on the position where it is inserted +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Top\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +page: try to place the float on the top of the current page +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Bottom\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +page: try to place the float on the bottom of the current page +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Page\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +floats: try to place the float on an own page +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The order of the above option is +\emph on +always +\emph default + used by LaTeX. + That means, if you use the default placement, LaTeX will first try out + +\family sans +Here\InsetSpace ~ +if\InsetSpace ~ +possible +\family default +, then +\family sans +Top\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +page +\family default +, and then the others. + If you don't use the default, LaTeX will try only the checked options but + in the same order. + If none of the 4 placements are possible the procedure is internally repeated + but it is tried to put the float on the following page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +By default, each options has its own rules: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Top\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +page +\family default + only floats occupying less than 70\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +% of the page can be placed at the top + of a page +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Bottom\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +page +\family default +: only floats occupying less than 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +% of the page can be placed at the bottom + of a page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Page\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +floats +\family default +: only if more than 50\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +% of the page are occupied by floats, several floats + can be set together on a page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you don't like these rules, you can ignore them by using the additional + option +\family sans +Ignore\InsetSpace ~ +LaTeX\InsetSpace ~ +rules +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes you might need, under all circumstances, a float to be placed + exactly at the position where it is inserted. + For this case you can use the option +\family sans +Here\InsetSpace ~ +definitely +\family default +. + Use this option very rarely and only if the document is nearly ready to + be printed. + Because the float is then no longer able to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +float +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + when you change your document and this will often destroy the page layout. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are no placement options for text wrap floats, because they are always + surrounded by the text of a certain paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For more details about float placements, have a look at LaTeX books like + +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Minipages +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Minipages" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LaTeX provides a mechanism to produce essentially a page within a page, + called minipage. + Within a minipage, all the usual rules of indentation, line wrapping, etc.\InsetSpace ~ +apply. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Minipages in LyX have their own collapsable box inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Box +\family default +. + Right-clicking on the box allows you to alter the width of the minipage + and its alignment within the page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Box Frameless +position "t" +hor_pos "c" +has_inner_box 1 +inner_pos "t" +use_parbox 0 +width "30col%" +special "none" +height "1pt" +height_special "totalheight" +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + +\shape italic +This is a minipage. + The text is set in an italic style. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\shape italic +Minipages are often used for text in another language or text that needs + another formatting. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +If you place two minipages side-by-side, you can use +\family sans +Horizontal Fills +\family default + as described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Box Frameless +position "t" +hor_pos "c" +has_inner_box 1 +inner_pos "t" +use_parbox 0 +width "1.5in" +special "none" +height "1pt" +height_special "totalheight" +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text. + This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Box Frameless +position "t" +hor_pos "c" +has_inner_box 1 +inner_pos "t" +use_parbox 0 +width "1.5in" +special "none" +height "1pt" +height_special "totalheight" +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text. + This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter -Mathematical Formulae +Mathematical Formulas +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Formulas | see{Math}" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cha:Mathematical-Formulas" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Section Basic Math Editing +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Basics" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon with -\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math-mode.xpm + \end_inset - on it. - That will open a little blue square, with purple markers around it, on - the corners. - That blue square is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate what - level of nesting within the formula you are at. +. + That will create a little blue rectangle, with purple markers around its + corners. + That blue rectangle is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate + what level of nesting within the formula you are at. You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert -\bar under -\SpecialChar \menuseparator -M -\bar default -ath +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math \family default - menu; or you can use a keyboard macro, -\family sans -M-c\InsetSpace ~ -m -\family default -, -\family sans -M-m\InsetSpace ~ -m -\family default -, or -\family sans -C-m -\family default - (CUA binding only). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you simply need to type a single Greek letter, such as -\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset - -, there is a special shortcut. - Just type -\family sans -M-m\InsetSpace ~ -g\InsetSpace ~ -a -\family default - to get -\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset - -, -\family sans -M-m\InsetSpace ~ -g\InsetSpace ~ -b -\family default - to get -\begin_inset Formula $\beta$ -\end_inset - -, etc. + menu. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Editing the parameters of a formula may be done from the \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -M -\bar default -ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\InsetSpace ~ -Pane -\bar under -l +Panel \family default -\bar default - dialog, by +, that appears when you right-click on a formula (also available with the + menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\InsetSpace ~ +Panel +\family default +), or via the menu \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math \family default -, or by clicking the right mouse button on the formula. +. The math panel is very useful, so you may want to open it and leave it somewhere on the screen. If you're not already in a formula, selecting anything from the math panel will insert a formula for you. \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Navigating a Formula +\begin_layout Standard +There are two main types of formulas: Inline formulas appear within a text + line, like this one: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The best control over cursor position within an existing formula is achieved - with the arrow keys. - Mathed uses small squares to indicate places where something can be inserted. +This is a line with an inline formula +\begin_inset Formula $A=B$ +\end_inset + + in it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Displayed formulas appear outside the text like as they were in an own paragraph +, like this one: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +A=B\] + +\end_inset + +You can only number and reference displayed formulas. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX supports also many LaTeX math commands. + E.g. + typing +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +alpha +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, followed by a space, in a formula will create the greek letter +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +. + So typing commands might sometimes be faster than using the +\family sans +Math\InsetSpace ~ +Panel +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Navigating in Formulas +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Navigating" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The best control over the cursor position within an existing formula is + achieved with the arrow keys. + LyX uses small rectangles to indicate places where something can be inserted. The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula. Pressing \family sans Space \family default - will leave a fraction or other formula construct (a square root + will leave a formula construct (a square root \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$ \end_inset @@ -18698,7 +18201,39 @@ Tab \family sans Space \family default - seems to do nothing in Mathed, since it does not in fact add a space between +, printed in this document as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +This command will appear in the output as official character denoting the + space character (visible space). +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, seems to do nothing in a formula, since it does not add a space between characters, but it does exit a nested structure. For this reason, you have to be careful about using \family sans @@ -18710,49 +18245,56 @@ Space \end_inset , type -\family typewriter +\series bold \backslash sqrt -\family sans -\InsetSpace ~ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\family default -then -\family sans -Space -\family default -, then -\family sans -\InsetSpace ~ +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\family typewriter 2x+1 -\family default -, not -\family typewriter +\series default + and not +\series bold \backslash sqrt -\family sans -\InsetSpace ~ -Space\InsetSpace ~ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\family typewriter 2x -\family sans -\InsetSpace ~ -Space\InsetSpace ~ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\family typewriter -+ -\family sans -\InsetSpace ~ -Space\InsetSpace ~ +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter -1 -\family default + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++1 +\series default , since in the latter case only the \family typewriter @@ -18761,13 +18303,11 @@ Space\InsetSpace ~ \family default - will be under the square root sign, + will be under the square root sign: \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$ \end_inset . - For those who learned to space out expressions in this way, it takes a - little unlearning. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -18777,7 +18317,7 @@ You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled \left(\begin{array}{ccc} \lambda_{1}\\ & \ddots\\ - & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right).\] + & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right)\] \end_inset @@ -18798,40 +18338,94 @@ Shift and a cursor movement key to select text. It will be highlighted as with regular text selection. Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way. - That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula - (not in a plain text region in LyX, though). + That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula, + but not in a normal text region in LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +The Math Panel +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Math Panel" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:math-panel" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Math\InsetSpace ~ +Panel +\family default + dialog is accessible by right-clicking on a formula or via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default +. + It has an extensive list of symbols and structures. + As stated earlier, you can keep the math panel open when writing mathematics. + The use of the panel should be fairly obvious; we'll describe some of the + details in the following sections. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Exponents and Subscripts +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Exponents" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Subscripts" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You can use the math panel to add superscripts or subscripts, but the much - easier way is to use the standard TeX method. +You can use the math panel to add super- or subscripts, but the much easier + way is to use a command. To get \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$ \end_inset -, type (in Mathed) -\family typewriter +, type in a formula +\series bold x^2 -\family default - then -\family sans -Space -\family default +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default . The final \family sans Space \family default - puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression, instead of - in the superscript. + puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression. If you type -\family typewriter +\series bold x^2y -\family default +\series default , you will get \begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$ \end_inset @@ -18841,38 +18435,86 @@ x^2y \end_inset , type -\family typewriter +\series bold x^2 -\family default - then +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +y +\series default +. + If you use characters in the superscript, that could be accented with the + hat +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, you have to use an extra \family sans Space \family default - then -\family sans -\InsetSpace ~ + to separate the hat and the character. + E.g. + if you want +\begin_inset Formula $x^{a}$ +\end_inset -\family typewriter -y -\family default +, type +\series bold +x^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +a +\series default . - Subscripts are similar, to get + Subscripts are similar: To get \begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$ \end_inset -, type (in Mathed) -\family typewriter +, type +\series bold a_1 -\family sans -\InsetSpace ~ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\family default -then -\family sans -Space -\family default +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default . - Note that by default, the superscript or subscript is only for the single +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that by default, the superscript or subscript is only for the single symbol to the left, which changes the spacing and alignment; you should read section \begin_inset LatexCommand ref @@ -18884,40 +18526,38 @@ reference "sec:Grouping" \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Fractions +Fractions +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Fractions" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Create a fraction with either -\family typewriter +Create a fraction with either the command +\series bold \backslash frac -\family default - (in Mathed) or using the fraction icon in the +\series default + or using the icon +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math/frac.xpm + scale 60 + +\end_inset + + in the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel -\family default - dialog or the -\family sans -\bar under -M -\bar default -ath -\family default - menu item -\family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -raction \family default . - You will be presented with an empty fraction, with two Mathed insertion - squares top and bottom. - The cursor moves immediately to the top of the fraction. - To move to the bottom, simply press + You will be presented with an empty fraction. + The cursor is above the fraction line. + To move it to the bottom, simply press \family sans Down \family default @@ -18939,7 +18579,75 @@ Up \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Sums and Integrals +Roots +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Roots" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Roots can be created using the +\family sans +Math\InsetSpace ~ +Panel +\family default + button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math/sqrt.xpm + +\end_inset + + or the commands +\series bold + +\backslash +sqrt +\series default + or +\series bold + +\backslash +root +\series default +. + With the command +\series bold + +\backslash +root +\series default + you can produce roots of higher orders, like cube roots, while +\series bold + +\backslash +sqrt +\series default + produces always a square root. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Operators with Limits +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Sums" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Integrals" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Operators-with-Limits" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -18951,18 +18659,10 @@ Sum ( \begin_inset Formula $\int$ \end_inset -) signs are very often decorated with one or more sets of -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -limits -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. +) operators are very often decorated with limits. These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter - a superscript or subscript, directly after the symbol. - Sum will automatically place its + a super- or subscript, directly after the symbol. + The sum operator will automatically place its \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -18970,49 +18670,39 @@ limits \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - over and under the symbol in display style, but will move them to the side - when inlined, such as + over and under the symbol in displayed formulas, and on the side in inline + formulas. + Such as \begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$ \end_inset -, versus -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Standard -We haven't yet explained what display vs. - inline means... -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln\left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right).\] - -\end_inset - -Integral signs, however, will not by default move the limits to directly - over and under the integral sign in display style, as in -\begin_inset Formula $\int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt:=F(x)$ -\end_inset - , versus \begin_inset Formula \[ -\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi.\] +\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e\] \end_inset -Both symbols will be automatically re-sized when placed in display mode. - In display mode, the placement of the limits (directly above and below, - or offset to the right from the sign) can be changed by placing the cursor - in front of the sign and hitting +Integral signs, however, will place the limits on the side in both formula + types. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All operators with limits will be automatically re-sized when placed in + display mode. + The placement of the limits can be changed by placing the cursor directly + behind the operator and hitting \family sans M-m l +\family default + or using the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change\InsetSpace ~ +Limits\InsetSpace ~ +Type \family default . - Exactly what change occurs depends on the sign. - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -19024,7 +18714,13 @@ moving limits \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - feature as addition, such as + feature as addition, such as +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Limits" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset Formula \[ \lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\] @@ -19042,140 +18738,178 @@ lim \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - in display mode, but not in inlined mode, + in display mode. + In inline formulas it looks like this: \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$ \end_inset . - Note that the -\begin_inset Formula $\lim$ -\end_inset +\end_layout - was entered as a function - you get it in LyX by typing -\family typewriter +\begin_layout Standard +Note that the lim-function was entered as the function macro +\series bold \backslash lim -\family default - in math-mode, or choosing from the -\begin_inset Quotes eld +\series default +. + Have a look at sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset -functions -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - menu in the math panel; see \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:math-functions" \end_inset -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Special integral symbols -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Standard LaTeX does only provide a very limited set of integral symbols. - Therefore several packages implement additional symbols, e.g.\InsetSpace ~ -moredimensional - integrals like -\begin_inset Formula $\iint$ -\end_inset - - ( -\family typewriter - -\backslash -iint -\family default -). - Unfortunately they do not always look consistent, e.g.\InsetSpace ~ -the -\family typewriter - -\begin_inset Formula $\iint$ -\end_inset - - ( -\backslash -iint) -\family default - symbol from the -\family typewriter -wasysym -\family default - package looks like -\family typewriter - -\begin_inset Formula $\varint$ -\end_inset - - ( -\backslash -varint -\family default -), not -\family typewriter - -\begin_inset Formula $\int$ -\end_inset - - ( -\backslash -int -\family default -). - Therefore you should enable the automatic loading of the -\family typewriter -esint -\family default - package in -\family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings -\family default - if you need special integrals. - This package defines a complete set of consistent looking integral symbols. - You can find most of them in the math panel. - This document does use the -\family typewriter -wasysym -\family default - package instead of the -\family typewriter -esint -\family default - package, because the latter is not yet included in all TeX distributions, - so you can see the different looking integral symbols using -\family sans -\bar under -V -\bar default -iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -D -\bar default -VI -\family default -. + for an explanation of function macros. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -The Math Panel +Math Symbols +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Symbols" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Most math symbols can be found in the +\family sans +Math\InsetSpace ~ +Panel +\family default + under one of several categories; including +\family sans +Greek +\family default +, +\family sans +Operators +\family default + , +\family sans +Relations +\family default +, +\family sans +Arrows +\family default +. + There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical + Society (AMS). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you know the LaTeX-command for a construct or symbol you wish to use, + you don't have to use the +\family sans +Math\InsetSpace ~ +Panel +\family default +, but can type the command directly into the formula. + LyX will convert it to the corresponding symbol or construct. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Altering Spacing +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Spaces" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You may want to create spaces that differs from the standard spacing that + LaTeX provides. + To do this, type +\family sans +C-Space +\family default + or to use the +\family sans +Math\InsetSpace ~ +Panel +\family default + button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math/space.xpm + +\end_inset + +. + This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen. + Here a example for the sequence +\series bold +a C-Space b +\series default +: +\begin_inset Formula $a\, b$ +\end_inset + + (appears in LyX as +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/SpaceMarker.png + +\end_inset + +). + You can change the space to different sizes when you set the cursor behind + the space marker and hit space again several times. + With every space hit the size will be changed. + Some markers for the space size appear red in LyX, because they are a negative + spaces. + Here two examples: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +a C-Space b +\series default + and 3× +\family sans +Space +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +a C-Space b +\series default + and 5× +\family sans +Space +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula $a\! b$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Functions +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Functions" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:math-panel" +name "sec:math-functions" \end_inset @@ -19186,188 +18920,9 @@ name "sec:math-panel" The \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ - -\bar under -P -\bar default -anel +Panel \family default - dialog (accessible via -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -M -\bar default -ath -\family default -) has a more extensive list of symbols and structures. - As stated earlier, you can keep the math panel open when writing mathematics. - The use of the panel should be fairly obvious; we'll describe some of the - details in later sections. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that right-clicking on a formula opens the panel as well. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Other Math Symbols -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Most math symbols can be found in the math panel under one of several categories -; including -\family sans -Greek -\family default - -\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$ -\end_inset - -, -\family sans -operators -\family default - -\begin_inset Formula $\pm\times$ -\end_inset - -, -\family sans -relations -\family default - -\begin_inset Formula $\leq\cong$ -\end_inset - -, -\family sans -arrows -\family default - -\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow\Leftrightarrow$ -\end_inset - -, -\family sans -large\InsetSpace ~ -operators -\family default - -\begin_inset Formula $\sum\int$ -\end_inset - -, and the dreaded -\family sans -miscellaneous -\family default -. - There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical - Society (AMS). - If you know the standard LaTeX macro for a particular symbol you which - to use, you do not have to use these dialogs, but they will help for those - symbols whose LaTeX name you do not know. - Note that the AMS symbols will not be displayed as symbols in LyX unless - you install the right fonts as described in the relevant manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is possible to get an nth root symbol. - In the minibuffer, type -\family typewriter -math-insert root -\family default -. - This generates a root symbol with an extra box above the root sign. - Use -\family sans -Up -\family default - and -\family sans -Down -\family default - to move between the two boxes. - You can also use the key binding -\family sans -M-m-r -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Altering spacing -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You may want to create blank spaces that differs from the standard spacing - that LaTeX provides. - We don't recommend this as a matter of course, since the whole idea of - WYSIWYM is that you don't think about the typesetting, but the content. - However, there are situations where you will want to add spaces. - The first thing to do is to type -\family sans -C-Space -\family default -. - This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen within - LyX: -\begin_inset Formula $a\, b$ -\end_inset - -. - The next trick is to change that space to different sizes. - -\emph on -Before -\emph default - you move the cursor, after typing -\family sans -C-Space -\family default -, if you hit -\family sans -Space -\family default - again, you will change the size of the space, through a number of variable - sizes. - The last ones in the list are red, and are a negative space. - For example: -\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$ -\end_inset - -, or -\begin_inset Formula $a\! b$ -\end_inset - -. - You can also insert these spaces via the math panel. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Math functions -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:math-functions" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The math panel contains a number of -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -functions -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, such as + contains a number of functions, such as \begin_inset Formula $\sin$ \end_inset @@ -19380,87 +18935,124 @@ functions etc \emph default . - (you can type them in a formula by typing -\family typewriter + (you can also insert them in a formula by typing +\series bold \backslash sin -\family default - etc). - Standard mathematical practice is that functions which are names, like - -\begin_inset Formula $\sin$ -\end_inset - -, should not be italicized. - Entering just the letters +\series default + etc.). + Standard mathematical practice is, that functions are printed upright to + avoid confusions, because \begin_inset Formula $sin$ \end_inset - within Mathed will give italics, of course, so these special macros are - available. - They do more to the final output than just change the typeface, however. - For example, the expression -\begin_inset Formula $\sin t$ + does normally mean +\begin_inset Formula $s·i·n$ \end_inset - will typeset with a little extra space between the n and the t. - For words which are more sophisticated mathematical objects, like -\begin_inset Formula $\lim$ +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Using the function macros will also produce correct spacing around the function: + +\begin_inset Formula $a\sin x$ \end_inset -, the macro changes the way that subscripts are placed, depending on whether - the math-inset is inlined or displayed: -\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L$ + is different from +\begin_inset Formula $asinx$ \end_inset - versus -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L.\] + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For some mathematical objects, like the limes, the macro changes the way + that subscripts are placed, like described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Operators-with-Limits" \end_inset -These two expressions were typed the same way, but using the macro -\family typewriter - -\backslash -lim -\family default - alters the appearance (actually, it is the inlined version that is altered, - to improve linespacing). +. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Accents +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Accents" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text mode. This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use. - You can also use TeX macro equivalents, as macros. - That is, you can enter + You can also use LaTeX commands to e.g. + enter \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ \end_inset - to get the same effect if your keyboard does not have accents enabled. - This is entered by typing -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter + even if your keyboard doesn't have hat-accents enabled. + Our example is entered by typing +\series bold \backslash -hat a -\family default +hat +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout -\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - in Mathed. - These are the equivalences between the text names and the macro names for - the various accents: +a +\series default + in a formula. + Table\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Accent-names-and" + +\end_inset + + shows the equivalences between the accent names and the commands. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cap:Accent-names-and" + +\end_inset + +Accent names and the corresponding commands. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -19476,16 +19068,7 @@ hat a \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -text +Name \end_layout \end_inset @@ -19494,16 +19077,7 @@ text \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -math +Command \end_layout \end_inset @@ -19512,7 +19086,7 @@ math \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - +E \family roman \series medium \shape up @@ -19521,7 +19095,7 @@ math \bar no \noun off \color none -example +xample \end_layout \end_inset @@ -19551,14 +19125,9 @@ circumflex \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\series bold + +\backslash hat \end_layout @@ -19610,14 +19179,9 @@ grave \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\series bold + +\backslash grave \end_layout @@ -19669,14 +19233,9 @@ acute \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\series bold + +\backslash acute \end_layout @@ -19728,14 +19287,9 @@ umlaut \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\series bold + +\backslash ddot \end_layout @@ -19787,14 +19341,9 @@ tilde \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\series bold + +\backslash tilde \end_layout @@ -19846,14 +19395,9 @@ dot \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\series bold + +\backslash dot \end_layout @@ -19905,14 +19449,9 @@ breve \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\series bold + +\backslash breve \end_layout @@ -19964,14 +19503,9 @@ caron \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\series bold + +\backslash check \end_layout @@ -20023,14 +19557,9 @@ macron \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\series bold + +\backslash bar \end_layout @@ -20063,16 +19592,7 @@ bar \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none ---- +vector \end_layout \end_inset @@ -20082,14 +19602,9 @@ bar \begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\series bold + +\backslash vec \end_layout @@ -20122,258 +19637,134 @@ vec \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Finally, you can choose one of these accents by selecting an item from the - +You can choose one of the accents by selecting an item from the \family sans -Decorations +Frame\InsetSpace ~ +decorations \family default symbol set in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have made within a formula too. \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -The math editor for LaTeX users -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Editing mathematical expressions in LyX can be done in one of two ways. - You can use the native LyX support for rendering the formulae in a WYSIWYM - fashion. - LaTeX users might like to be able to use the keyboard to enter things like - -\family typewriter -$ -\backslash -alpha$ -\family default - (this gets, in ordinary TeX, an -\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset - - in the final document), believing that it is faster than chasing around - menus for a symbol. - Here's a testimonial of one of those old LaTeX users, -\noun on -David Johnson: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quotation -I was finally convinced that the math editor was the way to go when I found - that, with a few modifications, I could use it the same way I was accustomed - to writing TeX. - As an example, I created this -\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset - - by typing the following keys: First type -\family sans -M-c\InsetSpace ~ -m -\family default - to enter -\family typewriter -math-mode -\family default -, then type -\family typewriter - -\backslash -alpha -\family default - , then -\family sans -Space -\family default - and -\family sans -Esc -\family default -. - As soon as I typed that -\family sans -Space -\family default - the -\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset - - was right there on the screen. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -M-c\InsetSpace ~ -m -\family default - sequence inserts a formula (you may also use -\family sans -C-m -\family default - or -\family sans -M-m\InsetSpace ~ -m -\family default -), the -\family typewriter - -\backslash -alpha -\family default - is of course the standard TeX command for a Greek alpha letter, and the - -\family sans -Esc -\family default - leaves the formula. - Some of the advantages of this approach are: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -You have immediate visual feedback to be sure your TeX was correct -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -You have the real mathematical expression on the screen, correctly displayed, - to make sure your mathematics is correct (correctly written, at least) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -All the new LaTeX fuss with special environments and such are taken care - of by LyX, not you -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -You won't have to chase through the code trying to find that missing -\family sans -$ -\family default - or extra -\family sans -{ -\family default - any more -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -If you don't remember the LaTeX name of a particular symbol, like -\begin_inset Formula $\wp$ -\end_inset - -, you can find it in the dialogs -\end_layout - \begin_layout Section -Brackets and decorations +Brackets and Delimiters +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Brackets" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Delimiters" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are several brackets available through LyX. For most purposes, using just the keys \family typewriter -[{]}()| -\backslash -<> +[]{}()|<> \family default - should suffice, but the effect, especially if you want to surround a large - structure, such as a matrix or a fraction, or if you have several layers - of brackets, is better using the math panel's + should suffice. + But if you want to surround a large structure, like a matrix or a fraction, + or if you have several layers of brackets, is better using \family sans -Delimiter +Math\InsetSpace ~ +Panel \family default - dialog [see sec. - -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:math-panel" +'s delimiter icon +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math/delim.xpm \end_inset -]. +. For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard - matrix such as : + matrix such as: \begin_inset Formula \[ \left[\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2\\ -3 & 4\end{array}\right],\] +3 & 4\end{array}\right]\] \end_inset -and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses of an abomination - such as: +and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses as in: \begin_inset Formula \[ \frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\] \end_inset -or: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -f\left(g\left(h\left(k\left(l\left(x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right).\] -\end_inset - -The parentheses, and other brackets, from that menu will automatically re-size - to accommodate the size of what is inside (This is done in straight LaTeX - by -\family typewriter - -\backslash -left( blah -\backslash -right) -\family default - ). - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -It is very easy to construct the braces you want to use. - Click on the brace you want on the left side with the left mouse button, - the right side with the right button, and place them in the document by - clicking on the button. +The parentheses, and other brackets from that menu will automatically re-size + to accommodate the size of what is inside. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To construct brackets click on the button for the bracket you want on the + left side and right side. + If you use the option +\family sans +Keep\InsetSpace ~ +matched +\family default +, the selected bracket type will be used for the left and the right side. + The selection will be shown below the button field. If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button. - It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will print. + It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will be printed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -If you decide after the fact to place parentheses (or other math structure, - like a square root, or other decoration) around some math structure, you - can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go inside - the parentheses (that is done by holding the +If you want to place brackets around math structures, like a square root, + you can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go + inside the brackets. + Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on \family sans -Shift -\family default - key down and moving the cursor with the arrow keys, or selecting with the - mouse). - Then, choose the appropriate brackets for left and right, and click on - -\family sans -Apply +Insert \family default . The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -If you're trying to enter a LaTeX -\family typewriter -{ -\family default - for grouping, you should read -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Grouping" - +The next section explains how to insert a LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -. +{ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for grouping. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Grouping +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Grouping" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Grouping" @@ -20397,7 +19788,7 @@ x^{y^z} \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \[ -{x^{y}}^{z}\quad\mathrm{differs\; from}\quad x^{{y^{z}}}\] +^{z}\quad\mathrm{differs\; from}\quad x^{y^{z}}\] \end_inset @@ -20405,67 +19796,154 @@ x^{y^z} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -However, trying to type the -\family typewriter -} -\family default - in LyX gives an actual closing brace in the output. - To create this grouping, you need to use the key sequence -\family typewriter +To create this grouping, you need to use the key sequence +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold \backslash { -\family default +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + then type space. Inside LyX, you will see red braces indicating the grouping. - The example directly above shows how this works. + Within this braces you insert the grouped structure. + The grouping braces won't appear in the output in contrary to normal braces. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Arrays and Multi-line Equations +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Arrays" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Matrices" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Multi-line Equations" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Arrays, such as matrices, are easily entered in LyX. - In the +Matrices are entered in LyX using the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default - there is a matrix button, which will open a dialog for you to choose the - number of rows/columns. + matrix button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math/matrix.xpm + +\end_inset + +. + It will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns. Here is an example: \begin_inset Formula \[ \left(\begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 2 & 3\\ 4 & 5 & 6\\ -7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right).\] +7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right)\] \end_inset -The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as usual. - Remember that you can add this after the fact, by highlighting the matrix - inside Mathed (Position the mouse on one side of the matrix, hold the +The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters" + +\end_inset + +. + When you construct the matrix, you can decide whether the column entries + will be left-, right-, or center-justified. + This alignment is set in the box \family sans -Shift +Horizontal \family default - key down, and hit the appropriate arrow key to move the cursor across the - matrix). - You can, when you construct the matrix, decide whether the columns (or - some of them) will be left-, right-, or center-justified. - The specification is -\family typewriter -ccc + with the letters +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +l \family default - by default. - Each letter corresponds to the relevant column. - For example, -\family typewriter -lcr + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +r \family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +c +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LyX proposes a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +c +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for every column as default. + For example, the sequence +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +lrc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be - centered, and the third column will be right-justified.. - It will look like this: + centered, and the third column will be right-justified, because each letter + corresponds to the relevant column. + The result will look like this: \begin_inset Formula \[ \begin{array}{lcr} this & this\, column & this\, column\\ @@ -20482,66 +19960,75 @@ You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting \family sans C-Enter \family default - while in the matrix, and you can add columns, or delete either, via the - + while the cursor is in the matrix. + Adding or deleting columns can be done via the menu \family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -M -\bar default -ath +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math \family default - and -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Rows& -\bar under -C -\bar default -ols -\family default - menus. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are numerous other arrays used in LaTeX math-mode, particularly with - the AMS-LaTeX packages included, such as -\family typewriter - -\backslash -cases -\family default - and commutative diagrams. - Not all of these are supported in LyX but some are, see -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Mat -\bar under -h -\family default -\bar default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Multi-line equations are very easy to construct in LyX. - A formula will automatically switch to an -\family typewriter -\series medium -eqnarray +There are other arrays used in formulas, such as distinctions of cases. + It can be created with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cases\InsetSpace ~ +Environment \family default + or the command +\series bold + +\backslash +cases \series default - format (LaTeX's multi-line displayed equation format) if you hit +. + Here an example: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\begin{cases} +-1 & x<0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +1 & x>0\end{cases}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +Multi-line formulas are created when you press +\family sans +\series medium +C-E +\series default +nter +\family default + within a formula. + In an empty formula you can see that three blue boxes appear, one for each + column. + When you press +\family sans +\series medium +C-E +\series default +nter +\family default + in a non-empty formula, the part before the relation sign (equal sign +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + etc.) will be inserted automatically to the first column, the relation sign + is in the second column, and the rest in the third column. + A new row is created by every further hit of \family sans \series medium C-E @@ -20549,349 +20036,427 @@ C-E nter \family default . - The best way to do this, if you decide you want a multi-line displayed - equation, is to insert a new line (with -\family sans -\series medium -C-Enter -\family default -\series default -) immediately. - Each line then has three regions, left, center, and right, which you can - move through using either the arrow keys, the mouse, or the -\family sans -\series medium -Tab -\family default -\series default - key. + Multi-line formulas are always displayed formulas. Here is an example: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} -3 & = & 1+2\\ -4+5 & = & 9.\end{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +a^{2} & = & (b^{2}+c^{2})(b^{2}-c^{2})\nonumber \\ +a & = & \sqrt{b^{4}-c^{4}}\label{eq:asquared}\end{eqnarray} \end_inset -You can also turn an existing displayed formula into a multi-line formula - by hitting -\family sans -\series medium -C-Enter -\family default -\series default - while the cursor is anywhere on the original formula. - However, LyX will -\emph on -not -\emph default - try to decide where to break the formula up into three parts, but places - everything in the left side of the line. - To change the alignment points of the equation, place the cursor where - you want to start the middle part of the line, and hit + To change the column assignment of the formula parts, place the cursor + where you want to start the shift and hit \family sans C-Tab. \family default - It then puts everything to the right of the cursor in the middle region - of the equation (which, by the way, is not typeset by LaTeX in display-math - size, so you should not put large expressions like fractions there). - Move to where you want the right side of the line to begin, and hit -\family sans -C-Tab + It shifts everything in the column which is right beside the current cursor + position to the next column. + Note that the middle column is designed for relation signs, structures + within this column will be printed in a smaller size: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B}\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The multi-line formula type described here is called +\family typewriter +\series medium +eqnarray \family default - again. - The +\series default +. + There are other multi-line types being more suitable for certain situations, + for example if you want a better inter-line spacing than in formula ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "eq:asquared" + +\end_inset + +). + The other types are described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:AMS-Formula-Types" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Formula Numbering and Referencing +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Formula numbering" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Referencing formulas" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Formula-Numbering-and" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To number a formula, set the cursor in the formula and use the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Toggle\InsetSpace ~ +Numbering +\family default + or the shortcut +\family sans +M-m\InsetSpace ~ +n +\family default +. + The formula number appears in LyX as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -extra +# \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - insertion points in the line will disappear. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Equation Numbering and Labels -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:math-label" - + within parentheses. + The +\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Equation numbering is very easy in LyX. - All it takes to change a displayed equation like: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -1+2=3\] - -\end_inset - -into the numbered equation : -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -1+2=3\label{mathed:first-eqn}\end{equation} - -\end_inset - -is to go to the -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert -\family default - menu, and select the -\family sans -\bar under -L -\bar default -abel... - -\family default - option. - This opens a dialog in which you must enter some string as the label. - There is no need to call it by a specific number, since LaTeX will take - care of re-numbering the equation. - Labels will not appear as such on the final output. - LaTeX will insert appropriate numbers for the equations. - The labels are used internally for cross-referencing. - You can turn on numbering without a specific label with the menu option - -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -M -\bar default -ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Toggle\InsetSpace ~ - -\bar under -N -\bar default -umbering -\family default - while the cursor is in the equation, such as: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -1+1=2.\end{equation} - -\end_inset - -You can toggle it on or off with this menu item. - You can reference a labelled (not just numbered) equation, (cf. - ( -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "mathed:first-eqn" - -\end_inset - -)) by using the -\family sans -Cross-Reference -\family default - dialog, which you open using -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -C -\bar default -ross-Reference... -\family default -\InsetSpace ~ -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -For numbered (or labelled) multi-line formulas, the default is that all - lines are numbered separately. - Once you attach a label to make the equation numbered, all subsequent lines - receive a label of #. - That label can be changed to another so that you can refer to that line, - like ( -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "mathed:third-eqn" - -\end_inset - -) below. -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} -1 & = & 3-2\label{mathed:second-equation}\\ -2 & = & 4-2\label{mathed:third-eqn}\\ -4 & \leq & 7.\end{eqnarray} - -\end_inset - -You can turn off numbering of a specific line with -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -M -\bar default -ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Toggle\InsetSpace ~ - -\bar under -n -\bar default -umbering\InsetSpace ~ -of\InsetSpace ~ -line -\family default - while the cursor is on that line of a multi-line numbered equation. - This also toggles. - For example : -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} -1 & = & 4-3\label{mathed:fourth-eqn}\\ -2 & = & 7-5\\ -1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\nonumber \\ -16 & \equiv & 2\,(mod\,7)\label{mathed:fifth-eqn}\end{eqnarray} - -\end_inset - -Note that the first equation in this set ( -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "mathed:fourth-eqn" - -\end_inset - -) is labelled, the next is numbered but unlabelled, the third is unnumbered, - and the last ( -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "mathed:fifth-eqn" - -\end_inset - -) is again labelled. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -User defined macros in math mode -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX allows the user to define macros for use in math mode. - A macro definition box appears on screen as purple box with the name of - the macro in blue (math color). - It contains two cells initially marked empty by blue rectangles that can - be edited as if it were ordinary math. - Just try it: -\begin_inset FormulaMacro -\newcommand{\macro}{a+b} -\end_inset - - The contents of the first cell will be used when the macro definition is - written during export as LaTeX. - The contents of the second cell, however, will be used for drawing the - macro's expansion on screen. - In the common case where both export and drawing use the same representation, - the second cell can be left empty and LyX will use the contents of the - first cell will be used for export and drawing automatically. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Now, to use this macro in other math boxes just type the name in TeX mode, - in this case -\family typewriter - -\backslash -macro -\family default -, and it will be automatically expanded: -\begin_inset Formula $c=\macro$ -\end_inset - -. - As you can verify, the cursor can't go inside the macro, the whole macro - is like a single character, and the TeX generated code of this expression - is -\family typewriter -c = -\backslash -macro. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -However the cursor could go inside of some kind of macros, those that have - -\emph on -arguments -\emph default -. - In a macro definition box an argument looks like a -\family typewriter # -\family default - followed by the argument number: -\begin_inset FormulaMacro -\newcommand{\macrowarg}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1}} +\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset + denotes, that the number will be calculated automatically when the output + is generated. + The placement and format of the formula number in the output depends on + the document class. + In this document the number is printed together with the chapter number, + separated by a dot: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +1+1=2\end{equation} +\end_inset + +Using +\family sans +M-m\InsetSpace ~ +n +\family default + in a numbered formula will switch off the numbering. + You can only number displayed formulas. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Once expanded, this macro includes the usual empty rectangle to indicate - that you can insert there whatever you want: -\family typewriter +Multi-line formulas can be numbered line by line: Using the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Toggle\InsetSpace ~ +Numbering\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +Line +\family default + or the shortcut +\family sans +M-m\InsetSpace ~ +N +\family default + will only toggle the numbering of the line where the cursor is in: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +1 & = & 3-2\\ +2 & = & 4-2\nonumber \\ +4 & \leq & 7\end{eqnarray} -\backslash -macrowarg = -\begin_inset Formula $\macrowarg{}$ \end_inset - +To number all lines use the shortcut +\family sans +M-m\InsetSpace ~ +n \family default . - Example: -\begin_inset Formula $b=\macrowarg{x-2}$ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +Every displayed formula can be referenced by its number using a label. + A label is inserted with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\family default + when the cursor is in the formula. + This opens a dialog to enter the label. + It is recommended to use the proposed +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +eq: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + as first part of the label, because this helps later to identify the label + type when you have many labels in your document. + We inserted in the following example the label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +eq:tanhExp +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the second line: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +\tanh(x) & = & \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\nonumber \\ + & = & \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2x}-1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1}\label{eq:tanhExp}\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +Every labeled line is automatically numbered. + Therefore the label is shown in LyX at the place of the formula number + placeholder +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +# +\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . + You can reference a labeled formula using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross\InsetSpace ~ +Reference +\family default +. + A dialog appears to choose a label you want refer to. + The reference appears in LyX as grey cross reference box and in the output + as the formula number: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a cross-reference to equation ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "eq:tanhExp" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The properties of LyX's cross-reference box are described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +. + To delete a label, set the cursor in the labeled formula, use the menu -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When exported to LaTeX, a macro definition will produce the command -\newline - -\family typewriter - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -macrowarg}[1]{2+ -\backslash -sqrt{#1}} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -How to create macros -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To create a macro definition box use this syntax in the minibuffer: +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\family default + and delete the label in the appearing dialog. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard -Macro names mustn't contain numbers! +This is a unintuitive and will be fixed in the next version of LyX. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +User defined math macros +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Macros" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX allows you to define macros for formulas. + For example we assume that solutions of the quadratic equation often occur + in our document in various forms and we want to create a macro to print + them. +\newline +The general form of a quadratic equation is: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q\] + +\end_inset + +The general form of its solution is: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The macro should print the parameters +\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $p$ +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Formula $q$ +\end_inset + + like in the equation above. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A macro is created by executing the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +math-macro +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Name +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Number\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +Arguments +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +in the minibuffer at the bottom of the LyX screen. + Name is the name of the new macro which mustn't contain numbers. + The number of arguments can be a number in the range 1-9. + If you want to define a macro without arguments, don't declare the number + of arguments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We have three arguments and name the macro +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +qE +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, so that the command is: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +math-macro +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +qE +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +3 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This results in the following macro definition box: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/macrobox.png + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\newcommand{\qE}[3]{#1_{1,\,2}=-\frac{#2}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#2^{2}}{4}-#3}} +{\textrm{qE: }#1\textrm{ , }#2\textrm{ , }#3} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +The first box is an image to show the behaviour in the output. + The second one is the definition box, that doesn't appear in the output. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -20900,115 +20465,184 @@ Macro names mustn't contain numbers! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard - -\family typewriter -math-macro [number of arguments] -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -For example, -\family typewriter - -\backslash -macro -\family default - was created with +The first blue box is for the definition, where you insert the formula via + the math panel or commands. + The placeholder for the arguments are inserted as a backslash and sharp + followed by the argument number, e.g. + \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -\family typewriter -math-macro macro -\family default +\backslash +#1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for the first argument. + Placeholders will be displayed in red. + The second blue box is for the appearance in LyX. + This is useful when you have a large structure that shouldn't be displayed + in LyX with its full size. + If you want to see the macro as it is defined, leave the box blank. + In our example we insert the sequence +\newline + +\series bold +qE: +\backslash +#1 +\series default + +\series bold +, +\series default + +\series bold + +\backslash +#2 +\series default + +\series bold +, +\series default + +\series bold + +\backslash +#3 +\newline + +\series default +The macro will then be shown as the macro name followed by the three arguments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To use the macro in a formula, type its name as command, in our case +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +qE +\series default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset +. + The macro is inserted with boxes for the arguments looking similar to this: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/macrouse.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The arguments are inserted in the blue boxes. + If the cursor is outside the macro, the arguments are put in the macro. + To change the arguments, put the cursor in the formula before or after + the macro and press the right or left arrow key respectively. + The arguments appear now again below the macro definition. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you change the macro definition all macros are changed automatically + to the new definition. + Here an example of our macro with the arguments +\begin_inset Formula $x$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$ +\end_inset + , and -\family typewriter +\begin_inset Formula $B$ +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\qE{x}{\ln(y)}{B}\] -\backslash -macrowarg -\family default - was created with -\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -\family typewriter -math-macro macrowarg 1 -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To insert an argument mark (only inside a macro definition box) simply type +When the document is exported to LaTeX, the macro definition will be inserted + as the command: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +qE}[3]{#1_{1, +\backslash +,2}=- +\backslash +frac{#2}{2} +\backslash +pm \newline -\family typewriter -# -\family default - or use -\family typewriter -math-macro-arg -\end_layout +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed \begin_layout Standard -The argument mark in -\family typewriter + \backslash -macrowarg -\family default - was introduced with -\begin_inset Quotes eld +hphantom{ +\end_layout + \end_inset -\family typewriter -math-macro-arg 1 -\family default +\backslash +newcommand +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout -\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset -. + +\backslash +sqrt{ +\backslash +frac{#2^{2}}{4}-#3}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You can use no more than 9 arguments, numbered from 1 to 9. - An argument can be repeated inside the macro definition box, but of course - can be edited only once. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -How to navigate in macros -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -With\InsetSpace ~ -the\InsetSpace ~ -arrow\InsetSpace ~ -keys: Opening a macro from the left side will put the cursor - in the first argument, to move to the second argument use the TAB key. - Remember that pressing the Space bar will get the cursor out and at the - right side of the macro. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -With\InsetSpace ~ -the\InsetSpace ~ -mouse: As usual, click on the desired argument box. - Sometimes this fails if the box is empty or too small. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Currently it is only possible to define command macros, but not environment +The command is not inserted in the document preamble. + That means you can only use macros in formulas that are below the macro + definition box in your document. + There are also some other restrictions: The command +\backslash +newcommand supports optional arguments, which are not available in LyX's macros. + You can also not change subsequently the name of the macro and the number + of arguments. + \end_layout \begin_layout Section @@ -21017,17 +20651,58 @@ Fine-Tuning \begin_layout Subsection Typefaces +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Typefaces" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You can use various typefaces in a formula. - The standard font for text is italic, -\begin_inset Formula $text$ +The standard font for text is italic, for numbers the standard is roman. + To set a font in a formula, use the +\family sans +Math\InsetSpace ~ +Panel +\family default + button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math/font.xpm + \end_inset -, but for numbers the standard is Roman. - To set a font in a formula, choose it from the math panel, or by entering - the LaTeX command for it directly, as follows: +, or enter its command, listed in table\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Typefaces-and-the" + +\end_inset + +, directly. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cap:Typefaces-and-the" + +\end_inset + +Typefaces and the corresponding commands. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -21051,7 +20726,7 @@ Font \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -LaTeX Command +Command \end_layout \end_inset @@ -21081,7 +20756,7 @@ LaTeX Command \begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\series bold \backslash mathrm @@ -21108,7 +20783,7 @@ mathrm \begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\series bold \backslash mathbf @@ -21135,7 +20810,7 @@ mathbf \begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\series bold \backslash mathit @@ -21168,7 +20843,7 @@ mathit \begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\series bold \backslash mathtt @@ -21182,7 +20857,7 @@ mathtt \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$ \end_inset @@ -21195,7 +20870,7 @@ mathtt \begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\series bold \backslash mathbb @@ -21222,7 +20897,7 @@ mathbb \begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\series bold \backslash mathfrak @@ -21256,7 +20931,7 @@ mathfrak \begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\series bold \backslash mathcal @@ -21283,9 +20958,9 @@ mathcal \begin_layout Standard -\backslash +\series bold -\family typewriter +\backslash mathsf \end_layout @@ -21299,65 +20974,105 @@ mathsf \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -LaTeX's math mode does not support all characters in all fonts, and only - letters will be supported with these font styles; some only support capital - letters. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -For any of these fonts, you have to be careful how you enter the text. - If there is text to the right of the entry point, the font reverts to that - style after one character. - To be able to type a string in a particular font, make sure there is a - protected-space to the right of the cursor. - Also, entering a protected-space will revert subsequent text to standard - font. - The font styles are nestable, as LaTeX does. - This can be a little confusing, as selecting a different font on a selection - will -\emph on -not -\emph default - change the selection, but insert a new nested level with the new typeface. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is possible (in AMS-LaTeX) to embolden (not italicize) numbers and special - symbols. - However, LyX does not yet support this in WYSIWYM manner\SpecialChar \@. - It will print - correctly, though. - To get emboldened symbols, for example a bold -\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ \end_inset -, enter -\family typewriter -\backslash -boldsymbol{ -\backslash -alpha} -\family default - in Mathed. - The closing brace appears (in red) automatically when you type the opening - brace. - This works for all symbols, as well as numbers. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -A number of other options are available as well, via +Note that you can only print capital letters in the typefaces \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Mat -\bar under -h -\bar default -\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Blackbold +\family default + and +\family sans +Calligraphic +\family default +. + When you use a typeface, a blue box is inserted in the formula. + Every character in this box will be printed in this typeface. + Pressing +\family sans +Space +\family default + within the box, will set the cursor outside, so that you have to use a + protected space when you need a space in the box. + Here an example where a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +N +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\family sans +Blackbold +\family default + denotes the set of numbers: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\sqrt{x}\:;\: x\in\mathbb{N}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The typefaces are nestable, which can cause confusion. + You can e.g. + put a character in +\family sans +Fraktur +\family default + in a box for +\family sans +Typewriter +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{abc\mathfrak{d}e}$ +\end_inset + + +\newline +So better don't use this feature. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The typefaces have no effect on greek letters: +\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{abc\delta e}$ +\end_inset + + +\newline +You can only print them emboldened using the command +\series bold + +\backslash +boldsymbol +\series default +, which works like the other typeface commands: +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha\beta\gamma\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +boldsymbol +\series default + works for all symbols, letters, and numbers. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A number of other font options are available as well, in the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Font\InsetSpace ~ Change \family default @@ -21365,54 +21080,49 @@ Change \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Math Text Mode -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Typefaces are useful for entering variable names in some given font, but - certainly not for anything else, and in particular not text. - For typing longer pieces of text, use math text mode, which is obtained - by typing -\family sans -M-m m -\family default - while already in math mode. - (The same command will get out of math text mode, too.) Math text mode appears - on the screen in black instead of blue. - You cannot enter punctuation or font changes in your text -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -Moreover, math text mode outputs its contents inside a -\family typewriter - -\backslash -textrm{} -\family default -, whereas -\family typewriter - -\backslash -mbox -\family default - or AMS-LaTeX's -\backslash - -\family typewriter -text -\family default - might have been a better choice -\end_layout +Math Text +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Text" \end_inset -, but it works for simple text. - Here's an example: + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Typefaces are useful for entering some characters in some given font, but + not for text. + For typing longer pieces of text use the math text, which is obtained using + the entry +\family sans +Normal\InsetSpace ~ +text\InsetSpace ~ +mode +\family default + of the +\family sans +Math\InsetSpace ~ +Panel +\family default + button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math/font.xpm + +\end_inset + + (alternatively the shortcut +\family sans +M-m\InsetSpace ~ +m +\family default +). + Math text appears in LyX in black instead of blue. + You can use spaces and accents in math text like in normal text. + Here is an example: \begin_inset Formula \[ -f(x)=\begin{array}{cc} +f(x)=\begin{cases} x & \textrm{if I say so}\\ --x & \textrm{otherwise}\end{array}\] +-x & \textrm{unter Umständen}\end{cases}\] \end_inset @@ -21421,81 +21131,79 @@ x & \textrm{if I say so}\\ \begin_layout Subsection Font Sizes +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Font sizes" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -There are four (relative) font sizes (or -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -styles -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) used in math-mode, which are automatically chosen in most situations. +There are four font styles (relative sizes) used in math-mode, which are + automatically chosen in most situations. These are called -\emph on +\family sans textstyle -\emph default +\family default , -\emph on +\family sans displaystyle -\emph default +\family default , -\emph on +\family sans scriptstyle -\emph default +\family default , and -\emph on +\family sans scriptscriptstyle -\emph default +\family default . For most characters, -\emph on +\family sans textstyle -\emph default +\family default and -\emph on +\family sans displaystyle -\emph default +\family default are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts, - and certain other effects, are set larger or placed differently in -\emph on + and certain other structures, are set larger in +\family sans displaystyle -\emph default +\family default . - Except for some operators, which re-size themselves to accommodate various - situations, all text will be set in these various sizes as LaTeX thinks - is appropriate. - These choices can be over-ridden by using the math panel button + Except for some operators, which resize themselves to accommodate various + situations, all text will be set in the styles as LaTeX thinks is appropriate. + These choices can be overridden by using the math panel button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math/style.xpm - scale 70 \end_inset . + A box for the size will be created in which you can insert the math structure. For example, you can set \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ \end_inset - normally ( -\emph on +, which is normally in +\family sans textstyle -\emph default -), or you can make it larger, which also changes the line-spacing, by using - -\emph on +\family default +, larger in +\family sans displaystyle -\emph default -. - Then a new box will appear in the formula where you can insert the fraction: - +\family default +: \begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$ \end_inset . - Here are some text in the various styles: + The four styles are used in the following example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$ \end_inset @@ -21515,19 +21223,17 @@ displaystyle \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that is, if the whole math - inset and surrounding text are set in a particular size, all these sizes - will be adjusted. +All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that means, if the whole math + inset is set in a particular size with the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text\InsetSpace ~ +Style +\family default +, all sizes in the formula will be adjusted relative to this size. Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts will be adjusted to correspond. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\size largest -Here is a paragraph in + As example a formula in the font size \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -21535,26 +21241,38 @@ largest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - font, with symbols: -\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset - -. +: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -This applies to math fonts in titles, etc. - as well. + +\family roman +\size largest +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{e}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}$ +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Section AMS-LaTeX +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "AMS math" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! AMS" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The American Mathematical Society (AMS) provide a LaTeX packages that are - in common use. - LyX includes some support for these packages. +LyX supports the packages provided by the American Mathematical Society + (AMS) that are in common use. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -21562,54 +21280,41 @@ Enabling AMS-Support \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In the -\family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings -\family default - dialog there is a checkbox, +Selecting the checkbox \family sans Use\InsetSpace ~ AMS\InsetSpace ~ -Math +math\InsetSpace ~ +package \family default -. - If selected, this will include the AMS-package in the document, and make - the facilities available. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -AMS-Symbols -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The AMS-LaTeX packages add support for some mathematical symbols that are - not accessible from plain LaTeX (or LyX), but are fairly common in mathematical - typesetting, such as the old-German Fraktur font and the stylized -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -blackboard bold -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - fonts commonly used to denote the real or complex numbers, or the integers. - Once activated, all AMS-LaTeX symbols and environments are available. - You will run into trouble if you include these packages from the preamble, - since LyX now defines a few of the macros used in these packages on its - own. - The AMS-layouts include these packages automatically. + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog under +\family sans +Math\InsetSpace ~ +Options +\family default + will include the AMS-packages in the document, and make the facilities + available. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection AMS-Formula Types +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:AMS-Formula-Types" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Math ! Multi-line Equations" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -21635,9 +21340,7 @@ gather multline \family default . - Refer to the AMS-documenta\SpecialChar \- -tion for the differences between these formula - types. + We refer to the AMS-documentation for an explanation of these formula types. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter @@ -21646,8 +21349,14 @@ More Tools \begin_layout Section Cross-References +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Cross references" + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:crossref" +name "sec:Cross-References" \end_inset @@ -21655,269 +21364,493 @@ name "sec:crossref" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Those of you reading this manual online will see a grey box with text in - it, right before the beginning of this sentence. - This is a +One of LyX's strengths are cross-references. + You can reference every section, float, footnote, formula, and list in + the document. + To reference a document part, you have to insert a label into it. + The label is used as anchor and name for the reference. + We want for example refer to the the second item of the following list: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +First item +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "enu:Second-item" + +\end_inset + +Second item +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Third item +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +First we insert a label into the second item with the menu \family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Label \family default -. - Properly speaking, it is one half of a cross-reference. - The other half is the -\family sans -Reference -\family default - proper, and it looks like this: -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:crossref" + or the by pressing the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/label-insert.xpm + scale 85 \end_inset . - Again, those of you reading the manual online will see a gray box with - text in it. - Those reading printed versions, however, will see a number --- in this - case, the number of this section. - There are also other varieties of cross-reference: for example, -\begin_inset LatexCommand pageref -reference "sec:crossref" + A grey label box like this: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/labelQt4.png + scale 85 +\end_inset + + is inserted and the label window pops up asking for the label text. + LyX offers as text the first words of the item with a prefix, in our case + the text +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +enu: Second-item +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . - This is the page number containing the location of the label. - That's what cross-references do: they let you reference other parts of - your document. - You don't need to remember which section number was what anymore --- LyX - will do that for you! All you need to do is use a + The prefix +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + \family sans -Label +enu: \family default - to mark a section, figure, table, formula, etc., and then refer to it via - a + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + stands for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +enumerate +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The prefix depends on the document part where the label is inserted, e.g. + if you insert a label to a section heading, the prefix will be +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + \family sans -Reference +sec: \family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To insert a label, use +To reference the item, we refer to its label using the menu \family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert -\bar under -\SpecialChar \menuseparator -L -\bar default -abel -\family default -. - A box will appear where you can enter your label. - You can change the name of the label at a later time by simply clicking - on the gray box and reopening the label dialog. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To insert a reference, select -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert -\bar under -\SpecialChar \menuseparator -C -\bar default -ross\InsetSpace ~ -Reference -\family default -. - The -\family sans -Insert\InsetSpace ~ +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cross-Reference \family default - dialog appears with a list of labels. - Selecting a list item, then clicking -\family sans -OK -\family default - inserts a reference into the text; changing the -\family sans -\bar under -R -\bar default -eference type -\family default - allows you to insert a page number or other reference variant instead. -\end_layout + or the toolbat button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.xpm + scale 85 -\begin_layout Standard -Note that if you cut & paste text from another document that contains a - -\family sans -Label -\family default - or -\family sans -Reference -\family default -, or if you delete a label in your text, LaTeX will complain: -\end_layout +\end_inset -\begin_layout Quote - -\family typewriter -LaTeX Warning: -\family default - -\family typewriter -Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z -\newline -LaTeX Warning: -\family default - -\family typewriter -There were undefined references -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You'll also see two question marks in the output instead of the reference. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are a few more comments we need to make about the -\family sans -Labels -\family default . - They always print the number of the section heading closest to them. - So --- if you want to put a label on a + A grey cross-reference box like this: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/referenceQt4.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + is inserted and the cross-reference window appear showing all labels of + the document. + We can now sort the labels alphabetically and then choose the entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + \family sans -Chapter -\family default -, but a -\family sans -Section -\family default - heading immediately follows it, you need to put the -\family sans -Label -\family default - -\emph on -into -\emph default - the -\family sans -Chapter -\family default - environment. - It doesn't matter where, and it will look weird on the LyX screen. - However, you need to do this if you want to label the -\family sans -Chapter -\family default - separately from the -\family sans -Section +enu:Second-item \family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + . - The same goes for all other section headings. + At the position of the cross-reference box the item number will appear + in the output. + Here is our cross-reference: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Also, a -\family sans -Label -\family default - -\emph on -only -\emph default - makes sense in -\emph on -numbered -\emph default - section headings and table and figure floats. - Bare figures and tables aren't numbered, so, like unnumbered section headings, - you can't really use a -\family sans -Label -\family default - on it. +Item\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "enu:Second-item" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is recommended to use a protected space \begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Protected-blanks" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + between the cross-reference name and its number to avoid ugly linebreaks + between them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are six varieties of cross-references: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +: prints the float number, this is the default: +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +(): prints the float number within two parentheses, this is the + style normally used to reference formulas, especially when the reference + name +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Equation +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is omitted: +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:tanhExp" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +: prints the page number: Page\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand pageref +reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +on\InsetSpace ~ +page\InsetSpace ~ +: prints the text "on page" and the page number: +\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref +reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +\InsetSpace ~ +on\InsetSpace ~ +page\InsetSpace ~ +: prints the float number, the text "on page", and + the page number: +\begin_inset LatexCommand vref +reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Formatted\InsetSpace ~ +reference: prints a self defined cross-reference format. + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard -Well, you -\emph on -can -\emph default -, but only if you use the -\family sans -Page\InsetSpace ~ -number -\family default - reference. - The regular -\family sans -Reference -\family default - --- the one that refers to a section/table/figure number --- won't work, - because there's no numbered thingy to refer to! You could also use bare - -\family sans -Label -\family default -s as page markers, then refer back to them using the -\family sans -Page\InsetSpace ~ -number -\family default - reference. - Once again, the regular -\family sans -Reference -\family default - won't work very well. - It will refer to something, but that something will typically be the number - of the previous numbered section heading. + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + This feature is only available when you have the LaTeX-package +\series bold +prettyref +\series default + installed. \end_layout \end_inset - See sections -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:figurefloats" +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that the style won't print the page number if the label is on + the previous, the same, or the next page. + You will e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +g.\InsetSpace ~ +see the text +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -, -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:table float" -\end_inset - -, and -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:math-label" - -\end_inset - - for details on using a \family sans +on this page +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + instead. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The number and current page of the referred document part in the output, + is automatically calculated by LaTeX. + The varieties are adjusted in the field +\family sans +Format +\family default + of the cross-reference window, that appear when you click on the cross-referenc +e box. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can only use the style +\family sans + +\family default + to reference numbered document parts, while the reference style +\family sans + +\family default + is always possible. + Note that the style won't print the page number if the label is + on the previous, same, or next page. + You will e.g. + see the text +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +on this page +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + instead. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you want to reference a section, put the label in the section heading, + to reference a float, put the label in the caption. + For footnotes you can put the label somewhere in it. + Referencing formulas is explained in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Formula-Numbering-and" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The button +\family sans +Go\InsetSpace ~ +to\InsetSpace ~ Label \family default - with figures, tables, and equations, respectively. + in the cross-reference window sets the the cursor before the referred label. + The button text changes then to +\family sans +Go\InsetSpace ~ +Back +\family default + and you can use it to set the cursor back to the cross-reference. + Right-clicking on a cross-reference box also sets the cursor before the + referred label but without a possibility to go back. \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +You can change labels at any time by clicking on the label box. + References to the changed label will automatically change its link to the + new label text, so that you don't need to take care about this. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If a cross-reference refers to a non-existing label, you'll see two question + marks in the output instead of the reference. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Refernces are described in detail in the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Table of Contents and other Listings +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Table of contents" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Listings" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:toc" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +The Table of Contents +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The Table of Contents (TOC) is inserted with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +Contents +\family default +. + Is is displayed in LyX as a gray box. + If you click on it, the TOC window appears, showing you the TOC entries. + You can jump to a document part by clicking on an entry. + Thus you can use this window as alternative for the +\family sans +Navigate +\family default + menu. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The TOC lists every numbered section automatically. + If you have declared a short title for a section heading, as described + in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Short-Titles" + +\end_inset + +, it will be used in the TOC instead of the section heading. + Section\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:numbering-depth" + +\end_inset + + describes how the level is adjusted that defines which section types are + listed in the TOC. + You can also adjust the level for the displayed sections in the TOC window + using the grey fader at the bottom of the window. + Unnumbered sections are not listed in the TOC. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:ListsOf" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents. + You can insert them via the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List/TOC +\family default + submenus. + The list entries are the float captions and the float number. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Section URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "URLs" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -21929,61 +21862,52 @@ verbatim \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - items in a document such as Web site URLs, e-mail addresses, etc.; these - things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult to typeset - properly. + items in a document such as Web site URLs, e-mail addresses, etc. + These things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult + to typeset properly. Such items will often fall on a line boundary if they cannot be split, - resulting in an overfull or underfull line depending on the circumstances. - You can use + resulting in an overfull line. + To avoid this, use the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -U -\bar default -RL +URL \family default - within LyX to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully (if necessary) - along automatically determined boundaries. + to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully, if necessary. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -At the point in the document where you want to enter the URL (or other address-l -ike entity) simply select +The URL dialog has two fields; the URL field and the \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Name +\family default + field for the URL description, which will be typeset as plain text immediately + before the URL. + Here an example: +\end_layout -\bar under -U -\bar default -RL -\family default -; a dialog will appear where you can enter the full URL (in the -\family sans -\bar under -U -\bar default -rl: -\family default - field). - In its simplest usage, that's all you need to do. - Click on the following gray box to see how LyX's homepage would be entered: - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand url +name "LyX-Homepage" target "http://www.lyx.org" \end_inset . -\begin_inset Foot -status open +\end_layout \begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + \series bold -Important note +Important notes \series default -: When you use the following characters: "%", "#", "^", you have to write +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +When you use the following characters: "%", "#", "^", you have to write them with a backslash before, e.g. \begin_inset Quotes eld @@ -21996,78 +21920,28 @@ Important note \end_inset . - URLs mustn't end with a backslash! \end_layout -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you would like to associate some definite phrase with the URL, enter - it into the -\family sans -\bar under -N -\bar default -ame -\family default - field of the dialog; it will be typeset as plain text immediately before - the URL. - For example, I might say that you can find all things related to LaTeX - at -\newline - -\begin_inset LatexCommand url -name "CTAN" -target "http://ctan.tug.org" - -\end_inset - -. - On the printed page, the last sentence ends as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -all things related to LaTeX at CTAN -\family typewriter -http://ctan.tug.org -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -[ -\emph on -Author's Note: somebody needs to document the -\emph default - -\family sans -\bar under -H -\bar default -TML Type -\family default - -\emph on -button -\emph default -] +\begin_layout Itemize +URLs mustn't end with a backslash! \end_layout \begin_layout Section -Specifying Short Titles with Optional Arguments -\begin_inset OptArg -status collapsed +Notes +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Notes" -\begin_layout Standard -Short Titles -\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comments ! Note boxes" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Notes" \end_inset @@ -22075,145 +21949,1389 @@ Short Titles \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long. - This can cause over-runs when there is limited horizontal space. - For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section - title, a long title will over-run past the edges, and look awful. +LyX offers you two possibilities of inserting notes and comments to a document + which don't appear in the printed output: The +\family sans +comment +\family default + paragraph environment, described in section\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Comment" + +\end_inset + +, and the +\family sans +Note +\family default + box. + Note boxes are inserted by the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note +\family default +. + The boxes appear in yellow to show the difference to other LyX boxes, but + the box properties are the same. + The main advantage of note boxes in comparison to the +\family sans +comment +\family default + environment is that you can close the box to save space and ease reading + the normal text. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -LaTeX allows you to specify an optional argument to the section commands - that specifies a shorter version of the title +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +This is text in a note box that doesn't appear in the output. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Appendices +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Appendix" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Appendices are created with the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Start\InsetSpace ~ +Appendix\InsetSpace ~ +Here +\family default +. + This menu sets the document from the current cursor position to the end + as appendix region. + The region is marked with a red borderline. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Every chapter (or section) within the appendix region is treated as an appendix, + numbered with a capital latin letter. + The appendix subsections are numbered with this letter followed by a dot + and the subsection number. + All appendix sections can be referenced as if they were normal sections, + here two examples: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Appendix\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Credits" + +\end_inset + +; Appendix\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Export" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Bibliography" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are two ways of generating the bibliography in a LyX-document. + You can include a bibliography database \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard -For those who don't know LaTeX, commands look like this: -\family typewriter - -\backslash -command[optionalargument]{the content} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - This shorter version is used in the header and in the actual Table of Contents, - avoiding the problem mentioned. - LyX allows you to specify this optional argument by selecting -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Short\InsetSpace ~ -Title -\family default -. - This will insert a box (labelled +Known under the name \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -opt +BibTeX-database \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset -, which stands for -\begin_inset Quotes eld +. +\end_layout + \end_inset -optional -\begin_inset Quotes erd +, which is explained in the next subsection or you can insert the bibliography + manually. + For the second method we use the paragraph environment +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +, described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset -) which you can use to enter the short title text. - This also works for captions inside floats. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -The title of this section is a good example of using this feature. -\end_layout +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:biblio_environment" -\begin_layout Section -Branches -\end_layout +\end_inset -\begin_layout Standard -Sometimes you wish to be able to output to paper multiple versions of the - same document. - The most extreme version of this is, when you want to prepare a single - document in two or more different languages, but as a single document file, - with corresponding pieces of text adjacent in the file and on-screen. - This can be achieved with -\emph on -branches -\emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -First, you have to -\emph on -define -\emph default - the branches available within a particular document. - This is done in the +Within the \family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Branches +Bibliography \family default - tab. - You can also associate a background colour with each branch, e.g., red for - the English language, blue for the German language branch. - Then, you create a branch inset from the + environment, every paragraph begins with a gray bibliography box labeled + with a number. + If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a +\family sans +Key +\family default + and a +\family sans +Label +\family default +. + The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography + entry. + For example, our second entry in the bibliography is a book about LaTeX + and we used +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +latexcompanion +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, a short form of its title, as key. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can refer to the key of a bibliography entry using the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Branch +Citation \family default - menu item. - The inset will contain the text that you want to be output when this branch - is activated. +. + A citation reference box is inserted and a citation window will appear + in which you can select one or more keys in the available key list. + The citation reference box will be labeled with the referenced key. + When you click on the box, the citation window appears and you can change + the reference. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard - -\emph on -Activation -\emph default - or -\emph on -deactivation -\emph default - of a branch is done from the document settings menu. - All insets belonging to deactivated branches will be automatically closed, - those belonging to activated branches automatically opened. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Other possible applications of the Branches paradigm include a +Citation references appear in the output as number of the bibliography entry + with surrounding brackets. + If you set a +\family sans +Label +\family default + for the entry, the label will appear instead of the number. + Here two examples; the first without a label, the second with the label + \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -teacher's version +Credits \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - of a textbook containing the answers to questions, etc. -\begin_inset Note Note +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Have a look at the +\family sans +LaTeX Companion Second Edition +\family default +: +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The LyX-Team members are listed in the Credits: +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "lyxcredit" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Bibliography databases (BibTeX) +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Bibliography ! Databases" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Bibliography ! BibTeX" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Bibliography databases are useful if you use the same bibliography in different + documents. + It makes it also very easy to have an uniform layout for all bibliography + entries. + You can collect the bibliography of all relevant books and articles of + you working field in a database. + This database can be used for different documents, because only the referenced + entries of the database will appear in the bibliography list. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The database is a text file with the file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +.bib +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + containing the bibliography in a special format. + The format is explained in LaTeX books ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook" + +\end_inset + +). + Normally one uses a special program to create and edit entries of the database. + It follows a list of programs for bibliography databases: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset LatexCommand url +name "BibDesk" +target "http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset LatexCommand url +name "BibORB" +target "http://biborb.glymn.net/doku.php" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset LatexCommand url +name "BibTeXMng" +target "http://www.latexsoft.com/bibtexmng.htm" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset LatexCommand url +name "JabRef" +target "http://jabref.sourceforge.net/" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset LatexCommand url +name "Pybliographer" +target "http://pybliographer.org/" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To use a database, use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List +\family default +/ +\family sans +TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +BibT +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard -Once this doc is updated to 1.4, include branch examples here! + +{} \end_layout \end_inset +eX\InsetSpace ~ +Bibliography +\family default +. + A grey box will be inserted and a window appears. + In this window you can load one or more databases and a style file. + The style file is a text file with the file extension +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family sans +.bst +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + that declares the layout of all bibliography entries. + Many publishers provide special style files, so that you don't have to + take care of the layout. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserting a citation reference works like described above. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We use two bibliographies in this document to show the difference between + the two methods of creating them. + As you can see, the bibliography, created from a database, lists only the + database entries that are referenced in the document. + We used the style file +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +alphadin.bst +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to get the complicated reference key scheme in the bibliography. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Bibliography layout +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Bibliography ! Layout" + +\end_inset + \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +If you don't use a bibliography database together with a style file, you + can set a +\family sans +Citation\InsetSpace ~ +style +\family default + in the citation reference window. + You need also the option +\family sans +Natbib +\family default + in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Bibliography +\family default + enabled for this. + In this menu you can adjust the default citation style. + Setting a citation style for a reference will overwrite this default. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also set text, that should appear before or after a citation reference, + in the citation reference window. + Here an example where we set the text +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Chapter\InsetSpace ~ +3 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to appear after the reference: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Have a look at +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +after "Chapter 3" +key "Mittelbach" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Section -Previewing snippets of your document +Making an Index +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Index generation" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +An index entry is created if you place the cursor behind the word or phrase + that should appear in the index and then use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Index\InsetSpace ~ +Entry +\family default +. + A gray box labeled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Idx +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is inserted and a window pops up asking for the index entry. + LyX propose the word before the cursor as entry. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The index entry text field differs from all other text fields, because you + have to insert valid LaTeX-code. + LyX won't format the text for you like you expect it. + This is necessary because index entries can be formatted in many ways using + special LaTeX commands. + We give a short overview of the index command in the next subsections. + For a detailed description of LaTeX's index mechanism, have a look at one + of the LaTeX books +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can change index entries by clicking on the index box. + The index list is inserted to the document with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Index\InsetSpace ~ +List +\family default +. + A light blue box labeled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Index +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will show the place where the index is printed in the output. + The index list box is not clickable like other LyX-boxes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Grouping Index Entries +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Index ! Grouping" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +One often groups index entries to offer the reader a fast search in the + index. + We want to group for example the index entries for itemized and enumerated + lists under the entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Lists +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + First we create the entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Lists +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Lists" + +\end_inset + +. + In the text field for the itemized list index entry in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:itemize" + +\end_inset + +, we inserted the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Lists ! Itemize +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +and the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Lists ! Enumerate +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +for the enumerated list in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:enumerate" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The exclamation mark +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + marks the grouping levels. + You can have three levels; every index level is indented a bit more. + An index entry for the higher levels is not required. + If we don't have an index entry for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Lists +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, it will be printed anyway, but without a page number. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Page Ranges +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Index ! Page ranges" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally an index entry will appear with the page number of the indexed + section. + But sometimes you want to index more pages under the same entry. + E.g if we want to index the paragraph environments, we create an index entry + in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments" + +\end_inset + + with the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Paragraph environments|( +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +and another entry at the end of sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LyX-Code" + +\end_inset + + with the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Paragraph environments|) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The commands +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +|( +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +|) +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + respectively starts and ends the index range. + You can also add the same index entry at different places in the document. + They appear in the output under one entry with a comma separated list of + the pages of the indexed document parts. + An example is the index entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Paragraph environments +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Cross referencing +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Index ! Cross referencing" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is also possible to refer to another index entry. + We referred for example in the index entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +GIF +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (in sec\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Image-Formats" + +\end_inset + +) to the index entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the same section using the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +GIF|see{Image formats} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The text within the braces is the referenced entry. + The reference will appear in the output without a page number. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Index Entry Order +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Index ! Entry order" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can use accented characters in the index entry, but the entries might + then not follow the rules for the index order. + The index entries are sorted alphabetically, but LaTeX +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +The index generating is done in the background by an extra program called + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +makeindex +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + doesn't know how to sort accents in different languages. + We created as example the three dummy index entries +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maison +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maïs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maître +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Dummy entries ! maïs" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Dummy entries ! maître" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Dummy entries ! maïs@maison" + +\end_inset + + They will be sorted in the order maïs, maître, maison, but we want the + order maïs, maison, maître. + To achieve this, we use the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +previous entry@current entry +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In our case we want to have +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maison +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + after +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maïs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and write therefore for the index entry of maison: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +maïs@maison +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The previous entry needn't to be a real existing entry, you can also use + another word to tell LaTeX the entry order, see the next subsection for + an example. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Index Entry Layout +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Index ! Entry layout" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert entries together with LaTeX-commands for the layout. + If you need for example an italic entry, you can write +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +textit{This is an italic entry} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +where the command +\series bold + +\backslash +textit +\series default + produces the italic layout. +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Dummy entries ! This@\\textit{This is an italic entry}" + +\end_inset + + We refer to LaTeX books ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport" + +\end_inset + +) for an overview of layout commands. + There is only the problem, that layout commands destroy the sorting order. + To avoid that our index entry appears as the first one, we use the following + command instead: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +This@ +\backslash +textit{This is an italic entry} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also format the page number using the character +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +| +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + followed by a LaTeX-command without a backslash. + We can write for example +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +old-style page number:|oldstylenums +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +to get the page number in an old-style layout. +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Dummy entries ! old-style page number:|oldstylenums" + +\end_inset + + Normally all LaTeX-commands begin with a backslash, but in this special + case +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +|command +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means +\series bold + +\backslash +command{page\InsetSpace ~ +number} +\series default +. + Have a look at sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Short-Introduction-to" + +\end_inset + + to learn more about the LaTeX-syntax. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also change the layout for the whole index. + E.g. + we marked the index list box of this document as bold to get a bold font + for all index entries. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +ERT and the LaTeX Syntax +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:ERT" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +ERT Boxes +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "ERT" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As LyX uses LaTeX in the background, it supports many LaTeX commands and + constructs, but not all. + LaTeX contains of hundreds of packages which provide different commands. + Every month 10 to 20 packages are updated and one new package is added. + This has the advantage that you can typeset nearly everything, for every + problem exists a LaTeX-package. + But LyX can of course not be up to date and support all these packages + and their commands. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +But don't worry, you can use any LaTeX-command directly in LyX inside the + ERT box. + ERT stands for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +evil red text +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, evil because LyX is designed to avoid that you have to use LaTeX-commands. + An ERT box is created by the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +TeX +\family default + or by the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/ert-insert.xpm + +\end_inset + +. + The box itself can be displayed in three different styles: +\family sans +Inline +\family default +, +\family sans +Collapsed +\family default +, and +\family sans +Open +\family default +. + To change the style, right-click on the box and use the appearing dialog. + Left-clicking on the box will switch between +\family sans +Collapsed +\family default + and +\family sans +Open +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert complete or incomplete commands into ERT. + Incomplete means that the command argument can be Standard LyX text. + For example you want to draw a frame around a word and uses therefore the + LaTeX-command +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default +, you can write the command part +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox{ +\series default + in an ERT box before the word and the closing brace +\series bold +} +\series default + in a second ERT box behind the word. + The word between the two ERT boxes is then the argument as it is in the + following example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/ERT.png + scale 89 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +gives +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a line with a +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +fbox{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +framed +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + word. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note, that you have to insert a space at the end of LaTeX-commands without + parameters, to let LaTeX know that the command is finished. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Short Introduction to the LaTeX Syntax +\begin_inset OptArg +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +The LaTeX Syntax +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX Syntax" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Short-Introduction-to" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you write larger documents or books, you will need to know something + about the LaTeX-commands that LyX uses in the background. + Because LaTeX is based on commands, you can +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +program +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + your text. + This has the advantage that the layout of the document can be changed at + every time if you know the right commands. + E.g. + imagine you have to write a manual for a product and the deadline is at + the end of the day. + Your boss just has complimented you for your good work but wants to have + all caption labels bold. + But you have over hundred figure and table captions with non-bold labels + in your manual. + Of course it's impossible to change all caption labels by hand in one day. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Now LaTeX comes into play. + As we wrote above, for every problem exists a LaTeX-package. + First you have to find out which and therefore look in the LaTeX package + database, +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "Catalogue" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As result you know that the package +\family typewriter +caption +\family default + is what you need. + To use a package, you have to load it in the document preamble (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +) with the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[options]{package name} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All LaTeX commands begin with a backslash, the command argument is set within + two braces, and the options are set within two brackets. + Note that not all commands have an argument and options. + In your case the package name is +\series bold +caption +\series default +. + After a look in the documentation of the package caption, you know that + the option +\series bold +labelfont=bf +\series default + will change the font of all caption labels to bold. + So you add the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[labelfont=bf]{caption} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +to the preamble and the problem is solved. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that some document classes have built-in solutions for well known problems + like your case. + For example if you use a +\family typewriter +koma-scrip +\family default +t class, you don't need the package +\family typewriter +caption +\family default +. + Just write +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +setkomafont{captionlabel}{ +\backslash +bfseries} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +in the preamble and the problem is solved. + So if you plan to write a large document, you should have a look at the + documentation of the document class you want to use. + (Btw +\series bold + +\backslash +setkomafont +\series default + is an example for a command with more than one argument.) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Both commands used are preamble commands. + Commands in the preamble affects the whole document, while commands in + the text affects only the text after the command or only the text used + as command argument. + To insert a LaTeX-command in text, use the ERT box as described in the + previous section. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you want to learn more about LaTeX and its syntax, have a look at the + books +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion,latexguide" + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Previewing Snippets of your Document +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Document ! Instant preview" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -22221,1546 +23339,92 @@ LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the fly so you can see how they'll look in the final document without having to break your train of thought with \family sans -\bar under -V -\bar default -iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -D -\bar default -VI +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI \family default . - If you'd like to see your math formulae typeset by LaTeX then install the + If you'd like to see your math formulas typeset by LaTeX then install the necessary software (see below) and select the \family sans -Instant +Instant\InsetSpace ~ +preview \family default - + check box in the \family sans -\bar under -p -\bar default -review -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -On -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - pulldown item in the -\family sans -\bar under -T -\bar default -ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -P -\bar default -references +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphcis \family default dialog. - (It can be found in the -\family sans -Look\InsetSpace ~ -and\InsetSpace ~ -feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Graphics -\family default - pane in the Qt frontend and the -\family sans -Look\InsetSpace ~ -&\InsetSpace ~ -Feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Misc -\family default - tab in the XForms frontend.) Previews are generated when you load a document - into LyX and when you finish editing an inset. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Previews are generated when you load a document into LyX and when you finish + editing an inset. Previews of an already loaded document are \emph on not \emph default generated just by selecting the \family sans -Instant -\family default - -\family sans -\bar under -p -\bar default -review +Instant\InsetSpace ~ +preview \family default check box. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX will generate previews of math insets. - It will also generate previews of include insets or -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -child documents -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - if you select the + It will also generate previews of include insets if you select the \family sans -\bar under -S -\bar default -how\InsetSpace ~ +Show\InsetSpace ~ preview \family default - check box in the inset's dialog. + check box in the insert dialog. This latter is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a LaTeX figure, for example. Coming in version 1.4 are previews of the external inset also. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To get previews working, you'll need some additional software. - First, you'll need the preview.sty LaTeX package. - Find it on your local CTAN mirror at -\newline +To get previews working, you'll need the LaTeX package +\family typewriter +preview-latex +\family default + installed. + You find it in +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "TeXCatalogue" + +\end_inset -\family typewriter -CTAN/support/preview-latex/ -\family default . - Thereafter, you'll need the usual tools: -\family typewriter -latex -\family default -, -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - and -\family typewriter -gs -\family default -.Finally, you'll obtain prettier results if you install + You'll obtain prettier results if you install \family typewriter pnmcrop \family default -from the + from the \family typewriter netpbm \family default package. \end_layout -\begin_layout Section -Spacing, pagination and line breaks -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Extra Horizontal Space -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:hspace" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -HFill -\family default -s are a special LyX feature for adding extra space in a uniform fashion. - An -\family sans -HFill -\family default - is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals the remaining - space between the left and right margins. - If there is more than one -\family sans -HFill -\family default - on a line, they divide the available space equally between themselves. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note: if an -\family sans -HFill -\family default - is at the beginning of a line, and it's -\emph on -not -\emph default - the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it. - This prevents -\family sans -HFill -\family default -s from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -HFill -\family roman -s -\family default - can be inserted with -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Special\InsetSpace ~ -F -\bar under -o -\bar default -rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -H -\bar default -orizontal\InsetSpace ~ -Fill -\family default -. - Here a few examples what you can do with them: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -\noindent -This is on the left side -\hfill -This is on the right -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -\noindent -Left -\hfill -Middle -\hfill -Right -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -\noindent -Left -\hfill -1/3 Left -\hfill - -\hfill -Right -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -That was an example in the -\family sans -Quote -\family default - environment. - Here: -\hfill -:is one in a standard paragraph. - It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it -\emph on -is -\emph default - sitting in-between the two -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -: -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Remember that we said that an -\family sans -HFill -\family default - always fills the remaining space between the margins? There may be more - than one set of margins on a line. - Here's an example with the -\family sans -List -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM -one -\hfill -two :three -\hfill -four -\hfill -five -\hfill -six -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -: -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - marks the beginning of the item. - (There is actually a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -hidden -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\family sans -HFill -\family default - inside of the label of the -\family sans -List -\family default - environment; it's put at the end of the label automatically.) -\family sans -HFill -\family default -s work similarly in other -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -multi-margin -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - situations, like two-column mode. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Extra Vertical Space -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:vertspace" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -P -\bar default -aragraph\InsetSpace ~ -Settings -\family default - to open the -\family sans -Paragraph\InsetSpace ~ -Settings -\family default - dialog. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -We will not provide an example of a -\family sans -VFill -\family default -, as it would waste paper. - They work the same as any other type of filler, including -\family sans -HFill -\family default -s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space. - If there are several -\family sans -VFill -\family default -s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves. - You can therefore use -\family sans -VFill -\family default -s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page, or 1/4, - and so on. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that for paragraphs at the top/bottom of a page, the extra space is - only added if you have also checked the option -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -P -\bar default -aragraph\InsetSpace ~ -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -pacing\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -K -\bar default -eep\InsetSpace ~ -space -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Changing Paragraph Alignment -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also change the paragraph alignment with the -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -P -\bar default -aragraph\InsetSpace ~ -Settings -\family default - dialog. - There are four possibilities: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -\bar under -J -\bar default -ustified -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -\bar under -L -\bar default -eft -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -\bar under -R -\bar default -ight -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -\bar under -C -\bar default -enter -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word - spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between - the left and right margins. - The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align right -This paragraph is right aligned, -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -this one is centered, -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align left -this one is left aligned. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In some paragraph environments, the default is something other than justified - alignment. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Forcing Page Breaks -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:pagebreak" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you - can force a pagebreak where you want one. - In general, this will -\emph on -not -\emph default - be necessary because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking, as was already mentioned - in section -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:widows" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -So in general there is no need to use the option described below, and we - recommend not using it until the text is finished, and until you have checked - in the preview to see if you -\emph on -really -\emph default - have to change the pagebreaking.You can force a pagebreak above or below - a paragraph in the -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -P -\bar default -aragraph\InsetSpace ~ -Settings -\family default - dialog by selecting the checkboxes to add a pagebreak above or below the - paragraph. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears - at the top of a page. - This is, of course, the wrong way to do it. - LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables - appear at the top of a page [or the bottom, or on their own page] without - having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table. - See sections -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:figures" - -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:tables" - -\end_inset - - and read about -\family sans -Floats -\family default - to learn more. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Blanks/Spaces -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A blank is a blank? Not in good typography. - While you might be used to press the space key anytime you want to separate - two words in ordinary word processors, LyX offers you more spaces: Spaces - of different width and spaces which can or cannot be broken at the end - of a line. - The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are - useful. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Inter-word Space -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:normblank-lbreak-horline" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some languages (e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -g.\InsetSpace \space{} -English) have the typographical convention to add extra - space after an end-of-sentence punctuation mark, and LyX honors those conventio -ns (see section\InsetSpace ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:abbrev" - -\end_inset - -). - Sometimes, you want a normal space nevertheless. - In this case, insert one with -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Special\InsetSpace ~ -F -\bar under -o -\bar default -rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Inter- -\bar under -w -\bar default -ord\InsetSpace ~ -Space -\family default - or with -\family sans -C-M-Space. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Protected Space -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:protblank-lbreak-horline" - -\end_inset - -The protected space: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the - line at that point. - This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -A good documentation should weight no more than 1 -\newline -kg. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -1 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -kg -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - A protected space is set with -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Special\InsetSpace ~ -F -\bar under -o -\bar default -rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Protected -\bar under -\InsetSpace ~ -S -\bar default -pace -\family default - or with -\family sans -C-Space. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Thin Space -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:thinblank-lbreak-horline" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -thin space -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -protected -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -). - The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of - thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance - inside abbreviations: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -D.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -E. - Knuth has developped our beloved typesetting program, i.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} -e.\InsetSpace \space{} -TeX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can insert a thin space with -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Special\InsetSpace ~ -F -\bar under -o -\bar default -rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -T -\bar default -hin\InsetSpace ~ -Space -\family default - or with -\family sans -C-S-Space. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -More Spaces -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Apart from the ones described, there are still some more spaces. - Although LyX supports them natively, they can only be reached via the -\emph on -minibuffer -\emph default -. - To get them, just type -\family typewriter -space-insert -\family default - into the minibuffer, where -\family typewriter - -\family default - is one of the following: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -command -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -width -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -protected? -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family typewriter -normal -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -1/3\InsetSpace ~ -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -no -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family typewriter -protected -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -1/3\InsetSpace ~ -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -yes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family typewriter -thin -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -1/6\InsetSpace ~ -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -yes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family typewriter -enspace -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -0.5\InsetSpace ~ -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -yes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family typewriter -enskip -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -0.5\InsetSpace ~ -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -no -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family typewriter -quad -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -1\InsetSpace ~ -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -no -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family typewriter -qquad -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -2\InsetSpace ~ -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -no -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family typewriter -negthinspace -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard --1/6\InsetSpace ~ -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard -yes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Line breaking -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can force line breaks within a paragraph by selecting -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Special\InsetSpace ~ -F -\bar under -o -\bar default -rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -L -\bar default -inebreak -\family default - or with -\family sans -C-Return. - -\family default - You should, however, not use this to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as LaTeX - is -\emph on -very -\emph default - good at linebreaking\SpecialChar \ldots{} - (see section -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:pagebreak" - -\end_inset - -). - There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively - set a linebreak, e.g. - in a poem or for an Address (see sections -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:quote" - -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:verse" - -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:adress_usage" - -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Spellchecking -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:spellchecking" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX itself has no built-in spellchecker. - Rather it uses the external -\family typewriter -ispell -\family default - program as a backend or the newer and generally better -\family typewriter -aspell -\family default -. - This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these - programs. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The spellchecker can be started with the menu entry -\family sans -\bar under -T -\bar default -ools -\bar under -\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\shape up -S -\bar default -pellchecker -\family default -\shape default -. - Checking will start just after the current cursor position. - A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found, - allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line. - Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the view - in your text buffer is updated to make the word visible. - In the -\family sans -Spellchecker -\family default - dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any - could be found. - Clicking on one of the corrections will copy the near miss into the replace - input field (double-click to invoke replace). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Spellchecker Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand label -name "sec:spell_opt" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The following options can be set in the -\family sans -\bar under -T -\bar default -ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -P -\bar default -references -\family default - dialog. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Dictionary -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -By default, the dictionary file to use is determined by the language of - the text you're checking, which is set in the -\family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings -\family default - dialog. - If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, the spellchecker - will not work. - In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by - specifying a different -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -alternative language -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you're using -\family typewriter -ispell -\family default -, you may need to make a link from say -\family typewriter -deutsch.(aff|hash) -\family default - to -\family typewriter -german.(aff|hash) -\family default - or whatever applies for your language. - This is because these -\family typewriter -ispell -\family default - files normally have the native language name ( -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -deutsch -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) whereas -\family typewriter -ispell -\family default -, when started from LyX, searches for the English version of the name used - with the LaTeX babel package ( -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -german -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You may also have problems the font encoding is not correct for that dictionary. - If you use a language with -\family typewriter -latin1 -\family default - encoding and set the -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -ncoding -\family default - option in the -\family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings -\family default - dialog to -\family sans -latin1 -\family default - (or other than -\family sans -default -\family default -), you must have this option in your language dictionary as well. - If your dictionary doesn't support the -\family sans -Encoding -\family default - you chose, you'll have an error like this on stderr: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family typewriter -ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1' -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The spellchecker gives you an error that it couldn't start the -\family typewriter -ispell -\family default - process and that you probably have some problems with your dictionary file. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are four solutions to this problem. - The easiest is to try the -\family sans -Use\InsetSpace ~ -Input\InsetSpace ~ -Encoding -\family default - option. - If that does not help, you can set -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -ncoding -\family default - to -\family sans -default -\family default - when calling the spellchecker (which is probably annoying). - The third is to add the -\family typewriter -latin1 -\family default - option to your dictionary -\family typewriter -\emph on -< -\family default -language -\family typewriter -> -\emph default -.aff -\family default - file and recompile the dictionary (which probably isn't easy if you installed - the whole stuff with some distribution and don't have the language directory - of the -\family typewriter -ispell -\family default - sources). - Read the -\family typewriter -ispell -\family default - documentation for this task! The fourth is to send a message to your package-ma -intainer, or better yet to the maintainer of the dictionary file in question - and ask him to solve your problem. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Personal dictionary -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you want to use a different file from the spellchecker's default choice - as your personal dictionary, you can set this in the dialog. - Specifying a filename which does not already exist will result in an error - message on stderr which you can ignore ( -\family typewriter -ispell -\family default - will create the file when you finish checking your spelling). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Further Options -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -\bar under -S -\bar default -pellchecker\InsetSpace ~ -Options -\family default - dialog has some additional options which are self-explanatory: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -\bar under -A -\bar default -ccept compound words -\family default - -\newline -Prevent the spellchecker from complaining about compounded words like -\newline - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -passthrough -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -scape characters -\family default - -\newline -Allows you to add nonstandard characters to what the spellchecker considers - words, e.g. - German umlauts. - This should not normally be needed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Limitations -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some users have expressed a wish to be able to globally change the spelling - of a particular word, rather than having to change the spelling separately - for each occurrence of the word. - Per-document word lists would also be useful. - Neither of these features are present as of this writing. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Unless you're using the -\family typewriter -pspell -\family default - spellchecker, LyX cannot correctly spellcheck documents containing multiple - languages. - This, does, however, work with -\family typewriter -pspell -\family default -, assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately. -\end_layout - \begin_layout Section International Support +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "International support" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want. LyX comes with a default configuration which supports the English language on a U.S.-style keyboard, with a standard U.S. - paper size and the spellchecker set to U.S. + paper size and the spell checker set to U.S. English. You can change any or all of these settings as desired, and you can make the changes apply to the current session only, or use them as your new @@ -23812,7 +23476,7 @@ The details of how to customize LyX to your own language are way \emph default beyond the scope of this manual. - You cannot only alter the keyboard layout, you can also change the names + You can not only alter the keyboard layout, you can also change the names of the menus buttons, etc., to reflect your language. If you want to learn more about writing keymap files and tailoring LyX to your native tongue, please see the @@ -23835,15 +23499,8 @@ name "sec:langlay" \begin_layout Standard The \family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings \family default dialog lets you set \family roman @@ -23852,57 +23509,28 @@ the language and character encoding for your language. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Choose your language by clicking on the arrow in t -\family roman -he -\family default - +Choose your language in the \family sans Language \family default - combo -\family roman -box -\family default - of the + section of the \family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings \family default dialog. - The default is U.S. - English. + The default is +\family sans +English +\family default +. Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice. - The language name appears in the window. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -In LaTeX terms, selecting a language other than default adds Babel support. - If you do not have Babel installed, refer to the different LaTeX distributions - for it. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans -Enco -\bar under -d -\bar default -ing +Encoding \family default box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use. The default is the @@ -23911,33 +23539,6 @@ Latin1 \family default encoding, which includes the characters required by the various Western European languages. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX also supports unicode output, which is particularly useful if you need - lots of special symbols or non-alphabetic scripts, respectively. - If you want to use this (and your LaTeX installation supports unicode, - for that matter), the -\family typewriter -utf8 -\family default - encoding is the right choice for most purposes. - Besides this, you will find some alternative unicode encodings for specific - purposes: -\family typewriter -UTF -\family default - and -\family typewriter -utf8x -\family default - are provided for CJK languages, -\family typewriter -utf8-plain -\family default -, finally, should be chosen for XeTeX, which uses unicode directly, without - the help of the inputenc package. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -23998,6 +23599,13 @@ Latin1 character set: \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +The characters at entries A2, A4, A5, A6 and AD -- the cent, the yen, the + generic-currency-symbol, the broken vertical bar and the short dash are + just plain missing in the default encodings. + We don't know where they are or why this is the case. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Itemize Even if you've selected \family sans @@ -24005,15 +23613,8 @@ latin1 \family default in the \family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings \family default dialog, users who have only the \family typewriter @@ -24028,11 +23629,87 @@ T1 french quotes won't show up. \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +Users of +\family typewriter +Type1 +\family default +-fonts can, however, get the french quotes [characters AB and BB] if they + include the either the package +\family typewriter +umlaute.sty +\family default + or +\family typewriter +german.sty +\family default + in their documents. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +This only holds when you want to input these quotes by yourself. + The automatic quote feature described in Section +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:quotes" + +\end_inset + +, will generate automatically LaTeX code adapted to available fonts and + packages. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +The characters of the following table, which are inserted as commands, could + not be inserted directly with the keyboard, because the standard encoding + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +T1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + doesn't know them. + To let LaTeX understand the commands, the package +\series bold +textcomp +\series default + needs to be loaded in the preamble with the line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{textcomp} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The package +\series bold +textcomp +\series default + is available on every LaTeX system. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float table wide false sideways false -status open +status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Caption @@ -25044,7 +24721,29 @@ r \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -¢ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +textcent +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +character ¢ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -25556,7 +25255,29 @@ t \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -¤ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +textcurrency +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +character ¤ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -25808,7 +25529,29 @@ u \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -¥ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +textyen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +character ¥ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -26060,7 +25803,29 @@ v \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -¦ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +textbrokenbar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +character ¦ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -27874,7 +27639,29 @@ m \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -– +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +textendash +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +character ­ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -28638,337 +28425,3917 @@ hungarian umlaut \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts. - In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters. + In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters . Also make sure you're using the \family typewriter T1 \family default - font-encoding. + font-encoding and have the package +\family typewriter +umlaute.sty +\family default + with the definition file +\family typewriter +iso.def +\family default + installed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Introduction +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This manual covers the customization features present in LyX. + In it, we discuss issues like keyboard shortcuts, screen previewing options, + printer options, sending commands to LyX via the LyX Server, internationalizati +on, installing new LaTeX classes and LyX layouts, etc. + We can't possibly hope to touch on everything you can change---our developers + add new features faster than we can document them---but we will explain + the most common customizations and hopefully point you in the right direction + for some of the more obscure ones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +\start_of_appendix +The User Interface +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cha:The-User-Interface" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This appendix lists all available menus and describes its functionality. + It is designed as quick reference if you are searching for a special topic + inside the user's guide. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The File Menu +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Under the +\family sans +File +\family default + menu are the basic operations in addition to some more advanced operations. + At the end of the menu the four last opened documents are listed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +New from Template +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu prompts you for a template to use. + Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for + the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note: There is no +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +default file +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or document named +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Untitled +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +scratch. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Revert +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Revert +\family default + menu will reload the document from disk. + You can also use it if you regret a change in the document and want to + restore it to the last saved version. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Version Control +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is used when more people are working on the same document. + It is detailed described in the +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Import +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can import text from an ASCII file using the menu +\family sans +ASCII\InsetSpace ~ +text\InsetSpace ~ +as\InsetSpace ~ +lines +\family default +. + That means that each line of the file is imported as its own LyX paragraph. + This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it. + However, if your text file contains paragraphs, LyX will mangle the paragraphs + if you use this form of import. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The menu +\family sans +ASCII\InsetSpace ~ +text\InsetSpace ~ +as\InsetSpace ~ +paragraphs +\family default + preserves paragraphs in text files. + LyX won't mangle paragraphs - anything between two consecutive blank lines + goes into its own LyX paragraph. + The blank line mustn't contain spaces. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Export +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Export" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to various file formats. + The resulting files are placed in the directory of your LyX-file. + The menu entries are not the same on all installations. + They depend on the programs found by LyX while its configuration. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It follows a list of all available entries, they are explained in detail + in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Output-file-formats" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +ASCII +\family default + text format +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +DVI +\family default + dvi-format +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\family default + text file of LaTeX source code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF +\family default + pdf-format using the program +\family typewriter +ps2pdf +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF\InsetSpace ~ +(dvipdfm) +\family default + pdf-format using the program +\family typewriter +dvipdfm +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF\InsetSpace ~ +(pdflatex) +\family default + pdf-format using the program +\family typewriter +pdflatex +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Postscript +\family default + PostScript format using the program +\family typewriter +dvips +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Custom +\family default + one of the formats above +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The program +\family typewriter +dvipdfm +\family default + produces internally a dvi-file which is then converted to a pdf-file. + It is a bit out of date and therefore the output could look different from + what you want. + +\family typewriter +pdflatex +\family default + produces directly pdf-files and supports the latest pdf-file formats. + Its use is recommended. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If one of the menu entries +\family sans +DVI +\family default +, +\family sans +PDF\InsetSpace ~ +(pdflatex) +\family default + or +\family sans +Postscript +\family default + is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation. + After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The menu +\family sans +Custom +\family default + allows you to export your file by using special command line options for + the export program. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Print +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With this menu you can print your document to a file in PostScript format + or send it to a printer. + The printer will also use the document in PostScript format. + The conversion to PostScript is done in the background by LyX using the + program +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. + For more informations have a look at sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Printing-the-File" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Edit Menu +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Undo and Redo +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer. + Select +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Undo +\family default + to undo some mistake. + If you accidently undo too much, use +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Redo +\family default + to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +undo the undo. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 steps to minimise memory + overhead. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as + it was last saved, the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +changed +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + status of the document is unfortunately not reset. + This is a consequence of the 100 step undo limit, above. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Undo +\family default + and +\family sans +Redo +\family default + work on almost everything in LyX. + But they won't undo or redo text changes character by character, only by + blocks of text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Cut, Copy and Paste +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected, it's automatically + placed in the clipboard, so that the +\family sans +Delete +\family default + and +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + keys also function as the +\family sans +Cut +\family default + command. + If you've selected text and hit a key, LyX will replace the selected text + by the character of the pressed key. + You'll have to do an +\family sans +Undo +\family default + to get back the lost text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To select text hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse. + LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions. + Use the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Copy +\family default + to create a copy of the text in the clipboard. + To paste text, use the middle mouse button (eventual click on the mouse + wheel). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also copy text between LyX and other programs by cut, copy and paste. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The menu +\family sans +Paste\InsetSpace ~ +External\InsetSpace ~ +Selection +\family default + will insert the text in the clipboard +\family sans +as +\family default + +\family sans +Lines +\family default +, that means the whole text is inserted as +\emph on +one +\emph default + paragraph or +\family sans +as +\family default + +\family sans +Paragraphs +\family default +, where the line breaks of the text will start a new paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Find/Replace +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Find\InsetSpace ~ +&\InsetSpace ~ +Replace +\family default + item opens the +\family sans +Find\InsetSpace ~ +&\InsetSpace ~ +Replace +\family default + dialog. + The text you want to find goes in the +\family sans +Find +\family default + box. + Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it. + Hitting the +\family sans +Replace +\family default + button replaces the selected text with the contents of the +\family sans +Replace\InsetSpace ~ +with +\family default + box. + You can click to search again to skip the current word. + Hit +\family sans +Replace All +\family default + to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically. + The +\family sans +Case\InsetSpace ~ +sensitive +\family default + toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of + the search word. + If the toggle is set, searching for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Match +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will not match the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +match +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The +\family sans +Match\InsetSpace ~ +Word +\family default + toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words. + I.e. + searching for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +match +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will not match +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +matches +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +matchbox +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, etc. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Tabular and Math +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These menus are only active when the cursor is inside a table or a formula. + The properties of this table/formula can now be changed. + The properties of tables are described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:tables" + +\end_inset + +, the properties of formulas in chap. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Spell Checking +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Spell Checking" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX itself has no built-in spell checker. + Rather it uses one of the external programs +\family typewriter +aspell +\family default +, +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + or +\family typewriter +hspell +\family default + as backend. + This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these + programs. + +\family typewriter +aspell +\family default + can be seen as successor of +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, so that it is recommended to use aspell. + +\family sans +hspell +\family default + is an Hebrew spell-checker. + The used spell checker is set in the preferences, see +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Spell checking will start just after the current cursor position. + A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found, + allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line. + Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the view + in your text buffer is updated to make the word visible. + In the +\family sans +spell checker +\family default + dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any + could be found. + Clicking on one of the corrections will copy the near miss into the replace + input field (double-click to invoke replace). + Unknown but correctly typed words can be added to the personal dictionary. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +By default, the dictionary file to use is determined by the language of + the text you're checking, which is set in the +\family sans +Layout +\family default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family sans +Document +\family default + dialog. + If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, the spell checker + will not work. + In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by + specifying a different +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +alternative language +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +After a spell check you'll informed about the number of checked words. + (This at the moment the only possibility for a word count of a document.) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Limitations +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is not possible to change the spelling of a particular word globally, + rather than having to change the spelling separately for each occurrence + of the word. + But you can use the +\family sans +Find\InsetSpace ~ +&\InsetSpace ~ +Replace +\family default + menu for that. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX cannot correctly spell check documents containing multiple languages. + This does work with +\family typewriter +pspell +\family default +, assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Personal dictionary +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you want to use a different file from the spell checker's default choice + as your personal dictionary, you can set this in the dialog. + Specifying a filename which does not already exist will result in an error + message on stderr which you can ignore ( +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + will create the file at the end of your spell checking). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Further Options +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Spellchecker +\family default + menu has some additional options which are self-explanatory: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +ccept compound words +\family default + +\newline +Prevent the spell checker from complaining about compounded words like +\newline + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +passthrough +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +scape characters +\family default + +\newline +Allows you to add nonstandard characters to what the spell checker considers + words, e.g. + German umlauts. + This should not normally be needed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Check T +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +no idea +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Preferences +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The preferences dialog is described in detail in chapter +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Reconfigure +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu reconfigures LyX. + That means LyX looks for LaTeX-packages and needed programs, see also sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Insert Menu +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Layout Menu +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Character Settings +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Paragraph Settings +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The settings in the paragraph dialog affects only the paragraph where the + cursor is in. + The dialog consists of the following three tabs: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +General +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can set the paragraph alignment and line spacing. + You can also prevent that the first line of the paragraph is indented. + This option works only when you have chosen indent separation of paragraphs + in the +\family sans +Layout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default + dialog under +\family sans +Layout +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Spacing +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can set different spaces above and below paragraphs. + There are three predefined skips with a size relative to the font size. + The space VFill is a so called rubber length, described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:vertspace" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Lines & Pagebreaks +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Pagebreaks can also be forced in this dialog tab. + They are described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:pagebreak" + +\end_inset + +. + You can also put lines around a paragraph as explained in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Lines-around-Paragraphs" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Document Settings +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu dialog contains some submenus to set properties for the whole + document. + You can save your document settings as default with the +\family sans +Save as Document Defaults +\family default + button in the dialog. + This will create a template named +\family typewriter +default.lyx +\family default + which is automatically loaded by LyX when you create a new document without + using a template. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Layout +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here are set the document class, class options, fonts and other layout issues. + Document classes are described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:doc-classes" + +\end_inset + +, font in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Fonts-and-Text" + +\end_inset + +. + The float placement options are described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Float-Placement" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can further adjust the paragraph separation: +\family sans +Indent +\family default + means that the first line of each paragraph is indented. + +\family sans +Skip +\family default + separates paragraphs by a customizable skip. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Paper +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A detailed description of this menu is given in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation," + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Margins +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can adjust the paper margins, see sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Margins" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Language +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The document language and quote styles are set here. + The encoding is necessary to be able to enter characters in the document + language. + E.g. + you possibly want to enter the æ-ligature directly with the keyboard and + not by using LaTeX-commands. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The font encoding +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +auto +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + should work on most systems. + LyX will then take the right one automatically. + If it don't work, e.g. + you want cyrillic letters, but see latin ones, you have to adjust the encoding + manually. + It follows a list with the available encodings: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +latin1 the ISO-8859-1 encoding, covers the languages Albanian, Catalan, + Danish, Dutch, English, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Icelandic, + Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish; should be + replaced by latin9 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +latin2 the ISO-8859-2 encoding, covers the languages Croat, Czech, German, + Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Slovak, and Slovenian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +latin3 the ISO-8859-3 encoding, covers the languages Esperanto, Galician, + Maltese, and Turkish +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +latin4 the ISO-8859-4 encoding, covers the languages Estonian, Latvian, + and Lithuanian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +latin5 the ISO-8859-9 encoding, like the ISO-8859-1 encoding but the Icelandic + letters are replaced by Turkish letters +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +latin9 the ISO-8859-15 encoding, like the ISO-8859-1 encoding, but with + the euro currency sign, the +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +oe +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +-ligature and some characters used for French and Finnish; latin9 should + be the replacement or latin1 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +koi8-r standard Cyrillic especially for Russian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +koi8-u Cyrillic for Ukrainian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +cp866 MS-DOS code page for Russian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +cp1251 MS Windows code page for Cyrillic +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +iso88595 the ISO-8859-5 encoding, covers the languages Belorussian, Bulgarian, + Macedonian, Serbian, and Ukrainian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +pt154 Cyrillic for Kazakh +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +utf8 code page for unicode utf8 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Bullets +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can adjust the characters for the itemize levels. + The itemize environment is described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:itemize" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Numbering +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can adjust here the numbering depth of sections headings as described + in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:numbering-depth" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Bibliography +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu needs the LaTeX-package +\family sans +natbib +\family default + installed. + If you use NatBib, you can choose between two citation styles. + For a further description see sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Packages +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There is only one package to choose. + +\family sans +AMS math +\family default + will invoke the LaTeX-package amsmath, that is necessary for many math/formula + constructs. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Preamble +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In this text field are entered commands to load special LaTeX-packages or + to define LaTeX-commands. + The preamble is a thing for LaTeX-experts. + You shouldn't enter commands here until you don't exactly know what you + do. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +An introduction in the LaTeX-syntax is given in the +\emph on +Extended\InsetSpace ~ +Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Environment Depth +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These menus in/decrease the environment nesting level as explained in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:nest" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:numbering-depth" + +\end_inset + + et sqq. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Appendix +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Using this menu will start the appendix of the document at the current cursor + position. + The appendix is visually emphasized in LyX as box with a red border. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The appendix is the last part of a document. + Within it, you can use all paragraph types but sections will be numbered + with latin letters to show the difference. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The View Menu +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To preview the document with an external program, use this menu. + It offers the preview in +\emph on +dvi +\emph default + and +\emph on +pdf +\emph default + format. + The menu entries for previewing are not the same on all installations - + it depends on the LaTeX programs that are found while LyX was configured. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It follows a list of all available entries: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +DVI +\family default + dvi-format +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF\InsetSpace ~ +(dvipdfm) +\family default + pdf-format using the program +\family typewriter +dvipdfm +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF\InsetSpace ~ +(pdflatex) +\family default + pdf-format using the program +\family typewriter +pdflatex +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The differences of the formats are explained in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Export" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You should at least see the menu entries +\family sans +DVI +\family default + and +\family sans +PDF\InsetSpace ~ +(pdflatex) +\family default +. + If on of the two is missing you need to update your LaTeX installation. + After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Invoking a menu will start a viewer program. + The viewer can be set in the preferences, see sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Preferences" + +\end_inset + +. + The default viewers are set by LyX while it's configuration. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Update +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu allows you to update the preview with your latest changes without + opening a new preview file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX Logfile +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +After opening a preview file or after exporting the document, this menu + will be enabled. + It shows the logfile of the used LaTeX-program. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can see how LaTeX works in the background. + +\emph on +Experts +\emph default + will find in it reasons for LaTeX-errors. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Table of Contents +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu opens the same window that appears when clicking on the grey table + of contents box. + Within this window you can navigate through the document similar to the + navigate menu. + You can open/close section levels by using the slide control at the bottom + of the dialog. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +T +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX Information +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Shows you a list of the classes and styles installed in your LaTeX-system. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Navigate Menu +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu lists the existing list of figures, list of tables and the table + of contents (TOC) of the current file. + This allows you to navigate easily through you document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The Navigate menu also offers to jump to the next error-, note- or label-box + following the current cursor position. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Bookmarks +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With this menu you are able to define your own bookmarks. + This is useful when you're working on a large documents and often have + to jump e.g. + between sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + +2.6 and 6.3. + To create bookmarks for this example, go to sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + +2.6 and use the menu +\family sans +Save\InsetSpace ~ +Bookmark\InsetSpace ~ +1 +\family default +. + Then go to sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + +6.3 and use +\family sans +Save\InsetSpace ~ +Bookmark\InsetSpace ~ + +\family default +2. + Now you can easily jump between these sections by using the menu or by + the key bindings +\family sans +C-1 +\family default + and +\family sans +C-2 +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also use bookmarks to jump between several opened documents. + The saved bookmarks are valid till the document is closed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you wish to have more than three available bookmarks, look at sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:ui" + +\end_inset + + for a detailed description. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Documents Menu +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here are listed all opened LyX files for an easy switching between them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Help Menu +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu opens the documentation files of LyX in the language of LyX's + menus. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The menu +\family sans +LaTeX\InsetSpace ~ +Configuration +\family default + creates a LyX-file with informations about the LaTeX-packages and classes + found by LyX (see also sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:LaTeX-Setup" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Toolbar +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/StandardToolbar.png + width 100col% + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The standard toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following + buttons: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family default + pull-down menu for the paragraph environments +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/buffer-new.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family default + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/file-open.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family default + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Open +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/buffer-write.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Save +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/dialog-show_print.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 24bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Print +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/dialog-show_spellchecker.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Spellchecker +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/undo.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family default + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Undo +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/redo.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family default + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Redo +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/cut.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cut +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/copy.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Copy +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/paste.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paste +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/dialog-show_findreplace.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Find\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +&\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +Replace +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/font-emph.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + +Emphasize text, function of the Edit +\family sans +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text\InsetSpace ~ +Style +\family default + dialog +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/font-noun.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + Set text to noun style, function of the Edit +\family sans +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text\InsetSpace ~ +Style +\family default + dialog +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/font-free-apply.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + Formats text using the current settings in the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text\InsetSpace ~ +Style +\family default + dialog +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math-mode.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Inline\InsetSpace ~ +Formula +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphics +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/tabular-insert.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/dialog-toggle_toc.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + Toggle outline window on/off +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Outline +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/toolbar-toggle_math.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + Toggle math toolbar on/off +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/toolbar-toggle_table.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + Toggle table toolbar on/off +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/ExtraToolbar.png + width 100col% + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The extra toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following + buttons: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/layout_Enumerate.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + Numbered list +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/layout_Itemize.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + Itemized list +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/layout_List.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + List +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/layout_Description.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + Description list +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/depth-increment.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Increase\InsetSpace ~ +List\InsetSpace ~ +Depth +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/depth-decrement.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Decrease\InsetSpace ~ +List\InsetSpace ~ +Depth +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/float-insert_figure.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Figure +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/float-insert_table.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/label-insert.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross-Reference +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Citation +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/index-insert.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Index\InsetSpace ~ +Entry +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/footnote-insert.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Footnote +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Marginal\InsetSpace ~ +Note +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/note-insert.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LyX\InsetSpace ~ +Note +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/url-insert.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Url +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/ert-insert.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +T +\family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +eX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_include.xpm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Child\InsetSpace ~ +Document +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/dialog-show_character.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text\InsetSpace ~ +Style +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/layout-paragraph.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph\InsetSpace ~ +Settings +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/thesaurus-entry.xpm + width 0.9cm + height 0.9cm + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Thesaurus +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is possible to define custom toolbars. + This is described in the +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default + manual. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +The +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + Dialog +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cha:The-Preferences-dialog" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The preferences dialog is called with the menu Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences. + It consists of submenus explained in the following. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Look and Feel +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +User Interface +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:ui" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +At first a note: You have to restart LyX before changes in .ui and .bind-files + take effect. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +User Interface File +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The appearance of both the menu and toolbar can both be changed by choosing + another +\family typewriter +.ui +\family default +-file. + For the moment, only one file exists, the +\family typewriter +default.ui +\family default +. + A .ui-file is a text file where the menu and toolbar entries are listed. + To create a new .ui-file, start with a copy of the default.ui from the folder + lyx/share/lyx/ui and edit the entries. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The syntax of the +\family typewriter +.ui +\family default + files is straightforward. + +\family typewriter +The Menubar +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Menu +\family default + and +\family typewriter +Toolbar +\family default + entries must be ended with an explicit +\family typewriter +End +\family default +. + They may contain +\family typewriter +Submenu +\family default +s, +\family typewriter +Item +\family default +s, +\family typewriter +OptItem +\family default +s, +\family typewriter +Separator +\family default +s, +\family typewriter +Icon +\family default +s and in the case of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +file +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + menus, a +\family typewriter +Lastfiles +\family default + entry. + One small word of warning. + +\family typewriter +Submenu +\family default +s may be inserted in a +\family typewriter +Menubar +\family default + or +\family typewriter +Menu +\family default +, but they are defined as +\family typewriter +Menu +\family default +s, not as +\family typewriter +Submenu +\family default +s. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Now an example: Assuming you use the menu +\family sans +Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Bookmarks +\family default + quite often and therefore want four available bookmarks, you can simply + add the lines +\newline + +\newline +Item "Save Bookmark 4" "bookmark-save 4" +\newline +Item "Goto Bookmark + 4" "bookmark-goto 4" +\newline + +\newline +to the navigate menu section in the .ui-file to have + the fourth bookmark. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Bind File +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:bindings" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Bindings are used to bind a function to a key. + Several prepackaged binding files are available: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +cua.bind set of bindings (as the typical set of PC keyboard shortcuts) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +(x)emacs.bind set of bindings like they are used in the editor programs +\family sans +Emacs +\family default + ( +\family sans +XEmacs +\family default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +mac.bind set of bindings for Mac +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + +OS systems. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are also bind file for designed to them with special document classes, + like broadway.bind) and bind files for special languages. + The language bind file names begin with a language code, e.g. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +pt +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for Portuguese. + LyX supports internationalization of the user interface, see sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Selecting-an-alternative" + +\end_inset + +. + If you use LyX in a certain language, LyX will try to use the appropriate + bind files. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some bind files, like math.bind, have only a small scope. + When looking at the the end of the file cua.bind, you can see that they + are included to keep the overview in the bind file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you like to customise the keybindings to your own taste, modify the .bind-file +s with a text editor and don't forget to load the modified files into LyX + using the +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + dialog. + The syntax of the +\family typewriter +.bind +\family default + files is straightforward: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bind +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Both key combination and lyx-function (including any arguments) must be + enclosed in "double quotes". + All the LyX functions are listed in the +\emph on +Reference Manual +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Screen Fonts +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These fonts are used to display your documents on the screen. + Notice that this section only deals with the fonts +\emph on +inside +\emph default + the LyX window. + The fonts that appear on the +\emph on +paper +\emph default + +\emph on +output +\emph default + are independent from these fonts, and are set in the menu +\family sans +Layout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +By default, LyX uses +\emph on +times +\emph default + as serif font, +\emph on +arial +\emph default + or +\emph on +helvetica +\emph default + (depends on the system) as sans serif font, and +\emph on +courier +\emph default + as monospaced/typewriter font. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Screen DPI +\family default + is the screen resolution in dpi (dots per inch). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The Font Sizes are adjusted as letter height in units of points. + 72\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +points have the size of 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +inch, see Appendix\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. + The font sizes are the same as used for a document font size of 10 +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + +pt. + They are explained in detail in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Document-Font" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Colors +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can here change all colors used by LyX. + Just choose an item in the list and use the +\family sans +Alter +\family default + button. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Graphics +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here could you specify how graphics inside LyX are displayed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The button instant preview is used to enable previewing snippets of your + document. + This feature is described in sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Keyboard Map +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you have e.g. + a Czech keyboard but want to write with it like with a Romanian one, you + can use the keyboard map file named +\family sans +romanian.kmap +\family default +. + Normally keyboard settings have to be done in a menu of your operating + system. + These keyboard maps are only provided as makeshift and doesn't work on + all systems. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Paths +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Identity +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Language Settings +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Language +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Default language +\family default + is the language used in new documents. + The Language package should always be babel. + babel translates in the background automatically text labels to the document + language. + A text label is for instance the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +table +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + at the beginning of every table-caption. + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{babel} +\series default + is a LaTeX-command to use the package babel. + For an introduction to the LaTeX-Syntax, look at sec. +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:ERT" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Command start/end +\family default + ??? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are also the following options in the menu: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Use\InsetSpace ~ +babel whether babel is used or not +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Global ??? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Auto\InsetSpace ~ +begin ?? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Auto\InsetSpace ~ +end ? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Mark\InsetSpace ~ +foreign\InsetSpace ~ +languages text marked formatted in a language different from + the document language will be blue underlined +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Right\InsetSpace ~ +to\InsetSpace ~ +left\InsetSpace ~ +language\InsetSpace ~ +support enables the use of languages, written from right + to left, like Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Spellchecker +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Outputs +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Printer +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Date Format +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +%a locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%A locale's full weekday name, variable length (Sunday..Saturday) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%b locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%B locale's full month name, variable length (January..December) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%c locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%C century (year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer) [00-99] +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%d day of month (01..31) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%D date (mm/dd/yy) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%e day of month, blank padded ( 1..31) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%F same as %Y-%m-%d +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%g the 2-digit year corresponding to the %V week number +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%G the 4-digit year corresponding to the %V week number +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%h same as %b +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%H hour (00..23) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%I hour (01..12) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%j day of year (001..366) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%k hour ( 0..23) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%l hour ( 1..12) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%m month (01..12) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%M minute (00..59) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%n a newline +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%p locale's upper case AM or PM indicator (blank in many locales) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%P locale's lower case am or pm indicator (blank in many locales) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%r time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%R time, 24-hour (hh:mm) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%s seconds since `00:00:00 1970-01-01 UTC' (a GNU extension) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%S second (00..60); the 60 is necessary to accommodate a leap second +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%t a horizontal tab +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%T time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%u day of week (1..7); 1 represents Monday +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%U week number of year with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%V week number of year with Monday as first day of week (01..53) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%w day of week (0..6); 0 represents Sunday +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%W week number of year with Monday as first day of week (00..53) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%x locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%X locale's time representation (%H:%M:%S) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%y last two digits of year (00..99) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%Y year (1970...) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%z RFC-822 style numeric timezone (-0500) (a nonstandard extension) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +%Z time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time zone is determinable +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Plain Text +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Output line length +\family default + sets maximum number of characters printed in one line when using the menu + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +ASCII +\family default +. + Setting the line line length to 0 means all text is printed in one endless + line. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +roff command defines an additional command used to produce better ASCII + tables with the +\family typewriter +groff/troff/nroff +\family default + UNIX-commands (refer to their manpages for more information about them). + Setting this as empty tells LyX to use the internal formatter. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Paths +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Converters +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX has a powerful mechanism to convert to and from any file format using + external programs. + Define a pair of formats, e.g. + +\family typewriter +LaTeX +\family default + and +\family typewriter +PDF +\family default +. + Now define a converter from one format to the other. + In our example, two possible mechanisms exist. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +A direct conversion, from LaTeX to PDF using pdflatex +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +A more convoluted route using intermediate formats and converters: LaTeX + to DVI (using latex) to PostScript® (using dvips) to PDF (using ps2pdf). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX will always choose the shortest possible route, so you must specify + two different Format names for +\family typewriter +.pdf +\family default + files to be able to use either. + Both are included by default in the +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + dialog. + Have a look and then invent your own! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Moreover, each Format can have a Viewer associated with it. + For example, you might want to use +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + to examine PostScript® files, or +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + to preview the LaTeX output. + You can alter the viewer to use (and what options to pass to it) via the + +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references:Converters +\family default + dialog. + For example, to change the +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + viewer, select the +\family typewriter +DVI +\family default + format in the dialog, change the viewer to be +\family typewriter +kdvi +\family default + (or whatever), and hit +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +odify +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +File Formats +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Copiers +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +BibTeX and makeindex +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Both the bibliography generating command (default +\family typewriter +bibtex +\family default +) and the index generating command (default +\family typewriter +makeindex +\family default + with options +\family typewriter +-c +\family default + and +\family typewriter +-q +\family default +) can be changed. + As an alternative for +\family typewriter +makeindex +\family default +, +\family typewriter +xindy +\family default + can be recommended. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The command to enter is +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote + +\family typewriter +makeindex.sh -m $$lang +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +where the placeholder +\family typewriter +$$lang +\family default + will be replaced by the chosen document (babel) language. + For this, you must +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +have installed the packages +\family typewriter +xindy +\family default + and +\family typewriter +make-rules +\family default + ( +\family typewriter +xindy-make-rules +\family default +). + Type +\family typewriter +makeindex.sh +\family default + at a shell prompt for a help page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +Units available in LyX +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Units" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To understand the units described in this documentation, +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Units-for-image" + +\end_inset + + explains all units available in LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +placement h +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cap:Units-for-image" + +\end_inset + +Units +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +unit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +name/description +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +mm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +millimeter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +cm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +centimeter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +in +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +inch +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +pt +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +point (72.27\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +in) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +pc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +pica (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +sp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +scaled point (65536\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +sp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +bp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +big point (72\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +bp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +in) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +dd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +didot (72\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +dd +\begin_inset Formula $\approx$ +\end_inset + + 37.6\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mm) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +cc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +cicero (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +cc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +dd) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Scale% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of original image width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +text% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of text width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +col% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of column width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +page% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of paper width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +line% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of line width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +theight% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of text height +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +pheight% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of paper height +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +ex +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +height of letter +\emph on +x +\emph default + in current font +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +width of letter +\emph on +M +\emph default + in current font +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +mu +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +math unit (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mu = 1/18\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +em) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Credits +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "cha:Credits" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people - (and we would encourage people to contribute !). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -First, we need to give due credit to those who came before us. - They gave us the base upon which the new manuals are built, and some continue - to provide information: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Matthias Ettrich -\noun default - wrote the original documentation, from which this manual is built, as well - as the introduction to this manual [or the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -LyX Manifesto, -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - as some of us call it]. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Lars Gullik Bjønnes -\noun default - wrote several minidocs, including some of the information about international - support in LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Ivan Schreter -\noun default - also wrote a minidoc about international support, specifically about internatio -nal keyboard maps and customization. + (and we would encourage people to contribute!). \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Alejandro Aguilar Sierra -\noun default - originally documented math mode and provided the entries for the math functions - in -\family typewriter -Reference.lyx \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -Special thanks to the LyX Team\InsetSpace ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand cite -key "lyxcredit" - -\end_inset - - for help and answers to questions. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Next, it's time to give credit to the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -LyX Documentation Team, -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - all of the people who helped rewrite the old documentation into the form - it had after LyX version 0.10: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -David Johnson -\noun default -: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Contributor to the FAQ and the old -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -HowDoI-.lyx -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [now defunct]. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -General editing assistance. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Documentation of: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -math mode -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -tables -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -spellchecking -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Rich Fields -\noun default -: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Primary contributor to -\family typewriter -Reference.lyx -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Documentation of the basic LyX interface in -\family typewriter -UserGuide.lyx -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Paul Evans -\noun default -: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Former maintainer of the FAQ and the old -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -HowDoI-.lyx -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [now defunct]. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Paul Russel: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Documentation of figures and imported graphics in -\family typewriter -UserGuide.lyx -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -John Raithel -\noun default -: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Documentation of internationalization features in -\family typewriter -UserGuide.lyx -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Robin Socha: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Documentation of: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -footnotes -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -margin notes -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -table of contents -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -cross-references -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Amir Karger \end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Primary contributor to -\family typewriter -Tutorial.lyx -\end_layout - -\end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \noun on -Matthias Zenker: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Documentation of -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -manual fine-tuning +David Johnson \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -using LaTeX from within LyX + +\noun on +Hartmut Haase +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Ignacio García +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Ivan Schreter +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +John Raithel \end_layout -\end_deeper -\end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \noun on John Weiss -\noun default -: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -General organization and format of the documents. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -Documentation of : -\end_layout -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -LyX setup +\noun on +Lars Gullik Bjønnes \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -paragraph environments, document layout, nesting, typography notes, fonts -\end_layout -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Also responsible for Introduction in -\family typewriter -Tutorial.lyx +\noun on +Matthias Ettrich \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -Editor of the documents. - [from 6/96-fall 1997] + +\noun on +Matthias Zenker \end_layout -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -After fall of 1997, the LyX Team as a whole took over maintenance of the - documentation. +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Rich Fields +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Pascal André +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Paul Evans +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Paul Russel +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Robin Socha +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Uwe Stöhr +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The LyX Team: +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "lyxcredit" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +label "Credits" key "lyxcredit" \end_inset @@ -28981,16 +32348,13 @@ status collapsed \backslash -href{http://www.lyx.org/about/credits.php}{ +href{http://www.lyx.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/lyx-devel/lib/CREDITS?rev=HE +AD&content-type=text/plain}{ \end_layout \end_inset - -\emph on -CREDITS -\emph default - +Credits \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -29002,6 +32366,56 @@ status collapsed \end_inset +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +The command +\series bold + +\backslash +href +\series default + is explained in the +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default + manual. + It creates a hyperlink. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "latexcompanion" + +\end_inset + +Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens: +\emph on +The LaTeX Companion Second Edition. + +\emph default + Addison-Wesley, 2004 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "latexguide" + +\end_inset + +Helmut Kopka and Patrick W. + Daly: +\emph on +A Guide to LaTeX Fourth Edition. + +\emph default + Addison-Wesley, 2003 \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography @@ -29018,31 +32432,6 @@ LaTeX: A Document Preparation System. Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994 \end_layout -\begin_layout Bibliography -\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem -key "latexcompanion" - -\end_inset - -Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin: -\emph on -The LaTeX Companion. - -\emph default - Addison-Wesley, 1994 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem -key "latexguide" - -\end_inset - -Kopka and Daly: -\emph on -A Guide to LaTeX2e -\end_layout - \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "texbook" @@ -29053,7 +32442,97 @@ Donald E. Knuth. \emph on -The TeXbook +The TeXbook. + +\emph default + Addison-Wesley, 1984 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "TeXCatalogue" + +\end_inset + +The TeX Catalogue: +\newline + +\begin_inset LatexCommand url +target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/bytopic.html" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "LaTeXFAQ" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand url +name "LaTeX FAQ" +target "http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "floatflt" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/floatflt/floatflt.pdf} +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Documentation +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +floatflt +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX-packages ! floatflt" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +\begin_inset LatexCommand printindex + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_body diff --git a/lib/doc/clipart/Abstract.pdf b/lib/doc/clipart/Abstract.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9668e39d90 Binary files /dev/null and b/lib/doc/clipart/Abstract.pdf differ diff --git a/lib/doc/clipart/ERT.png b/lib/doc/clipart/ERT.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8af6eac384 Binary files /dev/null and b/lib/doc/clipart/ERT.png differ diff --git a/lib/doc/clipart/ExtraToolbar.png b/lib/doc/clipart/ExtraToolbar.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..402ca14147 Binary files /dev/null and b/lib/doc/clipart/ExtraToolbar.png differ diff --git a/lib/doc/clipart/LaTeX.png b/lib/doc/clipart/LaTeX.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7eca360c77 Binary files /dev/null and b/lib/doc/clipart/LaTeX.png differ diff --git a/lib/doc/clipart/SpaceMarker.png b/lib/doc/clipart/SpaceMarker.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7c20869327 Binary files /dev/null and b/lib/doc/clipart/SpaceMarker.png differ diff --git a/lib/doc/clipart/StandardToolbar.png b/lib/doc/clipart/StandardToolbar.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d67ec42e9a Binary files /dev/null and b/lib/doc/clipart/StandardToolbar.png differ diff --git a/lib/doc/clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png b/lib/doc/clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f1ed6ce33b Binary files /dev/null and b/lib/doc/clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png differ diff --git a/lib/doc/clipart/macrobox.png b/lib/doc/clipart/macrobox.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b20418e33 Binary files /dev/null and b/lib/doc/clipart/macrobox.png differ diff --git a/lib/doc/clipart/macrouse.png b/lib/doc/clipart/macrouse.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0bd5366b21 Binary files /dev/null and b/lib/doc/clipart/macrouse.png differ diff --git a/lib/doc/clipart/mbox.png b/lib/doc/clipart/mbox.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..314b274fc6 Binary files /dev/null and b/lib/doc/clipart/mbox.png differ