#LyX 2.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 474 \begin_document \begin_header \textclass book \begin_preamble % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!! % %This preamble is designed to ensure that the document prints % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, % parts of the document may not print out as expected. If you % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact % the documentation team % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used % set fonts for nicer pdf view \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{} \fi % end if pdflatex is used % the pages of the TOC is numbered roman % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added \let\myTOC\tableofcontents \renewcommand\tableofcontents{% \frontmatter \pdfbookmark[1]{\contentsname}{} \myTOC \mainmatter } \end_preamble \use_default_options false \begin_modules logicalmkup \end_modules \maintain_unincluded_children false \language english \language_package default \inputencoding auto \fontencoding global \font_roman default \font_sans default \font_typewriter default \font_math auto \font_default_family default \use_non_tex_fonts false \font_sc false \font_osf false \font_sf_scale 100 \font_tt_scale 100 \graphics default \default_output_format default \output_sync 0 \bibtex_command default \index_command default \paperfontsize 12 \spacing single \use_hyperref true \pdf_title "The LyX Tutorial" \pdf_author "LyX Team" \pdf_subject "LyX-documentation Tutorial" \pdf_keywords "LyX, documentation" \pdf_bookmarks true \pdf_bookmarksnumbered true \pdf_bookmarksopen true \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1 \pdf_breaklinks false \pdf_pdfborder false \pdf_colorlinks true \pdf_backref false \pdf_pdfusetitle false \pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue,pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false" \papersize default \use_geometry false \use_package amsmath 0 \use_package amssymb 0 \use_package cancel 0 \use_package esint 0 \use_package mathdots 1 \use_package mathtools 0 \use_package mhchem 1 \use_package stackrel 0 \use_package stmaryrd 0 \use_package undertilde 0 \cite_engine basic \cite_engine_type default \biblio_style plain \use_bibtopic false \use_indices false \paperorientation portrait \suppress_date false \justification true \use_refstyle 0 \index Index \shortcut idx \color #008000 \end_index \secnumdepth 3 \tocdepth 2 \paragraph_separation indent \paragraph_indentation default \quotes_language english \papercolumns 1 \papersides 2 \paperpagestyle headings \tracking_changes false \output_changes false \html_math_output 0 \html_css_as_file 0 \html_be_strict false \end_header \begin_body \begin_layout Title The LyX Tutorial \end_layout \begin_layout Author by the LyX Team \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \noindent If you have comments on or corrections to this documentation, please send them to the LyX Documentation mailing list: \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org" type "mailto:" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset CommandInset toc LatexCommand tableofcontents \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Introduction \end_layout \begin_layout Section Welcome to LyX! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This manual is designed for all of you who have never heard of LaTeX, or do not know it very well. Now, do not panic - you will not need to learn LaTeX to use LyX. That is, after all, the whole point of LyX: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG interface to LaTeX. There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use LyX effectively. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to put two spaces after a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset . \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or tried to put three blank lines between paragraphs. You found out you could not and, in fact, you will find out that most of the little tricks you are accustomed to use in word processors will not work in LyX. That is because most word processors you have used before allow you manually to enter all spacings, font changes, and so on. So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too. LyX does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you focus on the important things, like the content of your writing. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard So read on to learn more about LyX. Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time. \end_layout \begin_layout Section What the Tutorial \emph on is \emph default and what it \emph on is not \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Before we get started with this section, you need to know that this \emph on Tutorial \emph default uses the notation outlined in the \emph on Introduction \emph default manual. If you came to this manual first, please read the \emph on Introduction \emph default before you continue with the \emph on Tutorial \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now that you know which fonts mean what in the documentation, we want to talk a bit about what this \emph on Tutorial \emph default is for. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Getting the most out of the Tutorial \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This tutorial consists of examples and exercises. To get the most out of this document, you should read through it, typing all the little things we are telling you to type and trying out all of the exercises to see if you get them right. For convenience, you might want to print out the PDF version of this document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you are familiar with LaTeX, you will probably be able to read the \emph on Tutorial \emph default somewhat faster, since many LyX ideas are just LaTeX ideas in disguise. However, LyX has features you will want to learn about. Even if you do not feel like reading the rest of the \emph on Tutorial \emph default , you should definitely check out Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:latexusers" \end_inset , which is specifically written for experienced LaTeX users. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection What you \emph on will not \emph default find \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Detailed explanations of all of LyX's features. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard Look in the \emph on User's Guide \emph default when you need this. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Detailed explanations of LaTeX. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard Unnecessary. If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with LaTeX in LyX, you can have a look at the \emph on Embedded \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard It is time to move on, time for your first document \SpecialChar \ldots{} \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Getting started with LyX \end_layout \begin_layout Section Your first LyX document \end_layout \begin_layout Standard OK\SpecialChar \@. You are ready to start writing. Before you do, there are a few things we need to mention, which will hopefully make the Tutorial more instructive and useful. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Because there is information we cannot give you in the Tutorial, the \emph on first \emph default \series medium thing that you need to do is find the \series default other \series medium help files. This is very simple: \series default Start up LyX, select the \emph on User's Guide \emph default from the \family sans Help \family default menu. You may want to load the \emph on Tutorial \emph default as well (if you are not reading it within LyX already). This way, you can read them while you are writing your own file. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of LyX. \end_layout \end_inset Note that once you have got more than one document open, you can use the \family sans View \family default menu or the document tabs to switch between them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In this Tutorial, we are going to assume that you have a fully working version of LyX, as well as a LaTeX-distribution and a PDF-viewer. This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distributions, as well as on Windows, where this is setup by the LyX installers. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Finally, we have written a file called \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \family default to let you practice your LyX skills. Imagine that it was typed by someone who did not know about any of LyX's great features. As you learn new LyX functions, we will suggest that you fix those parts of \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \family default . It also contains `subtle' hints about how to fix things. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout The hints are located in yellow \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Notes \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Access the text in a note by clicking on it. \end_layout \end_inset If you want to cheat, or check what you have done, there is also a file called \family typewriter example_lyxified.lyx \family default which contains the same text written and typeset by a LyX master. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The example files can be found in the \family typewriter examples \family default directory of LyX's installation folder. Open the document \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \family default and use \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Save \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset As \family default to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on. As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect the output. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard By the way, the \family typewriter examples \family default directory contains lots of other examples files. They will show you how to do various fancy things with LyX. After you have read the Tutorial, or when you are confused about how to do something fancy in LyX, take a look at these files. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Typing, Viewing, and Exporting \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Open a new file with \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator New \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Type a sentence like: \family typewriter This is my first LyX document! \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Save your document with \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Save \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset As\SpecialChar \@. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Create a PDF file, with \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator View \family default or the toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "buffer-view" \end_inset . LyX will open a PDF-viewer program displaying your document as it will look when printed. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout You can save time by leaving the PDF-viewer running in the background. Then, you can use \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Update \family default or the toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "buffer-update" \end_inset and just click on the PDF-viewer window (or unminimize it) afterwards. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Export the ready to print document with \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Export \family default to a format you want \family sans . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Congratulations! You have written your first LyX document. All of the rest is just details. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Simple Operations \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX can of course do most of the things you are used to doing with a word processor. It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically. Here is a quick description of how to do some simple actions. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Undo LyX has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything you have done since your current editing session started, by selecting \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Undo \family default (toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "undo" \end_inset ) over and over again. If you undo too much, just select \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Redo \family default (toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "redo" \end_inset ) to get it back. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Description Cut/Paste/Copy Use \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cut \family default (toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "cut" \end_inset ), \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Copy \family default (toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "copy" \end_inset ), and \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Paste \family default (toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "paste" \end_inset ) to cut, copy, and paste. Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs) with the \emph on middle mouse button \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Description Find/Replace Use \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Find \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset & \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Replace \family default (toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "dialog-show findreplace" \end_inset ) to search. In the dialog, search with the \family sans Find \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Next \family default button, and use the \family sans Replace \family default button to replace a word you have found. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Close the window when you are done or leave it open if you find it more convenient. Most dialog boxes in LyX can operate like this. Just be sure you have the right window in focus when you are trying to type in the main LyX window or a LyX dialog. \end_layout \end_inset If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive, or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through the document. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Character \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Formatting You can \emph on emphasize \emph default text (toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "font-emph" \end_inset , which will by default print characters in italics), set it in \noun on Noun Style \noun default (toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "font-noun" \end_inset , usually small caps, used for people's names), or use your own formatting by using the \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator Customized \family default dialog (toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "dialog-show character" \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Description Toolbar Other buttons on the toolbar allow you to do some of the more popular functions, such as \family sans Insert \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset math \family default , \family sans Insert \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset graphics \family default and \family sans Insert \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset table \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Of course, you have not yet written enough to make most of these functions useful. As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection WYSIWYM: Whitespace in LyX \end_layout \begin_layout Standard One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that LyX handles whitespace. As many times as you hit \family sans Return \family default , you will only get one blank line. As many times as you hit \family sans Space \family default , you will only get one space. On a blank line, LyX will not let you type even one space. The \family sans Tab \family default key will not move you forward one tab stop; in fact there \emph on are \emph default no tab stops! There is no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs or margins, either. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Many word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle: \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset What You See Is What You Get. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset LyX, on the other hand, is based on the principle that \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset What You See Is What You \emph on Mean \emph default . \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset You type what you mean and LyX will take care of typesetting it for you so that the output looks nice. A \family sans Return \family default grammatically separates paragraphs and a \family sans Space \family default grammatically separates words; so there is no reason to have several of them in a row; a \family sans Tab \family default has no grammatical function at all - so LyX does not support it. Using LyX, you will spend more of your time worrying about the \emph on content \emph default of your document and less time worrying about the \emph on format. \emph default See the \emph on Introduction \emph default for more information on the WYSIWYM concept. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document. After all, LyX might not typeset \emph on exactly \emph default what you mean. The \emph on User's Guide \emph default has information about all that. It includes horizontal fills and vertical space — which are more powerful and versatile than multiple spaces or blank lines — and ways to change font sizes, character styles, and paragraph alignments by hand. The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end. With standard word processors, you will be distracted by document formatting throughout the writing process. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Environments \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts \emph on environments \emph default . Most of a document is made up of regular text. Section titles (chapter, subsection, etc.) let the reader know that a new topic or subtopic will be discussed. Certain types of documents have special environments. A journal article will have an abstract and a title. A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment that gives the writer's address. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Environments are a major part of the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset What You See Is What You Mean \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset philosophy of LyX. A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting, line spacing, and more. This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and bibliography formats can vary widely. LyX lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Environment \family default choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this: \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png scale 75 clip \end_inset . It indicates in which environment you are currently writing. While you were writing your first document, it said \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Standard, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset which is the default environment for text. Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that you can see how they work. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Sections and Subsections \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Type the word \family typewriter Introduction \family default on the first line of your new LyX file, and select \family sans Section \family default in the \family sans Environment \family default box. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout You do not have to \emph on select \emph default the line. If nothing is selected, LyX changes the paragraph you are currently in to the selected environment. Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment by selecting them before picking an environment. \end_layout \end_inset Be sure to use \family sans Section \family default and \emph on not \emph default \family sans Section* \family default , which will be covered below. LyX numbers the section \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font. Now hit \family sans Return \family default \SpecialChar \@. Note that the \family sans Environment \family default box changes from \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Section \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset back to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Standard \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type \family sans Return \family default \SpecialChar \@. Type the document introduction: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code This is an introduction to my first LyX document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Hit \family sans Return \family default again, and select \family sans Section \family default from the \family sans Environment \family default box again. LyX writes a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and waits for you to type a title. Type \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter More \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Stuff \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , and you will see that LyX again sets it as a section title. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It gets better. Go to the end of Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 1 again (after \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset my first LyX document. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) and hit \family sans Return \family default again, and select \family sans Section \family default from the \family sans Environment \family default box again. Again, LyX writes \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and waits for you to type a title. Type \family typewriter About This Document \family default . Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset More Stuff \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , which was Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 2, has been automatically renumbered to Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 3! In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes up the section titles, and LyX takes care of numbering the sections and typesetting them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Hit \family sans Return \family default to get back to the \family sans Standard \family default environment, and type the following five lines: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Sections and subsections are described below. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Section Description \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Sections are bigger than subsections. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Subsection description \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Subsections are smaller than sections. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Click on the second line and select \family sans Subsection \family default from the \family sans Environment \family default box. LyX numbers the subsection \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2.1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller than the section title. Change the fourth line to the \family sans Subsection \family default environment as well. As you probably expected, LyX automatically numbered the section \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2.2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . If you put yet another section before Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 2, Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 2 will be renumbered as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 3.1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 3.2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Further levels of sectioning include \family sans Subsubsection \family default , \family sans Paragraph \family default , and \family sans Subparagraph \family default . We will let you play with these on your own. You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the \emph on User's Guide \emph default for an explanation and how to change this. \family sans Chapter \family default headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above \family sans Section \family default s, but you are only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes) of LyX documents (see Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Document-Classes" \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered. There are environments for this as well. If you change one of your section headings to the \family sans Section* \family default environment (you may have to scroll down in the \family sans Environment \family default box to find it), LyX will use the same font size for the heading as it uses for a regular section, but it will not number that section. There are corresponding \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset starred \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset heading environments for \family sans Subsection \family default and \family sans Subsubsection \family default . Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments, and note how the other section numbers are updated. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Fix the section and subsection headings in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Lists and sublists \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX has several different environments for typesetting lists. The various list environments free you from hitting \family sans Tab \family default a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list when you want to add a point in the middle of the list. Different types of documents logically require different list environments: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize A slide presentation might use the \family sans Itemize \family default environment's bulleted lists to describe different points. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize An outline would use the \family sans Enumerate \family default environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists). \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize A document describing several software packages could use the \family sans Description \family default environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize The \family sans List \family default (also named \family sans Labeling \family default ) environment is a variation on the \family sans Description \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Let us write a list of reasons why LyX is better than other word processors. Somewhere in your document, type: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter LyX is better than other word processors because: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard and hit \family sans Return \family default . Now select \family sans Itemize \family default from the \family sans Environment \family default box ( \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "layout Itemize" \end_inset ). LyX writes a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset bullet \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset on the line. Type in your reasons: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Typesetting is done for you. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Math is WYSIWYG \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Lists are very easy to create! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type \family sans Return \family default . Instead, LyX assumes you are going on to the next item in the list. The above will therefore result in a three-item list. If you want more than one paragraph within one list \emph on item \emph default , one way is to use the \family sans Protected \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Break \family default , which you get by typing \family sans Ctrl+Return \family default . In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the \family sans Standard \family default environment (or just use the key binding \begin_inset Info type "shortcut" arg "layout Standard" \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You now have a beautiful itemized list. You might want to run LaTeX to see how the list looks when printed out. But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole list \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout LyX will not let you select the first bullet (or the actual number in a numbered section title) unless you also select the paragraph \emph on before \emph default it, which you probably do not want to do. This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document settings or text position, respectively. \end_layout \end_inset and choose \family sans Enumerate \family default from the \family sans Environment \family default box ( \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "layout Enumerate" \end_inset ). Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, LyX will fix the numbering. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme nts, \family sans Description \family default and \family sans List \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset \family default / \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset \family sans Labeling \family default ( \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "layout Description" \end_inset and \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "layout List" \end_inset ), in order to see what they look like. For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of the paragraph (until you hit \family sans Return \family default ). The term is either typeset in boldface ( \family sans Description \family default ) or separated by a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Tab \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter \family sans Tab \family default . \end_layout \end_inset ( \family sans List \family default ) from the rest of the paragraph. If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate the words with \family sans Protected \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Space \family default s. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Typeset the list in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways. An obvious example would be writing outlines. Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting schemes for sublists. See the \emph on User's Guide \emph default for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Other environments: Verses, Quotations, and more \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding text: \family sans Quote \family default for short quotes and \family sans Quotation \family default for longer ones. Computer code (the \family sans LyX-Code \family default environment \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples \end_layout \end_inset ) is written in a \family typewriter typewriter \family default font; this environment is the only place in LyX where you are allowed to use multiple spaces to allow code indenting. You can even write poetry using the \family sans Verse \family default style, using \family sans Return \family default to separate stanzas, and \family sans Ctrl+Return \family default to separate lines within a stanza. See the \emph on User's Guide \emph default for more complete descriptions of all of the available LyX environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Correctly typeset the \family sans Quote, LyX-Code, \family default and \family sans Verse \family default in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Writing Documents \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in LyX. It introduced you to the basic editing operations in LyX, as well as the powerful method of writing with environments. Most people who use LyX, though, will want to write documents: papers, articles, books, manuals, or letters. This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with LyX to writing a complete document. It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different sorts of documents. It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document, such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables of contents. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Document Classes \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sec:Document-Classes" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently. For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are single-sided. In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain some environments — such as the sender's address and the signature — which do not make sense in a book or article. The LyX \emph on document class \emph default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout for LaTeX users: this is equivalent to the LaTeX document class \end_layout \end_inset takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of documents. This Tutorial, for example, was written in the \family sans Book \family default document class. Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they tell LyX how to typeset the document, so you do not need to know how. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Your document is probably being written in the \family sans Article \family default document class. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout That is usually the default document class \end_layout \end_inset Try changing to other document classes (using the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog) to see how they are typeset differently. If you change your document to the \family sans Book \family default document class and look at the \family sans Environment \family default box, you will see that most of the allowed environments are the same. However, you can now use the \family sans Chapter \family default environment. If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given document class, just consult the \family sans Environment \family default box. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another. As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting electronic submissions, creating LaTeX \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset style files \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles. LyX is set up to support this as well. For example, LyX supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the American Mathematics Society journals using the \family sans Article \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset (AMS) \family default document class. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes. See the \emph on Special Document Classes \emph default section of the \emph on Additional Features \emph default manual for many more details. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Name \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Notes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout article \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout one-sided, no chapters \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout article (AMS) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout layout & environments for American Math Society \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout report \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout longer than article, two-sided \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout book \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout report + front and back matter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout presentation \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout transparencies \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout letter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar \ldots{} \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Templates: Writing a Letter \end_layout \begin_layout Standard One way to write a letter would be to open a new file, and choose a \family sans Letter \family default class in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog. While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra work. Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address, the address to which you are sending it, a body, a signature, etc. LyX therefore has a \emph on template \emph default for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template, you can just replace a couple of parts of the letter with your text each time you write a letter. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Open a new file with \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator New \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset from \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Template \family default . Select \family typewriter letter.lyx \family default as the template. Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you look at the \family sans Environment \family default box, you will see several environments, like the \family sans My \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Address \family default environment, that do not exist in most other document classes. Others, like \family sans Description \family default , are familiar. You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments work. You will notice for example that the \family sans Signature \family default environment has the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Signature: \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in red before the actual text of the signature. This word does not show up in the actual letter, as you will see if you view/export the file. It is just there to let you know where the signature goes. Also, note that it does not matter where in the file the \family sans Signature \family default line is placed. Remember, LyX is WYSIWYM; you can put the \family sans Signature \family default environment anywhere you want, but LyX knows that in the printout, the signature should be at the end. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A template is just a regular LyX file. This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file as a new template. From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template to save time. We do not have to suggest an actual \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset exercise \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset here; just write a letter to someone! \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout One warning, if you are writing from a template. If you erase all of the text in an environment — for example, if you erase the whole \family sans My \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Address \family default field so that you can replace it with your own — and then you move the cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear. This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them. Just reselect the environment from the \family sans Environment \family default box to get it back. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever possible. In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier document classes. Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring LyX for a bunch of less computer-aware users. When they are first learning LyX, it will be less intimidating if they have a letter template customized for their company, for example. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Document Titles \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX (like LaTeX) considers the title — which may contain the actual title, the author, the date, and even an abstract of a paper — to be a separate part of the document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Go back to your first LyX document and make sure it is using the \family sans Article \family default document class. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout You should not be using the letter any more, since the \family sans Letter \family default document class does not allow titles. \end_layout \end_inset Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the \family sans Title \family default environment. On the next line, type your name and change it to the \family sans Author \family default environment. On the next line, write the date in the \family sans Date \family default environment. Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the \family sans Abstract \family default environment. Notice how the title is presented when it is printed out. If you change the document format to Book, you will get a separate title page, like the first page of this tutorial. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Fix the title, date, and author in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \end_layout \begin_layout Section Labels and Cross-References \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can label section headings, list items, formulas, footnotes, and floats \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Floats are explained in the \emph on User's Guide \emph default and the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \end_inset in your document. Once you do so, you can refer to the element in other parts of the document, using cross-references. You can refer to a section's number, to the page on which the section begins or to both. As with section numbering, LyX also takes care of cross-reference numbering for you. Automatic management of labels and cross-references is among the most significa nt advantages of LyX (and LaTeX) over conventional word processors. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Your first label \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Go to our second section, whose title is \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset About This Document \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Click at the end of the section title line, and select \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Label \family default or the toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "label-insert" \end_inset . A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion. When you click on \family sans OK \family default , the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard So far you have not done anything — the output will look exactly the same, since labels do not show up in the printed document. However, now that you have added a label, you can refer to that label with cross-references. We will do that next. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Your first cross-reference \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Place the cursor somewhere in Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 2 of your document. Type \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code If you want to know more about this document, then see Section . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now, with the cursor before the final period, select \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cross \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Reference \family default or the toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref" \end_inset . The Cross-reference dialog pops up. It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference. At the moment, there should be only one, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sec:About-This-Document \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . First, select the drop-down menu labeled \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Format \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and select \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset on page \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Then select \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sec:About-This-Document \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (it may be selected by default), and a reference marker will appear containing \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Ref+Text: sec:About-This-Document \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (To be really correct, you should put a \family sans Protected \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Space \family default (shortcut \begin_inset Info type "shortcut" arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space" \end_inset ) in between the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Section \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and the reference.) An alternative way to reference a label is to right-click the label and select \family sans Copy as Reference \family default in the pop-up context menu. The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied to the actual cursor position via the menu \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Paste \family default (shortcut \begin_inset Info type "shortcut" arg "paste" \end_inset ). In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with the section number and then the page number. Preview your document and you will see that LaTeX has been even cleverer than that. It refers to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Section 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and depending how much text you have between the start of Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 2 and this cross-reference you may see \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset on this page \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset on the previous page \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset on page n \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (where \emph on n \emph default is the page number). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Conveniently, a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing a document in LyX; clicking on it will pop up the \family sans Cross-reference \family default dialog, clicking \family sans Go \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset to \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Label \family default will move the cursor to the referenced label. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection More fun with labels \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We told you that LyX takes care of numbering cross-references; now you can test this claim. Add a new section before Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 2. Update the preview, and — voilà! — the section cross-reference changed to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 3 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ! Change the section \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset About this Document \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 2.1 instead of Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 3. The page reference will not change unless you add a whole page of text before the label, of course. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere in the document. If you will be inserting cross-references often, it may be convenient to leave the \family sans Cross-reference \family default dialog open. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you want to confirm that the cross-referencing gets the pages right even for larger documents, \family sans Copy \family default a couple pages of text from the \emph on User's Guide \emph default to the clipboard, and \family sans Paste \family default them into your document. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters are not allowed in the article class, see Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Document-Classes" \end_inset . If this happens, just delete the chapter title. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Fix the references in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \end_layout \begin_layout Section Footnotes and Margin Notes \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "footnote-insert" \end_inset or the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Footnote \family default . Click at the end of the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LyX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset somewhere in your document and insert a footnote. A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote. LyX should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box. Type \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code LyX is a typesetting word processor. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now click on the button labeled \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset foot \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . The footnote box is closed, leaving the button showing where the footnote marker will be in the printed text; this is called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset folding \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset the footnote. You can unfold the footnote at any time and re-edit its text by clicking again on the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset foot \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset button. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text. Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout It may be easier to select it using the keyboard. You might accidentally open the footnote if you are trying to select the marker itself with the mouse. \end_layout \end_inset and \family sans Cut \family default and \family sans Paste \family default it. In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it and hitting the \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "footnote-insert" \end_inset button; change a footnote to regular text by hitting the \family sans Backspace \family default key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting the \family sans Delete \family default key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Margin notes can be added using the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Marginal \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Note \family default or the toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "marginalnote-insert" \end_inset \SpecialChar \@. Margin notes are like footnotes, except that: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize the on-screen boxes say \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset margin \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset instead of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset foot \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize margin notes are not numbered \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Change your LyX footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin note. Run LaTeX again to see what the margin note looks like. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Fix the footnote in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \end_layout \begin_layout Section Bibliographies \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sec:bibliographies" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Bibliographies are similar to cross-references. The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document, and they can be referenced from within the document. Like section titles, LyX and LaTeX make your job easier by automatically numbering the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers change. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Go to the end of the document and switch to the \family sans Bibliography \family default environment. Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference. Type \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter The Lyx Tutorial, by the LyX Documentation Team \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as your first reference. Note that LyX automatically puts a number in a box before each reference. Click on the boxed reference number, and the \family sans Bibliography \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset item \family default dialog box appears. The \family sans Key \family default is to refer to this reference within the LyX document, the \family sans Label \family default appears in output. When no \family sans Label \family default is set (default), you will see the number of the bibliography in the output. Now change the \family sans Key \family default field to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset lyxtutorial \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to make it easy to remember. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference. Do so with \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Citation \family default or the toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation" \end_inset . A \family sans Citation \family default dialog appears. The left panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and this field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite. Select \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset lyxtutorial \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (right now, that is the only item in the bibliography), then use the \family sans Add \family default button in the center to insert it. (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number of keys this way.) \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout If one uses label names for references that are easy to remember it is easier to find the entry in the list of references. \end_layout \end_inset Click the \family sans OK \family default button. Now preview your file and you will see that the citation appears in brackets in the text, referring to the bibliography at the end of the document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Text \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset after \family default field in the \family sans Citation \family default dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference. If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed output (for example, some journals would use \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset [Smi95] \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the \family sans Label \family default field in the \family sans Bibliography \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset item \family default dialog. See the \emph on User's Guide \emph default for details. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise: \series default Fix the bibliography and citation in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \end_layout \begin_layout Section Table of Contents \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document. LyX makes this easy to do. Just hit \family sans Return \family default after your document title and before your first section title and select \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator List \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset / \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator Table \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset of \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Contents \family default . The words \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Table of Contents \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will appear in a button on the first line of the document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This may not appear to be very useful. However, if you look at your preview, you will see that a table of contents has been generated, listing the various sections and subsections in your document. As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those changes in the preview when you update it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document. But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking on the table of contents button, or by using \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator Outline \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Pane \family default or the toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "dialog-toggle toc" \end_inset . This menu will work even if you do not have a table of contents inset in your document. This is a very useful tool for rearranging your document parts. Clicking on a (sub)section title in the \family sans Outline \family default window will highlight that line and move the display (in the LyX editing window) to that place in the document. You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents. You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout editing sessions. You can get similar functionality from the \family sans Navigate \family default menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents button just like any other text. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Fix the table of contents in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Using Math \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LaTeX is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations, avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation editors. Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations in LaTeX is more like programming than writing. Happily, LyX has WYSIWYM support for equations. If you are used to LaTeX, you will find that all of the usual LaTeX math commands can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion. If, on the other hand, you have never written in LaTeX, then the \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Panel \family default will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Math Mode \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Somewhere in your LyX document, type: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it is so simple. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now, that equation does not look very good in LyX and in the output; there is no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you would like to write an actual superscript for the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . That bad typesetting happened because we did not tell LyX that we were writing a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular old text. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard But we can create a formula that will be typeset properly. Highlight the equation and click the toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-mode" \end_inset or use the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Inline \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Formula \family default . If nothing is highlighted LyX inserts a little blue square, which is an empty math formula. The expression appears in blue and the blue square disappears as soon as the formula is not empty. Now type \family sans Esc \family default to leave the equation. The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor to the right of the expression. Now, if you type something, it will be regular text. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Looking at the output you will notice that the expression was typeset nicely, with spaces between the letters and the equals sign, and a superscript \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics. Numbers are just numbers. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy. In LaTeX, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like \family typewriter \backslash sqrt \family default ; this can be frustrating, because you cannot see what an expression looks like until you run the file under LaTeX and you may have to spend time, for example, finding missing brackets. LyX does not attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG), but it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like. LaTeX then takes care of the professional typesetting. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Navigating an Equation \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now let us change \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ \end_inset to \begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ \end_inset . Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression. Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let you know you are editing math. Now you can use \family sans Left \family default and \family sans Right \family default to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 1+ \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Again, you can use the arrow keys or \family sans Esc \family default to leave the formula\SpecialChar \@. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like editing regular text. Use \family sans Delete \family default (or \family sans Backspace \family default ) to delete things. Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse. \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Undo \family default works in math mode as well as cut and paste. One thing to be careful of: if you are left or right outside a formula and you press \family sans Delete \family default or \family sans Backspace \family default respectively, you delete the whole formula. Luckily, you can just use \family sans Undo \family default to get it back. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard What if you want to change \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ \end_inset to \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$ \end_inset ? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place. However, you can also use the arrow keys. If the cursor is just after the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset c \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset but before the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , then press \family sans Up \family default and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript, just before the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Add the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset .5 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Now, hitting \family sans Down \family default will move the cursor back to the regular level. If you hit \family sans Space \family default instead of \family sans Down \family default , the cursor will be placed \emph on after \emph default the superscript (so that you can then type the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset +1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Section Exponents and Indices \end_layout \begin_layout Standard An exponent can be entered from the \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Toolbar \family default (see below), but it is actually simpler just to type the caret key, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset ^ \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . LyX will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size. Everything you type until you hit a \family sans Space \family default (or \family sans Esc \family default to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy; start one by typing the underscore key \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset _ \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like this: \begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Put equation 1 of \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \family default into math mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Section The Math toolbar \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset toolbar \family default is a convenient way to enter symbols and/or to perform complicated formula operations. Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math \family default or the \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math \family default menus (the latter only appears when you are in Math mode). However, we are going to concentrate on using the \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset toolbar \family default , just to let you know what is out there; you can learn keyboard shortcuts and commands later from the \emph on Math \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset toolbar \family default is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned on manually in the menu \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator Toolbars \family default . When you click there on \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Math \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ( \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "toolbar-toggle math" \end_inset ) the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized in the \family sans Toolbars \family default menu with a checkmark. When you click in this state again on \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Math \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in the \family sans Toolbars \family default menu, the \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset toolbar \family default is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is visualized by the renaming of the menu entry from \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Math \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset (auto) \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Greek and symbols \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset toolbar \family default allows you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math: operators, arrows, relationships, delimiters, special characters, sums and integrals. Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper limits on sums and integrals. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Roots, decorations, and delimiters \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To type a square root, just click on the button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\sqrt" \end_inset . The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside the square root. You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever you want. LyX will automatically resize the square root to fit what is inside. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Adding a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset frame decoration \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to a character ( \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a}$ \end_inset ) or group of characters ( \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ \end_inset ) is done similarly. Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\hat" \end_inset . Click on a decoration, and LyX will insert that decoration with an insertion point under (or over) it. Just type what you want in the insertion point. There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you type, and those that have a fixed size, and are most appropriate for a single letter. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but are a bit more complicated. Hit the delimiter button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter" \end_inset to pop up the \family sans Delimiter \family default dialog. Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box. It is a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces, a brace and a parenthesis, or choose the empty square to have something like \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$ \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in LyX, but will not show up in the output). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you are lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than using the \family sans Delimiter \family default dialog. However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses. So it is better to use one of the three delimiter buttons that insert them directly, for example \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-delim ( )" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already existing formula parts. Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click on the button you want from the \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Toolbar \family default . Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form ( \begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ \end_inset to \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$ \end_inset ). Once you have learned about matrices, this is how you will put parentheses or brackets around them. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Fractions \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To create a fraction, click on the fraction button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\frac-square" \end_inset in the \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Toolbar \family default . LyX writes two insertion points in a fraction. As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around a fraction. Click on the top square and type \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Now hit \family sans Down \family default and type \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . You have made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions, whatever. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Put equation 2 of \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \family default into math mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Functions: lim, log, sin and others \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sin \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in math mode, LyX thinks you are typing the product of the three variables \begin_inset Formula $s$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $i$ \end_inset , and \begin_inset Formula $n$ \end_inset . The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted was the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sin \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset typeset in Roman. In addition, LyX will not put a space between the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sin \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset x \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (pressing \family sans Space \family default will exit the formula). So how do you get \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$ \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset instead of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$ \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ? \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Click on the \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Toolbar \family default button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\functions" \end_inset and then on \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sin \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in the pop-up function list. The word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sin \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is displayed in LyX in black, and set in upright roman type. The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type \family sans Backspace \family default , it will delete the whole word. Now type \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset (x) \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in a formula. In the output, the expression will be correctly typeset. Try it out. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The function list includes other trigonometric functions and their inverses, hyperbolic functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others. These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Put equation 3 of \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \family default into math mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Matrices \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Click on the matrix button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "dialog-show mathmatrix" \end_inset in the \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Toolbar \family default . A pop-up dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you want in your matrix. Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit \family sans OK \family default . LyX prints 6 insertion points in a \begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ \end_inset matrix. As usual, you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root, another matrix, etc.) in each insertion point. You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Tab \family default can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix. Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting \family sans Right \family default at the end of one box will move to the next box, \family sans Down \family default will move to the next row, etc. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you need to change the number of rows and columns, use the menu \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Rows \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset & \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset Columns \family default or the math toolbar buttons \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "inset-modify tabular append-row" \end_inset , \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "inset-modify tabular delete-row" \end_inset , \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "inset-modify tabular append-column" \end_inset , \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "inset-modify tabular delete-column" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard See the \emph on User's Guide \emph default for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column, and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix. Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use LyX's wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Display mode \end_layout \begin_layout Standard All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline expressions. This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need to write them in display mode. In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see the \emph on User's Guide \emph default ), and multi-line equations must be in display mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard While being in a formula, click on the display button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-display" \end_inset in the \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Toolbar \family default . This centers the formula and adds a blank line before and after it. Now type in an expression and compile your file to see how it looks. The display button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple of your expressions to display mode and back. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize The default font is larger for a few symbols, like \begin_inset Formula $\sum$ \end_inset and \begin_inset Formula $\int$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are written under and over rather than next to the symbols \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Text is centered \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio ns are very similar. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset: be careful about whether you are putting your equation into a new paragraph or not. If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then do not press \family sans Return \family default . Doing so will cause the text \emph on after \emph default the formula to start a new paragraph. That text will be indented or follow a blank line, depending on your document paragraph settings, which is probably not what you want. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Put the various equations in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \family default into display mode, and see how they are typeset differently. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Using various tools you have learned in this section, you should be able to write an equation like: \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout After you have done it the hard way, give \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cases \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Environment \family default a try. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \[ f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} \log_{8}x & x>0\\ 0 & x=0\\ \sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0 \end{array}\right. \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section More Math Stuff \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now you are familiar with the basics. LyX's math editor can do a lot more. You can refer to the \emph on Math \emph default manual for tips on how to: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Label and number expressions. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Create multi-line equations. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Change typefaces, e. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset g. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset to write bold-face text in an expression. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression. (Do not worry about this until your final draft!) \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Write macros. These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of the document, and then you can use them throughout the document. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Do almost all you can do with math. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Miscellaneous \end_layout \begin_layout Section Other major LyX Features \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We have not gone through all the possible commands in LyX, and we are not planning on it. As usual, see the \emph on User's Guide \emph default and the \emph on Embedded \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Objects \emph default manual for more information. We will just mention a couple more major things LyX can do: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize LyX has WYSIWYM support for tables. Use the \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Table \family default (toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "tabular-insert" \end_inset ) to get a table. Click on the table with the \emph on right button \emph default to get a \family sans Table \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Settings \family default dialog box which allows extensive table editing. By pressing \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "toolbar-toggle table" \end_inset the table toolbar will appear permanently. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize LyX also supports including pictures in any format within documents. (You guessed it: \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Graphics \family default (toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics" \end_inset ). Then browse for the figure file, rotate or scale it, etc.) Tables and figures can have captions, and LyX will automatically generate lists of figures and/or tables. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize LyX is heavily configurable. Everything from how the LyX window looks to how the output comes out can be configured in a number of ways. Much configuration is done through \family sans Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator Preferences \family default . For more information on this, check out \family sans Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator Customization\SpecialChar \@. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize LyX is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents. Therefore, LyX has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch, German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar \ldots{} ) than many word processors. Even the right-to-left languages Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew and the Asian languages Chinese Japanese, and Korean are supported. You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure LyX to show its menus and error messages in other languages. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize The LyX menus feature keybindings. This means that you can do \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Open \family default by pressing \family sans Alt+F \family default followed by \family sans O \family default or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu ( \begin_inset Info type "shortcut" arg "file-open" \end_inset by default). Keybindings are also configurable. For information on this, check out \family sans Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator Customization\SpecialChar \@. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize LyX can read LaTeX documents. See section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:tex2lyx" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Spell-checking, thesaurus, and word count facilities are available. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported. \end_layout \begin_layout Section LyX for LaTeX Users \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sec:latexusers" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you do not know anything about LaTeX, you do not have to read this section. Actually, you might want to \emph on learn \emph default about LaTeX, and then read this chapter. However, some of those who begin to use LyX will be familiar with LaTeX. If you are such a person, you may be wondering if LyX can really do everything LaTeX can do. The short answer is that LyX can do pretty much everything LaTeX can do in one form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing a LaTeX document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that new LyX users will most likely be interested in. In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short, we will give only minimal information here. The \emph on Additional \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Features \emph default and the \emph on Embedded \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Objects \emph default manuals have a great deal of information on differences between LyX and LaTeX, and how to do various LaTeX tricks in LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection TeX Mode \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Anything that you enter in TeX mode will be passed straight to LaTeX, and will be displayed in red on the screen. You can use TeX commands in LyX by choosing \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator TeX \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Code \family default (toolbar button \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "ert-insert" \end_inset ). This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to LaTeX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In a math formula, TeX mode is handled a bit differently. TeX mode is entered there by typing a backslash. The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will be in red. You exit TeX mode by typing \family sans Space \family default or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret or parenthesis. Once you exit TeX mode, if LyX knows the TeX command you have typed in, it will convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@. So if you type \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter \backslash gamma \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in a formula and then press \family sans Space \family default , LyX will change the red \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset gamma \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to a blue \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros. This may be faster than using the \family sans Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Toolbar \family default , and will be especially convenient for experienced LaTeX users. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As a special case, if you type \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter \backslash { \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in a formula, the beginning \emph on and \emph default ending braces will be inserted in red while the cursor is placed between the braces. This makes it more convenient to type those commands that take an argument. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX cannot do absolutely everything that LaTeX can do. Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but are not WYSIWYM. TeX mode allows users to get the full flexibility of LaTeX, while having all the convenient features of LyX, like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing. LyX could never support every LaTeX package. However, by typing \family typewriter \backslash usepackage{foo} \family default in the preamble (see Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:preamble" \end_inset ), you can use any package you want — although you will not have WYSIWYM support for that package's features. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Importing LaTeX Documents — \family typewriter tex2lyx \family default \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sec:tex2lyx" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can import a LaTeX file into LyX by using the \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Import\SpecialChar \menuseparator LaTeX \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset (plain) \family default menu in LyX. This will call the program \family typewriter tex2lyx \family default which will create a file foo.lyx from the file foo.tex. LyX will then open that file. If the translation does not work, you can try calling \family typewriter tex2lyx \family default from the command line, possibly using fancier options. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Even when the translation does work, \family typewriter tex2lyx \family default may not translate everything, though it does handle most legal LaTeX. It will leave things it does not understand in TeX mode; so, after translating a file with \family typewriter tex2lyx \family default , you can look for the red text and manually edit it to get it right. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter tex2lyx \family default has its own documentation (manpage), which Unix/Linux users can access via the console command \family typewriter man \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset tex2lyx \family default . The manpage describes which LaTeX commands and environments are not supported, what bugs you might run into (and how to get around them), and how to use the various options. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is important to understand that \family typewriter tex2lyx \family default can only translate files whose document class is \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset known \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to LyX, that is, for which there is a corresponding LyX \family sans layout file \family default . If there is no layout file, then you will get an error saying that the conversion could not be performed. So, unless you have a layout for the document class of your LaTeX file, \family typewriter tex2lyx \family default simply will not know how to translate the LaTeX that it finds there into things LyX understands. More about layout files and how they are created is explained in detail in Chapter 5 of the \emph on Customization \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Converting LyX Documents to LaTeX \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You might wish to convert a LyX Document to a LaTeX file. For example, a co-worker or co-author who does not have LyX might want to read it. Select \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator LaTeX \family default . This will create a file \family typewriter whatever.tex \family default from the \family typewriter whatever.lyx \family default file you are editing. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection LaTeX Preamble \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Document Class \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog takes care of the document-wide options, such as changing the document class, default font size and paper size. Document class options and also options for LaTeX packages can be entered there in the \family sans Class \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset options \family default area. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Other Preamble Matter \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sec:preamble" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a LaTeX file, you can use them in a LyX document as well. Select \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator LaTeX \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Preamble \family default and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending on the frontend). Anything you type will (as with TeX mode) be sent directly to LaTeX. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection BibTeX \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX has support for BibTeX, which allows you to build databases of bibliographic al references to be used in multiple documents. Select \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator List \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset / \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator BibTeX \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Bibliography \family default to include a \family typewriter BibTeX \family default file. In the \family sans Database \family default field you load BibTeX files, in the \family sans Style \family default field you can load BibTeX style files. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard After you have done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies you have included with \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Citation \family default (see Section \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:bibliographies" \end_inset ). The box in the \family sans Citation \family default dialog will show a list of all the references in your \family typewriter BibTeX \family default file. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Errors! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sometimes when you try to view a document, there will be errors, things that LyX or LaTeX cannot understand. When this happens, LyX will open a \family sans LaTeX \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Errors \family default dialog. Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place in the LyX document where the error occurs and also display the detailed LaTeX error message. \end_layout \end_body \end_document