#LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 620 \begin_document \begin_header \save_transient_properties true \origin /systemlyxdir/examples/Modules/ \textclass article \begin_preamble %% Uncomment the following for Tableaux captions on top: %\floatstyle{plaintop} %\restylefloat{tableau} % Backwards compatibility for forest 1.x % If you use forest 2.0.1 or later, you can delete this \@ifpackageloaded{forest}{% \@ifpackagelater{forest}{2016/02/20}{}{% \forestset{ roof/.style={edge path={\noexpand\path[\forestoption{edge}]% (.north west)--(!u.south)--(.north east)--cycle \forestoption{edge label}; } }, sn edges/.style={ for tree={parent anchor=south, child anchor=north}, }, linguistics preamble/.style={sn edges, baseline, for tree={align=center}} } \preto\forest@do{% \forestOpreto{\forest@root}{given options}{linguistics preamble,}% } } }{} \end_preamble \use_default_options false \begin_modules linguistics \end_modules \maintain_unincluded_children no \language english \language_package default \inputencoding utf8 \fontencoding auto \font_roman "lmodern" "FreeSerif" \font_sans "default" "FreeSans" \font_typewriter "default" "FreeMono" \font_math "auto" "auto" \font_default_family default \use_non_tex_fonts false \font_sc false \font_roman_osf false \font_sans_osf false \font_typewriter_osf false \font_sf_scale 100 100 \font_tt_scale 100 100 \use_microtype false \use_dash_ligatures false \graphics default \default_output_format default \output_sync 0 \bibtex_command default \index_command default \float_placement class \float_alignment class \paperfontsize default \spacing single \use_hyperref true \pdf_bookmarks true \pdf_bookmarksnumbered false \pdf_bookmarksopen false \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1 \pdf_breaklinks false \pdf_pdfborder true \pdf_colorlinks false \pdf_backref false \pdf_pdfusetitle true \papersize default \use_geometry false \use_package amsmath 1 \use_package amssymb 1 \use_package cancel 1 \use_package esint 1 \use_package mathdots 1 \use_package mathtools 1 \use_package mhchem 1 \use_package stackrel 1 \use_package stmaryrd 1 \use_package undertilde 1 \cite_engine basic \cite_engine_type default \biblio_style plain \use_bibtopic false \use_indices false \paperorientation portrait \suppress_date false \justification true \use_refstyle 0 \use_formatted_ref 0 \use_minted 0 \use_lineno 0 \index Index \shortcut idx \color #008000 \end_index \secnumdepth 3 \tocdepth 3 \paragraph_separation indent \paragraph_indentation default \is_math_indent 0 \math_numbering_side default \quotes_style english \dynamic_quotes 0 \papercolumns 1 \papersides 1 \paperpagestyle default \tablestyle default \tracking_changes true \output_changes false \change_bars false \postpone_fragile_content false \html_math_output 0 \html_css_as_file 0 \html_be_strict false \docbook_table_output 0 \docbook_mathml_prefix 1 \end_header \begin_body \begin_layout Title Writing linguistic papers with \SpecialChar LyX \end_layout \begin_layout Author Jürgen Spitzmüller \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href target "spitz@lyx.org" type "mailto:" literal "false" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Date 21/04/2015 \end_layout \begin_layout Abstract This paper describes some features that \SpecialChar LyX provides to linguists. It demonstrates how to use some native support in order to produce numbered examples, interlinear glosses, OT tableaux, semantic markup, structure trees, Discourse Representation Structures, and phonetic symbols (IPA). \end_layout \begin_layout Section Aims and Prerequisites \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Basically, this paper describes the features of the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Linguistics \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset module that ships with \SpecialChar LyX as of version 1.6.0. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Modules \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset are support files (introduced with \SpecialChar LyX 1.6.0) that can easily be selected for any document. In order to use the Linguistics module, go to \family sans Document\SpecialChar menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator Modules \family default , select \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Linguistics \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset from the list of available modules, and hit the \family sans Add \family default button to select it for your document (as already done for this document). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You should be able to use the module with any document class (please inform me, if not). However, in order to use all the features, you need to have the following \SpecialChar LaTeX packages installed: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \emph on covington.sty \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "covington" literal "true" \end_inset : This is the base package used for numbered examples, glosses and semantic markup. Note that at least version 2.11 of the covington package is required to use all features. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Installed on your system: \begin_inset Info type "package" arg "covington" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \emph on csquotes.sty \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "csquotes" literal "true" \end_inset : Needed for the \emph on Meaning \emph default character style and for glosses. The package provides context sensitive quotation marks, depending on the language in use. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Installed on your system: \begin_inset Info type "package" arg "csquotes" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \emph on drs.sty \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "drs" literal "true" \end_inset : Needed for \emph on Discourse Representation Structures \emph default . Note that at least version 2.3 of the covington package is required if you use DRS with covington features. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Installed on your system: \begin_inset Info type "package" arg "drs" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \emph on float.sty \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "float" literal "true" \end_inset : Needed for the OT tableaux floats and list of floats. This package should be part of any \SpecialChar LaTeX distribution. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Installed on your system: \begin_inset Info type "package" arg "float" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \emph on forest.sty \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "forest" literal "true" \end_inset : This package is used to generate structure trees. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Installed on your system: \begin_inset Info type "package" arg "forest" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \emph on pict2e.sty \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "pict2e" literal "true" \end_inset : Needed for \emph on Duplex Condition DRS \emph default es. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Installed on your system: \begin_inset Info type "package" arg "pict2e" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \emph on varwidth.sty \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "varwidth" literal "true" \end_inset : Needed by covington (as of version 2.11) for gloss comments. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Installed on your system: \begin_inset Info type "package" arg "varwidth" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Section Numbered Examples \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Numbered examples are inserted via the layout drop-down box in the toolbar. There are three variants: \end_layout \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline) This is a multiline example [Style \emph on Numbered Example (multiline) \emph default ] \end_layout \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline) it can have several paragraphs \end_layout \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive) This is a single example \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "exa:single-example" \end_inset [Style \emph on Numbered Example (consecutive) \emph default ] \end_layout \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive) Consecutive single examples get their own numbers \end_layout \begin_layout Subexample This is a subexample \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "subsec:subexample" \end_inset [Style \emph on Subexample \emph default ] \end_layout \begin_layout Subexample And another one \end_layout \begin_layout Standard References to examples are produced as usual: insert a label to the example and a cross-reference via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Cross references \family default . We refer here, just for the sake of demonstrating this, to \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "exa:single-example" nolink "false" \end_inset and \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "subsec:subexample" nolink "false" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard All example variants can be customized in many details via optional arguments. These can be inserted via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Examples options \family default or \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Subexamples options \family default , respectively. Please refer to the \emph on covington \emph default manual \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "covington" literal "false" \end_inset for details. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For global adjustments, these options can be passed to the \family typewriter \backslash setexampleoptions \family default macro (please use \SpecialChar TeX mode for this purpose). Again, please refer to the \emph on covington \emph default manual \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "covington" literal "false" \end_inset for details. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the case of consecutive examples and subexamples, there are some more extra insets available: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize To modify the numbering of an individual example, you can use \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Custom Numbering \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize To add judgment markers (such as * or ?) to example sentences, use \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Judgment \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize To add text that precedes an example sentence (but is not part of the presented data), use \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Custom Inset\SpecialChar menuseparator Example Preamble \family default or \family sans Subexample Preamble. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize To add text that follows an example sentence (but is not part of the presented data), use \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Custom Inset\SpecialChar menuseparator Example Postamble \family default or \family sans Subexample Postamble. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Please consult the \emph on covington \emph default manual \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "covington" literal "false" \end_inset for details on all these features. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Interlinear Glosses \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The Linguistics module provides two kinds of glosses, which can be inserted via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Custom Inset \family default : \emph on Interlinear Gloss (2 \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Lines) \emph default provides a gloss that consists of two lines (a gloss pair consisting of the original language representation and and interlinear, i. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset e. word-to-word translation) plus free translation, the \emph on Interlinear Gloss (3 \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Lines) \emph default provides an additional gloss line (this third line is usually needed to give morphological or phonological information next to the gloss pair). Each translation line might span multiple lines in the output, i. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset e., the paragraphs are automatically broken if they exceed the text width. The original language representation (first line in the gloss) is input in the Gloss inset directly, the other information in specific sub-insets ( \family sans Interlinear Gloss \family default or with the 3-line-gloss \family sans Interlinear Gloss (Line 1) \family default and \family sans Interlinear Gloss (Line 2) \family default , respectively, and \family sans Gloss Translation \family default ). \SpecialChar LyX automatically inserts these sub-insets if you insert a new gloss. They can also be inserted manually by means of \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Gloss Translation \family default and \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Interlinear Gloss \family default . It does not matter where you insert these sub-insets, they are always printed in the right order. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Optionally, you can also insert comments to the example sentence or each of the gloss lines via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Sentence Comment \family default (for the example sentence) or \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Gloss Comment \family default (for the respective gloss line). These comments will be printed to the right of the respective line, again independently to where you have inserted them in the \SpecialChar LyX window. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Finally you can also insert gloss options via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Gloss Options \family default . These options let you customize the line appearance, add example numbers or preceding text. Please refer to the \emph on covington \emph default manual \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "covington" literal "false" \end_inset for details. \begin_inset Foot status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Note that the gloss support has been completely rewritten for \SpecialChar LyX 2.4. It now uses the new and enhanced \emph on covington \emph default (2.0) gloss macros. Due to the major changes, old glosses cannot be converted to the new style. Instead, the old insets are imported (and saved in the document as a \family sans Local Layout \family default ). Likewise, new gloss insets are converted to \SpecialChar TeX code if you export to a previous \SpecialChar LyX version. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here is a simple example for a \emph on two-line Gloss \emph default : \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (2 Lines) status open \begin_layout Plain Layout C'est un exemple simple \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:2 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords status open \begin_layout Plain Layout This is \end_layout \end_inset an example simple \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:4 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout This is a simple example \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent Use \family sans Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator Text Style\SpecialChar menuseparator GroupGlossedWords \family default in order to hold together multi-word expressions (or alternatively just put braces in TeX mode \begin_inset ERT status open \begin_layout Plain Layout { \end_layout \end_inset around those words \begin_inset ERT status open \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset ). Note that you can enter multiple spaces to align the glosses in the \SpecialChar LyX work area; this will not affect the output. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here is a three-line gloss; the procedure is basically the same: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines) status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Hoc est aliud exemplum \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:2 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout n.sg.nom 3sg n.sg.nom n.sg.nom \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:4 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout This is another example \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:6 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout This is another example \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Argument 1 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status open \begin_layout Plain Layout fsii={ \backslash normalfont \backslash scshape} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent Note how we have used the gloss options here to make the second line be typeset in small caps. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent If you want to have numbered glosses, either insert the gloss inset to a numbered examples paragraph, as follows: \end_layout \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive) \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines) status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:2 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout My skeertuig is vol palings \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:4 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout My hovercraft is \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords status open \begin_layout Plain Layout full of \end_layout \end_inset eels \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:6 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Do you have matches? \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard or use the \emph on ex \emph default gloss option: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines) status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument 1 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout ex \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:2 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout My skeertuig is vol palings \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:4 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout My hovercraft is \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords status open \begin_layout Plain Layout full of \end_layout \end_inset eels \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:6 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Do you have matches? \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Tips & Tricks \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Avoiding Page Breaks within Glosses \end_layout \begin_layout Standard By default, page breaks might occur within glosses, which is not desirable. You can avoid most of them by entering \emph on noglossbreaks \emph default to \family sans Document\SpecialChar menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar ldots \SpecialChar menuseparator Document Class\SpecialChar menuseparator Class Options\SpecialChar menuseparator Custom \family default . If page breaks still occur, you can wrap the whole gloss into a box (via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Box\SpecialChar menuseparator Frameless \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Footnotes in Glosses \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Although you can insert a footnote in a \emph on Glosse \emph default inset, LaTeX compilation will not succeed. If you need footnotes, put \family typewriter \backslash footnotemark \family default in TeX mode in the glosse at the point where the footnote number should appear, and \family typewriter \backslash footnotetext{Actual footnote ...} \family default , also in TeX mode, right behind the \emph on Gloss \emph default inset. If you need several footnotes, just insert multiple of these constructs. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Using Glosses (and Examples) in a Beamer Presentation \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you use the linguistics module with \emph on beamer \emph default presentations, there are some caveats: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize If you want to use glosses in \emph on beamer \emph default , you need to put it in a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset fragile \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset frame. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Older versions of the \emph on covington \emph default package (before version 1.1) do not play with the \emph on beamer \emph default class out of the box, since both \emph on beamer \emph default and \emph on covington \emph default try to define the commands \family typewriter \backslash example \family default and \family typewriter \backslash examples \family default . In these older versions of \emph on covington \emph default , this results in a \SpecialChar LaTeX error. You can work around this problem by inserting the following code in \family sans Document\SpecialChar menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator Local Layout \family default : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Quote \begin_inset listings lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily},tabsize=4" inline false status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Provides covington 1 \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout AddToPreamble \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash let \backslash example \backslash relax \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash let \backslash endexample \backslash relax \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash let \backslash examples \backslash relax \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash let \backslash endexamples \backslash relax \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash usepackage{covington} \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout EndPreamble \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Press \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset validate \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset OK \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . This effectively defuncts \emph on beamer's \emph default example(s) environment in favor of \emph on covington's \emph default (i. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset e., you can use the \family sans Numbered Example \family default styles, but not \emph on beamer's \emph default \family sans Example \family default and \family sans Examples \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As of v. 1.1 of \emph on covington \emph default , this problem is solved. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Section Optimality Theory Tableaux \end_layout \begin_layout Standard OT tableaux itself can of course simply be inserted as ordinary tables (for specific features such as dashed lines and shaded cells, cf. the \emph on EmbeddedObjects \emph default manual). However, you might want to have the tableaux numbered throughout the document, and you might want to have a \emph on List of Tableaux \emph default , similar to the \emph on List of Tables \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The Linguistics module provides support for both. In \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Floats \family default , you will find a Tableaux float: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float tableau placement h alignment document wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout /atikap/ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \noun on Onset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \noun on NoCoda \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \noun on Dep \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \noun on Max \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{☞}$ \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$ \end_inset a.ti.ka \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout a.ti.ka \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout *! \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$ \end_inset a.ti.kap \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout *! \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout a.ti.kap \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout *! \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout *! \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Caption Standard \begin_layout Plain Layout Example Tableau \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that by default, the caption is always placed below the tableaux in the output, no matter where you put it in the \SpecialChar LyX window. To get the Tableau captions on top, put the following code in \family sans Document\SpecialChar menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator Preamble \family default : \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \begin_inset listings lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}" inline false status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash floatstyle{plaintop} \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash restylefloat{tableau} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you use a KOMA class, use the following code instead: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \begin_inset listings lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}" inline false status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash floatstyle{komaabove} \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash restylefloat{tableau} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A List of Tableaux inset can be found in \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Lists & TOC \family default . It looks like this: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset FloatList tableau \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Semantic Markup (Character Styles) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The Linguistics module comes with some character styles that are common in linguistics: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Concept (in small caps): \begin_inset Flex Concepts status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout concept \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Expression (emphasized): \begin_inset Flex Expression status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout expression \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Meaning (in single quotes): \begin_inset Flex Meaning status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout meaning \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can insert the character styles via the \family sans Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator Text Style \family default submenu. If you need to change the appearance of these styles later, you can redefine them in the preamble. To make expressions bold, for instance, insert: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \begin_inset listings lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}" inline false status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash renewcommand \backslash lexp[1]{ \backslash textbf{#1}} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Similarly, concept ( \family typewriter \backslash lcon \family default ) and meaning ( \family typewriter \backslash lmean \family default ) can be modified. Please refer to the \emph on covington \emph default manual \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "covington" literal "false" \end_inset for details. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Linguistic structure trees \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Meanwhile, many \SpecialChar LaTeX are available which help producing structure trees. \SpecialChar LyX supports the \family sans forest \family default package, which combines high flexibility and power with a comfortable input syntax. The Linguistics module provides a Structure Tree inset, which can be inserted via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Custom Inset \family default . Within this inset, you can insert the bracket notation used by \family sans forest \family default (and also by other similar packages such as \family sans qtree \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here is a simple example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree status open \begin_layout Plain Layout [VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]] ] ] \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent If you view the PDF output, you will see that the input \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \family typewriter \size small [VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]]]] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard expands to a real structure tree. To view the result within the \SpecialChar LyX work area, you can simply embed the Structure Tree inset into a Preview inset ( \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Preview \family default ). If instant preview is correctly installed and activated, you should see the tree immediately (just click on the image in order to edit): \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Preview \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree status open \begin_layout Plain Layout [VP [DP[Mary]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[John]] [DP[D[a]][NP[response]]] ] ] \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent Roofs can be easily generated by means of the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset roof \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset option \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \noindent Note that the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset roof \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset option only exists as of \family sans forest \family default version 2.0. We have added some code to the preamble of this manual to support previous versions. If you use a \family sans forest \family default version < 2.0, you either need to copy this code to your preamble or use the old option \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset triangle \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset instead of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset roof \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset (note that the comma has special meaning, as it marks options): \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree status open \begin_layout Plain Layout [VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[another letter, roof]] ] ] \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent In order to align nodes of the tree more elegantly, use the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset tier \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset option. All nodes which have the same \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset tier \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset allocated get aligned. Here is an example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree status open \begin_layout Plain Layout [VP [DP[John,tier=word]] [V' [V[sent,tier=word]] [DP[Mary,tier=word]] [DP[D[a,tier=word]][NP[letter,tier=word]]] ] ] \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent The package supports many additional features, such as movement arrows and decorations, that cannot documented here (please refer to the detailed package documentation \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "forest" literal "true" \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Section Discourse Representation Structures \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The linguistics module provides some insets to draw \emph on Discourse Representation Structures \emph default (DRSes) in the box notation introduced in \noun on Hans Kamp \noun default 's \emph on Discourse Representation Theory \emph default . These insets can be found in \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Custom Inset \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A simple DRS is produced by \family sans Discourse Representation Structure \family default . A DRS consists of the \emph on conditions \emph default , which have to be inserted into the inset directly, and the (possibly empty) \emph on referents \emph default (or \emph on universe \emph default in DRTese), which have to be input in the (automatically inserted) \emph on Referents \emph default sub-inset. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout If it is not inserted, you can also insert it via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator DRS Referents \family default . \end_layout \end_inset Line breaks in conditions need to be done via \begin_inset Info type "shortcut" arg "newline-insert newline" \end_inset . Here is a simple example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \begin_inset Flex DRS status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument 1 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout x \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout donkey(x) \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset green(x) \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset DRSes get some extra spacing for better positioning on the page. The \family sans unspaced \family default variant comes without this extra spacing. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In addition to this simple DRS, the following conditional DRSes are provided (mainly for nesting into simple DRSes): \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate The \family sans If-Then DRS \family default represents a conditional (implicational) sentence constructions of the form \emph on if S \begin_inset script subscript \begin_layout Plain Layout \emph off 1 \end_layout \end_inset then S \emph default \begin_inset script subscript \begin_layout Plain Layout 2 \end_layout \end_inset : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex IfThen-DRS status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument 1 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout x \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset y \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout John(x) \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset donkey(y) \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset own(x,y) \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:1 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout z \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset w \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:2 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout z = x \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset w = y \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset feed(z,w) \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The \family sans Conditional DRS \family default is a more general case where you can specify an arbitrary condition (rather than using the implicational condition). You can insert any symbol in the condition sub-inset: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex Cond-DRS status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument 1 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout x \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset y \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout John(x) \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset donkey(y) \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset own(x,y) \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:1 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\wedge\!\,$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:2 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout z \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset w \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:3 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout z = x \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset w = y \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset love(w,z) \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The \family sans Duplex Condition DRS \family default can be used to insert duplex conditions: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex QDRS status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument 1 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout x \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout x \begin_inset Formula $\in$ \end_inset X \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:1 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout every \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:2 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout x \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:3 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout y \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument post:4 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout secretary(y) \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset hire(x,y) \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The \family sans Negated DRS \family default adds a DRS preceded by a negation symbol: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex NegDRS status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument 1 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout x \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout donkey(x) \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset green(x) \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard Finally, \family sans DRS with Sentence above \family default lets you do what it promises: adding a sentence above the box representation: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \begin_inset Flex SDRS status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument 1 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout A donkey is green \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Argument 2 status open \begin_layout Plain Layout x \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout donkey(x) \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset green(x) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on drs \emph default package provides some means to customize the layout and appearance of the DRS boxes. Please refer to the package manual \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "drs" literal "false" \end_inset for details. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Phonetic Symbols (IPA) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You do not need the Linguistics module to insert phonetic symbols, this is a base functionality of \SpecialChar LyX . However, since this is frequently used by linguists, we will describe it (briefly) in this manual nevertheless. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you use traditional \SpecialChar LaTeX or PDF\SpecialChar LaTeX , a prerequisite to use \SpecialChar LyX 's IPA support is the \SpecialChar LaTeX package \emph on tipa \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "tipa" literal "true" \end_inset , which is automatically loaded by \SpecialChar LyX if you follow the procedure described below. If you use Unicode fonts (i. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset e., if you have clicked \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Use non-\SpecialChar TeX fonts \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in \family sans Document\SpecialChar menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator Fonts \family default ), the package \emph on xunicode \emph default is loaded instead (since \emph on tipa \emph default does not work in this context). \begin_inset Foot status open \begin_layout Plain Layout See also https://github.com/wspr/fontspec/issues/280 and the discussion in docutils-devel (https://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=mid&q=1487664738.2405.6.camel%40lyx.org). \end_layout \end_inset The \emph on xunicode \emph default package emulates the \emph on tipa \emph default output, but is not perfect at that, so some things might not look as expected. Furthermore, you need to take care in this case to use a font that includes the IPA glyphs (such as \emph on CMU Serif \emph default or \emph on SIL Doulos \emph default ). You can also specify an extra font only for IPA by adding the following to \family sans Document\SpecialChar menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator LaTeX Preamble \family default : \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset listings lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}" inline false status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash AtBeginDocument{% \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash newfontfamily{ \backslash ipafont}{CMU Serif}% or another font \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash def \backslash useTIPAfont{ \backslash ipafont} \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset Additionally, and independent from which of the above approaches you use, if you want to have instant preview, you should have the \emph on preview-latex \emph default package \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "preview" literal "true" \end_inset installed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The recommended way to insert phonetic symbols is via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator Phonetic symbols. \family default This gives you an input box ( \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in \SpecialChar LyX speak), where you can insert the symbols. Note that this box can be used both for the insertion of small snippets (inline) and multiple paragraphs of phonetic notation. While the cursor is inside the box, a toolbar opens, which provides the basic set of phonetic symbols (sorted by the IPA categories). \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Currently, there is one symbol missing: the labiodental flap (added to the IPA in 2005). This symbol is not yet supported by the \emph on tipa \emph default package and thus cannot be supported by LyX. \end_layout \end_inset Each of the toolbar's panels can be torn off the bar by clicking on the dashed line on its top. This way, you can insert most symbols quite comfortably: \begin_inset IPA \begin_layout Standard [l \begin_inset IPADeco bottomtiebar status open \begin_layout Plain Layout ai \end_layout \end_inset k ðɪs] \end_layout \end_inset . \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Note that, if you want to insert diacritics, the diacritics are inserted \emph on after \emph default the base character. That is to say, for \begin_inset IPA \begin_layout Standard [d̥] \end_layout \end_inset you need to insert \family typewriter \family default and then the \family typewriter \family default subring diacritic from the toolbar immediately after the \family typewriter \family default . If you need a diacritic alone, you can achieve this by inserting a blank and then the diacritic, as in \begin_inset IPA \begin_layout Standard ̼ \end_layout \end_inset ( \family typewriter = \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset + \family default ). \end_layout \end_inset Given that \emph on preview-latex \emph default is installed and you have switched on instant preview (in \family sans Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator Look \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset & \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Feel\SpecialChar menuseparator Display \family default ), you'll get a nice WYSIWYG preview as soon as the cursor leaves the box. Alternatively to the toolbar, you can also insert the symbols directly via the shortcut notation which is described in the \emph on tipa \emph default manual: here's \begin_inset IPA \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \strikeout off \uuline off \uwave off \noun off \color none [@n Ig"zA:mpl] \end_layout \end_inset ( \emph on tipa \emph default shortcut notation: \family typewriter [@n Ig"zA:mpl \family default ]). Furthermore, you can insert symbols via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator Symbols\SpecialChar ldots \family default (which might be useful for symbols that are not yet covered by the toolbar), or you can simply paste unicode-encoded text (e. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset g., from other applications) into the box. The output should be equal, no matter what input method you chose. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that you can also insert or paste most IPA glyphs outside the specific IPA input box: [əz ʃəʊn hɪə]. In the output, they will be automatically transformed into the correct \emph on tipa \emph default macro (if not, please inform us). However, please note that this method produces inferior output quality, since it will most likely result in a mix of fonts (the latin characters are taken from the base document font, the IPA glyphs from the IPA font). Within the IPA input box, on the other hand, the IPA font is used for all characters. So unless you only need to insert single IPA characters, using the IPA input box is highly recommended. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Further information \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For a detailed description of specific possibilities for linguists, please refer to the Linguist\SpecialChar LyX page on the \SpecialChar LyX wiki \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "linguistlyx" literal "true" \end_inset (feel free to enter your own hints there). \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "covington" literal "true" \end_inset The covington package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/covington/ \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "csquotes" literal "true" \end_inset The csquotes package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes/ \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "drs" literal "false" \end_inset The drs \emph on \emph default package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/drs \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "enumitem" literal "true" \end_inset The enumitem package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/ \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "float" literal "true" \end_inset The float package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float/ \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "forest" literal "true" \end_inset The forest package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/graphics/pgf/contrib/forest \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "linguistlyx" literal "true" \end_inset Maria Gouskova, Stacia Hartleben and Jürgen Spitzmüller: Using \SpecialChar LyX for Linguistic Papers. \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout https://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "pict2e" literal "false" \end_inset The pict2e package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/pict2e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "preview" literal "true" \end_inset The preview-latex package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/preview/ \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "tipa" literal "true" \end_inset The tipa package and fonts: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/ \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "varwidth" literal "false" \end_inset The varwidth package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/varwidth \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \end_body \end_document