#LyX 2.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 474 \begin_document \begin_header \textclass scrartcl \begin_preamble % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!! % % This preamble is designed to ensure that the file prints % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, % parts of this document may not print out as expected. If you % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact % the documentation team % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org % if pdflatex is used \usepackage{ifpdf} \ifpdf % set fonts for nicer pdf view \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty} {\usepackage{lmodern}}{} \fi % end if pdflatex is used % Folgendes Problem lösen: % Besteht die Kapitelnummer aus zu vielen Ziffern, wird die % Kapitelüberschrift im Inhaltsverzeichnis direkt an oder über % die Kapitelnummer geschrieben. % Als Lösung wird mehr Platz zwischen Nummer und % Überschrift eingefügt. \renewcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.8em}} \renewcommand{\l@subsubsection}{\@dottedtocline{3}{4.3em}{3.6em}} % Linkfläche für Querverweise vergrößern und automatisch benennen, \AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\ref}[1]{\mbox{\autoref{#1}}}} \addto\extrasngerman{% \renewcommand*{\equationautorefname}[1]{}% \renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{Kap.\negthinspace}% \renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{Kap.\negthinspace}% \renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{Kap.\negthinspace}% } % Makros damit Pakete nicht doppelt geladen werden. % siehe erste Fußnote in Kap. 9.3 \@ifundefined{textcolor}{\usepackage{color}}{} % Die Seiten des Inhaltsverzeichnisses werden römisch numeriert, % ein PDF-Lesezeichen für das Inhaltsverzeichnis wird hinzugefügt \pagenumbering{roman} \let\myTOC\tableofcontents \renewcommand{\tableofcontents}{% \vspace{1cm} \pdfbookmark[1]{\contentsname}{} \myTOC \cleardoublepage \pagenumbering{arabic}} % Damit die Fußnoten einen zusätzlichen vertikalen Abstand von 1,5 mm haben, \let\myFoot\footnote \renewcommand{\footnote}[1]{\myFoot{#1\vspace{1.5mm}}} % provides caption formatting \setkomafont{captionlabel}{\bfseries} % enables calculation of values \usepackage{calc} % für Mehrfachzeilen, benutzt in Kap. 24.7 \usepackage{multicol} % benutzt in Kap. 19.4 \usepackage{remreset} % für das Fourier-Transformationssymbol \usepackage{mathrsfs} % Farbdefinition aus Kap. 9.3 \definecolor{dunkelgruen}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5} % Operatoren deklarieren (siehe Kap. 10.4 und 15.2) \DeclareMathOperator*{\Raute}{\blacklozenge} \DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn} % Beispielbefehle aus Kap. 20.1 \newcommand{\gr}{\Longrightarrow} \newcommand{\us}[1]{\underline{#1}} \newcommand{\fb}[3]{\framebox#1#2{$#3$}} \newcommand{\cb}[3][white]{\fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}} \newcommand{\fracS}[3][]{\genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}} % Beispielmakro aus Kap. 19.4 %\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{|#1|}} % Damit der Index einen anderen Namen erhält. \addto\captionsngerman {\renewcommand{\indexname} {Stichwort- und Befehlsverzeichnis}} % ------------------------------------ % used to check for needed LaTeX packages \usepackage{ifthen} % testen ob das Paket undertilde installiert ist % wird benutzt für den Befehl \utilde \newboolean{undertilde} \IfFileExists{undertilde.sty} {\usepackage{undertilde} \setboolean{undertilde}{true}} {\setboolean{undertilde}{false}} % testen ob das Paket eurosym installiert ist % wird benutzt für das Euro-Symbol \newboolean{eurosym} \IfFileExists{eurosym.sty} {\usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym} \setboolean{eurosym}{true}} {\setboolean{eurosym}{false}} % testen ob Paket braket installiert ist % benötigt für physikalische Vektoren \newboolean{braket} \IfFileExists{braket.sty} {\usepackage{braket} \setboolean{braket}{true}} {\setboolean{braket}{false}} % testen ob Paket cancel installiert ist \newboolean{cancel} \IfFileExists{cancel.sty} {\usepackage{cancel} \setboolean{cancel}{true}} {\setboolean{cancel}{false}} % testen ob Paket upgreek installiert ist \newboolean{upgreek} \IfFileExists{upgreek.sty} {\usepackage{upgreek} \setboolean{upgreek}{true}} {\setboolean{upgreek}{false}} % benötigt für Kommas in Formeln, siehe Kap. 22.3 \IfFileExists{icomma.sty} {\usepackage{icomma}}{} \end_preamble \options bibliography=totoc,index=totoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,captions=tableheading \use_default_options false \maintain_unincluded_children false \language ngerman \language_package default \inputencoding auto \fontencoding global \font_roman default \font_sans default \font_typewriter default \font_math auto \font_default_family default \use_non_tex_fonts false \font_sc false \font_osf false \font_sf_scale 100 \font_tt_scale 100 \graphics default \default_output_format default \output_sync 0 \bibtex_command default \index_command default \paperfontsize 12 \spacing single \use_hyperref true \pdf_title "LyXs Mathehandbuch" \pdf_author "LyX Team, Uwe Stöhr" \pdf_subject "LyX-Dokumentation der Mathefunktionen" \pdf_keywords "LyX, Mathed" \pdf_bookmarks true \pdf_bookmarksnumbered true \pdf_bookmarksopen true \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1 \pdf_breaklinks false \pdf_pdfborder false \pdf_colorlinks true \pdf_backref false \pdf_pdfusetitle false \pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false" \papersize a4paper \use_geometry false \use_package amsmath 2 \use_package amssymb 2 \use_package cancel 0 \use_package esint 1 \use_package mathdots 1 \use_package mathtools 2 \use_package mhchem 1 \use_package stackrel 0 \use_package stmaryrd 0 \use_package undertilde 0 \cite_engine basic \cite_engine_type default \biblio_style plain \use_bibtopic false \use_indices false \paperorientation portrait \suppress_date false \justification true \use_refstyle 0 \notefontcolor #0000ff \index Stichwortverzeichnis \shortcut idx \color #008000 \end_index \secnumdepth 4 \tocdepth 3 \paragraph_separation skip \defskip medskip \quotes_language german \papercolumns 1 \papersides 2 \paperpagestyle plain \bullet 1 0 6 -1 \bullet 2 2 35 -1 \bullet 3 2 7 -1 \tracking_changes false \output_changes false \html_math_output 0 \html_css_as_file 0 \html_be_strict false \end_header \begin_body \begin_layout Title LyXs detailliertes Mathe Handbuch \end_layout \begin_layout Author vom LyX Team \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \noindent Für Anmerkungen oder Korrekturen senden sie bitte eine Email an LyXs Dokumentati ons-Liste: \family typewriter \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org" target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyXs Mathehandbuch" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Verfasser: Uwe Stöhr \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \family sans Version 2.1.x \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset CommandInset toc LatexCommand tableofcontents \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Um diese Datei als PDF, PS oder DVI zu exportieren, sollten die LaTeX-Pakete \series bold braket, cancel, eurosym, mathdots, mathtools, mhchem, undertilde \series default und \series bold was \series default installiert sein. Wenn diese nicht installiert sind, kann das Dokument zwar exportiert werden, die Abschnitte in denen die Pakete benötigt werden, erscheinen dann aber nicht im Ausdruck. Eine Ausnahme ist \series bold mhchem \series default ; wenn es nicht installiert ist, kann dieses Dokument nicht exportiert werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout Die neueste PDF-Version dieses Dokuments ist hier zu finden: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/DocumentationDevelopment#Math \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Einleitung \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dieses Dokument ist eine Zusammenstellung und Erläuterung der wichtigsten LaTeX-Befehle für mathematische Zeichen und Konstruktionen. Die Erläuterungen sind speziell auf die Benutzung der Befehle mit LyX zugeschni tten. Das setzt voraus, dass bereits das Kapitel \family typewriter Mathematische \family default \family typewriter Formeln \family default des Benutzerhandbuchs gelesen worden ist. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die meisten Zeichen und viele Konstruktionen sind auch über das Menü \family sans Einfügen \series bold \SpecialChar \menuseparator \series default Mathe \family default oder die \family sans Mathe-Werkzeugleiste \family default aufrufbar. Wer viele Formeln zu schreiben hat, wird jedoch feststellen, dass man mit den LaTeX-Befehlen viel schneller eine Formel setzen kann. Daher wird in diesem Handbuch der Fokus auf Befehle gesetzt wobei entsprechende Werkzeugleistenknöpfe, falls vorhanden, erwähnt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sofern nicht anders angegeben, sind Befehle nur in der Formel-Umgebung von LyX verfügbar. Um alle Befehle nutzen zu können, muss die Option \family sans AMS-Mathe-Paket verwenden \family default im Menü \family sans Dokument\SpecialChar \menuseparator Einstellungen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe Optionen \family default aktiviert sein. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Die \family sans Option \family default \family sans AMS-Mathe-Paket automatisch verwenden \family default verwendet \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash AmS \end_layout \end_inset -Mathe nur wenn im Dokument mathematische Konstrukte gefunden wurden die LyX unterstützt. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es wird in diesem Dokument der Übersichtlichkeit halber auf die Auf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} listung aller \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash AmS \end_layout \end_inset -Mathe Befehle \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Eine Liste mit allen \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash AmS \end_layout \end_inset -Mathe Befehlen findet sich in der Datei \family sans \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "amsguide.ps" target "ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amstex/amsguide.pdf" \end_inset \family default , die Teil jeder LaTeX-Standardinstallation ist. \end_layout \end_inset verzichtet. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Allgemeine Hinweise \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um eine in einer Textzeile eingebettete Formel \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! eingebettete \end_layout \end_inset zu erstellen, drückt man \family sans Strg+M \family default oder den Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-mode" \end_inset . \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Um eine abgesetzte Formel \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! abgesetzte \end_layout \end_inset zu erstellen, drückt man \family sans Strg+Shift+M \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um eine abgesetzte Formel in eine eingebettete umzuwandeln, setzt man den Cursor in die Formel und drückt \family sans Strg+Shift+M \family default oder benutzt das Menü \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator \begin_inset Newline linebreak \end_inset Formelart ändern \family default . Auf die selbe Weise lässt sich eine eingebettete in eine abgesetzte Formel umwandeln. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um Teile einer eingebetteten Formel in der Größe einer abgesetzten darzustellen, gibt man in die Formel den Befehl \series bold \backslash displaystyle \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! D ! \backslash displaystyle \end_layout \end_inset ein. Es erscheint ein neues blaues Kästchen, in das dann der Formelteil eingegeben wird. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In einer Tabelle dürfen nur eingebettete Formeln verwendet werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die \family sans Mathe-Werkzeugleiste \family default kann über das Menü \family sans Ansicht\SpecialChar \menuseparator Werkzeugleisten \family default eingeblendet werden. Wenn dort auf \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Mathe \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset geklickt wird, wird die Werkzeugleiste permanent am unteren Rand eingeblendet; diese Einstellung wird durch ein Häkchen im Menü \family sans Werkzeugleisten \family default angezeigt. Wenn nun im Menü \family sans Werkzeugleisten \family default nochmal auf \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Mathe \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset geklickt wird, wird die Werkzeugleiste nur angezeigt, wenn sich der Cursor in einer Formel befindet; diese Einstellung wird durch die Umbenennung des Menüeintrags von \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Mathe \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset zu \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Mathe \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset (automatisch) \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset angezeigt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In den TeX-Modus \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout T@TeX-Modus \end_layout \end_inset gelangt man über den Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "ert-insert" \end_inset oder das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Te \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout {} \end_layout \end_inset X \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Code \family default (Tastenkürzel \family sans Strg+L \family default ). \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout In LyX gibt es drei \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset Eigennamen \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset , die im Ausdruck mit hoch bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset tief gestellten Großbuchstaben erscheinen: TeX, LaTeX und LyX \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout Um zu verhindern, dass diese Wörter als Eigennamen erkannt werden, fügt man ein TeX-Klammerpaar ein. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In den LaTeX-Vorspann \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout L@LaTeX-Vorspann \end_layout \end_inset gelangt man über das Menü \family sans Dokument\SpecialChar \menuseparator Einstellungen\SpecialChar \menuseparator LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout {} \end_layout \end_inset eX-Vorspann \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Zur nachträglichen Bearbeitung von Matrizen, Fallunterscheidungen und mehrzeilig en Formeln kann man die Menüs \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe \family default und \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Zeilen \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset & \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset Spalten \family default oder die \family sans Tabellen-Werkzeugleiste \family default verwenden. Beim Vertauschen von Zeilen und Spalten mit Hilfe dieses Menüs wird immer die Spalte bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset Zeile, in der der Cursor steht, mit der rechts daneben stehenden Spalte bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset darunter liegenden Zeile vertauscht. Befindet sich der Cursor in der letzten Spalte bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset Zeile, wird mit der links daneben stehenden Spalte bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset darüber liegenden Zeile vertauscht. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Zum Schreiben von Text in einer Formel \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Bei mehrzeiligen Formeln wird der Befehl \series bold \backslash intertext \series default verwendet, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Text-in-mehrzeiligen" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset verwendet man den \emph on mathematischen Textmodus \emph default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Text ! in Formeln \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Mathematischer Textmodus \end_layout \end_inset , in den man mit dem Tastenkürzel \family sans Alt+M \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset M \family default oder durch Eingabe des Befehls \series bold \backslash text \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! T ! \backslash text \end_layout \end_inset \series default gelangt. Der Text erscheint in LyX schwarz und lässt sich dadurch gut vom Rest der Formel unterscheiden. Im fertigen Dokument erscheint mathematischer Text im Gegensatz zu allen anderen Zeichen einer Formel nicht kursiv. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Befehlsschema \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die meisten LaTeX-Befehle für mathematische Konstruktionen besitzen folgendes Schema: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash Befehlsname[optionales \series default \series bold Argument]{anzugebendes \series default \series bold Argument} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein Befehl muss immer mit einem Backslash \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset \series bold \backslash \series default \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset beginnen. Möchte man ein optionales Argument nicht angeben, müssen auch die zugehörigen eckigen Klammern weggelassen werden. Die geschweiften Klammern werden in diesem Dokument als TeX-Klammern \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout T@TeX-Klammern \end_layout \end_inset bezeichnet. Hängt man in einer Formel an Befehlsnamen eine linke geschweifte Klammer an, erzeugt LyX automatisch eine TeX-Klammer. Ansonsten werden sie in Formeln mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash { \series default erzeugt. TeX-Klammern erscheinen in LyX rot, im Gegensatz zu normalen geschweiften Klammern, die blau erscheinen. Im TeX-Modus sind für TeX-Klammern keine Befehle notwendig. TeX-Klammern erscheinen nicht im Ausdruck. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Werden Befehle ohne Argumente, wie z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. Symbolbefehle, im TeX-Modus eingegeben, muss auf den Befehl \emph on immer \emph default ein Leerzeichen folgen um ihn zu beenden. Dieses Leerzeichen erscheint nicht im Ausdruck. Soll das Leerzeichen auch im Ausdruck erscheinen, muss auf den Befehl im normalen Text ein geschütztes Leerzeichen folgen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein geschütztes Leerzeichen gibt man mit \family sans Strg+Leertaste \family default ein. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Zeichenerklärung \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Das Symbol \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset steht für ein einzugebendes Leerzeichen. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Ein Pfeil wie z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset steht für den Druck der jeweiligen Pfeiltaste auf der Tastatur. Die \family sans Tabulator \family default -Taste kann oft anstelle von \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset und \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset benutzt werden und \family sans Umschalt+Tabulator \family default anstelle von \begin_inset Formula $\leftarrow$ \end_inset und \begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Verfügbare Einheiten \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Float table placement H wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \align center \begin_inset Caption Standard \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "tab:Verfügbare-Einheiten" \end_inset Verfügbare Einheiten \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Einheit \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Name / Beschreibung \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout mm \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Millimeter \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout cm \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Zentimeter \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout in \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Inch / Zoll (1 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset in = 2,54 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset cm) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout pt \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Punkt (72,27 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt = 1 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset in) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout pc \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Pica (1 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pc = 12 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout sp \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout skalierter Punkt(65536 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset sp = 1 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout bp \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout großer Punkt (72 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset bp = 1 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset in) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout dd \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Didot (1 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset dd \begin_inset Formula $\approx$ \end_inset 0,376 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mm) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout cc \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Cicero (1 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset cc = 12 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset dd) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout ex \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Höhe des Buchstabens \emph on x \emph default in der aktuellen Schrift \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout em \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Breite des Buchstabens \emph on M \emph default in der aktuellen Schrift \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout mu \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Mathe-Einheit (1 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mu = \begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{1}{18}$ \end_inset \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset em) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Grundlegende Funktionen \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Exponenten \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Exponenten \end_layout \end_inset und Indizes \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Indizes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Hochstellen|see \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout { \end_layout \end_inset Exponenten \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Tiefstellen|see \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout { \end_layout \end_inset Indizes \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Indizes werden mit dem Unterstrich _ oder mit dem Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-subscript" \end_inset , Exponenten mit dem Zirkumflexzeichen ^ oder mit dem Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-superscript" \end_inset erzeugt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout B_V \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $B_{V}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout B^V \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{V}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout B^ \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Da der Zirkumflex ein Akzent ist, werden Selbstlaute akzentuiert statt hochgeste llt \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Je nach Tastatureinstellung werden auch andere Buchstaben akzentuiert. \end_layout \end_inset . Um in diesem Fall Exponenten zu erzeugen, muss nach dem Zirkumflex ein Leerzeichen eingegeben werden, siehe letztes Beispiel. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Brüche \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Brüche" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Brüche \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Brüche werden mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash frac \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! F ! \backslash frac \end_layout \end_inset oder mit dem Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\frac" \end_inset erstellt. Die Zeichengröße wird automatisch angepasst, je nachdem, ob sich der Bruch in einer eingebetteten oder abgesetzten Formel befindet. Mit dem Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\frac-square" \end_inset können verschieden Bruchtypen gewählt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash dfrac \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! D ! \backslash dfrac \end_layout \end_inset kann man einen Bruch erzeugen, der immer in der Größe einer abgesetzten Formel erscheint. Mit \series bold \backslash tfrac \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! T ! \backslash tfrac \end_layout \end_inset erscheint der Bruch immer in der Größe einer eingebetteten Formel. Ein Beispiel: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Eine Zeile mit dem Bruch \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ \end_inset , der mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash frac \series default erstellt wurde. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Eine Zeile mit dem Bruch \begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{1}{2}$ \end_inset , der mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash dfrac \series default erstellt wurde. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash frac \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\frac{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dfrac \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\dfrac{A}{B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dfrac \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e^ \backslash frac \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 1 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow\downarrow$ \end_inset 3 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8mm}{}\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset \begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset Für Mehrfachbrüche gibt es den Befehl \series bold \backslash cfrac \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! C ! \backslash cfrac \end_layout \end_inset . Dazu ein Beispiel: \begin_inset VSpace -3mm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} \textrm{mit \textbf{\textbackslash frac} erstellt} & & \textrm{mit \textbf{\textbackslash cfrac} erstellt}\\ \frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}} \end{align*} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Befehl für obiges Beispiel lautet: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash cfrac \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset B+ \backslash cfrac \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C+ \backslash cfrac \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset E \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset F \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset D \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash cfrac \series default bewirkt, dass der Bruch immer in der Größe einer abgesetzten Formel erscheint, auch wenn er selbst Teil eines Bruches ist. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es ist möglich die Ausrichtung des Zählers einzustellen. Der Befehl \series bold \backslash cfracleft \series default richtet ihn links, der Befehl \series bold \backslash cfracright \series default rechts aus. \series bold \backslash cfrac \series default zentriert den Zähler. Diese Brüche demonstrieren die verschiedenen Ausrichtungen: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \begin_inset Formula \[ \cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}\,,\,\cfrac{A}{B+C}\,,\,\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold Achtung: \series default \series bold \backslash cfracleft \series default und \series bold \backslash cfracright \series default sind keine echten LaTeX-Befehle, sondern stellen den Befehl \series bold \backslash cfrac[Ausrichtung]{Zähler}{Nenner} \series default dar. Daher kann man sie nicht im TeX-Code benutzen. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Oftmals ist es am günstigsten \series bold \backslash cfrac \series default und \series bold \backslash frac \series default zu kombinieren: \begin_inset Formula \[ \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um Brüche mit schrägem Bruchstrich zu erzeugen, kann der Befehl \series bold \backslash nicefrac \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! N ! \backslash nicefrac \end_layout \end_inset : \begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{5}{31}$ \end_inset oder \series bold \backslash unitfrac \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle! U ! \backslash unitfrac \end_layout \end_inset : \begin_inset Formula $\unitfrac{5}{31}$ \end_inset benutzt werden. Des Weiteren gibt es den Befehl \series bold \backslash unitfracthree \series default mit dem man einen Bruch in Kombination mit einer Zahl setzen kann: \begin_inset Formula $\unitfrac[2]{1}{3}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold Achtung: \series default \series bold \backslash unitfracthree \series default ist kein echter LaTeX-Befehl, sondern der Befehl \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash unitfrac[Zahl]{Zähler}{Nenner} \series default . Daher kann man ihn nicht im TeX-Code benutzen. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wie man eigene Brüche definiert, um die Bruchstrichdicke zu ändern, ist in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Selbstdefinierte-Brüche" \end_inset erklärt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Mehrzeilige Brüche sind in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Mehrzeilige-Brüche" \end_inset erklärt. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Wurzeln \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Wurzeln \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Quadratwurzeln werden mit \series bold \backslash sqrt \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash sqrt \end_layout \end_inset oder dem Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\sqrt" \end_inset gesetzt, alle anderen Wurzeln mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash root \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! R ! \backslash root \end_layout \end_inset oder dem Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\root" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sqrt \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A-B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt{A-B}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash root \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 3 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset A-B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt[3]{A-B}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Eine Quadratwurzel kann man auch mit \series bold \backslash root \series default erstellen, indem man das Feld über der Wurzel frei lässt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Bei manchen Indizes ist der Abstand zur Wurzel zu gering, wie bei dieser Formel: \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\beta]{B}$ \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Das \begin_inset Formula $\beta$ \end_inset berührt die Wurzel. Um dies zu verhindern, verwendet man die Befehle \series bold \backslash leftroot \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! L ! \backslash leftroot \end_layout \end_inset und \series bold \backslash uproot \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! U ! \backslash uproot \end_layout \end_inset , die folgendes Schema besitzen: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash leftroot{Abstand} \series default bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset \series bold \backslash uproot{Abstand} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Abstand ist die Anzahl der Big Points (Einheit bp; \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\, bp=1\, inch}$ \end_inset ), um die der Index nach links bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset nach oben verschoben werden soll. Die Befehle werden in den Index geschrieben. So ergibt der Befehl \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash root \backslash leftroot{-1 \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash uproot{2 \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash beta \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset B \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series default eine korrekt gesetzte Formel: \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{2}\beta]{B}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Binomialkoeffizienten \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Binomialkoeffizienten \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Binomialkoeffizienten können mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash binom \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! B ! \backslash binom \end_layout \end_inset oder über das Untermenü des Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopfs \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\frac-square" \end_inset eingefügt werden. Analog zu Brüchen ( \series bold \backslash frac \series default ) gibt es außer \series bold \backslash binom \series default noch die Befehle \series bold \backslash dbinom \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! D ! \backslash dbinom \end_layout \end_inset und \series bold \backslash tbinom \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! T ! \backslash tbinom \end_layout \end_inset . Für andere Klammern um Binomialkoeffizienten gibt es die Befehle \series bold \backslash brace \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! B ! \backslash brace \end_layout \end_inset und \series bold \backslash brack \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! B ! \backslash brack \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash binom \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\binom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dbinom \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dbinom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash tbinom \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\tbinom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash brack \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}{A \brack B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash brace \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}{A \brace B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Fallunterscheidungen \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Fallunterscheidungen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cases \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset B>0 \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! C ! \backslash cases \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases} A & B>0\end{cases}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cases \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset Strg+Enter \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases} A & \textrm{für }x>0\\ B & \textrm{für }x=0 \end{cases}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Nach der Eingabe von \series bold \backslash cases \series default oder der Benutzung des Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopfs \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\cases" \end_inset können mit \family sans Strg+Enter \family default oder dem Tabellen-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "inset-modify tabular append-row" \end_inset neue Zeilen erstellt werden. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Umlaute in Formeln, wie in obiger Tabelle, sind in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Akzente-für-ein" \end_inset beschrieben. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Befehl \series bold \backslash cases \series default ist auch über das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cases-Umgebung \family default verfügbar. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Verneinungen \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Verneinungen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Durch die Eingabe von \series bold \backslash not \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! N ! \backslash not \end_layout \end_inset kann jedes beliebige Zeichen durchgestrichen dargestellt werden. Die Zeichen werden quasi mit einem Schrägstrich akzentuiert. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash not= \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\not=$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash not \backslash le \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\not\le$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash not \backslash parallel \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\not\parallel$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das letzte Beispiel zeigt, dass nicht alle Verneinungen gut aussehen. Deswegen gibt es für Einige spezielle Befehle (siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Mathematische-Symbole" \end_inset und \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Relationen" \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Platzhalter \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Platzhalter" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Platzhalter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout chemische Zeichen ! Isotope \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Isotope|see \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout { \end_layout \end_inset chemische Zeichen \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Möchte man z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. Isotope \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Wie Isotope und chemische Reaktionen erstellt werden, ist in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Chemische-Symbole-und" \end_inset beschrieben. \end_layout \end_inset darstellen, tritt folgendes Problem auf: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout durch Hoch- und Tiefstellen erzeugte Indizes: \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $_{9}^{19}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout korrekte Indizes: \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\mathrm{F}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der kürzere Index wird standardmäßig unter oder über das erste Zeichen des längeren Index gesetzt. Um das zu verhindern gibt es den Befehl \series bold \backslash phantom \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! P ! \backslash phantom \end_layout \end_inset oder den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout zu finden im Untermenü des Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopfs \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\space" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Graphics filename ../../images/math/phantom.png scale 85 \end_inset , der ein oder mehrere Phantomzeichen erstellt. Wenn \series bold \backslash phantom \series default eingegeben wird, erscheint ein kleines blaues Kästchen, dass von zwei roten Pfeilen überlagert wird. Die Pfeile geben an, dass die komplette Breite und Höhe des Kästcheninhalts als Leerraum erstellt wird. Phantomzeichen sind dementsprechend Platzhalter mit der Größe der angegebenen Zeichen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout ^19 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _ \backslash phantom \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 1 \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset 9 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset F \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout ^235 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _ \backslash phantom \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 23 \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset 9 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset F \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Lambda^ \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash phantom \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ii \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset t \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _MMt \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\Lambda_{MMt}^{\phantom{ii}t}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Des Weiteren gibt es noch die Befehle \series bold \backslash vphantom \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! V ! \backslash vphantom \end_layout \end_inset (Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset \begin_inset Graphics filename ../../images/math/vphantom.png scale 85 \end_inset ) und \series bold \backslash hphantom \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! H ! \backslash hphantom \end_layout \end_inset (Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset \begin_inset Graphics filename ../../images/math/hphantom.png scale 85 \end_inset ). \series bold \backslash hphantom \series default erzeugt nur Platz für die maximale Höhe der im Kästchen angegebenen Zeichen, nicht jedoch für deren Breite. Bei \series bold \backslash vphantom \series default wird nur Platz mit der Breite des Kästchens erstellt. Daher haben die Kästchen der beiden Befehle nur einen roten Pfeil. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Zum Beispiel erzeugt \series bold \backslash vphantom \series default \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold a \backslash int \series default Platz der Höhe des Integralzeichens, \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Der Befehl \series bold \backslash int \series default erzeugt ein Integralzeichen, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Große-Operatoren" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset da dieses das größere Zeichen ist. Eine Beispielanwendung ist in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Mehrzeilige-Klammern" \end_inset zu finden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Platzhalter können auch für Text verwendet werden, wenn sie über das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatierung\SpecialChar \menuseparator Phantom \family default eingefügt werden: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dies ist ein Satz. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Phantom Phantom status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Dies \end_layout \end_inset ist ein Satz. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Linien \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Linien \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! unterstrichene \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overline \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! O ! \backslash overline \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{A+B}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash underline \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! U ! \backslash underline \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overline \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash underline \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{\underline{A+B}}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Beim letzten Beispiel spielt es keine Rolle, ob man zuerst \series bold \backslash overline \series default oder \series bold \backslash underline \series default eingibt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Will man Ergebnisse doppelt unterstreichen, verwendet man zweimal hintereinander \begin_inset Newline linebreak \end_inset \series bold \backslash underline \series default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Man kann bis zu 6 Striche über oder unter Zeichen setzen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Benutzerdefinierte Linien können mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash rule \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle! R ! \backslash rule \end_layout \end_inset erstellt werden, der folgendes Schema besitzt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash rule[vertikaler Versatz]{Länge}{Dicke} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der optionale vertikale Versatz verschiebt die Linie nach oben (oder nach unten, wenn der Wert negativ ist). Die Einheiten, die in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "tab:Verfügbare-Einheiten" \end_inset aufgelistet sind, können für die Werte benutzt werden. Hier sind zwei Beispiele, die mit den Befehlen \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash rule[-2ex]{3cm}{2pt} \series default und \series bold \backslash rule{2cm}{1pt} \series default erzeugt wurden: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dies ist ein Satz \begin_inset Formula $\rule[-2ex]{3cm}{2pt}\rule{2cm}{1pt}$ \end_inset mit zwei Linien. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash rule \series default kann auch für Text verwendet werden, wenn eine Linie über das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatierung\SpecialChar \menuseparator Horizontale \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Line \family default eingefügt wird: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dies ist ein Satz \begin_inset CommandInset line LatexCommand rule offset "0.5ex" width "3cm" height "1pt" \end_inset mit einer Linie. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Fortsetzungspunkte \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Fortsetzungspunkte" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Fortsetzungspunkte \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es gibt unterschiedliche Arten von Fortsetzungspunkten. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout In der Mathe-Werkzeugleiste zu finden im Untermenü des Knopfs \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\ldots" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset Für Aufzählungen verwendet man unten sitzende Punkte ( \series bold \backslash ldots \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! L ! \backslash ldots \end_layout \end_inset ), während man für Operationen Punkte braucht, die auf der selben Höhe wie die Operatoren sind ( \series bold \backslash cdots \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! C ! \backslash cdots \end_layout \end_inset ). Verwendet man den Befehl \series bold \backslash dots \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! D ! \backslash dots \end_layout \end_inset , entscheidet LaTeX anhand des nachfolgenden Zeichens, welche Punktart verwendet wird. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A_1 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset , \backslash dots \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ,A_n \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A_{1},\dots,A_{n}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A_1 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset + \backslash dots \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset +A_n \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\dots+A_{n}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A_1 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset , \backslash ldots \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ,A_n \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A_{1},\ldots,A_{n}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A_1 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset + \backslash cdots \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset +A_n \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\cdots+A_{n}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vdots \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\vdots$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ddots \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\ddots$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash iddots \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\iddots$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 3 \series bold × \series default 3 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset Matrix mit obigen Befehlen \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} A_{11} & \cdots & A_{1m}\\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm} \end{array}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die im Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Sonderzeichen \family default verfügbaren Fortsetzungspunkte sind \series bold \backslash ldots \series default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Um \series bold \backslash iddots \series default nutzen zu können, muss eine der Optionen \family sans Mathdots Paket (automatisch) verwenden \family default in den Dokumenteinstellungen unter \family sans Mathe-Optionen \family default gewählt sein. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Die Option \family sans Mathdots Paket verwenden \family default verbessert das Aussehen aller Fortsetzungspunkte des Dokuments wenn deren Schriftstil oder die Schriftgröße nicht Standard sind. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Speziell für Matrizen gibt es Fortsetzungspunkte, die sich über mehrere Spalten erstrecken. Man erhält sie mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash hdotsfor \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! H ! \backslash hdotsfor \end_layout \end_inset , der folgendes Schema besitzt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash hdotsfor[Abstand]{Anzahl der Spalten} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Anzahl der Spalten gibt an, über wie viele Spalten sich die Punkte erstrecken sollen. Abstand ist ein Faktor, der den Punktabstand festlegt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In folgender Matrix wurde in das erste Kästchen der zweiten Zeile der Befehl \series bold \backslash hdotsfor[2]{4} \series default eingegeben, um Fortsetzungspunkte mit doppelt so großem Punktabstand wie beim Befehl \series bold \backslash dots \series default zu erhalten: \begin_inset Formula \[ \left(\begin{array}{cccc} A & B & C & D\\ \hdotsfor[2]{4}\\ q & w & e & r \end{array}\right) \] \end_inset Es ist zu beachten, dass die Matrixfelder über die sich die Punkte erstrecken sollen leer sein müssen, ansonsten kommt es zu LaTeX-Fehlern. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Des Weiteren kann man mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash dotfill \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! D ! \backslash dotfill \end_layout \end_inset den Rest einer Zeile mit Punkten füllen. Die Wirkungsweise des Befehls entspricht der von \series bold \backslash hfill \series default , siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Variabler-Leerraum" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. ergibt der Befehl \series bold A \backslash dotfill \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $A\dotfill B$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Analog dazu gibt es für eine Linie den Befehl \series bold \backslash hrulefill \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! H ! \backslash hrulefill \end_layout \end_inset : \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $A\hrulefill B$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um die Befehle für Text zu verwenden, müssen sie im TeX-Modus eingegeben werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Matrizen \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sec:Matrizen" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Matrizen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Matrizen können über den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \family sans \family default \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "dialog-show mathmatrix" \end_inset oder das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Matrix \family default eingefügt werden. Sie werden nach der Spalten- und Zeilenanzahl, der Ausrichtung und der Verzierung gefragt. Die vertikale Ausrichtung ist dabei nur bei Matrizen in eingebetteten Formeln von Bedeutung: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die erste Matrix ist oben \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[t]{cccc} A & D & G & J\\ B & E & H & K\\ C & F & I & L \end{array}$ \end_inset , die zweite mittig \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{cccc} A & D & G & J\\ B & E & H & K\\ C & F & I & L \end{array}$ \end_inset und die dritte unten \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[b]{cccc} A & D & G & J\\ B & E & H & K\\ C & F & I & L \end{array}$ \end_inset ausgerichtet. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die horizontale Ausrichtung gibt an, wie die Spalteneinträge ausgerichtet werden sollen. Dazu wird für jede Spalte ein Buchstabe eingegeben. \emph on l \emph default steht für linksbündig, \emph on c \emph default für mittig und \emph on r \emph default für rechtsbündig. Möchte man z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. eine 4 \series bold × \series default 4 \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Matrix erstellen, bei der der Inhalt der ersten Spalte linksbündig, der Inhalt der zweiten und dritten mittig und der Inhalt der letzten rechtsbündig ausgerichtet ist, gibt man für die horizontale Ausrichtung \series bold lccr \series default an. Normalerweise sind in einer Matrix alle Spalteninhalte zentriert, weswegen die Voreinstellung für jede Spalte ein \series bold c \series default ist. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Horizontale Ausrichtung: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold lll \series default : \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{lll} 10000 & D & G\\ B & 10000 & H\\ C & F & 10000 \end{array}$ \end_inset , \series bold ccc \series default : \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} 10000 & D & G\\ B & 10000 & H\\ C & F & 10000 \end{array}$ \end_inset , \series bold rrr \series default : \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{rrr} 10000 & D & G\\ B & 10000 & H\\ C & F & 10000 \end{array}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um nachträglich Zeilen und Spalten hinzuzufügen oder zu entfernen, kann man die Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknöpfe \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "inset-modify tabular append-row" \end_inset , \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "inset-modify tabular delete-row" \end_inset , usw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset oder das Menü \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Zeilen & Spalten \family default verwenden. Neue Zeilen können auch mit \family sans Strg+Enter \family default erstellt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Die \family sans Verzierung \family default fügt Klammern um die Matrix in der ausgewählten Art hinzu. Alternativ können Klammern entweder mit den Befehlen \series bold \backslash left \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! L ! \backslash left \end_layout \end_inset und \series bold \backslash right \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! R ! \backslash right \end_layout \end_inset erstellt werden (Tastenkürzel \family sans Alt+M \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Klammer \family default ), siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Automatische-Klammergrößen" \end_inset , oder man verwendet folgende Befehle: \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bmatrix \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 \series bold × \series default 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset Matrix \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ \mathrm{i} & 0 \end{array}\end{bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Bmatrix \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 \series bold × \series default 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset Matrix \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ \mathrm{i} & 0 \end{array}\end{Bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash pmatrix \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 \series bold × \series default 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset Matrix \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ \mathrm{i} & 0 \end{array}\end{pmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vmatrix \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 \series bold × \series default 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset Matrix \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ \mathrm{i} & 0 \end{array}\end{vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Vmatrix \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 \series bold × \series default 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset Matrix \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ \mathrm{i} & 0 \end{array}\end{Vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash matrix \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 \series bold × \series default 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset Matrix \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ \mathrm{i} & 0 \end{array}\end{matrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Wurde z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. \series bold \backslash vmatrix \series default eingegeben, erscheint ein blaues Kästchen zwischen zwei senkrechten Strichen, in das die Matrix eingefügt wird. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Man beachte, dass verzierte Matrizen die vertikale Ausrichtung ignorieren. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Da alle mehrzeiligen Formeln Matrizen sind, kann man die in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Spaltenabstand" \end_inset beschriebene Länge \series bold \backslash arraycolsep \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! A ! \backslash arraycolsep \end_layout \end_inset auch zur Änderung des Spaltenabstands von Matrizen verwenden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Möchte man den Zeilenabstand ändern, verwendet man den Befehl \series bold \backslash arraystretch \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! A ! \backslash arraystretch \end_layout \end_inset . Dieser wird folgendermaßen benutzt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash arraystretch}{Dehnungsfaktor} \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! R ! \backslash renewcommand \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Befehl \series bold \backslash renewcommand \series default weist dabei dem vordefinierten Befehl \series bold \backslash arraystretch \series default den Dehnungsfaktor zu. Möchte man z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. den Zeilenabstand verdoppeln, gibt man für den Faktor eine 2 an. Dieser wird dann für alle folgenden Matrizen verwendet. Um wieder zum ursprünglichen Abstand zurückzukehren, weist man \series bold \backslash arraystretch \series default den Faktor 1 zu. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um Matrizen in eine Textzeile zu setzen, benutzt man den Befehl \series bold \backslash smallmatrix \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash smallmatrix \end_layout \end_inset . Gibt man ihn in eine Formel ein, erscheint ein blaues Kästchen mit zwei gestrichelten Linien. In dieses Kästchen wird die Matrix eingegeben. Man verwendet stattdessen das Menü \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Zeilen \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset & \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Spalten \family default oder die Mathe-Werkzeugleiste um neue Spalten zu erstellen. Neue Zeilen können auch mit \family sans Strg+Enter \family default erstellt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dies ist eine Matrix \begin_inset Formula $\left(\begin{smallmatrix}A & B\\ C & D \end{smallmatrix}\right)$ \end_inset in einer Textzeile. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Klammern und Begrenzungszeichen \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Klammern \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Begrenzungszeichen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Vertikale Klammern und Begrenzungszeichen \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Klammern ! vertikale \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout ( \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $($ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout { \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\{$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout [ \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $[$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash langle \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\langle$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash lceil \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\lceil$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash lfloor \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\lfloor$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout / \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $/$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout | \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $|$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout ) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $)$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout ] \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $]$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash rangle \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\rangle$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash rceil \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\rceil$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash rfloor \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\rfloor$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash \backslash \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\backslash$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash | \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\|$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series medium \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold Achtung: \series default Im TeX-Modus muss für den Backslash der Befehl \series bold \backslash textbackslash \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! T ! \backslash textbackslash \end_layout \end_inset verwendet werden, denn der Befehl \series bold \backslash \backslash \series default steht dort für einen Zeilenumbruch. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Für alle oben aufgelisteten Zeichen kann die Größe mit den in den folgenden zwei Unterkapiteln beschriebenen Befehlen eingestellt werden. Dabei können dann statt den Befehlen \series bold \backslash langle \series default und \series bold \backslash rangle \series default direkt die Zeichen < und > verwendet werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Manuelle Klammergrößen \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Manuelle-Klammergrößen" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Klammergrößen ! manuelle \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Möchte man die Klammergröße manuell festlegen, kann man dies mittels der LaTeX-Befehle \series bold \backslash big \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! B ! \backslash big \end_layout \end_inset , \series bold \backslash Big \series default , \series bold \backslash bigg \series default und \series bold \backslash Bigg \series default tun. \series bold \backslash big \series default steht hierbei für die kleinste und \series bold \backslash Bigg \series default für die größte Klammergröße. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Diese Befehle werden benutzt um Klammerebenen optisch hervorzuheben: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout einheitliche Klammergröße: \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout besser sieht das so aus: \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Big((A+B)(A-B)\Big)^{C}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Für die zweite Formel wurde der Befehl \series bold \backslash Big((A+B)(A-B) \backslash Big)^ \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C \series default verwendet. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Hier alle Klammergrößen in der Übersicht: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \backslash Bigg( \backslash exp \backslash bigg< \backslash Big[ \backslash big{ \backslash ln(3x) \backslash big}^2 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash sin(x) \backslash Big]^ \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash bigg> \backslash Bigg)^0,5 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Formula $\Bigg(\exp\bigg<\Big[\big\{\ln(3x)\big\}^{2}\sin(x)\Big]^{A}\bigg>\Bigg)^{0,5}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es gibt außer den \series bold \backslash big \series default -Befehlen noch die Variante \series bold \backslash bigm \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! B ! \backslash bigm \end_layout \end_inset , die etwas mehr Leerraum zwischen Klammer und Klammerinhalt erzeugt und die Variante \series bold \backslash bigl \series default - \series bold \backslash bigr \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! B ! \backslash bigl - \backslash bigr \end_layout \end_inset , die keinen zusätzlichen Leerraum erzeugt. Das \emph on l \emph default am Ende des Befehls \series bold \backslash bigl \series default steht für eine linke Klammer; für eine rechte Klammer wird dieses durch ein \emph on r \emph default ersetzt. Eine linke oder rechte Klammer kann je eine öffnende oder schließende Klammer sein. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In der folgenden Tabelle sind die Varianten miteinander verglichen: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="middle"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Bigm( \backslash bigm( \backslash ln(3x) \backslash bigm)^2 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash Bigm) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Big( \backslash big( \backslash ln(3x) \backslash big)^2 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash Big) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Bigl( \backslash bigl( \backslash ln(3x) \backslash bigr)^2 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash Bigr) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigl) \backslash ln(3x) \backslash bigr( \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr(\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Automatische Klammergrößen \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Automatische-Klammergrößen" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Klammergrößen ! automatische \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Klammern variabler Größe können mit den Befehlen \series bold \backslash left \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! L ! \backslash left \end_layout \end_inset und \series bold \backslash right \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! R ! \backslash right \end_layout \end_inset oder über den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \family sans \family default \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter" \end_inset eingefügt werden. Auf \series bold \backslash left \series default und \series bold \backslash right \series default muss unmittelbar die gewünschte Klammer folgen. Die Klammergröße wird dann bei der Ausgabe automatisch berechnet. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center normale Klammer: Der Befehl \series bold \backslash ln( \backslash frac \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset C \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ) \series default ergibt \begin_inset Formula \[ \ln(\frac{A}{C}) \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center mehrzeilige Klammer: Der Befehl \series bold \backslash ln \backslash left( \backslash frac \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset C \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash right) \series default ergibt \begin_inset Formula \[ \ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right) \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard An Stelle von \series bold \backslash left \series default und \series bold \backslash right \series default kann man die Tastenkürzel \family sans Alt+M \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Klammer \family default verwenden. Das hat den Vorteil, dass man in LyX sofort die wahre Klammergröße sieht und dass die rechte Klammer gleich mit erstellt wird. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Der Befehl für das letzte Beispiel würde dann lauten: \series bold \backslash ln Alt+M \series default \series bold ( \backslash frac \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset C \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Will man nur eine Klammerhälfte erstellen, schreibt man für die weggelassene Klammer einen Punkt. So ergibt z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. der Befehl \series bold \backslash left. \backslash frac \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset B \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash right} \series default \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset : \series bold \begin_inset Formula \[ \left.\frac{A}{B}\right\} \] \end_inset \series default Die Befehle \series bold \backslash left \series default und \series bold \backslash right \series default werden beim Neu laden des Dokuments von LyX in Klammern der richtigen Größe umgewandelt. Für eine weggelassene Klammer erscheint in LyX eine gestrichelte Linie. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Da alle gängigen LaTeX-Distributionen eTeX, eine Erweiterung von LaTeX, verwenden, steht für alle Klammern und Begrenzungszeichen zusätzlich der Befehl \series bold \backslash middle \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! M ! \backslash middle \end_layout \end_inset zur Verfügung. Durch diesen wird das folgende Zeichen an die Höhe der umgebenden Klammern angepasst, was z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. für physikalische Vektoren von Nutzen ist: \begin_inset Formula \[ \left\langle \phi\:\middle|\: J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}\right\rangle \] \end_inset Für physikalische Vektoren gibt es ein spezielles LaTeX-Paket, das in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Physikalische-Vektoren" \end_inset beschrieben ist. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Horizontale Klammern \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Klammern ! horizontale \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash raisebox{2.3mm}{ \end_layout \end_inset \backslash overbrace \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ^ \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 3 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! O ! \backslash overbrace \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{A+B}^{3}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash raisebox{-2.2mm}{ \end_layout \end_inset \backslash underbrace \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _5 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! U ! \backslash underbrace \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{A+B}_{5}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overbrace \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash underbrace \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B_w \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _7 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ^ \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{\underbrace{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Beim letzten Beispiel spielt es keine Rolle, ob man zuerst \series bold \backslash overbrace \series default oder \series bold \backslash underbrace \series default eingibt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wenn man in den Dokumenteinstellungen unter \family sans Mathe-Optionen \family default für das Paket \series bold mathtools \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! mathtools \end_layout \end_inset die Option \family sans Immer \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset laden \family default einstellt, hat man Zugriff auf eckige Klammern: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash raisebox{2.3mm}{ \end_layout \end_inset \backslash overbracket{A+B \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ^3 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! O ! \backslash overbracket \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{A+B}^{3}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash raisebox{-2.2mm}{ \end_layout \end_inset \backslash underbracket{A+B \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _5 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! U ! \backslash under \size normal bracket \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\underbracket{A+B}_{5}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overbracket{ \backslash underbracket{A+B_w \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _7 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ^ \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{\underbracket{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Für \series bold \backslash overbracket \series default und \series bold \backslash underbracket \series default kann die Strichstärke der Klammer verändert werden, indem man die gewünschte Stärke in eckigen Klammern hinter dem Befehl angibt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash raisebox{2.3mm}{ \end_layout \end_inset \backslash overbracket[3pt] \backslash {A+B \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ^3 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\overbracket[3pt]{A+B}^{3}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash raisebox{-2.2mm}{ \end_layout \end_inset \backslash underbracket[1pt] \backslash {A+B \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _5 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\underbracket[1pt]{A+B}_{5}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Benötigt man Klammern, die sich überschneiden, muss man die in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Mehrzeilige-Formeln" \end_inset beschriebenen mehrzeiligen Formeln verwenden: \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\\ & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s} \end{eqnarray*} \end_inset In die erste Zeile wird die Formel zusammen mit der ersten Klammer eingegeben. Dabei ist es wichtig, dass vor dem ersten \begin_inset Formula $d$ \end_inset der Abstandsbefehl \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Abstandsbefehle sind in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Vordefinierter-Leerraum" \end_inset erklärt. \end_layout \end_inset \series bold \backslash : \series default eingegeben wird, denn die nach dem \begin_inset Formula $q$ \end_inset endende Klammer verhindert, dass das nachfolgende \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset + \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset von Leerraum umgeben ist. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout weil eine Klammer nicht als Zeichen gilt, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Binäre-Operatoren" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset In die zweite Zeile wird die zweite Klammer eingegeben. Da sie vor dem \begin_inset Formula $b$ \end_inset beginnen soll, gibt man zuerst \series bold \backslash hphantom{gggg+ \backslash :} \series default ein. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout mehr zu \series bold \backslash hphantom \series default siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Platzhalter" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset Dieser Leerraum wird benötigt, weil das \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset + \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset in der Formel auch von Leerraum umgeben ist. Die Klammer wird unter den Befehl \series bold \backslash hphantom{bbqq+dddd} \series default gesetzt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Komplizierter wird es, wenn sich Klammern über und unter der Formel überschneide n, wie in folgendem Beispiel: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash setlength{ \backslash jot}{-6pt} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\ A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd \end{eqnarray*} \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash setlength{ \backslash jot}{3pt} \end_layout \end_inset Die erste Formelzeile ist gleich der zweiten Zeile des vorigen Beispiels, mit dem Unterschied, dass sich die Klammer oben befindet. Die zweite Zeile enthält die Formel zusammen mit der zweiten Klammer. Damit sich zwischen oberer Klammer in der ersten Zeile und der Formel in der zweiten Zeile kein Leerraum befindet, muss der Zeilenabstand verändert werden. Aufgrund eines Fehlers in LyX ist dies nicht ohne Weiteres möglich. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-Fehler #1505" target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset Es muss als Lösung des Problems der globale Formelzeilenabstand \series bold \backslash jot \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! J ! \backslash jot \end_layout \end_inset vor der Formel mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash setlength{ \backslash jot}{-6pt} \series default im TeX-Modus auf den Wert -6 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt geändert. Nach der Formel wird \series bold \backslash jot \series default mit demselben Befehl wieder auf den Standardwert 3 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt zurückgesetzt. Genaueres zum Zeilenabstand in Formeln ist in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Zeilenabstand" \end_inset erklärt. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Pfeile \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pfeile \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Pfeile können über den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\leftarrow" \end_inset oder mit den Befehlen eingefügt werden, die in den folgenden Unterkapiteln aufgelistet sind. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Horizontale Pfeile \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pfeile ! horizontale \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash gets \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\gets$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Leftarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Leftarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash longleftarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\longleftarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Longleftarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Longleftarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash leftharpoonup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\leftharpoonup$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash leftharpoondown \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\leftharpoondown$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash hookleftarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\hookleftarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash to \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Rightarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash longrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\longrightarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Longrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Longrightarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash rightharpoonup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\rightharpoonup$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash rightharpoondown \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\rightharpoondown$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash hookrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\hookrightarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash leftrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\leftrightarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Leftrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash longleftrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\longleftrightarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Longleftrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Longleftrightarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash rightleftharpoons \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\rightleftharpoons$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hspace{} \length 25pt \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mapsto \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mapsto$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash longmapsto \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\longmapsto$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash leadsto \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\leadsto$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dasharrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\dasharrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Als Akzente verwendete Pfeile, wie z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. Vektorpfeile, sind in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Akzente" \end_inset aufgelistet. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Des Weiteren gibt es die beschriftbaren Pfeile \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pfeile ! beschriftbare \end_layout \end_inset \series bold \backslash xleftarrow \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! X ! \backslash xleftarrow \end_layout \end_inset und \series bold \backslash xrightarrow \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! X ! \backslash xrightarrow \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vspace{4mm} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset . Gibt man einen dieser Befehle in eine Formel ein, erscheint ein Pfeil mit zwei blauen Kästchen, in die man die Beschriftung eingeben kann. Die Pfeillänge passt sich der Breite der Beschriftung an. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout F(a) \backslash xleftarrow \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset x=a \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset x>0 \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset F(x) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout F(x) \backslash xrightarrow \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset x=a \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset x>0 \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset F(a) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wenn man in den Dokumenteinstellungen unter \family sans Mathe-Optionen \family default für das Paket \series bold mathtools \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! mathtools \end_layout \end_inset die Option \family sans Immer \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset laden \family default einstellt, hat man Zugriff auf die folgenden beschriftbaren Pfeile: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Beispiel \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xleftrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xLeftarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xLeftarrow[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xRightarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xRightarrow[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xLeftrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xLeftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xhookleftarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xhookleftarrow[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xhookrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xhookrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Beispiel \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xleftharpoondown \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xleftharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xleftharpoonup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xleftharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xrightharpoondown \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xrightharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xrightharpoonup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xrightharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xleftrightharpoons \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xleftrightharpoons[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xrightleftharpoons \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xrightleftharpoons[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das Befehlsschema ist für all diese Pfeile dasselbe: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout F(a) \backslash xleftrightarrow[x=a] \backslash {x>0 \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset F(x) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}F(a)\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}F(x)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Vertikale und diagonale Pfeile \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pfeile ! diagonale \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pfeile ! vertikale \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash uparrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Uparrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash updownarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Updownarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Downarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash downarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash nearrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash searrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\searrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash swarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash nwarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Vertikale Pfeile können auch als Begrenzungszeichen zusammen mit den in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Manuelle-Klammergrößen" \end_inset und \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Automatische-Klammergrößen" \end_inset beschriebenen Befehlen verwendet werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Akzente \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sec:Akzente" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Akzente \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Akzente können über den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\hat" \end_inset oder mit den Befehlen eingefügt werden, die in den folgenden Unterkapiteln aufgelistet sind. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Akzente für ein Zeichen \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash texorpdfstring{ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Akzente im Text siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Sonderzeichen-Akzente" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout }{} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash texorpdfstring \series default dient dazu, dass die Fußnote nicht im PDF-Lesezeichen erscheint. \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout Näheres zu \series bold \backslash texorpdfstring \series default steht in Kapitel \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Formeln-in-Überschriften" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Akzente-für-ein" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Akzente ! für ein Zeichen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dot \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dot{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ddot \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dddot \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dddot{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ddddot \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddddot{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vec \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Vektoren \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\vec{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bar \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\bar{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mathring \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\mathring{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash tilde \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\tilde{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash hat \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\hat{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash check \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\check{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash acute \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\acute{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash grave \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\grave{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash breve \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\breve{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Akzente wie z.B. é können direkt in Formeln eingegeben werden. LyX transformiert sie dann in den entsprechenden Akzentbefehl. Für Umlaute \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Umlaute \end_layout \end_inset ist es besser wenn man ein Anführungszeichen vor den Selbstlaut schreibt. Diese beiden Zeichen bilden dann für LaTeX \emph on ein \emph default Zeichen. Im Gegensatz zu \series bold \backslash ddot \series default entstehen damit \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset echte \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset Umlaute, was folgendes Beispiel zeigt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace -2mm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset i \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $"i$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ddot \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset i \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{i}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein weiterer Vorteil gegenüber \series bold \backslash ddot \series default ist, dass man Umlaute direkt in mathematischen Text konvertieren kann, denn die obigen Akzentbefehle sind \emph on im mathematischen Text\SpecialChar \- modus nicht erlaubt \emph default . Um ein akzentuiertes Zeichen in mathematischen Text zu überführen, darf nur das Zeichen unter dem Akzent umgewandelt werden. Das gilt auch für alle anderen Umwandlungen wie z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. in kursiv oder fett. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Im mathematischen Textmodus können Umlaute und andere akzentuierten Zeichen direkt eingegeben werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX unterstützt auch eine Tilde unter einem Zeichen, wenn das LaTeX-Paket \series bold undertilde \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! undertilde \end_layout \end_inset auf Ihrem System installiert ist: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ifundertilde \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Die folgende Tabelle erscheint nur im Ausdruck wenn das LaTeX-Paket \series bold undertilde \series default installiert ist: \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash utilde \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\utilde{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash else \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Folgendes erscheint im Ausdruck wenn das LaTeX-Paket \series bold undertilde \series default nicht installiert ist: \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das LaTeX-Paket \series bold undertilde \series default muss installiert sein, um den Rest dieses Abschnitts im Ausdruck zu sehen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fi \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Akzente für mehrere Zeichen \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Akzente ! für mehrere Zeichen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overleftarrow \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash underleftarrow \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overleftrightarrow \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash underleftrightarrow \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overrightarrow \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash underrightarrow \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash widetilde \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widetilde{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash widehat \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widehat{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Mit diesen Befehlen können beliebig viele Zeichen akzentuiert werden. Die Akzente \begin_inset Newline linebreak \end_inset \series bold \backslash widetilde \series default und \series bold \backslash widehat \series default werden aber im Ausdruck nur mit einer Länge von etwa drei Zeichen gesetzt, was folgendes Beispiel verdeutlicht: \begin_inset Formula \[ \widetilde{A+B=C-D} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Mit den im vorigen Kapitel beschriebenen Befehlen \series bold \backslash overset \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! O ! \backslash overset \end_layout \end_inset und \series bold \backslash underset \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! U ! \backslash underset \end_layout \end_inset ist es auch möglich mehrere Zeichen zu akzentuieren. Der Befehl \series bold \backslash underset \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset *** \series default ergibt: \begin_inset Formula \[ \underset{***}{A=B} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Leerraum \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Leerraum" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Leerraum ! horizontaler \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Vordefinierter Leerraum \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Vordefinierter-Leerraum" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Leerraum ! horizontaler ! vordefiniert \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ab und an ist es notwendig in einer Formel horizontalen Leerraum einzufügen. Dazu gibt man ein geschütztes Leerzeichen ein. Es erscheint ein \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset \color blue \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \color inherit \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset und man kann durch mehrfaches Drücken der Leertaste aus acht verschiedenen Leerraum-Größen wählen. Man kann die Leerräume auch über den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\space" \end_inset oder mit einzelnen Befehlen aufrufen. Unabhängig vom eingegebenen Befehl kann man durch Drücken der Leertaste danach wieder aus allen Größen wählen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="15col%"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Anzahl der Leertastendrücke \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash , \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 0 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\, B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash : \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 1 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\: B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ; \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 2 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\; B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash quad \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 3 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash qquad \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 4 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="15col%"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Anzahl der Leertastendrücke \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash hfill \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 5 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\hfill B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash hspace*{1em} \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 6 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\hspace*{1em}B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash hspace{1em} \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 7 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{1em}B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 8 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\ B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ! \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 9 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\! B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Leerraum \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 5 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -- \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset 7 sind variable Leerräume, die in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Variabler-Leerraum" \end_inset erläutert sind. Leerraum \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 9 scheint überhaupt keinen Leerraum zu produzieren. Er ist in LyX allerdings auch im Gegensatz zu allen anderen rot eingefärbt, denn er erstellt negativen Leerraum. Es gibt noch zwei weitere negative Leerräume: \begin_inset VSpace -4mm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="6.8cm"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash negmedspace \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash negthickspace \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Anzahl der Leertastendrücke nach Eingabe des geschützten Leerzeichens \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 10 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 11 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\negmedspace B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\negthickspace B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Negative Leerräume bewirken, dass sich benachbarte Zeichen überschneiden. Man kann auf diese Weise Ligaturen erzwingen, was z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. für Summenzeichen von Nutzen ist: \begin_inset VSpace -4mm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sum \backslash sum \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset f_kl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sum \backslash negmedspace \backslash sum \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset f_kl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent Relationen, wie z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. Gleichheitszeichen, sind immer von Leerraum umgeben. Will man dies unterdrücken, schreibt man das Gleichheitszeichen in eine TeX-Klammer. Die Wirkung kann man an folgendem Beispiel gut erkennen: \begin_inset VSpace -4mm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout normale Gleichung \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A=B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}$ \end_inset Gleichung ohne Leerraum \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A{=}B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Befehl für die letzte Formel lautet: \series bold A \backslash {= \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset B \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Leerräumen werden für physikalische Einheiten benötigt, denn zwischen Wert und Einheit ist der kleinste Leerraum und kein normales Leerzeichen. Bei Einheiten im Text fügt man den kleinsten Leerraum über das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatierung\SpecialChar \menuseparator Kleiner \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Abstand \family default (Tastenkürzel \family sans Strg+Shift+Leertaste \family default ) ein. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein Beispiel zur Veranschaulichung: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="left" valignment="top"> <column alignment="left" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 24 kW \begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ \end_inset h \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Leerzeichen zwischen Wert und Einheit \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 24 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset kW \begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ \end_inset h \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout kleinster Leerraum zwischen Wert und Einheit \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Variabler Leerraum \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash texorpdfstring{ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout für vertikalen Leerraum in Formeln siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Zeilenabstand" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout }{} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash texorpdfstring \series default dient dazu, dass die Fußnote nicht mit im PDF-Lesezeichen erscheint. \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout Näheres zu \series bold \backslash texorpdfstring \series default steht in Kapitel \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Formeln-in-Überschriften" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Variabler-Leerraum" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Leerraum ! horizontaler ! variabel \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Leerraum mit vorgegebener Länge lässt sich mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash hspace \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! H ! \backslash hspace \end_layout \end_inset einfügen. Es erscheint ein langes \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset \color blue \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \color inherit \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset . Die Länge kann eingestellt werden, indem man mit der linken Maustaste auf das \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset \color blue \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \color inherit \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset klickt. Die Länge darf auch negativ sein. Wenn ein Leerraum das erste Zeichen in einer Zeile ist, wird er automatisch weggelassen. Um seine Ausgabe zu erzwingen, verwendet man den Befehl \series bold \backslash hspace* \series default statt \series bold \backslash hspace \series default oder klickt mit der linken Maustaste auf das \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset \color blue \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \color inherit \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset und wählt die Option \family sans Schützen \family default aus. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Um so viel Leerraum einzufügen, dass die Formel allen verfügbaren Platz einnimmt, benutzt man den Befehl \series bold \backslash hfill \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! H ! \backslash hfill \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace -1mm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl ( \backslash hspace Länge) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A=B \backslash hspace \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \backslash not=C (3 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset cm) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A=B\hspace{3cm}A\not=C$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A \backslash hspace \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \backslash not=A (-1 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mm) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{-1mm}A\not=A$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A=A \backslash hfill \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A=A\hfill B=B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Im letzten Beispiel ist der verfügbare Platz durch die Länge des längsten Spalteneintrags der Tabelle vorgegeben. In einer eingebetteten Formel ist der Platz von der Länge der Zeile abhängig, in die \series bold \backslash hfill \series default eingegeben wird. Füllt eine Zeile die Breite komplett aus, wird demnach kein Leerraum erstellt. \series bold \backslash hfill \series default wirkt in abgesetzten Formeln nur, wenn der Formelstil \series bold Eingerückt \series default eingestellt ist. (Formelstile sind in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formelstile" \end_inset erklärt.) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Neben \series bold \backslash hfill \series default gibt es noch die Befehle \series bold \backslash dotfill \series default und \series bold \backslash hrulefill \series default , die den Leerraum mit einem Muster füllen, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Fortsetzungspunkte" \end_inset für ein Beispiel. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Variabler Leerraum kann für Text über das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatierung\SpecialChar \menuseparator Horizontaler \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Abstand \family default eingefügt werden: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dies ist eine Zeile mit \begin_inset space \hspace{} \length 2cm \end_inset 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset cm Leerraum. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dies ist eine Zeile mit \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset maximalem Leerraum. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Leerraum neben eingebetteten Formeln \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Leerraum ! neben eingebetteten Formeln \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Über die Länge \series bold \backslash mathsurround \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! M ! \backslash mathsurround \end_layout \end_inset lässt sich der Leerraum einstellen, der neben eingebettete Formeln gesetzt wird. Der Wert einer Länge wird mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash setlength \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash setlength \end_layout \end_inset gesetzt. Dieser besitzt folgendes Befehlsschema: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash setlength{Längenname}{Wert} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um \series bold \backslash mathsurround \series default den Wert 5 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mm zuzuweisen, gibt man im TeX-Modus den Befehl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash setlength{ \backslash mathsurround}{5mm} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ein. Neben alle eingebetteten Formeln, die auf den Befehl folgen, wird nun 5 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mm Leerraum gesetzt: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash setlength{ \backslash mathsurround}{5mm} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dies ist eine Zeile in der sich \begin_inset Formula $A=B$ \end_inset eine Formel mit 5 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mm umgebendem Leerraum befindet. \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash setlength{ \backslash mathsurround}{0pt} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um wieder zum voreingestellten Wert zurückzukehren, setzt man \series bold \backslash mathsurround \series default auf den Wert 0 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Boxen und Rahmen \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Boxen \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Rahmen | see \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout { \end_layout \end_inset Boxen \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Boxen für Text sind im Kapitel \family typewriter Boxen \family default im Handbuch \family typewriter Eingebettete \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Objekte \family default beschrieben. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Boxen mit Rahmen \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Boxen-mit-Rahmen" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Boxen ! mit Rahmen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es ist möglich Formeln oder Teile davon mit den Befehlen \series bold \backslash fbox \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! F ! \backslash fbox \end_layout \end_inset und \series bold \backslash boxed \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! B ! \backslash boxed \end_layout \end_inset zu umranden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Gibt man einen dieser Befehle in eine Formel ein, erscheint ein Eingabefeld in einem Rahmen. Bei \series bold \backslash fbox \series default muss in diesem Eingabefeld mit \family sans Strg+M \family default noch eine Formel erstellt werden, denn der Inhalt dieser Box wird sonst als mathematischer Text behandelt. Verwendet man \series bold \backslash boxed \series default , wird automatisch im Rahmen eine neue Formel erzeugt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Befehl \series bold \backslash fbox \series default ist nicht zur Umrandung von abgesetzten Formeln geeignet, denn die Formel wird dann immer in Textzeilengröße gesetzt. Im Gegensatz dazu ist \series bold \backslash boxed \series default nicht zur Umrandung von Formeln in einer Textzeile geeignet, denn die Formel wird dann immer in der Größe einer abgesetzten Formel gesetzt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Als Erweiterung zu \series bold \backslash fbox \series default gibt es den Befehl \series bold \backslash framebox \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! F ! \backslash framebox \end_layout \end_inset , bei dem man zusätzlich die Rahmenbreite und die Ausrichtung einstellen kann. \series bold \backslash framebox \series default wird nach folgendem Schema verwendet: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash framebox[Rahmenbreite][Position]{Boxinhalt} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Position kann entweder \emph on l \emph default oder \emph on r \emph default sein. \emph on l \emph default bewirkt linksbündige, \emph on r \emph default rechtsbündige Ausrichtung der Formel in der Box. Gibt man keine Position an, wird die Formel zentriert. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Gibt man keine Breite an, darf auch keine Position angegeben werden. In diesem Falle wird die Rahmenbreite wie bei \series bold \backslash fbox \series default an den Boxinhalt angepasst. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wenn man den Befehl \series bold \backslash framebox \series default eingibt, erscheint eine Box mit drei Eingabefeldern. Die ersten beiden sind von eckigen Klammern umgeben und stehen für die beiden optionalen Argumente. In das dritte Feld wird wie bei \series bold \backslash fbox \series default die Formel eingegeben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fbox \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \family sans Strg+M \family default \backslash int \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{\ensuremath{\int A=B}}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash boxed \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash int \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8.5mm}{}\boxed{\int A=B}\raisebox{-6.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A+ \backslash fbox \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}A+\fbox{B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash framebox \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 20mm \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \family sans Strg+M \family default \backslash frac \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}$ \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm][]{\ensuremath{\frac{A}{B}}}$ \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Rahmendicke kann ebenfalls eingestellt werden. Dazu müssen vor der Formel im TeX-Modus die Befehle \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash fboxrule \series default \series bold \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset Dicke \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset \series default \series bold \backslash fboxsep \series default \series bold \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset Abstand \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard eingegeben werden. \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset Abstand \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset legt dabei den minimalen Abstand zwischen Rahmen und dem ersten Zeichen in der Box fest. Ein Beispiel dafür ist folgende umrandete Formel: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fboxrule 2mm \backslash fboxsep 3mm \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \[ \boxed{A+B=C} \] \end_inset Vor dieser Formel wurde im TeX-Modus \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash fboxrule \series default \series bold 2mm \series default \series bold \backslash fboxsep \series default \series bold 3mm \end_layout \begin_layout Standard eingegeben. Diese angegeben Werte werden für alle folgenden Boxen verwendet. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Möchte man wieder zur Standardrahmengröße zurückkehren, gibt man vor der nächsten Formel im TeX-Modus folgende Befehle ein: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash fboxrule \series default \series bold 0.4pt \series default \series bold \backslash fboxsep \series default \series bold 3pt \series default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fboxrule 0.4pt \backslash fboxsep 3pt \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Boxen ohne Rahmen \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Boxen-ohne-Rahmen" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Boxen ! ohne Rahmen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Für Boxen ohne Rahmen gibt es folgende Box-Befehle: \series bold \backslash mbox \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! M ! \backslash mbox \end_layout \end_inset , \series bold \backslash makebox \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! M ! \backslash makebox \end_layout \end_inset und \begin_inset Newline linebreak \end_inset \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! R ! \backslash raisebox \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Mit \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default kann man eine Box hoch- oder tiefstellen. Allerdings behalten die Zeichen in der Box im Gegensatz zum normalen Hochstelle n die Schriftgröße bei. \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default wird dabei mit folgendem Schema benutzt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash raisebox{Höhe}{Boxinhalt} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Soll in der Box eine Formel stehen, muss man wie bei \series bold \backslash fbox \series default eine weitere Formel erstellen. \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold Achtung: \series default Für \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default wird diese weitere Formel durch zweimaliges statt einmaliges Drücken von \family sans Strg+M \family default erstellt, denn LyX unterstützt \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default noch nicht direkt. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout H \backslash raisebox{2mm \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash {al \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset lo \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{2mm}{al}lo$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout H \backslash raisebox{-2mm \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash {al \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset lo \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{-2mm}{al}lo$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A= \backslash raisebox{-2mm \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash { \family sans Strg+M Strg+M \family default \backslash sqrt \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A=\raisebox{-2mm}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\sqrt{B}}}}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Befehl \series bold \backslash mbox \series default ist äquivalent zu \series bold \backslash fbox \series default und \series bold \backslash makebox \series default ist äquivalent zu \series bold \backslash framebox \series default , nur dass es keinen Rahmen gibt. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Farbige Boxen \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Farbige-Boxen" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Boxen ! farbige \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Damit die in diesem Kapitel angegebenen Befehle benutzt werden können, muss im LaTeX-Vorspann das LaTeX-Paket \series bold color \series default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Das Paket \series bold color \series default ist Teil jeder LaTeX-Standardinstallation. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! color \end_layout \end_inset mit der Zeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage{color} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard geladen werden \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Wird irgendwo im Dokument Text mit einer vordefinierten Farbe gefärbt, lädt LyX das LaTeX-Paket \series bold color \series default automatisch. Dadurch kann es vorkommen, dass das Paket doppelt geladen wird, was aber keine Probleme hervorruft. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Damit das Paket nicht doppelt geladen werden kann, wurde im LaTeX-Vorspann ein Makro eingefügt. \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Um Boxen einzufärben, verwendet man den Befehl \series bold \backslash colorbox \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! C ! \backslash colorbox \end_layout \end_inset nach folgendem Schema: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash colorbox{Farbe}{Boxinhalt} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Boxinhalt kann auch wieder eine Box sein und eine \series bold \backslash colorbox \series default kann auch ein Teil einer anderen Box sein (siehe 2. und 3. Beispiel). Soll in der Box eine Formel stehen, muss wie bei \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default eine weitere Formel erstellt werden. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Das gilt auch für den Befehl \series bold \backslash fcolorbox \series default . \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Aus folgenden vordefinierten Farben kann gewählt werden: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold black \series default , \series bold blue \series default , \series bold cyan \series default , \series bold green \series default , \series bold magenta \series default , \series bold red \series default , \series bold white \series default und \series bold yellow \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash colorbox{yellow \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash {A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash colorbox{green \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash { \backslash fbox \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fbox \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash colorbox{green \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash { \family sans Strg+M Strg+M \family default \backslash int \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C=D \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\fbox{\colorbox{green}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\int C=D}}}}\raisebox{-5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash colorbox \series default färbt nur die Box, nicht aber die Zeichen in der Box ein. Um alle Zeichen zu färben, markiert man die ganze Formel und wählt im Dialog \family sans Textstil \family default die gewünschte Farbe aus. Der Dialog kann mit dem Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "dialog-show character" \end_inset oder dem Menü \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Textstil\SpecialChar \menuseparator Benutzerdefiniert \family default aufgerufen werden. Die Formelnummer hat dann dieselbe Farbe wie die Formel. Soll die Formelnummer eine andere Farbe als die Formelzeichen haben, muss innerhalb der Formel die Farbe geändert werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein Beispiel: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \color red \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} \int A=B\label{eq:rot} \end{equation} \end_inset \color green \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} \textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:rotgruen} \end{equation} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Formel \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:rot" \end_inset ist komplett rot gefärbt. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Formel \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:rotgruen" \end_inset wurde zuerst komplett grün gefärbt, um die Farbe der Formelnummer festzulegen. Anschließend wurden die Formelzeichen rot gefärbt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Möchte man den Rahmen anders als den Rest der Box färben, verwendet man den Befehl \series bold \backslash fcolorbox \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! F ! \backslash fcolorbox \end_layout \end_inset nach folgendem Schema: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash fcolorbox{Rahmenfarbe}{Farbe}{Boxinhalt} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash fcolorbox \series default stellt also eine Erweiterung des Befehls \series bold \backslash colorbox \series default dar. Die Rahmenbreite wird, wie bei \series bold \backslash framebox \series default , mit \series bold \backslash fboxrule \series default und \series bold \backslash fboxsep \series default festgelegt. Ein Beispiel: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fboxrule 1mm \backslash fboxsep 1mm \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \[ \fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B} \] \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fboxrule 0.4pt \backslash fboxsep 3pt \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Diese Formel wurde mit folgendem Befehl erstellt: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash fcolorbox{cyan \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash {magenta \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash {A=B \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Um andere als die vordefinierten Farben zu verwenden, muss man diese zuerst selbst definieren. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Man kann z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. mit folgender LaTeX-Vorspannzeile die Farbe \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset \series bold dunkelgruen \series default \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout In Befehlen darf kein Umlaut stehen, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Benutzerdefinierte-Befehle" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset definieren: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash definecolor{dunkelgruen}{cmyk}{0.5, \series default \series bold 0, \series default \series bold 1, \series default \series bold 0.5} \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! D ! \backslash definecolor \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold cmyk \series default ist der Farbraum und steht für die Farben \series bold cyan \series default , \series bold magenta \series default , \series bold yellow \series default und \series bold black \series default . Die vier Zahlen geben der Reihe nach den Anteil der vier Farben an. Für den Anteil kann man Werte im Bereich 0 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset - \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset 1 angeben. Anstelle von \series bold cmyk \series default kann man zur Definition auch den Farbraum \series bold rgb \series default verwenden. \series bold rgb \series default steht für \series bold red \series default , \series bold green \series default und \series bold blue \series default , so dass man dann mit drei Zahlen die Anteile dieser Farben festlegen kann. Des Weiteren gibt es noch den Farbraum \series bold gray \series default , bei dem man mit einer Zahl den Graustufenanteil festlegen kann. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Als Beispiel eine gerahmte Box mit der neu definierten Farbe \series bold darkgreen \series default , bei der die Zeichenfarbe \series bold yellow \series default gewählt wurde: \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} \colorbox{dunkelgruen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}} \end{equation} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Selbst definierte Farben können mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash textcolor \series default auch für Text \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Text ! farbiger \end_layout \end_inset verwendet werden: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash textcolor{dunkelgruen}{ \end_layout \end_inset Dieser Satz ist \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset dunkelgruen \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset . \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash textcolor \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! T ! \backslash textcolor \end_layout \end_inset wird nach dem Schema \series bold \backslash textcolor{Farbe}{zu \series default \series bold färbende \series default \series bold Zeichen} \series default verwendet. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Absatzboxen \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Absatzboxen" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Boxen ! Absatz- \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Mit dem Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Box \family default oder dem Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "box-insert" \end_inset kann man eine Box erstellen, die mehrere Zeilen und Absätze enthalten kann, eine so genannte \emph on Parbox \emph default (Absatzbox). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das folgende Beispiel zeigt eine umrahmte Absatzbox in einer Zeile: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Dies ist eine Zeile \begin_inset Box Boxed position "c" hor_pos "c" has_inner_box 1 inner_pos "t" use_parbox 1 use_makebox 0 width "5cm" special "none" height "1in" height_special "totalheight" status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Dies ist die Absatzbox. Sie ist genau 5 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset cm lang und kann auch Formeln enthalten: \begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}s=C$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset mit einer Absatzbox. \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Solch eine Box wird erstellt, indem man mit der rechten Maustaste auf die graue Box mit dem Namen \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset Box(Gerahmt) \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset klickt. Es erscheint dann ein Fenster in dem man die Boxeigenschaften festlegt. In diesem Fall: \emph on Verzierung \emph default : Rechteckige Box, \emph on Innere Box \emph default : Parbox, \emph on Breite \emph default : 5 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset cm, \emph on Vertikale Box Ausrichtung \emph default : Mitte \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset In LaTeX wird eine Absatzbox mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash parbox \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! P ! \backslash parbox \end_layout \end_inset erstellt, welcher folgendes Schema besitzt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash parbox[Position]{Breite}{Boxinhalt} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Positionen \emph on b \emph default und \emph on t \emph default sind möglich. \emph on b \emph default steht für \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset bottom \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset (unten) und bedeutet, dass die letzte Absatzzeile in den umstehenden Text eingepasst wird. Bei \emph on t \emph default wie \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset top \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset (oben) geschieht dies für die erste Zeile. Wird keine Position angegeben, wird der Absatz in mittlerer Höhe eingepasst, siehe das Kapitel \emph on Boxen \emph default des Handbuchs \emph on Eingebettete \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Objekte \emph default für Beispiele. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Möchte man Formeln komplett mit Formelnummer umranden, muss man die Formel in eine Absatzbox setzen. Dazu schreibt man im TeX-Modus vor die Formel den Befehl \series bold \backslash fbox{ \backslash parbox{ \backslash linewidth-2 \backslash fboxsep-2 \backslash fboxrule}{ \series default . Hierbei steht \series bold \backslash linewidth \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! L ! \backslash linewidth \end_layout \end_inset für die im Dokument eingestellte Zeilenbreite. Da sich der Rahmen außerhalb der Absatzbox befindet, muss man von der Zeilenbre ite zweimal die Rahmendicke und den Rahmenabstand abziehen. Da dies LyX aufgrund eines Fehlers \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-Fehler #4483" target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/4483" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset nicht automatisch macht, muss der TeX-Modus verwendet werden. Damit man in Argumenten multiplizieren und subtrahieren kann, muss im LaTeX-Vor spann das LaTeX-Paket \series bold calc \series default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold calc \series default ist Teil jeder LaTeX-Standardinstallation. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! calc \end_layout \end_inset mit der Zeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage{calc} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard geladen werden. Nach der Formel werden beide Boxen geschlossen, indem man \series bold }} \series default im TeX-Modus eingibt. Dazu ein Beispiel: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fboxsep 5mm \backslash fboxrule 5mm \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fbox{ \backslash parbox{ \backslash linewidth-2 \backslash fboxsep-2 \backslash fboxrule}{ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} \int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)} \end{equation} \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout }} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fboxrule 0.4pt \backslash fboxsep 3pt \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Da im Argument von \series bold \backslash fbox \series default eine Absatzbox verwendet wird, gibt es in diesem Fall bei der Formelgröße keinen Unterschied zwischen \series bold \backslash fbox \series default und \series bold \backslash boxed \series default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Sehr nützlich sind Absatzboxen, wenn man Formeln direkt kommentieren möchte. Dazu verwendet man \series bold \backslash parbox \series default in Verbindung mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash tag \series default . (mehr zu \series bold \backslash tag \series default siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Benutzerdefinierte-Nummerierung" \end_inset ) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein Beispiel einer mit Hilfe von \series bold \backslash parbox \series default kommentierten Formel: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash [5x-7b=3b \backslash tag*{ \backslash parbox{5cm}{ \end_layout \end_inset Dies ist eine Beschreibung. Sie ist deutlich von der Formel getrennt und mehrzeilig. \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout }} \backslash ] \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard So eine Formel muss komplett im TeX-Modus eingegeben werden, da LyX den Befehl \series bold \backslash parbox \series default in Formeln noch nicht unterstützt. Die Formel wird mit folgender Befehlssequenz erstellt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Befehl \series bold \backslash [5x-7b=3b \backslash tag* \backslash { \backslash parbox{5cm}{ \series default wird im TeX-Modus eingegeben. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Ist der Formelstil \series bold Eingerückt \series default aktiviert, kann \series bold \backslash tag* \backslash { \series default auch durch \series bold \backslash hfill \series default ersetzt werden. (Formelstile siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formelstile" \end_inset ) \end_layout \end_inset Dann folgt die Beschreibung als normaler Text und zuletzt gibt man \series bold }} \backslash ] \series default im TeX-Modus ein. Die Befehle \series bold \backslash [ \series default und \series bold \backslash ] \series default erstellen hierbei eine abgesetzte Formel. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Vorteile von \series bold \backslash parbox \series default erkennt man an folgendem Beispiel, in dem mit Hilfe des mathematischen Textmodus \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset kommentiert \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset wurde: \begin_inset Formula \[ 5x-7b=3b\textrm{Dies ist eine Beschreibung. Sie ist nicht von der Formel getrennt ...} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Operatoren \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Operatoren \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Große Operatoren \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Große-Operatoren" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Operatoren ! große \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Summen \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Integrale \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um alle großen Integraloperatoren nutzen zu können, die im Folgenden aufgelistet sind, muss die Option \family sans esint-Paket automatisch verwenden \family default in den Dokumenteinstellungen unter \family sans Mathe-Optionen \family default gewählt sein. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash int \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! I ! \backslash int \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\int$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash oint \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\oint$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ointctrclockwise \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ointclockwise \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sqint \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\sqint$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fint \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\fint$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash landupint \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\landupint$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash landdownint \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\landdownint$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigcap \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bigcap$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigcup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bigcup$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sum \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash sum \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\sum$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash prod \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! P ! \backslash prod \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\prod$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash coprod \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\coprod$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigodot \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bigodot$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigotimes \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bigotimes$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigoplus \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bigoplus$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigwedge \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bigwedge$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigvee \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bigvee$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigsqcup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bigsqcup$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash biguplus \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\biguplus$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Alle großen Operatoren können auch über den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\intop" \end_inset eingefügt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Operatoren werden als groß bezeichnet, da sie größer sind als die zum Teil gleich aussehenden binären Operatoren. Zu allen großen Operatoren kann man Grenzen angeben, wie im nächsten Abschnitt beschrieben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Für alle Integrale gibt es Befehle, die auf \series bold op \series default enden: \series bold \backslash intop \series default , \series bold \backslash ointop \series default usw.. Diese unterscheiden sich von \series bold \backslash int \series default usw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset in der Art wie die Operatorgrenzen dargestellt werden, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Operatorgrenzen" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Hinweise zu Integralen \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Buchstabe \emph on d \emph default in einer Integralen ist ein Operator, der deswegen aufrecht erscheinen muss. Dazu markiert man das \emph on d \emph default und wandelt es mit der Tastenkombination \family sans Alt+Z \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset R \family default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Schriftstile siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Schriftstile" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset um. Anschließend fügt man vor dem \emph on d \emph default , wie bei Operatoren üblich, den kleinsten Leerraum ein. Dazu ein Beispiel: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard inkorrekt: \begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)dx$ \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom status open \begin_layout Plain Layout in \end_layout \end_inset korrekt: \begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Für Mehrfachintegrale gibt es folgende Befehle: \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash iint \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash oiint \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\oiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sqiint \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash iiint \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash iiiint \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dotsint \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\dotsint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Operatorgrenzen \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Operatorgrenzen" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Operatoren ! Grenzen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Grenzen werden durch Hoch- bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset Tiefstellen erzeugt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash prod^ \backslash infty \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset _0 \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset A(x) \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Bei einer Formel in einer Textzeile werden die Grenzen rechts neben den Operator gesetzt. In einer abgesetzten Formel werden, außer bei Integralen, die Grenzen über bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset unter den Operator gesetzt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um zu erzwingen, dass die Grenzen neben den Operator gesetzt werden, setzt man den Cursor direkt hinter den Operator und setzt über das Menü \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Art der Operatorgrenzen ändern \family default die Grenzen auf \series bold Eingebettet \series default (Tastenkombination \family sans Alt+M \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset L \family default ). Dazu folgendes Beispiel: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die normalen Grenzen sehen so aus: \begin_inset Formula \[ \sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}} \] \end_inset So sieht die Formel aus, wenn man die Grenzen neben das Summenzeichen setzt: \begin_inset Formula \[ \sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}} \] \end_inset Bei Integralen werden mit Ausnahme von denen, die auf \series bold op \series default enden ( \series bold \backslash intop \series default , \series bold \backslash ointop \series default usw.), die Grenzen standardmäßig neben den Operator gesetzt. Bei Mehrfachintegralen werden die Grenzen jedoch meistens unter den Operator gesetzt. Im folgenden Beispiel wurde die Grenze deswegen auf \series bold Anzeige \series default gesetzt und damit unter die Integrale geschrieben: \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} \iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt} \end{equation} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Um Bedingungen für Grenzen anzugeben, gibt es die Befehle \series bold \backslash subarray \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash subarray \end_layout \end_inset und \series bold \backslash substack \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash substack \end_layout \end_inset . Um z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. diesen Ausdruck \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} \sum_{\begin{subarray}{c} 0<k<1000\\ \\ k\,\in\,\mathbb{N} \end{subarray}}^{n}k^{-2}\label{eq:substack} \end{equation} \end_inset zu erstellen, muss man Folgendes tun: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Zuerst gibt man den Befehl \series bold \backslash sum \series default ^ \series bold n \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _ \series default ein. Man befindet sich nun in einem blauen Kästchen unter dem Summenzeichen. In dieses gibt man den Befehl \series bold \backslash subarray \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default ein. Das blaue Kästchen hat nun eine lila Umrandung und man kann jetzt mehrere Zeilen untereinander schreiben. Mit Eingabe des Zeilenumbruchs ( \family sans Strg+Enter \family default ) wird eine neue Zeile erstellt. Gibt man \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold 0<k<1000 Strg+Enter \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series default ein, erscheint darunter ein Kästchen für die neue Zeile. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Ausrichtung der Zeilen kann mit der \family sans Tabellen-Werkzeugleiste \family default oder dem Menü \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Zeilen & Spalten \family default auf links geändert werden. Um rechts ausgerichtete Zeilen zu erhalten, wird am Anfang der Zeile \series bold \backslash hfill \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default eingegeben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Befehl \series bold \backslash substack \series default ist äquivalent zu \series bold \backslash subarray \series default , mit dem Unterschied dass die Zeilen immer zentriert ausgerichtet sind. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Wie bei Formel \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:substack" \end_inset kann es vorkommen, dass sich neben dem Operator zu viel Leerraum befindet, denn das dem Operator folgende Zeichen wird neben die Grenzen gesetzt. Um das zu verhindern, kann man den Befehl \series bold \backslash smashoperator \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash smashoperator \end_layout \end_inset verwenden. Um ihn zu aktivieren, stellt man in den Dokumenteinstellungen unter \family sans Mathe-Optionen \family default für das Paket \series bold mathtools \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! mathtools \end_layout \end_inset die Option \family sans Immer \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset laden \family default ein. \series bold \backslash smashoperator \series default setzt den Leerraum um den Operator auf 0 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Auf Formel \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:substack" \end_inset angewandt, verwendet man den Befehl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash smashoperator{ \end_layout \begin_layout Standard und fügt den Operator mit seinen Grenze in die geschweifte Klammer ein. Nach der geschweiften Klammer setzt man die Formel fort: \begin_inset Formula \[ \smashoperator{\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c} 0<k<1000\\ \\ k\,\in\,\mathbb{N} \end{subarray}}^{n}}k^{-2} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es ist möglich den Leerraum auf nur einer Seite des Operators auf 0 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt zu setzen. Dazu schreibt man entweder \series bold [l] \series default oder \series bold [r] \series default zwischen \series bold \backslash smashoperator \series default und seine geschweifte Klammer. \series bold l \series default steht dabei für die linke und \series bold r \series default für die rechten Seite des Operators. Hier ist ein Beispiel der möglichen Formen von \series bold \backslash smashoperator \series default : \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \[ Y\smashoperator{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}=Y\smashoperator[l]{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}=Y\smashoperator[r]{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wenn mehrere aufeinanderfolgende Operatoren Grenzen haben, sieht der Schriftsatz der Grenzen oft nicht ansprechend aus, wie dieses Beispiel zeigt: \begin_inset Formula \[ \text{a)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}\quad\text{b)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p^{2}\ge n}\quad\text{c)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup_{p^{2}\ge nK}\quad\text{d)}\limsup_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n} \] \end_inset Um den Schriftsatz zu verbessern, stellt man in den Dokumenteinstellungen unter \family sans Mathe-Optionen \family default für das Paket \series bold mathtools \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! mathtools \end_layout \end_inset die Option \family sans Immer \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset laden \family default ein. Nun fügt man direkt vor den ersten Operator denn Befehl \series bold \backslash adjustlimits \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! A ! \backslash adjustlimits \end_layout \end_inset ein. Das Beispiel schaut dann so aus: \begin_inset Formula \[ \text{a)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}\quad\text{b)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p^{2}\ge n}\quad\text{c)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup_{p^{2}\ge nK}\quad\text{d)}\adjustlimits\limsup_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset In \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Selbstdefinierte-Operatoren" \end_inset ist beschrieben, wie man eine Grenze für mehrere Operatoren verwenden kann. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Dekoration für Operatoren \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Operatoren ! Dekoration \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Zum Dekorieren von Operatoren gibt es die Befehle \series bold \backslash overset \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! O ! \backslash overset \end_layout \end_inset und \series bold \backslash underset \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! U ! \backslash underset \end_layout \end_inset , mit denen man Zeichen über bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset unter einen Operator setzen kann. Mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash sideset \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash sideset \end_layout \end_inset können Zeichen vor und nach einen großen Operator gesetzt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es gibt 4 \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Varianten von \series bold \backslash sideset \series default : \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \series bold \backslash sideset \series default zum Setzen von Zeichen an die Ecken des Operators \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \series bold \backslash sidesetn \series default zum Setzen von Zeichen vor und/oder nach den Operator (diese Variante entsprich t LaTeXs originalem \series bold \backslash sideset \series default Befehl) \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \series bold \backslash sidesetl \series default zum Setzen von Zeichen an die linken Ecken und/oder nach den Operator \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \series bold \backslash sidesetr \series default zum Setzen von Zeichen an die rechten Ecken und/oder vor den Operator \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. ergibt der Befehl \series bold \backslash sidesetn \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash sum \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset ' \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset _k=1 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default ^ \series bold n \series default : \begin_inset Formula \[ \sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold Achtung: \backslash sideset \series default kann nur für die Dekoration von großen Operatoren verwendet werden, binäre Operatoren sind nicht erlaubt. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Mit \series bold \backslash overset \series default bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset \series bold \backslash underset \series default kann man auch Symbole und Zeichen dekorieren. Beispielsweise ergibt der Befehl \series bold \backslash overset \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash maltese \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default \begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$ \end_inset \series bold a \series default : \begin_inset Formula \[ \overset{a}{\maltese} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Binäre Operatoren \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Binäre-Operatoren" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Operatoren ! binäre \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Binäre Operatoren sind von Leerraum umgeben, wenn sich vor und hinter ihnen ein Zeichen befindet. \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout + \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $+$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $-$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash pm \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\pm$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mp \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mp$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cdot \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash times \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\times$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash div \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\div$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash raisebox{-1.2mm}{ \end_layout \end_inset * \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $*$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash star \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\star$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash circ \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\circ$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash diamond \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\diamond$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bullet \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bullet$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash nabla \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\nabla$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigtriangledown \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangledown$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigtriangleup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangleup$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Box \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Box$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cap \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\cap$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\cup$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dagger \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\dagger$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ddagger \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\ddagger$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash wr \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\wr$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigcirc \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bigcirc$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash wedge \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\wedge$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vee \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\vee$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash oplus \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\oplus$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ominus \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\ominus$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash otimes \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\otimes$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash oslash \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\oslash$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash odot \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\odot$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash amalg \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\amalg$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash uplus \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\uplus$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash setminus \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\setminus$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sqcap \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\sqcap$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sqcup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\sqcup$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash triangleleft \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\triangleleft$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash triangleright \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\triangleright$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Alle binären Operatoren können auch über den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\pm" \end_inset eingefügt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um den Laplace-Operator darzustellen, kann man statt \series bold \backslash bigtriangleup \series default auch \series bold \backslash Delta \series default verwenden oder man benutzt \series bold \backslash nabla \series default ^ \series bold 2 \series default ( \begin_inset Formula $\nabla^{2}$ \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das Zeichen \family sans Menütrenner \family default im Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Sonderzeichen \family default ist der Operator \series bold \backslash triangleright \series default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Selbst definierte Operatoren \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Selbstdefinierte-Operatoren" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Operatoren ! selbstdefinierte \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Mit Hilfe des Befehls \series bold \backslash DeclareMathOperator \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! D ! \backslash dbinom@ \backslash DeclareMathOperator \end_layout \end_inset kann man im LaTeX-Vorspann eigene Operatoren definieren. Das Befehlsschema dazu lautet: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash DeclareMathOperator{neuer Befehl}{Anzeige} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Anzeige können Zeichen und Symbole sein, die festlegen, wie der Operator im Ausdruck aussieht. Will man einen großen Operator definieren, setzt man hinter den Befehl ein \series bold * \series default . Zu allen selbst definierten großen Operatoren kann man Grenzen angeben, wie in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Operatorgrenzen" \end_inset beschrieben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Beispielsweise definiert die LaTeX-Vorspannzeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash DeclareMathOperator*{ \backslash Raute}{ \backslash blacklozenge} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard den Befehl \series bold \backslash Raute \series default , mit dem man einen großen Operator aufrufen kann, der aus dem Raute Symbol aus \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Sonstige-Symbole" \end_inset besteht: \begin_inset Formula \[ \Raute_{n=1}^{\infty} \] \end_inset Der Befehl für diese Formel lautet: \series bold \backslash Raute \series default ^ \series bold \backslash infty \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset _n=1 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Benötigt man eigene Operatoren nicht mehrfach im Dokument, kann man diese auch mit den Befehlen \series bold \backslash mathop \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! M ! \backslash mathop \end_layout \end_inset und \series bold \backslash mathbin \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! M ! \backslash mathbin \end_layout \end_inset definieren, die folgendes Schema besitzen: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash mathop{Anzeige} \series default bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset \series bold \backslash mathbin{Anzeige} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash mathop \series default definiert große, \series bold \backslash mathbin \series default binäre Operatoren. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash mathop \series default lässt sich z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. nutzen, um eine Grenze für mehrere Operatoren zu verwenden: \begin_inset Formula \[ \mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Befehl für obige Formel lautet: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash mathop{ \backslash sum \backslash negmedspace \backslash sum \series default \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset ^N \series default \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold _i,j=1 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Schriften \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Schriften \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Schriftstile \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Schriftstile" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Schriften ! Schriftstile \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Lateinische Buchstaben in einer Formel können in folgenden Schriftstilen gesetzt werden: \begin_inset VSpace -2mm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Tastenkürzel \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mathbb \series bold \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default ABC \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{ABC}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Alt+Z K \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mathbf \series bold \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default AbC \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{AbC}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Strg+B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash boldsymbol \series bold \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default AbC \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\boldsymbol{AbC}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Alt+Z F oder Strg+Alt+B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mathcal \series bold \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default ABC \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{ABC}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Alt+Z H \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mathfrak \series bold \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default AbC \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{AbC}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mathscr \series bold \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default AbC \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{AbC}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Tastenkürzel \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mathit \series bold \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default AbC \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mathit{AbC}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mathrm \series bold \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default AbC \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{AbC}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Alt+Z R \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mathsf \series bold \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default AbC \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{AbC}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Alt+Z S \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mathtt \series bold \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series default AbC \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Alt+Z C \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold Achtung: \series default Die Stile \series bold \backslash mathbb \series default und \series bold \backslash mathcal \series default können nur für Großbuchstaben verwendet werden. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Voreingestellt ist der Stil \series bold \backslash mathnormal \series default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Stilbefehle wirken auch auf Buchstaben in mathematischen Konstruktionen: \begin_inset Formula \[ \mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Zeichen im mathematischen Textmodus erscheinen nicht in einem der Matheschriftst ile, sondern in dem Textschriftstil \series bold \backslash textrm \series default . Dass deren Stil nicht über den Textstil Dialog geändert werden kann ist ein Fehler in LyX. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-Fehler #4629" target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/4629" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Anstelle der Stilbefehle kann man auch den Dialog \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text-Stil \family default oder den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\font" \end_inset verwenden. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Fett gedruckte Formeln \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Fett-gedruckte-Formeln" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! fett gedruckte \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Möchte man komplette Formeln fett setzen, kann man nicht den im vorigen Kapitel angegebenen Befehl \series bold \backslash mathbf \series default verwenden, denn dieser wirkt nicht auf kleine griechische Buchstaben. Außerdem setzt er lateinische Buchstaben immer aufrecht, was man an folgender Formel gut erkennt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \[ \mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{Formel mit \textbackslash mathbf} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um die Formel korrekt darzustellen, verwendet man den Befehl \series bold \backslash boldsymbol \series default : \begin_inset Formula \[ \boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{Formel mit \textbackslash boldsymbol}} \] \end_inset Es gibt auch die Möglichkeit die Formel in eine \series bold boldmath-Umgebung \series default zu setzen. Diese Umgebung wird erzeugt, indem man im TeX-Modus den Befehl \series bold \backslash boldmath \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! B ! \backslash boldmath \end_layout \end_inset eingibt. Um die Umgebung wieder zu beenden, gibt man im TeX-Modus den Befehl \series bold \backslash unboldmath \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! U ! \backslash unboldmath \end_layout \end_inset ein. \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash boldmath \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \[ \int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{Formel in boldmath-Umgebung} \] \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash unboldmath \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Farbige Formeln \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! farbige \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Formeln können wie normaler Text gefärbt werden: Markieren Sie eine Formel oder Formelteile und verwenden dann den \family sans Textstil \family default Dialog. Hier ist eine Formel in Magenta: \begin_inset Formula \[ {\color{magenta}\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Man kann auch eigene Farben definieren, wie in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Farbige-Boxen" \end_inset erklärt ist. Diese können dann mit dem TeX-Code Befehl \series bold \backslash textcolor \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle! T ! \backslash textcolor \end_layout \end_inset verwendet werden, dass folgendes Schema besitzt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash textcolor{Farbe}{Zeichen oder Formel} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das folgende Beispiel wurde komplett dunkelgrün und teilweise rot eingefärbt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash textcolor{dunkelgruen}{ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \[ \int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{{\color{red}\sqrt[5]{B}}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)} \] \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Aufgrund eines Fehlers in LyX können nur komplette Formeln mit selbst definierte n Farben gefärbt werden. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-bug #5269" target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/5269" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Schriftgrößen \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Schriftgrößen" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Schriften ! Schriftgrößen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Für Zeichen in einer Formel gibt es, analog zu Textzeichen, folgende Größenbefeh le: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash Huge \series default , \series bold \backslash huge \series default , \series bold \backslash LARGE \series default , \series bold \backslash Large \series default , \series bold \backslash large \series default , \series bold \backslash normalsize \series default , \series bold \backslash small \series default , \series bold \backslash footnotesize \series default , \begin_inset Newline linebreak \end_inset \series bold \backslash scriptsize \series default und \series bold \backslash tiny \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Welche Größe die Befehle produzieren, hängt von der Dokumentschriftgröße ab, die dem Befehl \series bold \backslash normalsize \series default entspricht. Die anderen Befehle produzieren kleinere oder größere Schriften als \series bold \backslash normalsize \series default . Die Schriftgröße kann jedoch einen bestimmten Wert nicht übertreffen. Beträgt z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. die Dokumentschriftgröße 12 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt, produziert der Befehl \series bold \backslash Huge \series default dasselbe wie \series bold \backslash huge \series default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein Größenbefehl wird im TeX-Modus vor der Formel eingegeben und legt die Größe aller nachfolgenden Formel- und Textzeichen fest. Um wieder zur Ausgangsgröße zurückzukehren, gibt man nach der Formel im TeX-Modus den Befehl \series bold \backslash normalsize \series default ein. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Innerhalb einer Formel kann die Größe mit den folgenden Größenbefehlen oder dem Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\style" \end_inset geändert werden: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash displaystyle \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! D ! \backslash displaystyle \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6.5mm}{}{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-5.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash textstyle \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{\textstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash scriptstyle \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{\scriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-3.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash scriptscriptstyle \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{\scriptscriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-3.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Nachdem diese Befehle eingegeben wurden, erscheint eine blaues Kästchen in das die Formelteile eingegeben werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es gibt eine weitere Möglichkeit die Schriftgröße zu ändern, die allerdings nur für Symbole oder Buchstaben im mathematischen Text funktioniert. Dazu wird einer der obigen Textgrößenbefehle im mathematischen Textmodus eingegeben. Alle diesem Befehl folgenden Zeichen bis zum Ende des mathematischen Textes oder bis zu einem anderen Größenbefehl haben dann die angegebene Größe. Dazu zwei Beispiele: \begin_inset VSpace -2mm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash huge \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \[ A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese \] \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \[ \maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}} \] \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash normalsize \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Vor beiden Formeln wurde der Befehl \series bold \backslash huge \series default eingegeben. Der Befehl für die zweite Formel lautet: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash maltese \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A M-m m \backslash Large \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash maltese \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash textit \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset space \hspace*{} \length 1cm \end_inset M-m \series default \series bold m \backslash tiny \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash maltese \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash textit \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Kann ein Symbol nicht in verschiedenen Größen dargestellt werden, wird es immer in der Standardgröße dargestellt. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Griechische Buchstaben \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout griechische Buchstaben \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Griechischen Buchstaben können auch über den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\alpha" \end_inset eingefügt werden. Alle internationalen Schriftsatz-Normen geben vor, dass griechische Buchstaben in Formeln aufrecht gesetzt werden. In einigen Sprachen, wie z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B: Französisch oder Russisch, werden sie dennoch manchmal aufrecht gesetzt. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Kleine Buchstaben \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout griechische Buchstaben ! kleine \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash alpha \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash beta \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\beta$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash gamma \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash delta \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\delta$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash epsilon \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash varepsilon \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash zeta \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\zeta$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash eta \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\eta$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash theta \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\theta$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vartheta \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\vartheta$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash iota \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\iota$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash kappa \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\kappa$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash varkappa \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\varkappa$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash lambda \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mu \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mu$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash nu \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\nu$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\xi$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout o \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $o$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash pi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\pi$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash varpi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\varpi$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash rho \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\rho$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash varrho \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\varrho$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sigma \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash varsigma \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\varsigma$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash tau \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\tau$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash upsilon \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\upsilon$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash phi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\phi$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash varphi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\varphi$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash chi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\chi$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash psi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\psi$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash omega \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\omega$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Wie man spezielle, aufrechte griechische Buchstaben erstellt, ist in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Aufrechte-kleine-griechische" \end_inset beschrieben. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Große Buchstaben \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout griechische Buchstaben ! große \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Gamma \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Gamma$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Delta \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Delta$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Theta \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Theta$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Lambda \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Lambda$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Xi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Xi$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Pi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Pi$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Sigma \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Upsilon \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Phi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Phi$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Psi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Psi$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Omega \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Omega$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Dass die großen griechischen Buchstaben aufrecht erscheinen, ist einem Fehler geschuldet, der während der Entwicklung von TeX gemacht wurde. Um korrekte kursive Großbuchstaben zu erhalten, beginnt man einen Befehl mit \series bold var \series default . So ergibt z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. der Befehl \series bold \backslash varGamma \series default \begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$ \end_inset . Eine andere Methode ist das Laden des Pakets \series bold fixmath \series default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold fixmath \series default ist Teil des LaTeX-Paketes \series bold was \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! was \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vspace{4mm} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! fixmath \end_layout \end_inset mit der LaTeX-Vorspannzeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage{fixmath} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dann werden alle großen griechischen Buchstaben im Dokument automatisch kursiv ausgegeben. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Fett gedruckte Buchstaben \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout griechische Buchstaben ! fett gedruckte \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Griechische lassen sich nicht wie lateinische Buchstaben in verschiedenen Schriftstilen darstellen. Es besteht nur die Möglichkeit, sie mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash boldsymbol \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! B ! \backslash boldsymbol \end_layout \end_inset fett gedruckt auszugeben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Upsilon \backslash boldsymbol \backslash Upsilon \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon\boldsymbol{\Upsilon}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash theta \backslash boldsymbol \backslash theta \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\theta\boldsymbol{\theta}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Symbole \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash texorpdfstring{ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Eine Liste mit sämtlichen Symbolen der meisten LaTeX-Pakete findet man in \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "Symbole" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout }{} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash texorpdfstring \series default dient dazu, dass die Fußnote nicht mit im pdf-Lesezeichen erscheint. \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout Näheres zu \series bold \backslash texorpdfstring \series default steht in Kapitel \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Formeln-in-Überschriften" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Symbole \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Viele der im Folgenden aufgelisteten Symbole können auch über die Mathe-Werkzeug\SpecialChar \- leistenknöpfe \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\nabla" \end_inset und \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\digamma" \end_inset eingefügt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Mathematische Symbole \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Mathematische-Symbole" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Symbole ! mathematische \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash neg \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\neg$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Im \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Im$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Re \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Re$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash aleph \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\aleph$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash partial \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\partial$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash infty \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\infty$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash wp \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\wp$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash imath \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\imath$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash jmath \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\jmath$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash forall \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\forall$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash exists \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\exists$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash nexists \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\nexists$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash emptyset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\emptyset$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash varnothing \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\varnothing$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dag \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\dag$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ddag \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\ddag$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash complement \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash raisebox{-0.8mm}{ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\complement$ \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Bbbk \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Bbbk$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash prime \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\prime$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash backprime \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\backprime$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mho \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mho$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash triangle \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\triangle$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash angle \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\angle$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash measuredangle \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\measuredangle$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sphericalangle \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\sphericalangle$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash top \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\top$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bot \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bot$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Sonstige Symbole \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Sonstige-Symbole" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Symbole ! sonstige \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace -7mm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash flat \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\flat$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash natural \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\natural$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sharp \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\sharp$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash surd \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\surd$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash checkmark \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\checkmark$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash yen \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\yen$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash pounds \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\pounds$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout $ \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\$$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout § \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $§$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash hbar \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\hbar$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash hslash \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\hslash$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash clubsuit \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\clubsuit$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash spadesuit \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\spadesuit$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bigstar \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bigstar$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash blacklozenge \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\blacklozenge$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash blacktriangle \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangle$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash blacktiangledown \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangledown$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bullet \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bullet$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash diamondsuit \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\diamondsuit$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Diamond \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Diamond$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash heartsuit \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash P \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\P$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash copyright \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\copyright$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash circledR \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\circledR$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash maltese \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\maltese$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash diagup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\diagup$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash diagdown \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\diagdown$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Einige Symbole können in unterschiedlicher Größe dargestellt werden, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Schriftgrößen" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Das Euro-Symbol € \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Symbole ! Euro-Symbol \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash @ \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash officialeuro \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wenn man in einer Formel das Euro-Symbol verwenden will, muss man das LaTeX-Pake t \series bold eurosym \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! eurosym \end_layout \end_inset installieren und dieses mit der LaTeX-Vorspannzeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard aktivieren. Das Euro-Symbol kann man nun mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash euro \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! E ! \backslash euro \end_layout \end_inset aufrufen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das Euro-Symbol kann man direkt über die Tastatur in mathematischen Text eingeben, ohne \series bold eurosym \series default installiert zu haben. Ist \series bold eurosym \series default installiert, kann man \series bold \backslash euro \series default auch im TeX-Modus eingeben. Das offizielle Währungssymbol erhält man dann über den Befehl \series bold \backslash officialeuro \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! O ! \backslash officialeuro \end_layout \end_inset , der nur im TeX-Modus verfügbar ist. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ifeurosym \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Die folgende Tabelle erscheint nur im Ausdruck wenn das LaTeX-Paket \series bold eurosym \series default installiert ist: \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Eine Übersicht der verschiedenen Euro-Symbole: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash euro \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\euro$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout mathematischer Text \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout € \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{€}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout TeX-Modus \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash officialeuro \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash officialeuro \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash else \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Folgendes erscheint im Ausdruck wenn das LaTeX-Paket \series bold eurosym \series default nicht installiert ist: \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das LaTeX-Paket \series bold eurosym \series default muss installiert sein, um den Rest dieses Abschnitts im Ausdruck zu sehen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fi \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Relationen \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sec:Relationen" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Relationen \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Vergleiche|see \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout { \end_layout \end_inset Relationen \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Alle folgenden Relationen können auch über den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\leq" \end_inset eingefügt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout < \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $<$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash le \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\le$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ll \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\ll$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash prec \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\prec$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash preceq \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\preceq$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash subset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\subset$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash subseteq \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\subseteq$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sqsubseteq \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\sqsubseteq$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash in \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\in$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vdash \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\vdash$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash smile \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\smile$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash lhd \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\lhd$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash unlhd \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\unlhd$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash gtrless \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\gtrless$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mid \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mid$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash nmid \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\nmid$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout = \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $=$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash not= \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\not=$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash equiv \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\equiv$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sim \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\sim$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash simeq \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\simeq$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash approx \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\approx$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cong \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\cong$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bowtie \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\bowtie$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash notin \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\notin$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash perp \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\perp$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash propto \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\propto$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash asymp \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\asymp$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash doteq \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\doteq$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash circeq \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\circeq$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash models \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\models$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash widehat= \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\widehat{=}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout > \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $>$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ge \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\ge$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash gg \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\gg$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash succ \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\succ$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash succeq \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\succeq$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash supset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\supset$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash supseteq \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\supseteq$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sqsupseteq \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\sqsupseteq$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ni \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\ni$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dashv \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\dashv$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash frown \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\frown$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash rhd \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\rhd$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash unrhd \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\unrhd$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash lessgtr \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\lessgtr$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash parallel \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\parallel$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash nparallel \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\nparallel$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Die Zeichen \series bold \backslash lhd \series default bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset \series bold \backslash rhd \series default sind größer als die gleich aussehenden Operatoren \begin_inset Newline linebreak \end_inset \series bold \backslash triangleleft \series default bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset \series bold \backslash triangleright \series default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX unterstützt auch viele spezielle Relationen. Drücken Sie den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\leqq" \end_inset um eine Liste dieser Relationen zu sehen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Relationen sind im Gegensatz zu Symbolen immer von Leerraum umgeben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Relationen mit Beschriftungen können mit Hilfe des Befehls \series bold \backslash stackrel \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash stackrel \end_layout \end_inset erstellt werden: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A(r) \backslash stackrel \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset r \backslash to \backslash infty \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset \backslash approx \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Funktionen \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Vordefinierte Funktionen \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Vordefinierte-Funktionen" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Funktionen ! vordefinierte \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Allgemein werden in mathematischen Ausdrücken Variablen \shape italic kursiv \shape default gesetzt, Funktionsnamen hingegen nicht, denn \begin_inset Formula $sin$ \end_inset könnte als \begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$ \end_inset missverstanden werden. Aus diesem Grund gibt es vordefinierte Funktionen, die zusätzlich von Vorfaktor en etwas abgesetzt sind. Sie werden als Befehle mit einem Backslash vor dem Funktionsnamen eingefügt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="4"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Asin(x)+B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $Asin(x)+B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A \backslash sin(x)+B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\sin(x)+B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Folgende Funktionen sind vordefiniert: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace -2mm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="4"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sin \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sinh \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash arcsin \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cos \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cosh \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash arccos \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash inf \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash tan \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash tanh \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash arctan \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash lim \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cot \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash coth \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash arg \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash liminf \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sec \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash min \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash deg \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash limsup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash csc \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash max \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash det \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Pr \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ln \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash exp \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dim \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash hom \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash lg \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash log \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ker \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash gcd \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sie können auch über den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\functions" \end_inset eingefügt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Selbst definierte Funktionen \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Funktionen ! selbstdefinierte \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Will man eine Funktion verwenden, die nicht vordefiniert ist, wie z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. die Signumfunktion sgn(x), hat man zwei Möglichkeiten: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Man definiert die Funktion selbst. Dazu gibt man im LaTeX-Vorspann die Zeile \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset VSpace -3mm \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash DeclareMathOperator{ \backslash sgn}{sgn} \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! D ! \backslash dbinom@ \backslash DeclareMathOperator \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset VSpace -2mm \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset ein \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Näheres zu \series bold \backslash DeclareMathOperator \series default siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Selbstdefinierte-Operatoren" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset . Nun kann man mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash sgn \series default die neu definierte Funktion aufrufen. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Man schreibt die Formel wie gewohnt, markiert den Formelnamen, also in unserem Beispiel die Buchstaben \emph on sgn \emph default , und wandelt ihn in in mathematischen Text um. Zwischen Vorfaktor und Funktion fügt man einen kleinen Leerraum ein. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das Ergebnis ist bei beiden Methoden dasselbe wie bei einer vordefinierten Funktion \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Selbst definierte Funktionen werden in LyX rot, vordefinierte schwarz angezeigt. \end_layout \end_inset : \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A \backslash sgn(x)+B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\sgn(x)+B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A \backslash , \begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{sgn}}_{\textrm{Alt-m}\,\textrm{m}}$ \end_inset (x)+B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\,\textrm{sgn}(x)+B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die erste Methode ist besser geeignet, wenn die selbst definierte Funktion mehrfach verwendet werden soll. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Grenzwerte \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Grenzwerte \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Für Grenzwerte sind außer \series bold \backslash lim \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! L ! \backslash lim \end_layout \end_inset , \series bold \backslash liminf \series default und \series bold \backslash limsup \series default noch folgende Funktionen definiert: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash varliminf \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\varliminf$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash varlimsup \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\varlimsup$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash varprojlim \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\varprojlim$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash varinjlim \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\varinjlim$ \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Der Grenzwert wird durch Tiefstellen erzeugt. Bei einer eingebetteten Formel wird er rechts neben die Funktion gesetzt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset space \hspace{} \length 1cm \end_inset Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Der Leerraum und \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dienen nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash lim_x \backslash to \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset x=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\hspace{1cm}\raisebox{5mm}{}\lim_{x\to A}x=B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In einer abgesetzten Formel steht der Grenzwert wie gewohnt darunter: \begin_inset Formula \[ \lim_{x\to A}x=B \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wie man den Schriftsatz von Grenzen einstellt, ist in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Operatorgrenzen" \end_inset erklärt. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Modulo-Funktionen \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Funktionen ! Modulo- \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Eine Besonderheit stellt die Modulo-Funktion dar, denn es gibt sie in vier Varianten. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Varianten in einer abgesetzten Formel: \begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} \underline{\textrm{Befehl}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Ergebnis}}\\ \mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\mod b\\ \mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\pmod b\\ \mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\bmod b\\ \mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\pod b \end{align*} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In einer eingebetteten Formel wird bei allen Varianten vor den Funktionsnamen weniger Leerraum gesetzt. Standardmäßig beachten die Modulo-Funktionen nur das erste, folgende Zeichen. Um mehrere Zeichen zu verwenden, muss man sie in TeX-Klammern setzen: \begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} \underline{\textrm{Befehl}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Ergebnis}}\\ \mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{␣}bcd} & & a\pod bcd\\ \mathrm{a\backslash pod\backslash\{bc\to d} & & a\pod{bc}d \end{align*} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Sonderzeichen \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Sonderzeichen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Zeichen ^ und _ erzeugen normalerweise Exponenten bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset Indizes. Um diese Zeichen zu erhalten, müssen sie mit einem \backslash eingegeben werden: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="block" valignment="top"> <column alignment="block" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ^ \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash _ \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\_$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Sonderzeichen im mathematischen Text \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die folgenden Befehle können nur im mathematischen Textmodus oder im TeX-Modus verwendet werden: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="block" valignment="top"> <column alignment="block" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash oe \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{œ}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash OE \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Œ}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ae \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{æ}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash AE \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Æ}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash aa \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\aa}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash AA \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash @ \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash textrm{ \backslash AA} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash i \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ı}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="block" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Der Leerraum von 0 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mm dient nur zur Trennung,da sonst im Ausdruck ¡ bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset ¿ erscheinen würde. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash o \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ø}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash O \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ø}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash l \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ł}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash L \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ł}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout ! \begin_inset space \hspace{} \length 0mm \end_inset ` \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{!`}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout ? \begin_inset space \hspace{} \length 0mm \end_inset ` \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{?`}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash j \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ȷ}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Zeichen \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Å}}$ \end_inset und \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Ø}}$ \end_inset können auch über den Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-insert \\digamma" \end_inset eingefügt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Eine Ausnahme bilden die Befehle \series bold ! \begin_inset space \hspace{} \length 0mm \end_inset ` \series default und \series bold ? \begin_inset space \hspace{} \length 0mm \end_inset ` \series default , denn man kann sie in LyX direkt in den Text eingeben. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Akzente im Text \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Sonderzeichen-Akzente" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Akzente ! im Text \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Man kann mit den folgenden Befehlen sämtliche Buchstaben akzentuieren. Die Befehle müssen dazu im TeX-Modus eingegeben werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="block" valignment="top"> <column alignment="block" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset e \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash "e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash `e \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash `e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ^ \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ^e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash =e \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash =e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash u \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash u e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash b \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash b e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash t \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ee \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash t ee \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="block" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash H \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash H e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash 'e \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash 'e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ~e \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Tilde \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ~e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash .e \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash .e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash v \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash v e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash d \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash d e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash c \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash c e \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash t \series default können auch zwei verschiedene Zeichen akzentuiert werden. Der Befehl \series bold \backslash t \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset sz \series default ergibt: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash t sz \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Akzente \series bold ` \series default , \series bold ' \series default und \series bold ^ \series default können in Verbindung mit Selbstlauten auch direkt über die Tastatur eingegeben werden ohne den TeX-Modus zu benutzen. Dasselbe gilt für die Tilde \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Gilt nur für Tastaturen, bei denen die Tilde als Akzent definiert ist. \end_layout \end_inset \series bold ~ \series default in Verbindung mit \emph on a \emph default , \emph on n \emph default oder \emph on o \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Befehle \series bold \backslash b \series default , \series bold \backslash c \series default , \series bold \backslash d \series default , \series bold \backslash H \series default , \series bold \backslash t \series default , \series bold \backslash u \series default , \series bold \backslash v \series default und direkt über die Tastatur eingegebene Akzente sind auch im mathematischen Textmodus verfügbar. Für die restlichen Akzente gibt es in Formeln spezielle Mathebefehle, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Akzente-für-ein" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Des Weiteren kann man mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash textcircled \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! T ! \backslash textcircled \end_layout \end_inset , ähnlich dem Copyrightsymbol, sämtliche Zahlen und Buchstaben in einen Kreis setzen, quasi mit einem Kreis akzentuieren. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default in der Formel dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash textcircled{w} \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash textcircled{w} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Large \backslash textcircled{ \backslash normalsize \backslash protect \backslash raisebox{-1.5pt}{W}} \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Large \backslash textcircled{ \backslash normalsize \backslash protect \backslash raisebox{-1.5pt}W} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Man muss darauf achten, dass das Zeichen in einen Kreis passt. \series bold \backslash Large \series default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Schriftgrößen" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset bestimmt dabei die Größe des Kreises. Mit Hilfe von \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Boxen-ohne-Rahmen" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset kann man das Zeichen zentrieren. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Minuskelziffern \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Minuskelziffern \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Minuskelziffern werden mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash oldstylenums \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! O ! \backslash oldstylenums \end_layout \end_inset erzeugt. Der Befehl ist sowohl in einer Formel als auch im TeX-Modus verwendbar. Das Befehlsschema lautet: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash oldstylenums{Ziffer} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Befehl \series bold \backslash oldstylenums{0123456789 \series default ergibt: \begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Formelstile \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sec:Formelstile" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! Stile \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Für abgesetzte Formeln gibt es zwei verschiedene Anordnungsstile: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Description Zentriert ist der voreingestellte Standard \end_layout \begin_layout Description Eingerückt dazu muss im Menü \family sans Dokument\SpecialChar \menuseparator Einstellungen \family default unter \family sans Dokumentklasse \family default die Option \series bold fleqn \series default eingeben werden \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wird \series bold Eingerückt \series default verwendet, kann mit der Länge \series bold \backslash mathindent \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! M ! \backslash mathindent \end_layout \end_inset die Einrückung eingestellt werden. Soll der Abstand 15 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mm betragen, gibt man im LaTeX-Vorspann die Zeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash setlength{ \backslash mathindent}{15mm} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ein. Wenn keine Länge vorgegeben wird, wird der voreingestellte Wert von 30 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt verwendet. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Und zwei verschiedene Nummerierungsstile: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Description Rechts ist der voreingestellte Standard \end_layout \begin_layout Description Links dazu muss im Menü \family sans Dokument\SpecialChar \menuseparator Einstellungen \family default unter \family sans Dokumentklasse \family default die Option \series bold leqno \series default eingeben werden \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard \series bold fleqn \series default und \series bold leqno \series default können auch gemeinsam verwendet werden. Dazu werden beide Optionen, durch ein Komma getrennt, hintereinander geschriebe n. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die eingestellten Stile gelten für alle abgesetzten Formeln eines Dokuments. Möchte man jedoch in einem Dokument sowohl zentrierte als auch eingerückte ausgerichtete Formeln setzen, verwendet man den Stil \series bold Zentriert \series default . Die einzurückenden Formeln setzt man dann in eine flalign-Umgebung, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Flalign-Umgebung" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section Mehrzeilige Formeln \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sec:Mehrzeilige-Formeln" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! mehrzeilige \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Allgemeines \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In LyX werden mehrzeilige Formeln erstellt, wenn man in einer Formel \family sans Strg+Enter \family default drückt. Dies erzeugt entweder eine \series bold eqnarray-Umgebung \series default , die in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Eqnarray-Umgebung" \end_inset beschrieben ist oder, wenn die Option \family sans AMS-Mathe-Paket verwenden \family default in den Dokumenteinstellungen gewählt ist, eine \series bold align-Umgebung \series default , die in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Standard-align-Umgebung" \end_inset beschrieben ist. Es wird empfohlen die align-Umgebung zu verwenden, denn sie erscheint in jedem Fall typographisch korrekt in der Ausgabe. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es gibt noch weitere mehrzeilige Formelumgebungen, die über das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe \family default erstellt werden können. Diese Umgebungen werden in den folgenden Kapiteln beschrieben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In allen mehrzeiligen Formelumgebungen erstellt man eine neue Zeile, indem man \family sans Strg+Enter \family default drückt. Um Spalten hinzuzufügen oder zu entfernen, können die Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknöp fe \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "inset-modify tabular append-row" \end_inset bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "inset-modify tabular delete-row" \end_inset oder das Menü \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Zeilen & Spalten \family default verwendet werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Zeilenabstand \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Zeilenabstand" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! mehrzeilige ! Zeilenabstand \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Bei mehrzeiligen Formeln fehlt manchmal etwas Platz zwischen den Zeilen: \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\ 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0 \end{eqnarray*} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In LaTeX wird zusätzlicher Zeilenabstand als optionales Argument des Zeilenumbru chbefehls angegeben. Dies ist in LyX aber nicht möglich \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout siehe \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-Fehler #1505" target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset , weshalb man die ganze Formel im TeX-Modus eingeben muss. Um für unser Beispiel Leerraum einzufügen, gibt man am Ende der ersten Zeile den Befehl \series bold \backslash \backslash [3mm] \series default ein. Damit erhält man: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash begin{eqnarray*} \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \backslash textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2} \backslash \backslash [3mm] \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout 4x^{2} \backslash left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2} \backslash right)+4x_{0}x \backslash left(D-B^{2} \backslash right)+B^{2} \backslash left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2} \backslash right) & = & 0 \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash end{eqnarray*} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Möchte man den Zeilenabstand für alle Zeilen einer Formel festlegen, verändert man die Länge \series bold \backslash jot \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! J ! \backslash jot \end_layout \end_inset . Es gilt \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{Zeilenabstand}=\mathrm{6\, pt+\backslash jot}$ \end_inset . Voreingestellt ist für \series bold \backslash jot \series default der Wert 3 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt. Um wie im vorigen Beispiel 3 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mm zusätzlichen Zeilenabstand zu erzeugen, gibt man den Befehl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash setlength{ \backslash jot}{3mm+3pt} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard im TeX-Modus vor der Formel ein. Das setzt voraus, dass das LaTeX-Paket \series bold calc \series default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold calc \series default ist Teil jeder LaTeX-Standardinstallation. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! calc \end_layout \end_inset im LaTeX-Vorspann mit der Zeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage{calc} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard geladen wurde. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Man erhält: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash setlength{ \backslash jot}{3mm+3pt} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\ 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0 \end{eqnarray*} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash setlength{ \backslash jot}{3pt} \end_layout \end_inset Um wieder zum voreingestellten Abstand zu wechseln, setzt man \series bold \backslash jot \series default auf den Wert 3 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Spaltenabstand \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Spaltenabstand" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! mehrzeilige ! Spaltenabstand \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Mehrzeilige Formeln bilden eine Matrix. Eine Formel in der Eqnarray-Umgebung ist z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. eine dreispaltige Matrix. Durch Änderung des Spaltenabstands in dieser Umgebung, kann man den Leerraum neben den Relationszeichen ändern. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Spaltenabstand wird mit der Länge \series bold \backslash arraycolsep \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! A ! \backslash arraycolsep \end_layout \end_inset festgelegt, wobei gilt: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Spaltenabstand = 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset \series bold \backslash arraycolsep \series default . \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Der im TeX-Modus eingegebene Befehl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash setlength{ \backslash arraycolsep}{1cm} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard bewirkt also für alle folgenden Formeln einen Spaltenabstand von 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset cm. Um wieder zum voreingestellten Abstand zurückzukehren, setzt man \series bold \backslash arraycolsep \series default auf 5 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Eine Formel mit 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset cm Spaltenabstand: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash setlength{ \backslash arraycolsep}{1cm} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} A & = & B\\ C & \ne & A \end{eqnarray*} \end_inset Eine Formel mit dem für Matrizen voreingestellten Spaltenabstand von 10 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash setlength{ \backslash arraycolsep}{5pt} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} A & = & B\\ C & \ne & A \end{eqnarray*} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Lange Formeln \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! lange \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Lange Formeln kann man wie folgt setzen: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Ist eine Seite der Gleichung deutlich kürzer als die Zeilenbreite, wählt man man diese als linke Seite und schreibt die rechte über zwei Zeilen: \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\ & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:kurzlang} \end{eqnarray} \end_inset Das Minuszeichen zu Beginn der zweiten Zeile erscheint eigentlich nicht als Operator, da es das erste Zeichen der Zeile ist. Deswegen wäre es nicht von Leerraum umgeben und ließe sich schlecht vom Bruchstrich unterscheiden. Um das zu verhindern, wurde mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash hspace \series default 3 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt Leerraum hinter das Minuszeichen eingefügt. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout mehr zu \series bold \backslash hspace \series default siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Variabler-Leerraum" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! H ! \backslash hspace \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Sind beide Seiten der Gleichung zu lang, verwendet man den Befehl \series bold \backslash lefteqn \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! L ! \backslash lefteqn \end_layout \end_inset . Dieser wird in die erste Spalte der ersten Zeile eingegeben und bewirkt, dass alle weiteren Eingaben die folgenden Spalten überschreiben: \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} \lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\ & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\ & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn} \end{eqnarray} \end_inset Nachdem man \series bold \backslash lefteqn \series default eingegeben hat, befindet sich der Cursor in einem pinkfarbenen Kästchen, das gegenüber dem blauen leicht verschoben ist. In dieses wird die Formel eingegeben. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Der Inhalt der weiteren Zeilen wird in die zweite oder eine andere Formelspalte eingegeben. Je größer die Spaltennummer in die eingegeben wurde, desto größer ist die Einrückung. \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Bei der Verwendung von \series bold \backslash lefteqn \series default ist Folgendes zu beachten: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Die Formel nutzt nicht die gesamte Seitenbreite aus. Würde man in obigem Beispiel der ersten Zeile den Term \begin_inset Formula $-B^{2}$ \end_inset anfügen, befände sich dieser außerhalb des Seitenrands. Um die Breite besser auszunutzen, kann man zu Beginn der ersten Zeile negativen Leerraum einfügen. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Aufgrund eines Fehlers in LyX kann der Cursor nicht mit der Maus in die erste Zeile gesetzt werden. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-Fehler #1429" target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1429" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset Man kann den Cursor nur an den Anfang der Zeile setzen und ihn mit den Pfeiltasten bewegen. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Weitere Möglichkeiten lange Formeln zu setzen, bieten die in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Multline-Umgebung" \end_inset und \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Mehrzeilige-Formelteile" \end_inset beschriebenen Umgebungen. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Mehrzeilige Brüche \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Mehrzeilige-Brüche" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Brüche ! mehrzeilige \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es gibt Fälle, in denen der Zähler und/oder Nenner eines Bruches zu lang ist als dass der Bruch auf eine Zeile passt. Es ist dann notwendig einen Zeilenumbruch innerhalb des Bruches einzufügen. Dazu gibt es den Befehl \series bold \backslash splitfrac \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash splitfrac \end_layout \end_inset . Um ihn zu aktivieren, stellt man in den Dokumenteinstellungen unter \family sans Mathe-Optionen \family default für das Paket \series bold mathtools \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! mathtools \end_layout \end_inset die Option \family sans Immer \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset laden \family default ein. \series bold \backslash splitfrac \series default hat das Schema \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash splitfrac{erste Zeile}{zweite Zeile} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard und wird als Zähler und/oder Nenner verwendet: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \[ a=\frac{\splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy}{+wy+wy+wy+wy}}{z}\ne\frac{\splitdfrac{xy+\frac{xy}{z}+xy+xy+xy}{+xy+xy+xy+xy}}{z} \] \end_inset Der Befehl für den ersten Zähler in obiger Formel lautet: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash {+wy+wy+wy+wy \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Mehrzeilige Klammern \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Mehrzeilige-Klammern" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Klammern ! mehrzeilige \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Bei Klammern, die über mehrere Zeilen gehen, tritt folgendes Problem auf: \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\ & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right] \end{eqnarray*} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die schließende Klammer ist kleiner als die öffnende, denn Klammern variabler Größe dürfen nicht über mehrere Zeilen gehen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um die Größe für die Klammer der zweiten Zeile anzupassen, beendet man die erste Zeile mit \series bold \backslash right. \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! R ! \backslash right \end_layout \end_inset und beginnt die zweite Zeile mit \series bold \backslash left. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout mehr zu \series bold \backslash left \series default und \series bold \backslash right \series default siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Automatische-Klammergrößen" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! L ! \backslash left \end_layout \end_inset . Nach \series bold \backslash left. \series default gibt man den Befehl \series bold \backslash vphantom \series default \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold \backslash prod \series default ^ \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold \backslash infty \series default \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset _R=1} \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! V ! \backslash vphantom \end_layout \end_inset ein, denn der Multiplikationsoperator mit seinen Grenzen ist das größte Symbol der ersten Zeile, und daran soll die zweite Klammer angepasst werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das Ergebnis sieht so aus: \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\ & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right] \end{eqnarray*} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Align-Umgebungen \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Align-Umgebungen können für jede Art von mehrzeiligen Formeln verwendet werden. Sie sind besonders geeignet um mehrere Formeln nebeneinander zu setzen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Align-Umgebungen bestehen aus Spalten. Die ungeradzahligen Spalten sind rechts-, die geradzahligen linksbündig ausgerichtet. Jede Zeile einer Align-Umgebung kann nummeriert werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Align-Umgebung werden über das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe \family default erstellt. Über das Menü \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formelart \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset ändern \family default können bereits existierende Formeln in Align-Umgebungen umgewandelt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um Spalten hinzuzufügen oder zu entfernen, können die Mathe-Werkzeugleistenknöpf e \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "inset-modify tabular append-column" \end_inset bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "inset-modify tabular delete-column" \end_inset oder das Menü \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Zeilen & Spalten \family default verwendet werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Standard align-Umgebung \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Standard-align-Umgebung" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! mehrzeilige ! align-Umgebung \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Diese Align-Umgebung wird erstellt, indem man in einer Formel \family sans Strg+Enter \family default drückt oder das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator AMS align-Umge\SpecialChar \- bung \family default aufruft. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein Beispiel für zwei nebeneinander stehende Formeln, die mit einer vierspaltige n align-Umgebung erzeugt wurden: \begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} A & =\sin(B) & C & =D\\ C & \ne A & B & \ne D \end{align*} \end_inset Wie man sieht, werden die Formeln in dieser Umgebung so angeordnet, als würde sich vor der ersten und hinter jeder geraden Spalte ein \series bold \backslash hfill \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout mehr zu \series bold \backslash hfill \series default siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Variabler-Leerraum" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \series default befinden. Ist der Formelstil \series bold Eingerückt \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formelstile siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formelstile" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \series default gewählt, wird die Formel ohne den \series bold \backslash hfill \series default vor der ersten Spalte gesetzt. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Alignat-Umgebung \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! mehrzeilige ! alignat-Umgebung \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In der alignat-Umgebung gibt es keinen vordefinierten Spaltenabstand. Man kann ihn manuell durch die in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Leerraum" \end_inset beschriebenen Leerräume einfügen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das vorige Beispiel in der alignat-Umgebung, bei dem zu Beginn der zweiten Formel 1 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset cm Leerraum eingefügt wurde: \begin_inset Formula \begin{alignat*}{2} A & =\sin(B) & \hspace{1cm}C & =D\\ C & \ne A & B & \ne D \end{alignat*} \end_inset Weil man den Spaltenabstand für jede Spalte einzeln einstellen kann, eignet sich diese Umgebung besonders für drei und mehr nebeneinander gesetzte Formeln. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Flalign-Umgebung \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Flalign-Umgebung" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! mehrzeilige ! flalign-Umgebung \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Bei dieser Umgebung werden die ersten beiden Spalten immer so weit links und die letzten beiden Spalten so weit rechts wie möglich gesetzt. Dazu ein Beispiel: \begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign*} A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\ X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4 \end{flalign*} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Erzeugt man eine flalign-Umgebung mit ungerader Spaltenanzahl und gibt in die letzte Spalte eine leere TeX-Klammer ein, kann man einzelne Formeln im Dokument links setzen obwohl der Formelstil \series bold Zentriert \series default eingestellt ist. Als Beispiel die eingerückte ausgerichtete Formel \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:VolInt" \end_inset : \begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign} \hspace{30pt}\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {} \end{flalign} \end_inset In den ersten beiden Spalten befindet sich die Formel. Damit sie wie beim Formelstil \series bold Eingerückt \series default vom Rand etwas abgesetzt ist, wurde zu Beginn der ersten Spalte 30 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt Leerraum eingefügt. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Eqnarray-Umgebung \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Eqnarray-Umgebung" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! mehrzeilige ! Eqnarray-Umgebung \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Hat man diese Umgebung erzeugt, erscheinen drei blaue Kästchen. Der Inhalt des ersten Kästchens wird rechtsbündig, der des letzten linksbündig ausgerichtet. Der Inhalt des mittleren Kästchens erscheint zentriert und etwas kleiner, da dieses Kästchen nur für Relationzeichen gedacht ist. \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\ AB & AB & AB\\ A & = & A \end{eqnarray*} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Gather-Umgebung \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! mehrzeilige ! Gather-Umgebung \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Diese Umgebung besteht nur aus einer Spalte, deren Inhalt zentriert ist. Jede Zeile kann nummeriert werden. \begin_inset Formula \begin{gather} A=1\\ X=\textrm{-}1 \end{gather} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Multline-Umgebung \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Multline-Umgebung" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! mehrzeilige ! Multline-Umgebung \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die multline-Umgebung besteht wie die Gather-Umgebung nur aus einer Spalte. Jedoch ist die erste Zeile links, die letzte rechts ausgerichtet. Alle anderen Zeilen sind zentriert. Dadurch eignet sich diese Umgebung besonders für lange Formeln. Als Beispiel Formel \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:lefteqn" \end_inset in der multline-Umgebung: \begin_inset Formula \begin{multline} 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\ -B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\ =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}} \end{multline} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In der Ausgabe erscheint nur die letzte (erste) Zeile einer multline-Umgebung nummeriert, wenn rechts (links) nummeriert wird. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Nummerierungsstile siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formelstile" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Mit den Befehlen \series bold \backslash shoveright \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash shoveright \end_layout \end_inset und \series bold \backslash shoveleft \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash shoveleft \end_layout \end_inset kann eine zentrierte Zeile rechts bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset links ausgerichtet werden. Die Befehle werden folgendermaßen verwendet: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash shoveright{Zeileninhalt} \series default bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset \series bold \backslash shoveleft{Zeileninhalt} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Die Länge \series bold \backslash multlinegap \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! M ! \backslash multlinegap \end_layout \end_inset legt den Abstand der ersten Zeile vom linken Seitenrand fest. Voreingestellt ist die Länge 0 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Als Beispiel obige Formel, vor der im TeX-Modus der Befehl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash setlength{ \backslash multlinegap}{2cm} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard eingegeben wurde: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash setlength{ \backslash multlinegap}{2cm} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{multline} 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\ \shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\ =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}} \end{multline} \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash setlength{ \backslash multlinegap}{0pt} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die zweite Zeile wurde mit \series bold \backslash shoveleft \series default linksbündig ausgerichtet. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Mehrzeilige Formelteile \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Mehrzeilige-Formelteile" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! mehrzeilige ! Formelteile \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Möchte man nur Teile einer Formel mehrzeilig darstellen, verwendet man eine der folgenden Umgebungen: \series bold aligned \series default , \series bold alignedat \series default , \series bold gathered \series default oder \series bold split \series default . Sie können über das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe \family default oder mit Befehlen eingefügt werden, wie in diesem Abschnitt beschrieben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die ersten drei haben dieselben Eigenschaften wie die entsprechenden mehrzeilige n Formel\SpecialChar \- umgebungen. Man kann jedoch zusätzlich weitere Formelteile daneben setzen. Dazu ein Beispiel: \begin_inset Formula \[ \left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\ \Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2} \end{aligned} \right\} \textrm{Unbestimmtheitsrelationen} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um diese Formel zu erhalten, wird eine abgesetzte Formel erstellt, in die der Befehl \series bold \backslash aligned \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! A ! \backslash aligned \end_layout \end_inset eingegeben wird. Es erscheint eine lila Box um das blaue Formelkästchen in der man nun Spalten und Zeilen hinzufügen kann. Außerhalb der mehrzeiligen Umgebung können Formelteile, wie die Klammer, gesetzt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die aligned-Umgebung eignet sich auch für lange Formeln, deren Zeilen horizontal ausgerichtet sind. Verwendet man aligned in einer abgesetzten Formel, hat das den Vorteil, dass die Formelnummer vertikal mittig hinter den Zeilen steht. Als Beispiel Formel \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:kurzlang" \end_inset in der aligned-Umgebung: \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} \begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\ & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|} \end{aligned} \end{equation} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Möchte man die Umgebung \series bold alignedat \series default , \series bold gathered \series default oder \series bold split \series default verwenden, gibt man den Befehl \series bold \backslash alignedat \series default , \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! A ! \backslash alignedat \end_layout \end_inset \series bold \backslash gathered \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! G ! \backslash gathered \end_layout \end_inset bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset \series bold \backslash split \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash split \end_layout \end_inset ein. Die split-Umgebung hat dieselben Eigenschaften wie die aligned-Umgebung, jedoch darf sie nur zwei Spalten enthalten. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Text in mehrzeiligen Formeln \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Text-in-mehrzeiligen" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Text ! in Formeln \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! mehrzeilige ! Text \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Bei den Align-Umgebungen sowie der multline- und gather-Umgebung besteht die Möglichkeit Text einzufügen, der in einer eigenen Zeile erscheint und die Ausrichtung der Spalten nicht beeinflusst. Dazu wird der Befehl \series bold \backslash intertext \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! I ! \backslash intertext \end_layout \end_inset nach folgendem Schema benutzt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash intertext{Text} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Text sollte nicht länger als eine Zeile sein, da er nicht umgebrochen werden kann. Weil LyX \series bold \backslash intertext \series default noch nicht direkt unterstützt, schreibt man den Text als mathematischen Text. \series bold \backslash intertext \series default muss dabei zu Beginn einer Zeile stehen und erscheint in der Ausgabe über dieser Zeile. Ein Beispiel bei dem der Text zu Beginn der zweiten Zeile eingegeben wurde: \begin_inset Formula \begin{align} I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\ \intertext{\text{Integrand ist symmetrisch zu \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, daher}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi \end{align} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash intertext \series default erzeugt immer etwas vertikalen Leerraum zwischen dem Text und den Formelzeilen. Um dies zu vermeiden, stellt man in den Dokumenteinstellungen unter \family sans Mathe-Optionen \family default für das Paket \series bold mathtools \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! mathtools \end_layout \end_inset die Option \family sans Immer \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset laden \family default ein. Man kann nun den Befehl \series bold \backslash shortintertext \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! S ! \backslash shortintertext \end_layout \end_inset statt \series bold \backslash intertext \series default verwenden: \begin_inset Formula \begin{align} I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\ \shortintertext{\text{Integrand ist symmetrisch zu \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, daher}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi \end{align} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Formelnummerierung \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formelnummerierung \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! Nummerierung|see \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout { \end_layout \end_inset Formelnummerierung \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Allgemeines \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Nummerierte Formeln können mit dem Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Nummerierte \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Formel \family default (Tastenkürzel \family sans Strg+Alt \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset N \family default ) erstellt, bestehende Formeln über das Menü \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Nummerierung \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset an/aus \family default (Tastenkürzel \family sans Alt+M \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset N \family default ) nummeriert werden. Die Formelnummer erscheint in LyX hinter der Formel als Raute in runden Klammern. Im Ausdruck erscheint anstelle der Raute die Formelnummer. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wird in mehrzeiligen Formeln die Nummerierung angeschaltet, werden alle Zeilen nummeriert. Man kann jedoch über das Menü \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Zeilennummerierung an/aus \family default (Tastenkürzel \family sans Alt+M \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Shift+N \family default ) für jede Zeile die Nummerierung festlegen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Außer eingebetteten können alle Formeln in zwei verschiedenen Stilen nummeriert werden, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formelstile" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Querverweise \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Querverweise ! auf Formeln \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es kann auf alle Formeln verwiesen werden, die eine Marke besitzen. Eine Marke wird mit dem Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Marke \family default oder dem Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "label-insert" \end_inset gesetzt. Dabei muss sich der Cursor in einer abgesetzten Formel befinden. Alternativ klickt man mit rechts auf die Formel und wählt \family sans Formelmarke \family default . Es erscheint ein Eingabefeld mit dem voreingestellten Eintrag \series bold eq: \series default , nachdem der eigentliche Markenname eingegeben wird. Der voreingestellte Eintrag steht für \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset equation \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset und erleichtert bei größeren Dokumenten die Zuordnung, dass die Marke zu einer Formel und nicht zu einem Kapitel gehört. Um eine Marke zu ändern, wählt man wieder das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Marke \family default oder man klickt mit rechts auf eine Formel und dann auf \family sans Formelmarke \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Name der Marke erscheint in LyX in zwei runden Klammern hinter der Formel. Eine Formel mit Marke wird immer nummeriert. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Querverweise werden mit dem Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Querverweis \family default oder dem Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref" \end_inset eingefügt. Ein Querverweis auf Formeln erscheint im Ausdruck als Formelnummer. Wenn man im Querverweis Dialogfenster das Format \series bold (<Querverweis>) \series default wählt, erscheint der Querverweis als Formelnummer in Klammern. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Drückt man in LyX mit der rechten Maustaste auf einen Querverweis, gelangt man zur Formel auf die verwiesen wird. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Als Beispiel folgen Querverweise zu Formeln aus diesem Kapitel: \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Man beachte die unterschiedlichen Querverweistypen. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Gleichungen \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:tag" \end_inset und \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:c" \end_inset sind äquivalent. In ( \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "eq:Lat" \end_inset ) werden im Gegensatz zu ( \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "eq:Roem" \end_inset ) große lateinische Buchstaben zur Nummerierung verwendet. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Ist im Argument von \series bold \backslash tag \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash tag \series default ist in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Benutzerdefinierte-Nummerierung" \end_inset beschrieben. \end_layout \end_inset \series default wie in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Absatzboxen" \end_inset eine Box angegeben, kann nicht auf die Formel verwiesen werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Unternummerierung \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formelnummerierung ! Unternummerierung \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Möchte man Formeln weiter untergliedern, kann man das mit Hilfe der Befehle \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash begin{subequations} \series default und \series bold \backslash end{subequations} \series default erreichen. Beide Befehle werden im TeX-Modus eingegeben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dazu ein Beispiel: \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} A=C-B\label{eq:a} \end{equation} \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash addtocounter{equation}{-1} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash begin{subequations} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset VSpace -5mm \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} B=C-A\label{eq:b} \end{equation} \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} C=A+B\label{eq:c} \end{equation} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash end{subequations} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um das Beispiel zu erstellen, geht man folgendermaßen vor: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate erste Formel eingeben \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \series bold \backslash addtocounter{equation}{-1} \backslash begin{subequations} \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! A ! \backslash addtocounter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series default nach der ersten Formel einfügen \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate zweite Formel eingeben \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate dritte Formel eingeben \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \series bold \backslash end{subequations} \series default nach der dritten Formel einfügen \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Jede Formel, die zwischen den Befehlen \series bold \backslash begin \series default und \series bold \backslash end \series default steht, wird mit a, b, c, \SpecialChar \ldots{} untergliedert. Bei mehrzeiligen Formeln wird jede Zeile untergliedert. Alle untergliederten Formeln gelten als \emph on eine \emph default nummerierte Formel. Da jede nummerierte Formel den Formelzähler \series bold equation \series default um Eins erhöht, ist der Befehl \series bold \backslash addtocounter \series default notwendig um den Zähler wieder zu erniedrigen. Ansonsten würden die Formeln \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:a" \end_inset , \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:b" \end_inset , \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:c" \end_inset als \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:a" \end_inset , \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:d" \end_inset , \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:f" \end_inset nummeriert werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Durch die Eingabe der Befehle im TeX-Modus wird zwischen den ersten beiden Formeln automatisch etwas Leerraum erstellt. Um dies rückgängig zu machen, fügt man nach dem Befehl \series bold \backslash begin{subequations} \series default -5 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mm vertikalen Leerraum ein. Ist der Formelstil \series bold Eingerückt \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formelstile siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formelstile" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \series default gewählt, fügt man -7 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mm Leerraum ein. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Hier ist ein Beispiel für mehrzeilige Formeln, bei dem die Nummerierung der zweiten Zeile abgeschaltet wurde: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash begin{subequations} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\label{eq:d}\\ & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{²}\nonumber \\ & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}\label{eq:f} \end{eqnarray} \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash end{subequations} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Benutzerdefinierte Nummerierung \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Benutzerdefinierte-Nummerierung" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formelnummerierung ! benutzerdefinierte \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formelnummerierung ! eigene Klammern \end_layout \end_inset Bei der Standardnummerierung werden um die Formelnummern runde Klammern gesetzt. Will man diese Klammern z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. durch senkrechte Striche ersetzen, gibt man im LaTeX-Vorspann Folgendes an: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash def \backslash tagform@#1{ \backslash maketag@@@{|#1|}} \series default \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Dieses Makro ist zum Testen bereits im LaTeX-Vorspann angegeben. Damit es wirksam wird, muss das Prozentzeichen am Zeilenbeginn entfernt werden. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Möchte man andere Zeichen haben, ersetzt man die Striche neben \series bold #1 \series default durch ein oder mehrere gewünschte Zeichen. Möchte man nur die Formelnummer haben, lässt man die Striche weg. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Soll statt einer fortlaufenden Nummer ein beliebiger Ausdruck in den Klammern hinter der Formel stehen, benutzt man den Befehl \series bold \backslash tag \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! T ! \backslash tag \end_layout \end_inset : \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} A+B=C\tag{etwas}\label{eq:tag} \end{equation} \end_inset In diesem Beispiel wurde in der Formel der Befehl \series bold \backslash tag \series default \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold etwas \series default eingegeben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Gibt man stattdessen \series bold \backslash tag* \series default \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold etwas \series default ein, verhindert der Stern die Klammern um den Ausdruck: \begin_inset Formula \[ A+B=C\tag*{etwas} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Möchte man die Formelnummerierung neu starten wenn ein neuer Dokumentteil oder \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset -abschnitt \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Der Befehl \series bold \backslash mbox \series default verhindert, dass am Bindestrich umgebrochen wird. \end_layout \end_inset beginnt, verwendet man folgende LaTeX-Vorspannzeile: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash @addtoreset{equation}{part} \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout " \end_layout \end_inset @ \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout " \end_layout \end_inset ! \backslash \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout " \end_layout \end_inset @ \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout " \end_layout \end_inset addtoreset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset bzw. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash @addtoreset{equation}{section} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um diese Befehle im TeX-Modus benutzen zu können, muss das \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset @ \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset Zeichen für LaTeX mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash makeatletter \series default \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset aktiv \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset gemacht werden. Der Befehl \series bold \backslash makeatother \series default macht dies wieder rückgängig. Daher ist die Befehlssequenz im TeX-Modus: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash makeatletter \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \backslash @addtoreset{equation}{section} \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \backslash makeatother \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Im LaTeX-Vorspann können \series bold \backslash makeatletter \series default und \series bold \backslash makeatother \series default weggelassen werden, da LyX sie automatisch intern einfügt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um \series bold \backslash @addtoreset \series default rückgängig zu machen, muss die Datei \series bold remreset.sty \series default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold remreset \series default ist Teil des LaTeX-Paketes \series bold carlisle \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! carlisle \end_layout \end_inset , das Teil jeder LaTeX-Standardinstallation ist. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! remreset \end_layout \end_inset im LaTeX-Vorspann mit der Zeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage{remreset} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard geladen werden. Dann kann der Befehl \series bold \backslash @removefromreset \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout " \end_layout \end_inset @ \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout " \end_layout \end_inset ! \backslash \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout " \end_layout \end_inset @ \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout " \end_layout \end_inset removefromreset \end_layout \end_inset mit dem selben Schema wie \series bold \backslash @addtoreset \series default benutzt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Oftmals möchte man Formeln in folgender Art nummerieren: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter (Kapitelnummer.Formelnummer) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dabei soll die Formelnummer bei jedem Kapitel wieder mit Eins beginnen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Für diesen Fall gibt es den Befehl \series bold \backslash numberwithin \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! N ! \backslash numberwithin \end_layout \end_inset , der nach folgendem Schema benutzt wird: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash numberwithin{Zähler}{Gliederung} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Zähler gibt an, welche Nummerierung betroffen ist. Gliederung gibt an, welche Nummer vor dem Punkt steht. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In unserem Fall gibt man demnach folgende LaTeX-Vorspann- oder TeX-Code-Zeile ein: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash numberwithin{equation}{section} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das ist das Ergebnis: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash numberwithin{equation}{section} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} A+B=C \end{equation} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Möchte man z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. Tabellen nummerieren, so dass die Nummer des Teils vor dem Punkt steht, gibt man \series bold \backslash numberwithin{table}{part} \series default ein. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um wieder auf Standardnummerierung umzuschalten oder um diese Art der Nummerieru ng zu vermeiden wenn sie von der Dokumentklasse vorgegeben ist, gibt man folgenden Befehl als TeX-Code oder als LaTeX-Vorspannzeile ein: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash theequation}{ \backslash arabic{equation}} \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! A ! \backslash arabic \end_layout \end_inset \series default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash theequation}{ \backslash arabic{equation}} \end_layout \end_inset \series bold \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series default bzw. \series bold \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash thetable}{ \backslash arabic{table}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash numberwithin \series default benutzt intern den oben beschriebenen Befehl \series bold \backslash @addtoreset \series default , der ebenfalls rückgängig gemacht werden muss. \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash makeatletter \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash @removefromreset{equation}{section} \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash makeatother \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Nummerierung mit römischen Zahlen und Buchstaben \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formelnummerierung ! mit Buchstaben \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formelnummerierung ! mit römischen Zahlen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Formeln können auch mit römischen Zahlen und lateinischen Buchstaben nummeriert werden. Um z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. mit kleinen römischen Zahlen zu nummerieren, gibt man vor der Formel im TeX-Modus den Befehl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash theequation}{ \backslash roman{equation}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ein. \series bold \backslash renewcommand \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! R ! \backslash renewcommand \end_layout \end_inset weist dem vordefinierten Befehl \series bold \backslash theequation \series default den Befehl \begin_inset Newline linebreak \end_inset \series bold \backslash roman{equation} \series default zu. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Der Befehl \series bold \backslash renewcommand \series default besitzt dasselbe Schema wie der in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Der-Befehl-newcommand" \end_inset beschriebene Befehl \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash newcommand \series default . \end_layout \end_inset \series bold equation \series default ist der Formelzähler. Stellt man einem Zähler den Befehl \series bold \backslash the \series default voran, bewirkt dies, dass der Wert des Zählers als arabische Zahl ausgegeben wird. Gibt man an, dass eine Formel nummeriert wird, setzt LaTeX intern den Befehl \series bold \backslash theequation \series default hinter die Formel. \series bold \backslash roman{equation} \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! R ! \backslash roman \end_layout \end_inset \series default bewirkt, dass der Formelzähler als kleine römische Zahl erscheint. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Alle Formeln nach dem \series bold \backslash renewcommand \series default -Befehl werden nun römisch nummeriert. Um auf Nummerierung mit großen römischen Zahlen umzuschalten, gibt man den Befehl erneut ein, ersetzt aber \series bold \backslash roman \series default durch \series bold \backslash Roman \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! R ! \backslash roman@ \backslash Roman \end_layout \end_inset . Für die \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset Nummerierung \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset mit lateinischen Buchstaben gibt es den Befehl \series bold \backslash alph \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! A ! \backslash alph \end_layout \end_inset für kleine und \series bold \backslash Alph \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! A ! \backslash alph@ \backslash Alph \end_layout \end_inset für große Buchstaben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \color none Achtung: \series default Es können nur maximal 26 \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Formeln in einem Dokument mit lateinischen Buchstaben nummeriert werden. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash theequation}{ \backslash roman{equation}} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} A=\textrm{römisch} \end{equation} \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash theequation}{ \backslash Roman{equation}} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} B=\textrm{Römisch}\label{eq:Roem} \end{equation} \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash theequation}{ \backslash alph{equation}} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} C=\textrm{lateinisch} \end{equation} \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash theequation}{ \backslash Alph{equation}} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} D=\textrm{Lateinisch}\label{eq:Lat} \end{equation} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um wieder auf Standardnummerierung umzuschalten, gibt man folgenden Befehl ein: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash theequation}{ \backslash arabic{equation}} \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! A ! \backslash arabic \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash theequation}{ \backslash arabic{equation}} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} E=\textrm{arabisch} \end{equation} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Wie man sieht, werden die Formeln unabhängig von der Nummerierungsart durchnumme riert. Soll beim Wechsel der Nummerierungsart die Nummerierung wieder mit Eins beginnen, müssen neue Formelzähler angelegt werden. Eine Beschreibung dazu findet man in der Datei \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Formelnummerierung.lyx" target "run:Formelnummerierung.lyx" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section Chemische Symbole und Reaktionsgleichungen \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Chemische-Symbole-und" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout chemische Zeichen ! Symbole \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Reaktionsgleichungen \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Symbole ! chemische \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein Beispieltext aus der Chemie: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote Das \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ \end_inset -Ion verbindet sich mit zwei \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ \end_inset -Ionen zu Natriumsulfat \begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$ \end_inset . Die Reaktionsgleichung dazu lautet: \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} \mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chemische-Reaktion} \end{equation} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Diese Reaktionsgleichung kann direkt als Formel erstellt werden. Damit die Symbole nicht kursiv erscheinen, markiert man sämtliche Zeichen in der Formel und wandelt diese mit der Tastenkombination \family sans Alt+Z \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset R \family default in den aufrechten Schriftstil um. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Schriftstile siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Schriftstile" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Eine komfortablerer Weg chemische Formeln zu setzen, ist es den Befehl \series bold \backslash ce \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! C ! \backslash ce \end_layout \end_inset zu benutzen. Dieser ist verfügbar, wenn das LaTeX-Paket \series bold mhchem \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! mhchem \end_layout \end_inset installiert ist. Nachdem \series bold \backslash ce \series default in eine Formel eingefügt wurde, erscheint eine neue blaue Box in die chemische Formeln in intuitiver Weise eingegeben werden können. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ce \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset H2CO3 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{H2CO3}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ce \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset SO4^2- \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{SO4^{2-}}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ce \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset (NH4)2S \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{(NH4)2S}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ce \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset KCr(SO4)2.12H2O \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ce \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A-B \backslash dbond \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C \backslash tbond \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset D \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ce \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ^227 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset _90 \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset Th+ \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ce \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset CO2 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset + \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset <=> \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2CO \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ce \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset CO2 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset + \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ->[ \backslash alpha][ \backslash beta] \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2CO} \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \color none Achtung: \series default Wenn eine Formel in eine \series bold \backslash ce \series default -Box eingefügt wird, führt dies zu LaTeX-Fehlern. In diesem Fall muss daher TeX-Code verwendet werden, wie z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. für \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash ce{$ \backslash mu \backslash hyphen$Cl} \series default : \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ce{$ \backslash mu \backslash hyphen$Cl} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \color none Achtung: \series default Es ist nicht möglich in LyX das Zeichen ^ zu verwenden um einen Pfeil nach oben zu bekommen, wie es im \series bold mhchem \series default -Handbuch steht. Man verwendet stattdessen einen kleinen negativen Leerraum gefolgt vom Befehl \series bold \backslash uparrow \series default : \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\ce{Fe + 2H+ -> Fe^{2+} + H2\negthinspace\uparrow}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wird \series bold \backslash ce \series default benutzt, lautet der Befehl für Gleichung \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:chemische-Reaktion" \end_inset : \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash ce \series default \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold 2Na+ \series default \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold + \series default \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold SO4^2- \series default \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold -> \series default \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \series bold Na2SO4 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um mehrzeilige chemische Gleichungen zu erzeugen, wird zuerst eine mehrzeilige Formel erstellt, wie in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Mehrzeilige-Formeln" \end_inset beschrieben. Anschließend wird in jeder kleinen blauen Box der Formel der Befehl \series bold \backslash ce \series default verwendet. \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:TEOS-Reaktion-1" \end_inset und \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:TEOS-Reaktion-2" \end_inset sind ein Beispiel für eine mehrstufige chemische Reaktion, bei der jede Gleichung eine eigene Nummer hat. \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} \ce{TEOS + 4O} & \ce{->} & \ce{Si(OH)4 + 4C2H4O}\label{eq:TEOS-Reaktion-1}\\ \ce{Si(OH)4} & \ce{->} & \ce{SiO2 + 2H2O}\label{eq:TEOS-Reaktion-2} \end{eqnarray} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Außer \series bold \backslash ce \series default bietet das Paket \series bold mhchem \series default noch den Befehl \series bold \backslash cf \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! C ! \backslash cf \end_layout \end_inset für spezielle Fälle. Mehr über \series bold \backslash cf \series default und weitere Beispiele sind in der Dokumentation von \series bold mhchem \series default zu finden, \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "mhchem" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section Diagramme \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX unterstützt zwei Typen kommutativer Diagramme: \series bold amscd \series default und \series bold xymatrix \series default , die im Folgenden erläutert sind. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection amscd Diagramme \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Diagramme ! amscd \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Diagramme dieses Typs stellen Beziehungen mittels horizontaler und vertikaler Linien oder Pfeilen dar: \begin_inset Formula \[ \begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\ @AAA@.@VVV\\ F@<<<E@<<<D \end{CD} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um sie zu erstellen, gibt man in einer Formel den Befehl \series bold \backslash CD \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! C ! \backslash CD \end_layout \end_inset \series default ein. Es erscheint ein blaues Kästchen mit zwei gestrichelten Linien, in das man die weiteren Befehle eingibt. Mit \series bold \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans \series default Strg+Enter \family default \series bold \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \series default wird eine neue Zeile erstellt. Horizontale Beziehungen werden in ungerade Zeilen, vertikale in gerade Zeilen der Formel eingegeben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Zum Erstellen der Beziehungen gibt es folgende Befehle: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \series bold @<<< \series default erstellt einen Linkspfeil, \series bold @>>> \series default einen Rechtspfeil und \series bold @= \series default ein langes Gleichheitszeichen \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \series bold @AAA \series default erstellt einen Pfeil nach oben, \series bold @VVV \series default einen Pfeil nach unten und \series bold @| \series default ein senkrechtes Gleichheitszeichen \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \series bold @. \series default dient als Platzhalter für nicht vorhandene Beziehungen \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Alle Pfeile sind wie folgt beschriftbar: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Wird bei horizontalen Pfeilen zwischen dem ersten und zweiten < bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset > Text eingegeben, erscheint er über dem Pfeil. Wird der Text zwischen dem zweiten und dritten < bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset > eingegeben, erscheint er unter dem Pfeil. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Wird bei vertikalen Pfeilen Text zwischen erstem und zweitem A bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset V eingegeben, erscheint er links neben dem Pfeil. Bei Eingabe zwischen zweitem und drittem A bzw. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset V erscheint er rechts daneben. Enthält der Text ein A oder V, müssen diese Buchstaben in eine TeX-Klammer gesetzt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Als Beispiel ein Diagramm mit allen möglichen Beziehungen: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \[ \begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\ @AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C \end{CD} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Befehl dazu lautet: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash CD \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Strg+Enter \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash CD \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset @AmAA@.@VV \backslash {V \series default \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \series bold V@| Strg+Enter \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash CD \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection xymatrix Diagramme \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Diagramme ! xymatrix \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um Xymatrizen nutzen zu können, muss das LaTeX-Paket \series bold xypic \series default installiert sein. Eine Xymatrix wird erstellt, indem der Befehl \series bold \backslash xymatrix \series default in eine Formel eingegeben wird. Dann können Sie neue Matrixspalten und -zeilen wie bei normalen Matrizen hinzufügen, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Matrizen" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Im Gegensatz zu amscd Diagrammen, unterstützen Xymatrixen diagonale und gekrümmte Pfeile und vieles mehr. Alle Möglichkeiten kommutative Diagramme und Dekorationen zu erzeugen, sind im Detail im \emph on XY-pic-Handbuch \emph default erklärt, dass im Menü \family sans Hilfe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Spezielle \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Handbücher \family default zu finden ist. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection \noun on Feynman \noun default Diagramme \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Diagramme ! Feynman \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um \noun on Feynman- \noun default Diagrammen nutzen zu können, muss das LaTeX-Paket \series bold feyn \series default installiert sein. Ein \noun on Feynman- \noun default Diagramm wird erstellt, indem der Befehl \series bold \backslash Diagram \series default in eine Formel eingegeben wird. Dann können Sie neue Matrixspalten und -zeilen wie bei normalen Matrizen hinzufügen, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Matrizen" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Beispiele wie man in LyX \noun on Feynman- \noun default Diagramme erstellt sind im \emph on Feynman-Diagramm Handbuch \emph default gegeben, dass im Menü \family sans Hilfe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Spezielle \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Handbücher \family default zu finden ist. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Benutzerdefinierte Befehle \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sec:Benutzerdefinierte-Befehle" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout benutzerdefinierte Befehle \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold Achtung: \series default Die Namen von benutzerdefinierten Befehlen und Makros dürfen nur aus lateinische n Buchstaben bestehen. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Der Befehl \backslash newcommand \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Der-Befehl-newcommand" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout benutzerdefinierte Befehle ! \backslash newcommand \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! N ! \backslash newcommand \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Viele der LaTeX-Befehle sind für den ständigen Gebrauch viel zu lang. Man kann sich aber mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash newcommand \series default neue kürzere Befehle definieren. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das Befehlsschema von \series bold \backslash newcommand \series default lautet: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash newcommand{neuer Befehlsname}[Argumentanzahl][optionaler \series default \series bold Wert] \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash newcommand \end_layout \end_inset {Befehlsdefinition} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold Achtung: \series default Es muss darauf geachtet werden, dass der Befehlsname nicht schon im Dokument oder von benutzten LaTeX-Paketen verwendet wird. Definiert man beispielsweise für \series bold \backslash Leftarrow \series default den Befehl \series bold \backslash le \series default , erhält man eine Fehlermeldung, denn \series bold \backslash le \series default ist schon für \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\le$ \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset definiert. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Argumentanzahl ist eine ganze Zahl im Bereich 0 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset - \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset 9 und gibt an, wie viele Argumente der neue Befehl haben soll. Als optionalen Wert kann man den Wert für ein optionales Argument voreinstellen. Wenn man dies macht, bedeutet das gleichzeitig, dass das \emph on erste \emph default Argument des neuen Befehls ein optionales ist. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es folgen einige Beispiele: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Will man für \series bold \backslash Longrightarrow \series default den Befehl \series bold \backslash gr \series default definieren, lautet die LaTeX-Vor\SpecialChar \- spannzeile: \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash newcommand{ \backslash gr}{ \backslash Longrightarrow} \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Um für den Befehl \series bold \backslash underline \series default den Befehl \series bold \backslash us \series default zu definieren, muss das Argument (was unterstrichen werden soll) berücksichtigt werden. Dazu sieht die Vorspannzeile wie folgt aus: \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash newcommand{ \backslash us}[1]{ \backslash underline{#1}} \series default \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Das Zeichen \series bold # \series default fungiert als Argumentplatzhalter, die \series bold 1 \series default dahinter gibt an, dass es der Platzhalter für das erste Argument ist. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Für \series bold \backslash framebox \series default kann man z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. den Befehl \series bold \backslash fb \series default definieren: \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash newcommand{ \backslash fb}[3]{ \backslash framebox#1#2{$#3$}} \series default \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Die beiden Dollarzeichen erstellen hierbei die für \series bold \backslash framebox \series default geforderte weitere Formel, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Boxen-mit-Rahmen" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Um einen neuen Befehl für \series bold \backslash fcolorbox \series default zu erstellen, bei dem die Farbe der Box nicht mehr angegeben werden muss, definiert man das Argument für die Farbe als optional: \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash newcommand{ \backslash cb}[3][white]{ \backslash fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}} \series default \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Gibt man bei der Verwendung von \series bold \backslash cb \series default die Farbe nicht an, wird die voreingestellte Farbe \series bold white \series default verwendet. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein Test der neu definierten Befehle: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A \backslash gr \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash us{ABcd \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fb{[2cm] \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash { \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash { \backslash int \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cb{red \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash { \backslash int \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cb[green] \backslash {red \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash { \backslash int \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Mathe-Makros \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout benutzerdefinierte Befehle ! Mathe-Makros \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Makros \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Besonders praktisch sind eigene Befehle für komplexe Ausdrücke. Hat man es in einem Dokument z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. häufiger mit quadratischen Gleichungen zu tun, tritt immer derselbe Lösungstyp auf. Die allgemeine Form einer quadratischen Gleichung ist \begin_inset Formula \[ 0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q \] \end_inset Die allgemeine Form der Lösung lautet \begin_inset Formula \[ \lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um für die Lösungsformel einen Befehl zu definieren, bei dem nur noch die drei Parameter \begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $p$ \end_inset und \begin_inset Formula $q$ \end_inset angegeben werden müssen und der Index von \begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ \end_inset optional angeben werden kann, lautet die LaTeX-Vorspannzeile \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash newcommand{ \backslash qG}[4][1, \backslash ,2]{#2_{#1}=- \backslash frac{#3}{2} \backslash pm \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash newcommand \end_layout \end_inset \backslash sqrt{ \backslash frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um damit die Lösungsformel zu erstellen, gibt man in einer Formel den Befehl \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold \backslash qG{ \backslash lambda \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash {p \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \backslash {q \series default ein. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Definition des neuen Befehls ist unintuitiv, denn man muss die Schemata aller verwendeten LaTeX-Befehle kennen, z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. dass ein Bruch in LaTeX mit \series bold \backslash frac{Zähler} \begin_inset Newline linebreak \end_inset {Nenner} \series default eingegeben wird. Außerdem kann man leicht eine geschweifte Klammer vergessen und man kann in LyX nicht sehen, was der neue Befehl macht. Um diesen Problemen aus dem Weg zu gehen, gibt es in LyX die Möglichkeit Mathe-Makros statt den Befehl \series bold \backslash newcommand \series default zu verwenden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein Mathe-Makro wird erstellt, indem man das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro \family default oder den Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro newmacroname_newcommand" \end_inset verwendet. Es erscheint die Mathe-Makro-Werkzeugleiste und folgende Box, in der das Makro definiert wird: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset \begin_inset Graphics filename ../clipart/macrobox.png \end_inset \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset FormulaMacro \newcommand{\qG}[4][1,\,2]{#2_{#1}=-\frac{#3}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}} \end_inset \backslash newmacroname ist der voreingestellte Makroname, der auf etwas sinnvolles geändert werden sollte. In das erste blaue Kästchen gibt man die gewünschte Formel ein. Einen Argumentplatzhalter fügt man mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash #Argumentnummer \series default ein, z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. \series bold \backslash #1 \series default oder man verwendet den Makro-Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro-add-param" \end_inset . Argumentplatzhalter werden rot dargestellt. Es sind maximal 9 \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Argumente möglich. Optionale Argumente werden mit dem Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro-add-optional-param" \end_inset erstellt. Mit dem Werkzeugleistenknopf \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro-make-optional" \end_inset kann das erste nicht-optionale Argument in ein optionales verwandelt werden. Im zweiten Kästchen kann man definieren wie das Makro in LyX angezeigt werden soll. Normalerweise will man es so sehen, wie es definiert wurde, wozu man das Kästchen leer lässt. Hat man hingegen ein Makro erstellt, der auf dem Bildschirm viel Platz einnimmt, kann man in das Kästchen z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold qG: \backslash #1 \series default \series bold , \series default \series bold \backslash #2 \series default \series bold , \series default \series bold \backslash #3, \backslash #4 \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series default eingeben. Für das Makro werden dann in LyX nur die Argumente mit dem davor stehenden Makronamen angezeigt, was für mehr Überblick im Dokument sorgt. Im Ausdruck erscheint die Formel so, wie sie im ersten Kästchen definiert wurde. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Das Erscheinungsbild von Makros in Formeln lässt sich außerdem für einzelne Makros ändern, indem man den Cursor in das Makro setzt und das Menü \family sans Ansicht\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe-Makro \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset auf/zuklappen \family default verwendet. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um ein Makro zu verwenden, gibt man in eine Formel den Makronamen als Befehl ein, in unserem Fall \series bold \backslash qG \series default . Unser Makro sieht in LyX folgendermaßen aus: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset \begin_inset Graphics filename ../clipart/macrouse.png \end_inset \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Hier ist unser Makro-Beispiel mit den Argumenten \begin_inset Formula $x$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$ \end_inset und \begin_inset Formula $B$ \end_inset : \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \[ \qG x{\ln(x)}B \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX bietet im Menü \family sans Werkzeuge\SpecialChar \menuseparator Einstellungen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Kontrolle \family default verschiedene Bearbeitungsstile für Makros an. Um den Stil zu finden, der für Sie am angenehmsten ist, wählen Sie einen Stil aus und setzen den Cursor in eine Makro-Formel um den Unterschied zu sehen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein Mathe-Makro wird beim Exportieren des Dokuments intern in einen \series bold \backslash new\SpecialChar \- command \series default -Befehl umgewandelt. Der \series bold \backslash newcommand \series default -Befehl wird dabei nicht in den LaTeX-Vorspann gesetzt, so dass man daher Makros nur in Formeln verwenden kann, die sich im Dokument unterhalb der Makrodefinitionsbox befinden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Mathe-Makros können auch direkt aus einem \series bold \backslash newcommand \series default -Befehl erstellt werden. Schreibt man z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. den Befehl \series bold \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \backslash newcommand{ \backslash larrow}[2]{ \backslash xleftarrow[#2]{#1}} \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series default in LyX als normalen Text, markiert ihn komplett und verwendet dann das Tastenkür zel \family sans Strg+M \family default , wird der Befehl in ein Mathe-Makro umgewandelt. Bei dieser Methode muss man jedoch aufpassen, dass der \series bold \backslash newcommand \series default -Befehl richtig geschrieben wurde, ansonsten wird ein fehlerhaftes Makro erstellt, dass später LaTeX-Fehler hervorruft. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Mathe-Makros haben im Moment noch das Problem, dass weitere Formeln in einer Makrodefinition fehlerhaft behandelt werden. Dadurch kann das Beispiel \series bold \backslash fb \series default aus \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Der-Befehl-newcommand" \end_inset nicht als Makro erzeugt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wenn der Cursor in einer Makrodefinitionsbox ist, wird die Makro-Werkzeugleiste in LyX angezeigt: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../clipart/MacroToolbar.png \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Makros ! Werkzeugleiste \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Makro-Werkzeugleiste enthält von links nach rechts die folgenden Knöpfe: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center"> <column alignment="left" valignment="top"> <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="85col%"> <row interlinespace="2.5mm"> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro-remove-param" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator Letztes Argument entfernen \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row interlinespace="2.5mm"> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro-add-param" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator Argument hinzufügen \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row interlinespace="2.5mm"> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro-make-optional" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator Das erste nicht-optionale \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator \end_layout \end_inset Argument in einen optionales \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator \end_layout \end_inset ändern \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row interlinespace="2.5mm"> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro-make-nonoptional" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator Das letzte optionale Argument in \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator \end_layout \end_inset einen nicht-optionales ändern \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row interlinespace="2.5mm"> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro-remove-optional-param" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator Optionales Argument entfernen \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row interlinespace="2.5mm"> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro-add-optional-param" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator Optionales Argument einfügen \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row interlinespace="2.5mm"> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro-remove-greedy-param" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator Letztes Argument rechts entfernen \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row interlinespace="2.5mm"> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro-append-greedy-param" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator Argument von rechts hinzufügen \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row interlinespace="2.5mm"> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info type "icon" arg "math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator Optionales Argument von rechts \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Makro-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator \end_layout \end_inset hinzufügen \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Computeralgebrasysteme \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Mit LyX ist es möglich, mathematische Ausdrücke mit externen Anwendungen oder benutzerdefinierten Skripten auszutauschen. Momentan werden folgende Anwendungen unterstützt: \family typewriter Maple \family default , \family typewriter Mathematica \family default , \family typewriter Maxima \family default und \family typewriter Octave \family default . Beachten Sie aber, dass die unterstützten mathematischen Ausdrücke auf sehr einfache Fälle beschränkt sind. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Verwendung \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Schreiben Sie einen Ausdruck in eine Formel, öffnen Sie das Menü \family sans Bearbeiten\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mathe\SpecialChar \menuseparator Computer-Algebra-System verwenden \family default und wählen Sie die Anwendung, die Sie auf ihrem Computer installiert haben. Danach sollte das Ergebnis der Berechnung auf der rechten Seite zusammen mit dem \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset = \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset Operator erscheinen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Hier sind ein paar einfache Beispiele (mit Resultaten von \family typewriter Maxima \family default ) um zu zeigen, welche Berechnungen durchgeführt werden können: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \begin_inset Formula $\frac{37}{3}*2-\sum_{i=1}^{3}i^{i}=-\frac{22}{3}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \begin_inset Formula $\frac{37.0}{3}=12.33333333333333$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \begin_inset Formula $\int_{1}^{2}\sin(x)dx=\cos1-\cos2$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \begin_inset Formula $\det\left[\begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 6 & 7\\ 2 & 5 & 8\\ 3 & 4 & 17 \end{array}\right]=-56$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}\left(\frac{\sin(x)}{x}\right)=1$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Tastenkürzel \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Momentan gibt es kein Tastenkürzel um Computeralgebrasysteme aufzurufen. Sie können aber einfach ein Tastenkürzel mit der LyX-Funktion \family sans math-extern \family default verknüpfen (siehe das \emph on LyX-Funktionen \emph default Handbuch). Man kann z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. die \family sans Enter \family default -Taste in Formeln verknüpfen. Um sie mit \family typewriter Maxima \family default zu verknüpfen, würde man diesen Tastenkürzel-Definitionsbefehl verwenden: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold command-alternatives break-paragraph;math-extern maxima \end_layout \begin_layout Section Verschiedenes \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Verschiedenes \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Negative Zahlen \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Zahlen ! negative \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Negative Zahlen sehen im Formelmodus oft schlecht aus, denn das Minuszeichen vor der Ziffer wird mit der gleichen Länge wie das Zeichen der Minus-Operation dargestellt. Schreibt man dagegen eine negative Zahl im normalen Text, erscheint das Minuszeichen korrekt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wandelt man also das Minuszeichen in mathematischen Text um, tritt das Problem nicht mehr auf. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ein Beispiel zur Veranschaulichung der Problematik: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="right" valignment="top"> <column alignment="left" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout normaler Text: \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout x = -2 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Formelmodus: \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $x=-2$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Lösung: \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $x=\textrm{-}2$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Komma als Dezimaltrennzeichen \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Komma \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In LaTeX fungiert das Komma in einer Formel, gemäß englischer Konvention, als Gruppentrennzeichen. Es wird demnach automatisch hinter allen Kommas in Formeln ein Leerraum eingefügt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um dies zu verhindern, markiert man das Komma und wandelt es in mathematischen Text um (Tastenkürzel \family sans Alt+M \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset M \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um hingegen alle Formelkommas des Dokuments als Dezimaltrennzeichen zu setzen, lädt man die Datei \series bold icomma.sty \series default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold icomma \series default ist Teil des LaTeX-Paketes \series bold was \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! was \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vspace{4mm} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! icomma \end_layout \end_inset mit der LaTeX-Vorspannzeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage{icomma} \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Physikalische Vektoren \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Physikalische-Vektoren" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Vektoren ! physikalische \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Vordefinierte Vektoren bietet das LaTeX-Paket \series bold braket \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! braket \end_layout \end_inset , das mit der LaTeX-Vorspannzeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage{braket} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard geladen wird. \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ifbraket \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Die folgende Tabelle erscheint nur im Ausdruck wenn das LaTeX-Paket \series bold braket \series default installiert ist: \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Folgende Befehle sind definiert: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Bra{ \backslash psi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Bra{\psi}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Ket{ \backslash psi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Ket{\psi}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Braket{ \backslash psi| \backslash phi \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\Braket{\psi|\phi}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Befehl \series bold \backslash Braket \series default stellt sicher, dass alle senkrechten Striche in der Größe der umgebenden Klammern gesetzt werden: \begin_inset Formula \[ \Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}} \] \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash else \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Folgendes erscheint im Ausdruck wenn das LaTeX-Paket \series bold braket \series default nicht installiert ist: \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das LaTeX-Paket \series bold braket \series default muss installiert sein, um den Rest dieses Abschnitts im Ausdruck zu sehen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fi \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Effekt von \series bold \backslash Braket \series default kann auch mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash middle \series default erzielt werden, der in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Automatische-Klammergrößen" \end_inset beschrieben ist. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Selbst definierte Brüche \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Selbstdefinierte-Brüche" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Brüche ! selbstdefinierte \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um eigene Befehle für Brüche zu definieren, verwendet man den Befehl \series bold \backslash genfrac \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! G ! \backslash genfrac \end_layout \end_inset in folgendem Schema: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash genfrac{linke \series default \series bold Klammer}{rechte \series default \series bold Klammer}{Bruchstrichdicke}{Ansichtsstil} \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash genfrac \end_layout \end_inset {Zähler}{Nenner} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Der Ansichtsstil wird mit einer ganzen Zahl im Bereich 0 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset - \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset 3 angegeben. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Nummer \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ansichtsstil \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 0 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout abgesetzte Formel \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 1 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout eingebettete Formel \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 2 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout klein \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout 3 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout winzig \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wird nichts für den Ansichtsstil angegeben, passt sich die Größe wie bei \series bold \backslash frac \series default der Umgebung an. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wird keine Bruchstrichdicke angegeben, wird der voreingestellte Wert von 0.4 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset pt verwendet. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Zum Beispiel sind die Befehle \series bold \backslash dfrac \series default und \series bold \backslash tbinom \series default aus \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Brüche" \end_inset folgendermaßen definiert: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash newcommand{ \backslash dfrac}[2]{ \backslash genfrac{}{}{}{0}{#1}{#2}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard und \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash newcommand{ \backslash tbinom}[2]{ \backslash genfrac{(}{)}{0pt}{1}{#1}{#2}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset Um einen Bruch zu definieren, bei dem man die Bruchstrichdicke als optionales Argument angeben kann, gibt man im LaTeX-Vorspann folgenden Befehl ein: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash newcommand{ \backslash fracS}[3][]{ \backslash genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dazu ein Test: \begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} \text{Befehl} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[1mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[5mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B}\\ \text{Ergebnis} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B} \end{align*} \end_inset Wie man sieht, entspricht der Abstand des Zählers und Nenners vom Strich in etwa der dreifachen Strichdicke. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Durchgestrichene Formeln \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! durchgestrichene \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es gibt vier verschiedene Arten Formeln oder Formelteile durchzustreichen: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ifcancel \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Die folgende Tabelle erscheint nur im Ausdruck wenn das LaTeX-Paket \series bold cancel \series default installiert ist: \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Ergebnis \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Der Leerraum und \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dienen nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cancel \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash int \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\cancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bcancel \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash int \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash xcancel \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash int \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\xcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cancelto \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash int \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset 1 \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}\hspace{3mm}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash cancelto \series default eignet sich besonders, wenn man das Kürzen innerhalb einer Formel darstellen will: \begin_inset Formula \[ \frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um die Größe des \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset hochgestellten \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset Werts von \series bold \backslash cancelto \series default zu ändern, kann man die LaTeX-Vorspannzeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash PassOptionsToPackage{Option}{cancel} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard hinzufügen. \series bold Option \series default ist entweder \series bold samesize \series default , das zur selben Größe wie die der durchgestrichenen Zeichen führt, oder \series bold Smaller \series default , das zu einer etwas kleineren Größe als die Voreinstellung führt. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Um den Durchstrich zu färben, verwendet man den Befehl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash CancelColor}{ \backslash color{red}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard als TeX-Code. \series bold red \series default kann durch eine Farbe der Wahl ersetzt werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash CancelColor}{ \backslash color{red}} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \[ \frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash CancelColor}{ \backslash color{black}} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Farbe zurücksetzen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Für weitere Anpassungen siehe die Dokumentation des Pakets \series bold cancel \series default , \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "cancel" \end_inset . \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! cancel \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash else \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Folgendes erscheint im Ausdruck wenn das LaTeX-Paket \series bold cancel \series default nicht installiert ist: \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das LaTeX-Paket \series bold cancel \series default muss installiert sein, um den Rest dieses Abschnitts im Ausdruck zu sehen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fi \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Formeln in Überschriften \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Formeln-in-Überschriften" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! in Überschriften \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Benutzt man Formeln in Überschriften, ist auf Folgendes zu achten: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Verwendet man \series bold hyperref \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! hyperref \end_layout \end_inset Unterstützung im den Dokumenteinstellungen unter \family sans PDF-Eigenschaften \family default , werden PDF-Lesezeichen für jede Überschrift aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis erzeugt. Enthält eine Überschrift Formeln, werden diese im Lesezeichentext falsch dargestellt. Denn Formeln in Lesezeichen verstoßen gegen die PDF-Konventionen. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Beide Probleme lassen sich lösen, indem man am Ende der Überschrift einen Kurztitel über das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Kurztitel \family default einfügt. Kurztitel werden als Alternative für mehrzeilige Überschriften verwendet, um das Inhaltsverzeichnis übersichtlich zu halten. Nur der Kurztitel erscheint im Inhaltsverzeichnis und damit auch im PDF-Lesezei chen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Möchte man im Inhaltsverzeichnis eine Formel verwenden, benutzt aber \series bold hyperref \series default , verwendet man im TeX-Modus den Befehl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash texorpdfstring{Teil}{Alternative} \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehle ! T ! \backslash texorpdfstring \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Teil ist der Überschriftsteil, der nicht im PDF-Lesezeichen erscheinen solle. Das können Zeichen, Formeln, Fußnoten aber auch Querverweise sein. Als Alternative kann man angeben, was stattdessen im Lesezeichen erscheinen soll. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Es folgen zwei Beispielüberschriften: \begin_inset VSpace -3mm \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash boldmath \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Überschrift ohne Formel im Inhaltsverzeichnis \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{-1}=\mathrm{i}$ \end_inset \begin_inset Argument 1 status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Überschrift ohne Formel im Inhaltsverzeichnis \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Überschrift mit Formel im Inhaltsverzeichnis \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash texorpdfstring{ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{-1}=\mathrm{i}$ \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout }{} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash unboldmath \end_layout \end_inset In der ersten Überschrift wurde ein Kurztitel verwendet. In der zweiten \series bold \backslash texorpdfstring \series default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Damit die Formeln so wie der Rest der Überschrift formatiert werden, wurde die komplette Überschrift in eine \series bold boldmath \series default -Umgebung \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Fett-gedruckte-Formeln" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset gesetzt. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Formeln im mehrspaltigen Text \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! im mehrspaltigen Text \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Formeln im mehrspaltigen Text sind oftmals zu breit für eine Spalte und müssen daher über die gesamte Seitenbreite gesetzt werden. Dazu verwendet man das LaTeX-Paket \series bold multicol \series default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold multicol \series default ist Teil jeder LaTeX-Standardinstallation. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! multicol \end_layout \end_inset , das mit der LaTeX-Vorspannzeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage{multicol} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard geladen wird. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Dabei ist zu beachten, dass im Menü \family sans Dokument\SpecialChar \menuseparator Einstellungen \family default unter \family sans Textformat \family default \emph on nicht \emph default \family sans Zweispaltiges \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Dokument \family default ausgewählt sein darf. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Vor den mehrspaltigen Text schreibt man im TeX-Modus den Befehl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash begin{multicols}{Spaltenanzahl} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard wobei die Spaltenanzahl eine Zahl im Bereich 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset - \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset 10 ist. Vor der Formel beendet man den mehrspaltigen Text mit dem Befehl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash end{multicols} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard der im TeX-Modus eingegeben wird. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Durch den Befehl wird vor der Formel automatisch etwas Leerraum erstellt. Um dies rückgängig zu machen, fügt man vor der Formel -6 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mm vertikalen Leerraum ein. Ist der Formelstil \series bold Eingerückt \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formelstile siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formelstile" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \series default gewählt, fügt man stattdessen -9 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset mm Leerraum ein. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Als Beispiel ein mehrspaltiger Text mit einer abgesetzten Formel: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash begin{multicols}{2} \end_layout \end_inset Das Spektrum wird fouriertransformiert. Die Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um die überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk , Lösungsmittel) zu trennen. Nachdem wir die Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals. Im Experiment haben wir es mit sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so dass man über alle Phasen integrieren muss. Sei nun \begin_inset Formula $S$ \end_inset unser normiertes Ausgangssignal und \begin_inset Formula $P$ \end_inset die Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich die Beziehung \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash end{multicols} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset VSpace -6mm \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi \end{equation} \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash begin{multicols}{2} \end_layout \end_inset wobei \begin_inset Formula $S_{0}$ \end_inset das Signal ohne Gradient ist und die Normierungsbedingung \begin_inset Formula $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\,\mathrm{d}\phi=1$ \end_inset gilt. Nun dürfen wir aber nicht den Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen. Direkt nach dem \begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{\pi}{2}$ \end_inset \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -rf-Puls beginnt sich die Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt. Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit der so genannten \begin_inset Formula $T_{2}$ \end_inset -Zeit. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash end{multicols} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Formeln mit Beschreibung der Variablen \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formel ! mit Variablenbeschreibung \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Möchte man wie in Formel \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:innerhalb" \end_inset , Variablen innerhalb einer Formel beschreiben, verwendet man eine 2 \series bold × \series default \begin_inset Formula $n$ \end_inset \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Matrix mit links ausgerichteten Spalten für die verwendeten \begin_inset Formula $n$ \end_inset Variablen. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Matrizen siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Matrizen" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset Um die Beschreibung kleiner zu setzen, gibt man vor der Matrix z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. den Befehl \series bold \backslash footnotesize \series default ein. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Schriftgrößen siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Schriftgrößen" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Wird der Formelstil \series bold Eingerückt \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Formelstile siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formelstile" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \series default verwendet, fügt man vor und nach der Matrix ein \series bold \backslash hfill \series default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash hfill \series default wirkt nur in Formeln mit dem Stil \series bold Eingerückt \series default , siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Variabler-Leerraum" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset ein, damit der Abstand der Matrix von der Gleichung und vom Seitenrand gleich ist. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ist der Formelstil \series bold Zentriert \series default gewählt, nutzt man die in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Flalign-Umgebung" \end_inset beschriebene Möglichkeit, Formeln einzurücken. Formel \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:innerhalb" \end_inset besteht aus fünf Spalten, wobei in den ersten beiden die Gleichung, in der dritten die Matrix und in der letzten die leere TeX-Klammer steht. \begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign} \hspace{30pt}F_{A} & =\rho·V·g & \footnotesize\begin{array}{ll} \rho & \textrm{Dichte}\\ V & \textrm{Volumen}\\ g & \textrm{Fallbeschleunigung} \end{array} & & {}\label{eq:innerhalb} \end{flalign} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Aufrechte kleine griechische Buchstaben \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:Aufrechte-kleine-griechische" \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout griechische Buchstaben ! aufrechte \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die meisten Mathe-Schriften stellen nur kursive kleine griechische Buchstaben zur Verfügung. Für Symbole der Elementarteilchen, wie Pionen und Neutrinos werden jedoch aufrechte griechische Buchstaben benötigt. Die Datei \series bold upgreek.sty \series default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold upgreek \series default ist Teil des LaTeX-Paketes \series bold was \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! was \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vspace{4mm} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! upgreek \end_layout \end_inset , die mit der LaTeX-Vorspannzeile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage{upgreek} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard geladen wird, stellt diese Buchstaben zur Verfügung. \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ifupgreek \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Das Folgende erscheint nur im Ausdruck wenn das LaTeX-Paket \series bold upgreek \series default installiert ist: \end_layout \end_inset Sie werden erzeugt, wenn der Befehl für einen griechischen Buchstaben mit \series bold up \series default begonnen wird. So erzeugt z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. der Befehl \series bold \backslash uptau \series default dies: \begin_inset Formula $\uptau$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Damit kann man Elementarteilchenreaktionen erstellen: \begin_inset Formula \[ \uppi^{+}\to\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die aufrechten Buchstaben sind fetter und breiter als die kursiven. Sie sollten daher nicht für Einheiten wie \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset µm \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset verwendet werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash else \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Folgendes erscheint im Ausdruck wenn das LaTeX-Paket \series bold upgreek \series default nicht installiert ist: \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Das LaTeX-Paket \series bold upgreek \series default muss installiert sein, um den Rest dieses Abschnitts im Ausdruck zu sehen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fi \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Textzeichen in Formeln \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Text ! in Formeln \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In einigen Fällen möchte man Textzeichen direkt in Formeln eingeben. Benötigt man z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. den mittigen Punkt · in Formeln wie \begin_inset Formula $\nu=5·10^{5}\,\mathrm{Hz}$ \end_inset , müsste man dafür jedes Mal den Befehl \series bold \backslash cdot \series default eingeben \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Binäre-Operatoren" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset , da dieses Zeichen in allen Kodierungen als Textzeichen definiert ist. Man kann jedoch die Kodierung mit folgender LaTeX-Vorspannzeile ändern: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash DeclareInputText{183}{ \backslash ifmmode \backslash cdot \backslash else \backslash textperiodcentered \backslash f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} i} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Zeichenkodierung (Menü \family sans Dokument\SpecialChar \menuseparator Einstellungen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Sprache \family default ) legt fest, welches Zeichen beim Druck einer bestimmten Taste erscheint. Wenn man die Taste für das Zeichen '·' drückt, wird intern der Befehl \series bold \backslash textperiodcentered \series default verwendet. Dieser Befehl ist in einer Formel jedoch nicht verfügbar, so dass es zu LaTeX-Fehlern kommen würde. Durch die geänderte Kodierung wird hingegen automatisch der richtige Befehl gewählt, je nachdem ob das Zeichen in eine Formel eingegeben wurde oder nicht. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Die Kodierung der einzelnen Zeichen ist in Definitionsdateien abgespeichert. Z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. ist die Kodierung \series bold latin9 \series default in der Datei \series bold latin9.def \series default definiert, die sich im Installationsverzeichnis von LaTeX befindet. Kodierungen sollten nur über den LaTeX-Vorspann und nicht in den Definitionsdat eien geändert werden. Ansonsten können eigene Dokumente von anderen LyX-Nutzern auf anderen Computern nicht ohne Weiteres bearbeitet werden. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset In diesem Dokument wurde außerdem mittigen Punkt noch das Gradzeichen ° mit folgenden LaTeX-Vorspannzeilen so definiert, dass sie direkt in eine Formel eingegeben werden können: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash DeclareInputText{176}{ \backslash ifmmode^ \backslash circ \backslash else \backslash textdegree \backslash f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} i} \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection LaTeX-Kommentare in Formeln \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout LaTeX-Kommentare \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Im Text können Kommentare, die nur in der LaTeX-Ausgabe sichtbar sind, mit dem Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Notiz\SpecialChar \menuseparator Kommentar \family default eingefügt werden. Dies ist in einer Formel nicht möglich, aber man kann mit dem Befehl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash % \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LaTeX-Kommentare einfügen. Der Befehl erzeugt eine Box, in die man den Kommentar schreiben kann. Aufgrund eines Fehlers in LyX \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-bug #9002" target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/9002" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset kann man keinen normalen Text verwenden. Selbst wenn man mathematischen Text verwendet, sieht man dessen LaTeX-Befehle in der LaTeX-Ausgabe. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Dies ist eine Formel mit einem LaTeX-Kommentar: \begin_inset Formula \[ A=B%\text{Dies ist der Kommentar} \] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section \start_of_appendix Typographische Hinweise \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Typographische Hinweise \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Dieses Kapitel ist eine Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten typographischen Regeln, die teilweise auch im Duden \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "Duden" \end_inset unter \family typewriter Textverarbeitung \family default aufgelistet sind. Weitere Regeln sind in \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "Checklist" \end_inset zu finden. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Physikalische Einheiten werden \emph on immer \emph default aufrecht gesetzt \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout wird durch Schriftstile erreicht, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Schriftstile" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset , egal ob sie sich in einem kursiven Text befinden: 30 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset km/h \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Zwischen Wert und Einheit befindet sich der kleinste Leerraum, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Vordefinierter-Leerraum" \end_inset . \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Diese Richtlinie wird automatisch eingehalten, wenn man den Befehl \series bold \backslash unittwo \series default verwendet. Gibt man ihn in eine Formel ein, erscheinen zwei Kästchen. In das Erste wird der Wert, in das Zweite die Einheit eingegeben und man erhält wie oben: \begin_inset Formula $\unit[30]{km/h}$ \end_inset \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset . Zu beachten ist, dass \series bold \backslash unittwo \series default kein echter LaTeX-Befehl, sondern der Befehl \series bold \backslash unit[Wert]{Einheit} \series default ist, daher kann man ihn nicht im TeX-Code benutzen. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Prozent- und Promillezeichen werden wie physikalische Einheiten gesetzt: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset 1,2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset ‰ Alkohol im Blut \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Sie folgen jedoch direkt auf die Zahl, wenn sie in einer Zusammensetzung oder Ableitung stehen: 3%-ige Rendite, 20%-Grenze \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Das Grad-Symbol folgt immer unmittelbar auf die Zahl: 15°, es sei denn es wird in einer Einheit verwendet: 15 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset °C \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize In Zahlen mit mehr als vier Ziffern wird zur Gruppierung vor jeder dritten Ziffer der kleinste Leerraum eingefügt: 18 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset 473 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset 588 \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Für Bemaßungen wie z. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset B. 120×90×40 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset cm, verwendet man das gelegte Kreuz \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset × \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset , dass entweder über den Befehl \series bold \backslash times \series default oder über das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Sonderzeichen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Symbole \family default verfügbar ist. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Bei Datumsangaben befindet sich zwischen Tag und Monat der kleinste Leerraum, zwischen Monat und Jahr ein geschütztes Leerzeichen: 23. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset 6. \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset 1979 \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Funktionen, deren Name aus mehreren Buchstaben besteht, werden aufrecht gesetzt um Verwechslungen mit Variablen zu vermeiden, siehe \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Vordefinierte-Funktionen" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Indizes, die aus mehreren Buchstaben bestehen, werden aufrecht gesetzt: \begin_inset Formula $E_{\mathrm{kin}}$ \end_inset \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset Komponenten von Matrizen werden kursiv gesetzt: \begin_inset Formula $\hat{H}_{kl}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Der Ableitungs-/Integrationsoperator 'd', die Eulersche Zahl 'e' und die Imaginäre Zahl 'i' sollten aufrecht gesetzt werden, um sie nicht mit anderen Variablen zu verwechseln. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Das Symbol für eine \noun on Fourier \noun default -Transformation kann entweder mit dem Befehl \series bold \backslash mathscr \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset F \series default oder über das Menü \family sans Einfügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Sonderzeichen\SpecialChar \menuseparator Symbole\SpecialChar \menuseparator Buchsta\SpecialChar \- benähnliche Symbole \family default eingefügt werden: \begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{F}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Synonyme \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Synonyme \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Einige Zeichen und Symbole können mit mehreren Befehlen erstellt werden. Hier ist eine Übersicht der Synonymbefehle: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout äquivalent zu \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default dient nur als Abstandhalter. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ast \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash raisebox{-1.2mm}{ \end_layout \end_inset * \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash choose \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash binom \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash geq \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ge \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash lbrace \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout { \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash lbracket \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout [ \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash leftarrow \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash gets \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash leq \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash le \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash lor \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vee \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash neq \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash not= \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash slash \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout / \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vert \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout | \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular <lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2"> <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt"> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Befehl \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" 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usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Box \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> <row> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Vert \end_layout \end_inset </cell> <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash | \end_layout \end_inset </cell> </row> </lyxtabular> \end_inset \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "TLC2" \end_inset \shape smallcaps Mittelbach, F. ; Goossens, M. \shape default : \shape italic The LaTeX Companion \shape default . Addison Wesley, 2004 \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "Mathmode" \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Beschreibung" target "ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/math/voss/mathmode/Mathmode.pdf" \end_inset der mathematischen Fähigkeiten von LaTeX \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "AMS" \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Beschreibung" target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/amsldoc.pdf" \end_inset von \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash AmS \end_layout \end_inset -LaTeX \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "Symbole" \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Auflistung" target "ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf" \end_inset aller über LaTeX-Pakete verfügbare Symbole \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "cancel" \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Dokumentation" target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/cancel/cancel.pdf" \end_inset des LaTeX-Pakets \series bold cancel \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! cancel \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "hyperref" \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Dokumentation" target "http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ftp/doc/manual.pdf" \end_inset des LaTeX-Pakets \series bold hyperref \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! hyperref \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "mhchem" \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Dokumentation" target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhchem/mhchem.pdf" \end_inset des LaTeX-Pakets \series bold mhchem \series default \begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Pakete ! mhchem \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "Duden" \end_inset \emph on Duden Band 1 \emph default . 22. Auflage, Duden Verlag 2001 \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "Checklist" \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Prüfliste" target "http://physics.nist.gov/Document/checklist.pdf" \end_inset für das Rezensieren von Manuskripten \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Damit der Index den Namen \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset Stichwortverzeichnis \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset erhält, wurde im LaTeX-Vorspann \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash addto \backslash captionsngerman{ \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash indexname}{Stichwortverzeichnis}} \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout eingefügt. \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout Das Paket \series bold babel \series default sorgt dafür, dass die Beschriftungen in der ausgewählten Sprache erscheinen. Ehe man Beschriftungen ändern kann, muss es geladen werden. Außerdem wird \series bold babel \series default von LyX automatisch nach dem LaTeX-Vorspann geladen. Das ruft aber keine Probleme hervor, solange im LaTeX-Vorspann die Dokumentspra che verwendet wurde. \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout Möchte man andere Beschriftungen ändern, ersetzt man \series bold \backslash indexname \series default durch \series bold \backslash <Beschriftungs>name \series default . Eine Auflistung der möglichen Namen findet man unter \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \family typewriter http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=fixnam \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout Möchte man Beschriftungen für andere Sprachen ändern, ersetzt man \series bold ngerman \series default durch die Dokumentsprache und \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold \backslash captionsgerman \series default durch \series bold \backslash captions<Dokumentsprache> \series default . \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset index_print LatexCommand printindex type "idx" \end_inset \end_layout \end_body \end_document