#LyX 2.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 474 \begin_document \begin_header \textclass article \begin_preamble %% Uncomment the following for Tableaux captions on top: %\floatstyle{plaintop} %\restylefloat{tableau} \end_preamble \use_default_options false \begin_modules linguistics \end_modules \maintain_unincluded_children false \language english \language_package default \inputencoding auto \fontencoding global \font_roman lmodern \font_sans default \font_typewriter default \font_math auto \font_default_family default \use_non_tex_fonts false \font_sc false \font_osf false \font_sf_scale 100 \font_tt_scale 100 \graphics default \default_output_format default \output_sync 0 \bibtex_command default \index_command default \paperfontsize default \spacing single \use_hyperref true \pdf_bookmarks true \pdf_bookmarksnumbered false \pdf_bookmarksopen false \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1 \pdf_breaklinks false \pdf_pdfborder true \pdf_colorlinks false \pdf_backref false \pdf_pdfusetitle true \papersize default \use_geometry false \use_package amsmath 1 \use_package amssymb 1 \use_package cancel 0 \use_package esint 1 \use_package mathdots 1 \use_package mathtools 0 \use_package mhchem 1 \use_package stackrel 0 \use_package stmaryrd 0 \use_package undertilde 0 \cite_engine basic \cite_engine_type default \biblio_style plain \use_bibtopic false \use_indices false \paperorientation portrait \suppress_date false \justification true \use_refstyle 0 \index Index \shortcut idx \color #008000 \end_index \secnumdepth 3 \tocdepth 3 \paragraph_separation indent \paragraph_indentation default \quotes_language english \papercolumns 1 \papersides 1 \paperpagestyle default \tracking_changes false \output_changes false \html_math_output 0 \html_css_as_file 0 \html_be_strict false \end_header \begin_body \begin_layout Title Writing linguistic papers with LyX \end_layout \begin_layout Author Jürgen Spitzmüller \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href target "spitz@lyx.org" type "mailto:" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Date 18/02/2013 \end_layout \begin_layout Abstract This paper describes some features that LyX provides to linguists. It demonstrates how to use some native support in order to produce numbered examples, glosses, OT tableaux, semantic markup, and phonetic symbols (IPA). \end_layout \begin_layout Section Aims and prerequisites \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Basically, this paper describes the features of the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Linguistics \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset module that ships with LyX as of version 1.6.0. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Modules \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset are support files (introduced with LyX 1.6.0) that can easily be selected for any document. In order to use the Linguistics module, go to \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator Modules \family default , select \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Linguistics \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset from the list of available modules, and hit the \family sans Add \family default button to select it for your document (as already done for this document). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You should be able to use the module with any document class (please inform me, if not). However, in order to use all the features, you need to have the following LaTeX packages installed: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \emph on covington.sty \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "covington" \end_inset : This is the base package used for numbered examples and glosses. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Installed on your system: \begin_inset Info type "package" arg "covington" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \emph on enumitem.sty \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "enumitem" \end_inset : This package is used for the Subexamples style. It is generally useful to alter the appearance of lists (such as \emph on enumerate \emph default , \emph on itemize \emph default , \emph on description \emph default ). \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Installed on your system: \begin_inset Info type "package" arg "enumitem" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \emph on csquotes.sty \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "csquotes" \end_inset : Needed for the \emph on Meaning \emph default character style. The package provides context sensitive quotation marks, depending on the language in use. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Installed on your system: \begin_inset Info type "package" arg "csquotes" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \emph on float.sty \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "float" \end_inset : Needed for the OT tableaux floats and list of floats. This package should be part of any LaTeX distribution. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Installed on your system: \begin_inset Info type "package" arg "float" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Section Numbered examples \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Numbered examples are inserted via the layout drop-down box in the toolbar. There are three variants: \end_layout \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline) This is a multiline example [Style \emph on Numbered Example (multiline) \emph default ] \end_layout \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline) it can have several paragraphs \end_layout \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive) This is a single example \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "exa:single-example" \end_inset [Style \emph on Numbered Example (consecutive) \emph default ] \end_layout \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive) Consecutive single examples get their own numbers \end_layout \begin_layout Subexample This is a subexample \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label name "sub:subexample" \end_inset [Style \emph on Subexample \emph default ] \end_layout \begin_layout Subexample And another one \end_layout \begin_layout Standard References to examples are produced as usual: insert a label to the example and a cross-reference via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cross references \family default . We refer here, just for the sake of demonstrating this, to \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "exa:single-example" \end_inset and \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:subexample" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section Glosses \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The Linguistics module provides two kinds of glosses, which can be inserted via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Custom Insets \family default : The standard \emph on Custom:Glosse \emph default provides a gloss that consists of two lines and a translation, the \emph on Custom:Tri-Glosse \emph default insets consists of three lines and a translation. Each translation line might span multiple lines in the output, i. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset e., the paragraphs are automatically broken if they exceed the text width. Note that the translation line is mandatory and must be preceded by the command \family typewriter \backslash glt \family default which must be inserted verbatim in the gloss inset (TeX mode is not needed, and in fact not even possible). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here is a simple example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex Glosse status open \begin_layout Plain Layout C'est un exemple simple \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout {This is} an example simple \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash glt This is a simple example \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent Note how the braces hold together multi-word expressions. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the same vein, we can make a three-line gloss: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse status open \begin_layout Plain Layout C'est un exemple simple \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout {Das ist} ein Beispiel einfach \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout {This is} an example simple \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash glt This is a simple example \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent If you want to have numbered glosses, you can simply insert the gloss inset to a numbered examples paragraph, as follows: \end_layout \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive) \begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout My skeertuig is vol palings \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout My hovercraft is {full of} eels \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash glt Do you have matches? \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Shortcomings of LyX's glosses \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX's glosse support is rather basic, and thus has some shortcomings, which might be addressed in further releases: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Font changes are not allowed in glosses. Hence, the \family sans Character Style \family default dialog is disabled. Since glosses are not hyphenated, an explicit language setting in the LaTeX output is not required (in fact, it would break the output, since covington does not support it). However, you still might want to set the language for proper spell checking. Currently, you have to do this as follows: select the text, and then issue \begin_inset Info type "shortcut" arg "command-execute" \end_inset \family sans language \family default , where \family sans \family default should be replaced by the respective language, e. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset g. \family sans english \family default , \family sans french \family default or \family sans ngerman \family default . In the LaTeX output, this setting will be suppressed. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Since the content of glosses is passed verbatim to LaTeX, LyX does not adapt the encoding to the contents. That means that if you use characters in the glosse which are not covered by the current encoding, you will run into an error message. Here are the possible workarounds to this problem: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Either enter the text outside the glosse, open \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator View Source \family default and copy the LaTeX code into the glosse, \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize or mark the whole glosse (from outside) and set the appropriate language via \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Language\SpecialChar \menuseparator More Languages\SpecialChar \ldots{} \family default , \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize or set the document encoding to \emph on Unicode (utf8) \emph default via \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar \ldots{} \SpecialChar \menuseparator Language \family default , \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize or check \emph on Use non-TeX fonts (via XeTeX/LuaTeX) \emph default in \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar \ldots{} \SpecialChar \menuseparator Fonts \family default . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Page breaks can occur within glosses, which is of course not desirable. A workaround is to wrap glosses into boxes (via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Box\SpecialChar \menuseparator Frameless \family default ). If you want to automate this for all glosses, you can copy the following code to \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator LaTeX Preamble \family default : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout LyX-Code \begin_inset listings lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize},language={[LaTeX]TeX}" inline false status open \begin_layout Plain Layout % Do not break pages at two-line glosses \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash AtBeginDocument{% \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash @ifundefined{linggloss}{}{% \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash renewenvironment{linggloss}[1]{% \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash begin{minipage}{.7 \backslash textwidth} \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash gll #1}{ \backslash glend \backslash end{minipage}}} \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \begin_inset listings lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize},language={[LaTeX]TeX}" inline false status open \begin_layout Plain Layout % Do not break pages at three-line glosses \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash AtBeginDocument{% \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash @ifundefined{lingglosss}{}{% \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash renewenvironment{linggloss}[1]{% \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash begin{minipage}{.7 \backslash textwidth} \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash glll #1}{ \backslash glend \backslash end{minipage}}} \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You might have to adapt the minipage width ( \family typewriter .7 \backslash textwidth \family default in the example code) to fit your actual page width. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Section Optimality Theory Tableaux \end_layout \begin_layout Standard OT tableaux itself can of course simply be inserted as ordinary tables (for specific features such as dashed lines and shaded cells, cf. the \emph on EmbeddedObjects \emph default manual). However, you might want to have the tableaux numbered throughout the document, and you might want to have a \emph on List of Tableaux \emph default , similar to the \emph on List of Tables \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The Linguistics module provides support for both. In \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Floats \family default , you'll find a Tableaux float: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float tableau placement h wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout /atikap/ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \noun on Onset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \noun on NoCoda \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \noun on Dep \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \noun on Max \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{☞}$ \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$ \end_inset a.ti.ka \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout a.ti.ka \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout *! \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$ \end_inset a.ti.kap \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout *! \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout a.ti.kap \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout *! \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout *! \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Caption Standard \begin_layout Plain Layout Example Tableau \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that by default, the caption is always placed below the tableaux in the output, no matter where you put it in the LyX window. To get the Tableaux captions on top, put the following code in \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator Preamble \family default : \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \backslash floatstyle{plaintop} \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \backslash restylefloat{tableau} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If your using a KOMA class, use the following instead for better spacing: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \backslash floatstyle{komaabove} \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \backslash restylefloat{tableau} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A List of Tableaux inset can be found in \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Lists & TOC \family default . Even though this usually is placed at the beginning or the end of the document, we do this here for exemplification purposes: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset FloatList tableau \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Semantic Markup (Character Styles) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The Linguistics module comes with some character styles that are common in linguistics: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Concept (in small caps): \begin_inset Flex Concepts status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout concept \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Expression (emphasized): \begin_inset Flex Expression status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout expression \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Meaning (in single quotes): \begin_inset Flex Meaning status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout meaning \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can insert the character styles via the \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text Style \family default submenu. If you need to change the appearance of these styles later, you can redefine them in the preamble. To make expressions bold, for instance, insert: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \backslash renewcommand \backslash lingexpr[1]{ \backslash textbf{#1}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Similarly, concept ( \family typewriter \backslash lingconcept \family default ) and meaning ( \family typewriter \backslash lingmeaning \family default ) can be modified. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Phonetic Symbols (IPA) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You do not need the Linguistics module to insert phonetic symbols, this is a base functionality of LyX. However, since this is frequently used by linguists, we will describe it (briefly) in this manual nevertheless. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you use traditional LaTeX or PDFLaTeX, a prerequisite to use LyX's IPA support is the LaTeX package \emph on tipa \emph default \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "tipa" \end_inset . \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout If you use XeTeX or LuaTeX (i. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset e., if you have clicked \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Use non-TeX fonts \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator Fonts \family default ), no extra package is needed. \end_layout \end_inset Additionally, if you want to have instant preview, you should have the \emph on preview-latex \emph default package \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "preview" \end_inset installed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The recommended way to insert phonetic symbols is via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator Phonetic symbols. \family default This gives you an input box ( \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in LyX speak), where you can insert the symbols. Note that this box can be used both for the insertion of small snippets (inline) and multiple paragraphs of phonetic notation. While the cursor is inside the box, a toolbar opens, which provides the basic set of phonetic symbols (sorted by the IPA categories). Each of the toolbar's panels can be torn off the bar by clicking on the dashed line on its top. This way, you can insert most symbols quite comfortably: \begin_inset IPA \begin_layout Standard [l \begin_inset IPADeco bottomtiebar status open \begin_layout Plain Layout ai \end_layout \end_inset k ðɪs] \end_layout \end_inset . \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Note that, if you want to insert diacritics, the diacritics are inserted \emph on after \emph default the base character. That is to say, for \begin_inset IPA \begin_layout Standard [d̥] \end_layout \end_inset you need to insert \family typewriter \family default and then the \family typewriter \family default subring diacritic from the toolbar immediately after the \family typewriter \family default . If you need a diacritic alone, you can achieve this by inserting a blank and then the diacritic, as in \begin_inset IPA \begin_layout Standard ̼ \end_layout \end_inset ( \family typewriter = \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset + \family default ). \end_layout \end_inset Given that \emph on preview-latex \emph default is installed and you have switched on instant preview (in \family sans Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator Graphi \family default cs), you'll get a nice WYSIWYG preview as soon as the cursor leaves the box. Alternatively to the toolbar, you can also insert the symbols directly via the shortcut notation which is described in the \emph on tipa \emph default manual: here's \begin_inset IPA \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \strikeout off \uuline off \uwave off \noun off \color none [@n Ig"zA:mpl] \end_layout \end_inset ( \emph on tipa \emph default shortcut notation: \family typewriter [@n Ig"zA:mpl \family default ]). Furthermore, you can insert symbols via \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator Symbols\SpecialChar \ldots{} \family default (which might be useful for symbols that are not yet covered by the toolbar), or you can simply paste unicode-encoded text (e. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset g., from other applications) into the box. The output should be equal, no matter what input method you chose. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that you can also insert or paste most IPA glyphs outside the specific IPA input box: [əz ʃəʊn hɪə]. In the output, they will be automatically transformed into the correct \emph on tipa \emph default macro (if not, please inform us). However, please note that this method produces inferior output quality, since it will most likely result in a mix of fonts (the latin characters are taken from the base document font, the IPA glyphs from the IPA font). Within the IPA input box, on the other hand, the IPA font is used for all characters. So unless you only need to insert single IPA characters, using the IPA input box is highly recommended. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Further information \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For a detailed description of specific possibilities for linguists, please refer to the LinguistLyX page on the LyX wiki \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "linguistlyx" \end_inset (feel free to enter your own hints there). \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "covington" \end_inset The covington package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/covington/ \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "csquotes" \end_inset The csquotes package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes/ \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "enumitem" \end_inset The enumitem package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/ \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "float" \end_inset The float package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float/ \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "linguistlyx" \end_inset Maria Gouskova, Stacia Hartleben and Jürgen Spitzmüller: Using LyX for Linguisti c Papers. \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "preview" \end_inset The preview-latex package: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/preview/ \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "tipa" \end_inset The tipa package and fonts: \begin_inset Flex URL status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/ \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \end_body \end_document