#LyX 1.5.2svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 276 \begin_document \begin_header \textclass scrbook \begin_preamble % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!! % % This preamble is designed to ensure that the User's Guide prints % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, % parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact % the documentation team % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used % set fonts for nicer pdf view \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{% \usepackage[scaled=0.92]{helvet} \usepackage{mathptmx} \usepackage{courier} } % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added \pagenumbering{roman} \let\myTOC\tableofcontents \renewcommand\tableofcontents{% \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{} \myTOC \cleardoublepage \pagenumbering{arabic} } % link all cross references and URLs in pdf output \usepackage[colorlinks=true, bookmarks, bookmarksnumbered, linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels, pdfauthor={LyX Team}, pdftex, pdftitle={The LyX User's Guide},pdfsubject={LyX}, pdfkeywords={LyX}]{hyperref} \else % if dvi or ps is produced % link all cross references and URLs in dvi output \usepackage[ps2pdf]{hyperref} % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman \pagenumbering{roman} \let\myTOC\tableofcontents \renewcommand\tableofcontents{% \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{} \myTOC \cleardoublepage \pagenumbering{arabic} } \fi % redefine the \LyX macro for PDF bookmarks \def\LyX{\texorpdfstring{% L\kern-.1667em\lower.25em\hbox{Y}\kern-.125emX\@} {LyX }} % define a short command for \textvisiblespace \newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace} % redefine the greyed out note \renewenvironment{lyxgreyedout} {\textcolor{blue}\bgroup}{\egroup} \end_preamble \options intoc,refpage,idxtotoc,BCOR7mm \language english \inputencoding auto \font_roman default \font_sans default \font_typewriter default \font_default_family default \font_sc false \font_osf false \font_sf_scale 100 \font_tt_scale 100 \graphics default \paperfontsize 12 \spacing single \papersize default \use_geometry false \use_amsmath 1 \use_esint 0 \cite_engine basic \use_bibtopic false \paperorientation portrait \branch Question \selected 1 \color #00ff00 \end_branch \branch Answer \selected 0 \color #aa55ff \end_branch \secnumdepth 3 \tocdepth 3 \paragraph_separation indent \defskip medskip \quotes_language english \papercolumns 1 \papersides 2 \paperpagestyle default \tracking_changes false \output_changes false \author "" \author "" \end_header \begin_body \begin_layout Title The LyX User's Guide \end_layout \begin_layout Author by the LyX Team \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \noindent If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta tion mailing list: \family typewriter lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org \end_layout \end_inset \newline \newline Version 1.5.2 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Standard To export this document as PDF, Postscript, or DVI, the LaTeX-package \series bold hyperref \series default has to be installed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This package should be part of all popular LaTeX-distributions. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand tableofcontents \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Getting Started \end_layout \begin_layout Section What is LyX? \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX is a document preparation system. It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts, publishable books, business letters and proposals, and even poetry. It is unlike most other \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset word processors \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core editing style. That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Section \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , not \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Bold, 17 pt type, left justified, 5 mm space below \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . LyX takes care of the typesetting for you, so you deal only with concepts, not the mechanics. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This philosophy is explained in much greater detail in the \emph on \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Introduction \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \emph default . If you haven't read it yet, you need to. Yes, we mean now. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on Introduction \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most importantly, the format of all of the manuals. If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual. You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead of this one. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on Introduction \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset describes that, too. \end_layout \begin_layout Section How LyX Looks \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of its window. Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons. There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing documents. Near the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line of text. This is the \emph on minibuffer \emph default , which really means \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset command buffer \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Type \family sans M-x \family default when you need to type a command in the minibuffer. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar. This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional. When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the next line. Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for only a vertical scrollbar. There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar. The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@. This, however, is due to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page. The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than the LyX window. You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but this doesn't work for equations yet. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For a brief description of all LyX menus and toolbar buttons, have a look at Appendix\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:The-User-Interface" \end_inset . Most of them are self-explanatory and you'll find them listed in the correspond ing sections of this documentation. \end_layout \begin_layout Section HELP \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The help system consists of the LyX manuals. You can read \emph on all \emph default of the manuals from inside LyX. Just select the manual you want read from the \family sans Help \family default menu. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Basic LyX Setup \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX, without resorting to configuration files. First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document classes and LaTeX packages are available. It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several \family sans Preferences \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Preferences" \end_inset \family default settings. Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally, e.g. new LaTeX classes, and which are not seen by LyX. To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use \family sans Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator Reconfigure \family default . \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Reconfiguration of LyX" \end_inset You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account. \end_layout \begin_layout Section LaTeX Setup \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:LaTeX-Setup" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX needs several LaTeX packages to work properly. The packages found on the system by LyX are listed in the file \emph on LaT \emph default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset \emph on eX\InsetSpace ~ Configuration \emph default that will be created when using the menu \family sans Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX\InsetSpace ~ Configuration \family default . You should install the required missing packages and then reconfigure LyX. \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The two braces in the ERT box prevent that the term \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LaTeX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is printed with sub- and superscript letters. More on ERT is described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:ERT" \end_inset , the printout of proper names like LaTeX is explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Reconfiguration of LyX" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter How to work with LyX \end_layout \begin_layout Section Basic File Operations \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "File Operations" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Under the \family sans File \family default menu are basic operations for any word processor in addition to some more advanced operations: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans New \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans New\InsetSpace ~ from \bar under \InsetSpace ~ \bar default Template \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Open \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Close \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Save \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Save\InsetSpace ~ As \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Revert\InsetSpace ~ to\InsetSpace ~ saved \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Version\InsetSpace ~ Control \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Import \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Export \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Print \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Exit \end_layout \begin_layout Standard They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with a few minor differences. The \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator New\InsetSpace ~ from \bar under \InsetSpace ~ \bar default Template \family default command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts you for a template to use. Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually. They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters (see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Document-Classes" \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note: There is no \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset default file \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or document named \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Untitled \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset scratch. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank space is just that --- a big, blank space. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Revert\InsetSpace ~ to\InsetSpace ~ saved \family default and \family sans Version\InsetSpace ~ Control \family default are useful if more people work on the same document at the same time \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature in LyX also. Read \emph on Extended Features \emph default \SpecialChar \@. \end_layout \end_inset . \family sans Revert\InsetSpace ~ to\InsetSpace ~ saved \family default will reload the document from disk. You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document and want to restore it to the last save. With \family sans Version\InsetSpace ~ Control \family default you can there register the changes you made to a document so that others can identify this as your changes. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Basic Editing Features \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Editing" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Basic-Editing-Features" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and can delete whole words as well as individual characters. The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to access them. We'll start with cut and paste. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As you might expect, the \family sans Edit \family default menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features. Some of these are special and covered in later sections. The basic ones are: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Cut \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Copy \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Paste \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Paste\InsetSpace ~ Recent \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Paste\InsetSpace ~ Special \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Find\InsetSpace ~ &\InsetSpace ~ Replace \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The first three are self-explanatory. One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected, it's automatically placed in the clipboard. That is, the \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans Backspace \family default keys also functions as the \family sans Cut \family default command. Also, if you've selected text, be careful. If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace it with what you just typed. You'll have to do an \family sans Undo \family default to get back the lost text. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also copy text between LyX and other programs by cut, copy and paste. The submenu of \family sans Paste\InsetSpace ~ Recent \family default shows you a list with the last strings you have pasted. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The menu \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Paste\InsetSpace ~ Special\SpecialChar \menuseparator Plain\InsetSpace ~ Text, Join\InsetSpace ~ Lines \family default will insert the text in the clipboard so that the whole text is inserted as \emph on one \emph default paragraph. A new paragraph is started when there is a blank line in the file. Without \family sans Join\InsetSpace ~ Lines \family default , the text is inserted as Paragraphs, where the line breaks of the text will start a new paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Dialogs ! Find \\& Replace" \end_inset The \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Find\InsetSpace ~ &\InsetSpace ~ Replace \family default item opens the \family sans Find\InsetSpace ~ and\InsetSpace ~ Replace \family default dialog. Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it. Hitting the \family sans Replace \family default button replaces the selected text with the contents of the \family sans Replace\InsetSpace ~ with \family default field. You can click the \family sans Find\InsetSpace ~ Next \family default button to skip the current word. Hit \family sans Replace\InsetSpace ~ All \family default to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically. The \family sans Case\InsetSpace ~ sensitive \family default option can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search word. If the toggle is set, searching for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter Test \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will not match the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter test \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . The \family sans Match whole words only \family default option can be used to force LyX to only find complete words. I.e., searching for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter star \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will not match \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter starlet \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section Undo and Redo \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Redo" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Undo" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Undo-and-Redo" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it. LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer. Select \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Undo \family default to undo some mistake. If you accidentally undo too much, use \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Redo \family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset undo the undo. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 steps to minimize memory overhead. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as it was last saved, the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset changed \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset status of the document is unfortunately not reset. This is a consequence of the 100 step undo limit, above. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Undo \family default and \family sans Redo \family default work on almost everything in LyX. They have some quirks, too. They won't \family sans Undo \family default or \family sans Redo \family default text character by character, but by blocks of text. That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with \family sans Undo \family default and \family sans Redo \family default to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll surely appreciate how it works. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Mouse Operations \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Mouse Operations" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This are the most basic mouse operations. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Motion \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Click the \emph on left mouse button \emph default once anywhere in the edit window. The cursor moves to the text under the mouse. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Selecting Text \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Hold down the \emph on left mouse button \emph default and drag the mouse. LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions. Use \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Copy \family default to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer (and the clipboard). \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Paste \family default . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Insets (Footnotes, Notes, Floats, etc.) \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \emph on Single click \emph default the left mouse button to open or close any of these. Right-click on them to set its properties. Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Tables \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \emph on Single click \emph default the right mouse button to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate the table. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Section Basic Key Bindings \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Key-Bindings" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Key Bindings" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We're not going to cover all of the keybindings. Be aware that there are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA and Emacs. LyX's default is CUA. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some keys, like \family sans Page\InsetSpace ~ Up \family default , \family sans Page\InsetSpace ~ Down \family default , \family sans Left \family default , \family sans Right \family default , \family sans Up \family default , and \family sans Down \family default , do exactly what you expect them to do. Other keys don't: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Tab \begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature symbol "Tab" description "Tabulator key" \end_inset \family default There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX. If you don't understand this, go read sections\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Par-indent-intro" \end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments" \end_inset , especially section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Lists" \end_inset , right now. Yes, right now. If you're still confused, look in the \emph on Tutorial \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Esc \begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature symbol "Esc" description "Escape key" \end_inset \family default This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset cancel key. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset It's used, generically, to cancel operations. Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Home \family default \InsetSpace ~ and\InsetSpace ~ \family sans End \family default These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line, unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning or end of the file. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are three modifier keys: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Control \family default (Denoted by \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans C \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature symbol "C" description "Control key" \end_inset in the documentation files) This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used in combination with: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize With \family sans Backspace \family default or \family sans Delete \family default , it deletes an entire word instead of a single character. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize With \family sans Left \family default and \family sans Right \family default , it moves by words instead of characters. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize With \family sans Home \family default and \family sans End \family default , it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Shift \family default (Denoted by \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans S \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature symbol "S" description "Shift key" \end_inset in the documentation files) Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old and new cursor positions. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Meta \family default (Denoted by \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans M \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature symbol "M" description "Meta or Alt key" \end_inset in the documentation files) This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless your keyboard has a distinct Meta key. If you have both keys, you will need to try out which one actually performs the \family sans Meta- \family default function. This key does many different things, but it also activates the \emph on menu accelerator keys \emph default . If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a menu or menu item, it selects that menu item. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard For example, the sequence \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans M\InsetSpace ~ e\InsetSpace ~ s \family default \InsetSpace ~ \family sans c \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \family sans brings \family default up the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Text Style \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset menu. Typing \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans M\InsetSpace ~ f \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset opens the \family sans File \family default menu. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are also other things bound to the \family sans Meta- \family default key, but you'll have to check in the \emph on Reference \emph default \emph on manual \emph default for more info. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard You'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as you use LyX, because most actions will prompt a small message in the status bar at the bottom of LyX's main window which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered, and any existing keybindings for that action. The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it. However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so \family sans \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset M-p S-A \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means \family sans Meta-p \family default followed by a capital \family sans A \family default . \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans S-C-s \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means \family sans Shift-Control-s \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter LyX Basics \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LyX ! Basics" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Document Types \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Types" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Introduction \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you need to decide what type of document you want to edit. Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings, numbering schemes, and so on. Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments, and format the title of your document differently. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A \emph on document class \emph default describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents. By setting the document class, you automatically select these properties, making it easier to create the type of document you want. If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default. So, it behooves you to change the class of your document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and how to adjust their properties. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Document Classes \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Classes" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Document-Classes" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Overview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are four standard document classes in LyX. They are: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Article for basic articles \end_layout \begin_layout Description Report for basic reports \end_layout \begin_layout Description Book for writing a book \end_layout \begin_layout Description Letter for US-style letters \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have installed them. Here are some of the classes, the full list with detailed explanations can be found in chapter \emph on Special Document Classes \emph default in the \emph on Extended Features \emph default manual: \end_layout \begin_layout Description A&A Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysics \end_layout \begin_layout Description AAST \family sans \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset \family default eX For submissions to the journals published by the American Astronomical Society \end_layout \begin_layout Description AMS Layouts for articles and books in the style and format used by the American Mathematical Society (AMS). There are three article layouts available. The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems etc., that prepends the section number to the number of the result. All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence. The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sequential numbering \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers them throughout the article in a single sequence. Each type of result gets its own sequence. There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Beamer Layout for presentations \end_layout \begin_layout Description broadway Layout for writing plays. It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one which is distributed with LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Description curiculum\InsetSpace ~ vitae classes to create curriculum vitae \end_layout \begin_layout Description Dinbrief Letters in format of the DIN (German industry norm) \end_layout \begin_layout Description dtk Layout for \family typewriter Die TeXnische Komödie \family default , the journal of the German TeX user Group (Dante) \end_layout \begin_layout Description Elsevier Layout for journals of the Elsevier publishing group \end_layout \begin_layout Description Foils Used to make transparencies \end_layout \begin_layout Description g-brief Letters in format of the DIN (German industry norm) \end_layout \begin_layout Description hollywood Used to type spec scripts for the US film industry. It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one which is distributed with LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Description IEEEtran Layout for the journals published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) \end_layout \begin_layout Description IOP Layout for journals of the Institute of Physics publishing group \end_layout \begin_layout Description Kluwer Layout for journals of the Kluwer publishing group \end_layout \begin_layout Description koma-script a replacement for the standard classes, offers many useful features like caption formatting, automatic print space calculation etc. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Memoir another replacement for the standard classes \end_layout \begin_layout Description paper Used with the \family typewriter paper \family default LaTeX document class \end_layout \begin_layout Description Powerdot Layout for presentations \end_layout \begin_layout Description REVTe \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset X is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society of America (OSA). This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Slides Used to make transparencies \end_layout \begin_layout Description SPIE\InsetSpace ~ Proceedings Layout for the journals published by The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) \end_layout \begin_layout Description Springer Layouts for journals of the Springer publishing group \end_layout \begin_layout Description TUGboat Layout for \family typewriter TUGboat \family default , the journal of the international TeX user Group (TUG) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes here. You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in the \emph on Extended Editing \emph default manual. Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all of the document classes. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Selecting a Class \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can select a class using the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset \family default dialog. Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options you may need. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Properties \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Each class has a default set of options. Here's a quick table describing them: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Pagestyle \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Sides \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Columns \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Max. sectioning level \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none article \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Section \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none report \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Chapter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none book \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Headings \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Two \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Chapter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none letter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none none \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You're probably also wondering what \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Max.\InsetSpace ~ sectioning level \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means. There are several paragraph environments used to create section headings. Different document classes allow different types of section headings. Only two use the \family sans Chapter \family default heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the \family sans Section \family default heading. Some document classes, such as the ones for letters, don't use any section headings. In addition to \family sans Chapter \family default and \family sans Section \family default headings, there are also \family sans Subsection \family default headings, \family sans Subsubsection \family default headings, and so on. We'll describe these headings fully in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Headings" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Document Layout \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Layout" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Document-Layout" \end_inset \family sans \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The most important properties of documents classes are set in the menu \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default . There in the \family sans Options \family default field under \family sans Documents\InsetSpace ~ classes \family default , you can enter special options for your document class in a comma-separated list. This is only necessary if LyX doesn't support special options you want to use for your document. To learn more about your favorite LaTeX-class and its options, you have to read its manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Under \family sans Page\InsetSpace ~ Layout \family default the \family sans Pagestyle \family default controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page. You can choose between the following five options: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Default \family default Use default pagestyle of current class. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Empty \family default No page numbers or headings. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Plain \family default Page numbers only. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Headings \family default Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number. Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on the maximum sectioning level of the class. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Fancy \family default This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you have the \series bold fancyhdr \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr" \end_inset \series default package installed. At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting. To use the full power of this package, you have to add code to your document preamble. Check the documentation for the \series bold fancyhdr \series default package for more details, \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "fancyhdr" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Separation \family default of paragraphs is described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Par-indent-intro" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Paper Size and Orientation \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Paper size" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation," \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You'll find the following options in the menu \family sans Page\InsetSpace ~ Layout \family default of the dialog of the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default menu: \family sans \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Papersize \family default What size paper to print on. The choices are \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Default \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans A3, A4, \family default \family sans A5 \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans B3, B4, B5 \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans US letter \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans US legal \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans US executive \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Custom \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Orientation \family default Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as \family sans Landscape \family default or as \family sans Portrait \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Two-sided\InsetSpace ~ document \family default Adjusts the print space to print both sides of paper. That means that the print space for odd- and even-numbered pages is different. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Margins \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Margins" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Margins" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Margins" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Paper margins are set in the menu \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default . \family sans \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you use a koma-script document class, you can use the default settings. Because koma-script calculates then the printspace automatically by taking the paper format and the font size into account. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Important Note \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you change a document class, LyX has to convert \emph on everything \emph default into the new class. That includes the paragraph environments. Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have them; but some classes have special paragraph environments. If this is the case, and you change the document class, LyX sets the missing paragraph environments to \family sans Standard \family default and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph. Just click on them and you'll get a message dialog that tells you about the conversion and why it failed. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Paragraph Indentation and Separation \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Paragraph ! Indentation" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Introduction \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Par-indent-intro" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to say a word or two about paragraph indentation. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs. Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph. Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs. If you choose indentation for paragraphs the \emph on first \emph default paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list, etc., is \emph on not \emph default indented. Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented. Note that the indentation behavior is different when you use another document language than English. LaTeX takes care that the indentation follows the rules of the used language. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings and text --- in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are pre-coded into LyX. As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what. LyX takes care of that. In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a range. That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom of a page, and so on. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file. \end_layout \end_inset However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them. LyX gives you the ability to globally change \emph on all \emph default of these pre-coded spacings. We'll explain more later. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Paragraph Separation \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Paragraph ! Separation" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To separate paragraphs, select \family sans Indent \family default or \family sans Skip \family default in the submenu \family sans Text\InsetSpace ~ Layout \family default of the dialog \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset \family default to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively. The size of the skips can be defined in the dialog, for the indentation you have to add this line to your document preamble: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash setlength{ \backslash parindent}{Length} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard where length is a value in one of the units listed in Appendix\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:Units" \end_inset . The default length is 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{} pt. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Fine-Tuning \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph. Open the \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Paragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings \family default dialog and toggle the \family sans Indent\InsetSpace ~ Paragraph \family default option to change the state of the current paragraph. If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this button will be ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling this). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph if you need to do some fine-tuning. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Line Spacing \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Paragraph ! Line spacing" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset \family default dialog you can set the line spacing in the submenu \family sans Text\InsetSpace ~ Layout. \family default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard You need to have the LaTeX-package \series bold setspace \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! setspace" \end_inset \series default installed to use this feature. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Paragraph Environments \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Paragraph ! Environments" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Paragraph-Environments" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Paragraph environments|(" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Overview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The paragraph environments correspond to the various \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash begin{ \emph on environment \emph default } ... \backslash end{ \emph on environment \emph default } \series default \newline command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file. If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally alien to you, we urge you to read the \emph on Tutorial \emph default . The \emph on Tutorial \emph default also contains many more examples than this section does. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A paragraph environment is simply a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset container \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties. This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering scheme, labels, and so on. Additionally, you can \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset nest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment to inherit some of the properties of another. The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the days of typewriters. There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular document type. We'll only be covering the most common ones here. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box on the left end of the toolbar. LyX will change the environment of the \emph on entire \emph default paragraph in which the cursor sits. You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if you select them before choosing the new environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that hitting \family sans Return \family default will \emph on typically \emph default create a new paragraph using the \family sans Standard \family default paragraph environment. We say \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset typically \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset because if you are in one of these environments: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Quote \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Quotation \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Verse \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Itemize \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Enumerate \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Description \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans List \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit \family sans Return \family default , rather than resetting it to \family sans Standard \family default . LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however. Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment and the nesting depth (for more on nesting see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Nesting" \end_inset ). At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting \family sans Return \family default to reset the paragraph environment and depth. If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth, use \family sans M-Return \family default instead. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Standard \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The default paragraph environment is \family sans Standard \family default for most classes. It creates a plain paragraph. If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses. In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now (and most of the ones in this manual) are in the \family sans Standard \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can nest a paragraph using the \family sans Standard \family default environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything in a \family sans Standard \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Document Title \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document !Title" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name(s) of the author(s) and a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset footnote \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for thanks or contact information. For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate page along with today's date. For other types of documents, the title \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset page \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset goes at the top of the first page of the document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph environments \family sans Title \family default , \family sans Author \family default , and \family sans Date \family default . Here's how you use them: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Put the title of your document in the \family sans Title \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Put the author name in the \family sans Author \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date, or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in the \family sans Date \family default environment. Note that using this environment is optional. If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date. If you don't want any date, add the line \newline \series bold \backslash date{} \series default \newline to the preamble of your document (menu \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default ) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use footnotes to insert \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset thanks \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or contact informations. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Headings \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Section headings" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Headings" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are several paragraph environments for producing section headings. LyX takes care of the numbering for you. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Numbered Headings \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Section headings ! Numbered" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are 7 numbered types of section headings. They are: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Part \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Chapter \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Section \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Subsection \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Subsubsection \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Paragraph \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Subparagraph \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods. The numbers describe where in the document you are. Unlike the other headings, parts are numbered with Latin letters. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text. For example, suppose you're writing a book. You group the book into chapters. LyX does similar grouping: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Part \family default is divided in either \family sans Chapter \family default or \family sans Section \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Chapter \family default s are divided into \family sans Section \family default s \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Section \family default s are divided into \family sans Subsection \family default s \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subsection \family default s are divided into \family sans Subsubsection \family default s \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subsubsection \family default s are divided into \family sans Paragraph \family default s \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Paragraph \family default s are divided into \family sans Subparagraph \family default s \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default Not all document types use the \family sans Chapter \family default heading as the maximum sectioning level. In that case the \family sans Section \family default is the top-level heading. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard So, if you use the \family sans Subsubsection \family default environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number, along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter that it's in. For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2.5 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Unnumbered Headings \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Section headings ! Unnumbered" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are 5 types of unnumbered section headings. They are: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Part*line spacing \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Chapter* \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Section* \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Subsection* \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Subsubsection* \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset * \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset after each name means that these headings are not numbered. They work the same as their numbered counterparts but won't appear in the table of contents, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:toc" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Changing the Numbering \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Numbering-depth" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear in the Table of Contents. Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document class. Certain classes start with \family sans Chapter \family default and go down to the \family sans Subparagraph \family default level. Others start at \family sans Section \family default . Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels. Most don't number \family sans Paragraph \family default or \family sans Subparagraph \family default . This is something you can change. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Open the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog. \family sans \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset \family default Under \family sans Numbering\InsetSpace ~ &\InsetSpace ~ TOC \family default you'll see two counters. The one named \family sans Numbering \family default controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section heading. The other one controls the appearance of the section headings in the table of contents. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Short Titles of Headings \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Section headings ! Short titles" \end_inset \begin_inset OptArg status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Short Titles \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Short-Titles" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long. This can cause troubles when there is limited horizontal space. For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section title, a long title will protrude over the page margins and look awful. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LaTeX allows you to specify a short title for section headings. This short title is used in the header and in the actual table of contents, avoiding the problem mentioned. To specify a short title, use the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Short\InsetSpace ~ Title \family default . This will insert a box labeled \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset opt \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (stands for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset optional \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) which you can use to enter the short title text. This also works for captions inside floats. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The title of this section is a good example of using this feature. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Special Information \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The following information applies to all section headings: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You cannot do any nesting with these environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You can only use inline math in these environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Quotes and Poetryline spacing \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations. They are \family sans Quote \family default , \family sans Quotation \family default , and \family sans Verse \family default . Forget the days of changing line spacing and twiddling with margins. These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in. They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below the text they contain. They also allow nesting, so you can put a \family sans Verse \family default in a \family sans Quotation \family default , as well as in some other paragraph environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do \emph on not \emph default reset to \family sans Standard \family default when you start a new paragraph. So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit \family sans Return \family default without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you. Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have to change back to the \family sans Standard \family default environment yourself. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Quote \family default and \family sans Quotation \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Quote" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Quotation" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's time for the differences. \family sans Quote \family default and \family sans Quotation \family default are identical except for one difference: \family sans Quote \family default uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line. \family sans Quotation \family default \emph on always \emph default indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example of the \family sans Quote \family default environment: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote This is in the \family sans Quote \family default environment. I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it wraps. See -- no indentation! \end_layout \begin_layout Quote Here's the second paragraph of this quote. Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and the other paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's another example, this time in the \family sans Quotation \family default environment: \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation This is in the \family sans Quotation \family default environment. If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation. If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting the first line, then \family sans Quotation \family default is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it \emph on if \emph default you were quoting other text. \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation Here's a new paragraph. I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time. If I did that, though, you'd get bored. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As the examples show, \family sans Quote \family default is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs. They should put quotes in the \family sans Quote \family default environment. Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the \family sans Quotation \family default paragraph environment for quoted text. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Verse \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Paragraph ! Verse" \end_inset \family sans \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Poetry" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Verse" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Verse \family default is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on. Here's an example: \end_layout \begin_layout Verse This is in Verse \newline Which I did not rehearse! \end_layout \begin_layout Verse It could be much worse. This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps around. It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are indented a bit more than the first. Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore. So sue me. \end_layout \begin_layout Verse To break a line \newline And make things look fine \newline Use \family sans C-Return \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As you can see, \family sans Verse \family default does not indent both margins. Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph. To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the \family typewriter break-line \family default function \family sans C-Return \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Lists \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Lists" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Lists" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds of lists. In the \family sans Itemize \family default and \family sans Enumerate \family default environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively. In the \family sans Description \family default and \family sans List \family default environments, LyX lets you provide your own label. We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing some general features of all four of them. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection General Features \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments in several ways. First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item. Hitting \family sans Return \family default does \emph on not \emph default reset the environment to \family sans Standard \family default but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item. The nesting depth is typically reset, however. If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment, you should use \family sans C-Return \family default to break paragraphs. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can nest lists of any type inside one another. In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how it is nested. If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest you read all of section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Nesting" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Itemize \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Lists ! Itemize" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Itemize" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the \family sans Itemize \family default paragraph environment. It has the following properties: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize The items can have any length. LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item. The offset is always relative to whatever environment the \family sans Itemize \family default list may be in. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize If you nest an \family sans Itemize \family default environment inside another \family sans Itemize \family default environment, the label changes to a new symbol. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize LyX always shows the same symbol on screen. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize See section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Nesting" \end_inset for a full explanation of nesting. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard Of course, that explanation was also an example of an \family sans Itemize \family default list. The \family sans Itemize \family default environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We said that different levels use different symbols as their label. Here's an example of all four possible symbols. Note that those of you reading this manual within LyX won't see any difference. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize The label for the first level \family sans Itemize \family default is a large black dot, or bullet. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize The label for the second level is a dash. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize The label for the third is an asterisk. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize The label for the fourth is a centered dot. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Back out to the third level. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Back to the second level. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Back to the outermost level. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard These are the default labels for an \family sans Itemize \family default list. You can customize these labels in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog in the submenu \family sans Bullets \family default . \family sans \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth. We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Nesting" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Enumerate \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Lists ! Enumerate" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Enumerate" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Enumerate \family default environment is used to create numbered lists and outlines. It has these properties: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Each item has a numeral as its label. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Each new \family sans Enumerate \family default environment resets the counter to one. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Like the \family sans Itemize \family default environment, the \family sans Enumerate \family default environment: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Offsets the items relative to the left margin. Items can have any length. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Allows up to a four-fold nesting. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard Unlike the \family sans Itemize \family default environment, \family sans Enumerate \family default shows the different labels for each item in LyX. Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an \family sans Enumerate \family default : \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate The first level of an \family sans Enumerate \family default uses Arabic numerals followed by a period. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth increases. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Back to the third level \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Back to the second level. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Back to the outermost level. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the \family sans Enumerate \family default environment. It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the \emph on Extended Features \emph default manual). As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version, not in LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There is more to nesting \family sans Enumerate \family default environments than we've stated here. You should read section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Nesting" \end_inset to learn more about nesting. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Description \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Lists ! Description" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Description-List" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Unlike the previous two environments, the \family sans Description \family default list has no fixed label. Instead, LyX uses the first \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset word \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset of the first line as the label. Here's an example: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Example: This is an example of the \family sans Description \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the rest of the line. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard With the first \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset word \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset it is meant that the first hit of the \family sans Space \family default key ends the label if you are at the beginning of the first line of an item. If you need to use more than one word in the label use a \family sans Protected Blank \family default . (Use either \family sans C-Space \family default or the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Protected\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default , see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Protected-Space" \end_inset for more info.) Here is an example: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Second\InsetSpace ~ Example: This one shows how to use a \family sans Protected\InsetSpace ~ Blank \family default in the label of a \family sans Description \family default list item. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Usage: You should use the \family sans Description \family default environment for things like definitions and theorems. Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text that describes it. It's not a good idea to use a \family sans Description \family default environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe. You're better off using \family sans Itemize \family default or \family sans Enumerate \family default and nesting several \family sans Standard \family default paragraphs into them. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Nesting: You can nest \family sans Description \family default environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and so on. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting them from the first line. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection The LyX \family sans List \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Lists ! LyX list" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:LyX-List" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans List \family default environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Like the \family sans Description \family default environment the \family sans List \family default environment has user-defined labels for each list item. There are the following properties of this list environment: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 item\InsetSpace ~ labels LyX uses the first \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset word \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset of each line as the item label. The first \family sans Space \family default after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label. If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected blank as described above. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and the body of the item text. The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default label width plus a little extra space. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 label\InsetSpace ~ width LyX uses the width of the label, or the default width, whatever is larger. If the label width is larger, the label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset extends \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset into the first line. In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left margin of the rest of the item text. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 default\InsetSpace ~ width You can set the default label width to ensure that the text of all items in a \family sans List \family default environment have the same left margin. \newline To change the default width, select all items in the list. Now open the \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Paragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings \family default dialog. The text in the box \family sans Longest\InsetSpace ~ label \family default determines the default label width. You can use the text of your largest label here, but you can also use the letter \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset M \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset multiple times instead. The M is the widest character and is a standard unit of widths in LaTeX. By using \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset M \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as the unit of width you don't need to keep changing the contents of \family sans Longest\InsetSpace ~ label \family default every time you alter a label in a \family sans List \family default environment. \newline The predefined default width is the length of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 00.00.0000 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (equal to 6 M). \newline \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default Setting the cursor into a list item to change only its label width will only change the width inside LyX but not in the output. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You should use the \family sans List \family default environment the same way like the \family sans Description \family default list: When you need one word to stand out from the text that describes it. The \family sans List \family default environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall layout. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can nest \family sans List \family default environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and so on. They work just like the other list paragraph environments. Read section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Nesting" \end_inset to learn about nesting. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There is yet another feature of the \family sans List \family default environment: As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels by default. You can use additional \family sans HFills \family default to change how LyX justifies the item label. We'll document \family sans HFills \family default later in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" \end_inset . Here are some examples: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 Left The default for \family sans List \family default item labels. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \hfill Right One \family sans HFill \family default at the beginning of the label right justifies it. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \hfill Center \hfill One \family sans HFill \family default at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Letters \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Letters" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default : An Overview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph environments called \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default . To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document. In contrast, you can use the \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default paragraph environments anywhere with no problem. You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest anything in them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Of course, you're not limited to using \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default for letters only. \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default , in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in some European academic papers. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Usage \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Address-Usage" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Address \family default environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used for the opening and signature in some countries. Similarly, the \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries. Here's an example of each: \end_layout \begin_layout Right Address Right Address \newline Who I am \newline Where I am \newline When is it? What is today? \end_layout \begin_layout Standard That was \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default . Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to fit the largest block of text on a single line. Here's an example of the \family sans Address \family default environment: \end_layout \begin_layout Address Who are you \newline Where do I send this \newline Your post office and country \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As you can see, both \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph. If you hit \family sans Return \family default in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets the environment to \family sans Standard \family default . This makes sense, since \family sans Return \family default is the \family typewriter break-paragraph \family default function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs. Thus, you have to use \family typewriter break-line \family default ( \family sans C-Return \family default or \family sans Formatting\InsetSpace ~ Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator Line\InsetSpace ~ Break \family default from the \family sans Insert \family default menu) to start a new line in an \family sans Address \family default or \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Academic Writing \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography or list of references. LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Abstract \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Abstracts" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Abstract \family default environment is used for the abstract of an article. Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title. Also, don't bother trying to nest \family sans Abstract \family default in anything else or vice versa. It won't work. The \family sans Abstract \family default environment is only useful in the article and report document classes. The book document classes ignores the \family sans Abstract \family default completely, and it's utterly silly to use \family sans Abstract \family default in a letter document class. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Abstract \family default environment does several things for you. First, it puts the centered label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Abstract \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset above the text. The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical space. Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect. Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and the subsequent text. Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen. The appearance in the output depends on the used article or report class. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Starting a new paragraph by hitting \family sans Return \family default does not reset the paragraph environment. The new paragraph will still be in the \family sans Abstract \family default environment. So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you finish entering the abstract of your document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/Abstract.pdf lyxscale 25 \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Caption \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cap:Paragraph-in-the" \end_inset Paragraph in the \family sans Abstract \family default environment \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We'd love to give you directly an example of the \family sans Abstract \family default environment, but since this document is in the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset book \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset class, we can't do this. We inserted it therefore as figure\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:Paragraph-in-the" \end_inset . If you've never heard of an \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset abstract \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset before, you can safely ignore this environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Bibliography \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Bibliography" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Biblio_environment" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Bibliography \family default environment is used to list references. Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should only use it at the end of the document. Nesting \family sans Bibliography \family default in anything else or vice versa won't work. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you first open a \family sans Bibliography \family default environment, LyX add a large vertical space, followed by the heading \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Bibliography \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset References, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset depending on the document class. The heading is in a large boldface font. Each paragraph of the \family sans Bibliography \family default environment is a bibliography entry. Thus, hitting \family sans Return \family default does not reset the paragraph environment. Each new paragraph is still in the \family sans Bibliography \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For a detailed description of LyX's bibliography handling, have a look at in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Bibliography" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection LyX \family sans -Code \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Paragraph ! LyX code" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:LyX-Code" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans LyX-Code \family default environment is another LyX extension. It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font. It also treats the \family sans Space \family default key as a fixed whitespace; \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard In the \family sans LyX-Code \family default environment, the \family sans Space \family default key is treated as a \family sans Protected\InsetSpace ~ Blank \family default instead of an end-of-word marker. \end_layout \end_inset this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX. If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use \family sans C-Return \family default (the \family typewriter break-line \family default function). \family sans Return \family default breaks paragraphs. Note, however, that \family sans Return \family default does not reset the paragraph environment. So, when you finish using the \family sans LyX-Code \family default environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself. Also, you can nest the \family sans LyX-Code \family default environment inside of others. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are a few quirks with this environment: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You cannot use \family sans C-Return \family default at the beginning of a new paragraph (i.e. you can't follow \family sans Return \family default with a \family sans C-Return \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You can't follow a \family sans C-Return \family default with a \family sans Space \family default . \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Use a \family sans Return \family default to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a \family sans Space \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Or: use \family sans C-Space \family default instead. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line. You must put at least one \family sans Space \family default in any line you want blank. Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing \family sans " \family default since that will insert \emph on real \emph default quotes. You get the typewriter double quotes with \family sans C-" \family default (or \family sans C-q \family default if you use Emacs-like key bindings). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code #include \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code int main(void) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code { \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code printf("Hello World! \backslash n"); \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code return 0; \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code } \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This is just the standard \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Hello world! \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset program. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans LyX-Code \family default has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts, rc-files, and so on. Use it only in those very special cases where you need to generate text as if you used a typewriter. \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Paragraph environments|)" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Nesting Environments \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Nesting ! Environments" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Nesting" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Introduction \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific properties. This allows you to create blocks that inherits some of the properties of another block. For example you have three main points in an outline, but point #2 also has two subpoints. In other words, you have a list inside of another list, with the inner list \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset attached \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to item #2: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate one \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate two \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate sublist - item #1 \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate sublist - item #2 \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate three \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You put a list inside of a list by nesting one list inside the other. Nesting an environment is quite simple: Select \family sans Increase\InsetSpace ~ List\InsetSpace ~ Depth \family default or \family sans Decrease\InsetSpace ~ List\InsetSpace ~ Depth \family default from the \family sans Edit \family default menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar will tell you how far you are nested). Instead of the menu, you can also use the toolbar buttons \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/depth-increment.png \end_inset and \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/depth-decrement.png \end_inset or the convenient key bindings \family sans S-M-Right \family default and \family sans S-M-Left \family default to change the nesting level. The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can. If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth. Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the depth of every paragraph nested inside of it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Nesting isn't limited to lists. In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're about to find out. This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection What You Can and Can't Nest \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell you a little bit more about how nesting works. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The question if nesting a paragraph environment is possible, is a bit more complicated than a simple yes or no. There are three types of paragraph environments: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Completely unnestable \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Fully nestable, you can nest them inside of things and you can also nest other things inside of them. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize A third type, you can nest them into other environments, but you can't nest anything into them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph environments have them: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Unnestable Can't nest them. Can't nest into them. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Part \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Chapter \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Section \family default \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subsection \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subsubsection \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Paragraph \family default \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subparagraph \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Part* \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Chapter* \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Section* \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subsection* \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subsubsection* \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Bibliography \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Abstract \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Title \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Author \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Date \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Description Fully\InsetSpace ~ Nestable You can nest them. You can nest other things into them. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Verse \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Quote \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Quotation \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Itemize \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Enumerate \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Description \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans List \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans LyX-Code \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Description Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things. You can't nest anything into them. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Standard \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Address \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Caption \family default environment doesn't really fit anywhere, since it's only used inside of \family sans Table\InsetSpace ~ Floats \family default and \family sans Figure\InsetSpace ~ Floats \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc. \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Nesting ! Tables etc." \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:table-and-fig-nesting" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are affected by nesting anyhow. They are: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize equations \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize tables \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize figures \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ( \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default If you put a figure or a table in a \family sans Float \family default , this is no longer true. \end_layout \end_inset Have a look at section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Floats" \end_inset for more informations about \family sans Floats \family default .) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph. If a figure, table, or an equation is inline, it goes wherever the paragraph it is in goes. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset paragraph \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset of its own, it behaves just like a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset nestable-inside \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset paragraph environment. You can nest it into any environment, but you obviously can't nest anything into it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example with a table: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Item One \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is (a) and it's nested. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none a \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none b \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none c \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none d \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is (b). The table is actually nested inside (a). \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Back out again. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Item One \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is (a) and it's nested. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none a \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none b \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none c \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none d \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate This is (b). The table is \emph on not \emph default nested inside (a). In fact, it's not nested at all. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Back out again. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first item of a new list! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There's another trap you can fall into: Nesting the table, but not going deep enough. LyX then turns anything after the table into a new sublist. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Item One \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is (a) and it's nested. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none a \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none b \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none c \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none d \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate This is (b). The table is actually nested inside Item One, but \emph on not \emph default inside (a). \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Back out again. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a new list \emph on inside \emph default item 1. The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation. So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right depth! \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Usage and General Features \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Nesting-Usage" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting. In other words, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset level #6 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is the innermost possible depth. Here's an example to display what we mean: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate level #1 - outermost \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate level #2 \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate level #3 \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate level #4 \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize level #5 \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize level #6 \end_layout \end_deeper \end_deeper \end_deeper \end_deeper \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see both of them in the example. Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold nesting with the \family sans Enumerate \family default and \family sans Itemize \family default environments. For example, if we tried to nest another \family sans Enumerate \family default list inside of item \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset A. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , we'd get errors. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Some Examples \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Nesting ! Examples" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration. We have several examples of nested environments. In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce them. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Example 1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #1-a This is the outermost level. It's a \family sans List \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #2-a This is level #2. We created it by using \family sans M-Return \family default followed by \family sans S-M-Right \family default . \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #3-a This is level #3. This time, we just hit \family sans Return \family default , then used \family sans S-M-Right \family default twice in a row. We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level, by hitting \family sans M-Return \family default followed by \family sans S-M-Right \family default . \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard This is actually a \family sans Standard \family default environment, nested inside of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset #3-a \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . So, it's at level #4. We did this by hitting \family sans M-Return \family default , then \family sans S-M-Right \family default , then changing the paragraph environment to \family sans Standard \family default . Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph - it also works for the \family sans Description \family default , \family sans Enumerate \family default , and \family sans Itemize \family default environments! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's another \family sans Standard \family default paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a \family sans M-Return \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #4-a This is level #4. We hit \family sans M-Return \family default and changed the paragraph environment back to \family sans List \family default . Remember - we can't nest anything inside of a \family sans Standard \family default environment, which is why we're still at level #4. However, we \emph on can \emph default keep nesting things inside of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset #3-a \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{} \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{} and this is level #6. By now, you should know how we made these two. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #5-b Back to level #5. Just hit \family sans M-Return \family default followed by a \family sans S-M-Left \family default . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #4-b After another \family sans M-Return \family default followed by a \family sans S-M-Left \family default , we're back at level #4. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #3-b Back to level #3. By now it should be obvious how we did this. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #2-b Back to level #2. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1. After this sentence, we'll hit \family sans Return \family default and change the paragraph environment back to \family sans Standard \family default to end the list. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We could have also used the \family sans Description \family default , \family sans Quote \family default , \family sans Quotation \family default , or even the \family sans Verse \family default environment in place of the \family sans List \family default environment. The example would have worked exactly the same. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Example 2: Inheritance \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code level. Now we'll hit \family sans Return \family default , then \family sans S-M-Right \family default , after which, we'll change to the \family sans Enumerate \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is the \family sans Enumerate \family default environment, at level #2. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Notice how the nested \family sans Enumerate \family default not only inherits its margins from its parent environment ( \family sans LyX-Code \family default ), but also inherits its font and spacing! \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard We ended this example by hitting \family sans Return \family default . After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to \family sans Standard \family default and resetting the nesting depth by using \family sans S-M-Left \family default once. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Example 3: Labels, Levels, and the \family sans Enumerate \family default and \family sans Itemize \family default Environments \begin_inset OptArg status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate This is level #1, in an \family sans Enumerate \family default paragraph environment. We're actually going to nest a bunch of these. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is level #2. We used \family sans M-Return \family default followed by \family sans S-M-Right \family default . Now, what happens if we nest an \family sans Itemize \family default environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its label be? An asterisk? \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize No! It's a bullet. This is the \emph on first \emph default \family sans Itemize \family default environment, even though it's at level #3. So, its label is a bullet. (We got here by using \family sans M-Return \family default , then \family sans S-M-Right \family default , then changing the environment to \family sans Itemize \family default .) \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Here's level #4, produced using \family sans M-Return \family default , then \family sans S-M-Right \family default . We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{} \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \SpecialChar \ldots{} to get to level #5. This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to \family sans Enumerate \family default . Notice the type of numbering, it is \emph on lowercase Roman \emph default , because we are in the \emph on thirdfold \emph default \family sans Enumerate \family default environment (i.e. it is an \family sans Enumerate \family default inside an \family sans Enumerate \family default inside an \family sans Enumerate \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate What happens if we \emph on don't \emph default change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What type of numbering does LyX use? \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using \family sans M-Return \family default to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Let's use \family sans S-M-Left \family default to decrease the depth after the next \family sans M-Return \family default . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is level #4. Look what type of label LyX is using! \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is level #3. Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman numeral as the label.Why? \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is \emph on still \emph default a thirdfold \family sans Enumerate \family default environment. Notice, however, that LyX \emph on did \emph default reset the counter for the label. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Another \family sans M-Return \family default \family sans S-M-Left \family default sequence, and we're back to level #2. This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back into the twofold-nested \family sans Enumerate \family default environment. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The same thing happens if we do another \family sans M-Return \family default \family sans S-M-Left \family default sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Lastly, we reset the environment to \family sans Standard \family default . As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labeling LyX uses for the \family sans Enumerate \family default and \family sans Itemize \family default environments. The number of other \family sans Enumerate \family default environments surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for an \family sans Enumerate \family default item. The same rule applies for the \family sans Itemize \family default environment, as well. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Example 4: Going Bonkers \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate We're going to go totally nuts now. We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the same detail with how we did it. (level #1: \family sans Enumerate \family default ) \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard ( \family sans Return, S-M-Right, Standard \family default : level #2) We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the example in parentheses someplace. For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth. The environment name is the name of the current environment. Either before or after this, we'll put in the level. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate ( \family sans Return, Enumerate \family default : level #1) This is the next item in the list. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Verse Now we'll add verse. \newline It will get much worse. \newline ( \family sans Return, S-M-Right, Verse \family default : level #2) \end_layout \begin_layout Verse Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo. \newline Bippitey boppitey boo! \newline ( \family sans M-Return) \end_layout \begin_layout Verse Here comes a table: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none one-fish \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none two-fish \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none red-fish \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none blue-fish \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Verse ( \family sans M-Return, Table, S-M-Right \family default 3 times, \family sans M-Return, Verse, S-M-Left \family default ) \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate ( \family sans Return, Enumerate \family default : level #1) This is another item. Note that selecting a \family sans Table \family default resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth 3 times to put the table inside the \family sans Verse \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation We're now ending the \family sans Enumerate \family default list and changing to \family sans Quotation \family default . We're still at level #1. We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments. The next set of paragraphs is a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset quoted letter. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset We'll nest both the \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default environments inside of this one, then use another nested \family sans Quotation \family default for the letter body. We'll use \family sans M-Return \family default to preserve the depth. Remember that you need to use \family sans C-Return \family default to create multiple lines inside the \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default environments. Here it goes: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Right Address 1234 Nowhere Rd. \newline Moosegroin, MT 00100 \newline 9-6-96 \end_layout \begin_layout Address Dear Mr.\InsetSpace ~ Fizlewitz: \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50 \begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control. Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating a backlog in our orders for methane. We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order as soon as possible. In the meantime, we thank you for your patience. \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation We do, however, now have a special on beef. If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form with your order, along with payment. \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation We thank you again for your patience. \end_layout \begin_layout Address Sincerely, \newline Bill Hick \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Quotation That ends that example! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with just a few keystrokes. We could have easily nested an \family sans Itemize \family default list inside of a \family sans Quotation \family default or \family sans Quote \family default , or put a \family sans Quote \family default inside of an \family sans Itemize \family default list. You have a huge variety of options at your disposal. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Spacing, pagination and line breaks \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Horizontal Space \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Horizontal-Space" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Horizontal Fills \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Horizontal Fills (HFills) are a special LyX feature for adding extra space in a uniform fashion. An HFill is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals the remaining space between the left and right margins. If there is more than one HFill on a line, they divide the available space equally between themselves. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard HFill \family roman s \family default can be inserted with \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatting\InsetSpace ~ Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator Horizontal Fill \family default . Here a few examples what you can do with them: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \noindent This is on the left side \hfill This is on the right \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \noindent Left \hfill Middle \hfill Right \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \noindent Left \hfill 1/3 Left \hfill \hfill Right \end_layout \begin_layout Standard That was an example in the \family sans Quote \family default environment. Here \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \hfill \begin_inset Formula $\gets$ \end_inset is one in a standard paragraph. It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it \emph on is \emph default sitting in-between the two arrows. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There may be more than one set of margins on a line. Here's an example with the \family sans List \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 one \hfill two :three \hfill four \hfill five \hfill six \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset : \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset marks the beginning of the item. (There is actually a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset hidden \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset HFill inside of the label of the \family sans List \family default environment; it's put at the end of the label automatically.) HFills work similarly in other \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset multi-margin \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset situations, like two-column mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default If an HFill is at the beginning of a line, and \emph on not \emph default in the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it. This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line. If you need space in this case anyway, you have to use the LaTeX-command \series bold \backslash hspace*{ \backslash fill} \series default in ERT. (ERT is explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:ERT" \end_inset .) \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Other space variants \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Other-space-variants" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The following two sorts of spaces are not yet supported by LyX, so that you have to use ERT, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:ERT" \end_inset . That they are not supported is a hint that you need them very seldom in LyX. So use them only if it is really necessary (remind the WYSIWYM concept). \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Defined space \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sometimes one needs space with a defined length, e.g for forms and questionnaires. This can be inserted by using the LaTeX-command \series bold \backslash hspace \series default in \family sans ERT \family default . For example the command \series bold \backslash hspace{2cm} \series default produces 2 \begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset cm space within the following line: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This is a line with \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash hspace{2cm} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\gets$ \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset cm space between the arrows. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use all length units listed in Appendix\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:Units-available-in" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Phantom space \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sometimes you want to insert space with exactly the length of a phrase. E.g. you want to create the following multiple choice question: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset What is correct English?: \newline \newline Mr.\InsetSpace ~ Edge would have been jumps the gun. \newline \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash phantom{Mr. Edge } \end_layout \end_inset has to be jumped \newline \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash phantom{Mr. Edge } \end_layout \end_inset jumps \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard So that the choices appear exactly after the phrase \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Mr.\InsetSpace ~ Edge\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . To get this, you can use the LaTeX-command \series bold \backslash phantom \series default in ERT. In our case write the command \series bold \backslash phantom{Mr. Edge } \series default (note the space after \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Edge \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) at the beginning of the last two lines. The command prints out the phrase within the the two braces, but invisible. That is why it is named \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset phantom \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard There exists also the commands \backslash \series bold hphantom \series default and \backslash \series bold vphantom \series default , but this too special for the LyX Userguide. If you are interested in knowing more about this, have a look at \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "latexcompanion,latexguide" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Vertical Space \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Vertical-Space" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use the \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Vertical\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default dialog. There you find the following sizes: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans SmallSkip \family default , \family sans MedSkip \family default and \family sans BigSkip \family default are LaTeX sizes which depends on the font size of the document. \family sans DefSkip \family default is the skip adjusted in the dialog \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset \family default for the paragraph separation. If you use indentation to separate paragraphs \family sans DefSkip \family default is equal to \family sans MedSkip \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans VFill \family default is a variable space, set so that the space is maximal within one page. An example: You have only two short paragraphs on one page with a vfill between them. Then the first paragraph is placed at the top of the page and the second one at the bottom, because the space between them is then maximal. \family sans VFill \family default s work like \family sans HFill \family default s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \family sans HFill \family default s are described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset If there are several \family sans VFill \family default s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves. You can therefore use \family sans VFill \family default s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Custom \family default are custom spaces in units explained in Appendix\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:Units-available-in" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default \series medium When the extra vertical space would be in the output at the top/bottom of a page, the space is only added if you have also checked the option \family sans Protect \family default . \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Paragraph Alignment \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can change the paragraph alignment with the \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Paragraph Settings \family default dialog. There are four possibilities: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Justified \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Left \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Right \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Center \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between the left and right margins. The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align right This paragraph is right aligned, \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center this one is centered, \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align left this one is left aligned. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Forced Pagebreaks \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Pagebreaks" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Forced-Pagebreaks" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you don't like the way LaTeX does the pagebreaks in your document, you can force a pagebreak where you want one. Normally this will not be necessary, because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking. Only if you use many \family sans Floats \family default , LaTeX's page breaking algorithm can fail. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We recommend not to use forced pagebreaks until the text is finished, and until you have checked in the preview to see if you \emph on really \emph default have to change the pagebreaking. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are two types of pagebreaks: One that ends the page without any special action. This can be inserted above or below a paragraph by the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Page\InsetSpace ~ Break \family default . The second type ends a page, but stretches the content of the page, so that it fills out the complete page. This type is useful to avoid whitespace when a pagebreak produces a page on which only the last few lines are absent. This type is not yet supported by LyX, so that you have to use the LaTeX command \series bold \backslash pagebreak[number] \series default in ERT \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard For more about ERT see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:ERT" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset . The number can vary between 0 and 4. If 4 or no number is used, it will always be created a pagebreak \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard normally one uses simply \series bold \backslash pagebreak \series default without a number \end_layout \end_inset . The numbers 0 to 3 stand for the increasing priority level -- LaTeX decides, concerning the priority, if a pagebreak is created or not. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears at the top of a page. This is, of course, the wrong way to do it. LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables appear at the top of a page (or the bottom, or on their own page) without having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table. See chapter \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:Floats-and-Notes" \end_inset to learn more about \family sans Floats \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Clear Pagebreaks \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Clear-Pages" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Pagebreaks ! clear" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Differently to forced pagebreaks where the content behind the break is directly placed at the next page, pages can also be cleared while breaking them. That means that the current paragraph is terminated and all, perhaps not yet processed floats from previous document parts are placed behind it, if necessary by adding pages. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can insert a clear pagebreak with the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Clear\InsetSpace ~ Page \family default . When you have a two-sided document like a book, you can use the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Clear\InsetSpace ~ Double\InsetSpace ~ Page \family default to insert a clear pagebreak that assures that the next page is a right-hand page (odd-numbered), if necessary by adding a page. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Forced Linebreaks \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Linebreaks" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Forced-Linebreaks" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Similar to pagebreaks there are two types of linebreaks: One that simply breaks the line. You can force this line break within a paragraph by selecting \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Line\InsetSpace ~ Break \family default or with \family sans C-Return \family default . The other type breaks the line and stretches it so that it fills out the whole space between the page margins. This is necessary to avoid \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset fringes \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in justifies paragraphs due to whitespace introduced by linebreaks. This type is not yet supported by LyX, so that you have to use the LaTeX-comman d \series bold \backslash linebreak[number] \series default in \family sans ERT \family default . The syntax is similar tho the command \series bold \backslash pagebreak \series default , described in the previous section. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You shouldn't use forced linebreaks to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as LaTeX is very good at linebreaking. There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively set a linebreak, e.g. in a poem or for an address (see sections\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Quote" \end_inset , \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Verse" \end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Address-Usage" \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Blanks / Spaces \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Spaces" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A blank is a blank? Not in good typography. While you might be used to press the space key anytime you want to separate two words in ordinary word processors, LyX offers you more spaces: Spaces of different width and spaces which can or cannot be broken at the end of a line. The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are useful. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Inter-word Space \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Inter-word-Space" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Spaces ! inter-word" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some languages (e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} g.\InsetSpace \space{} English) have the typographical convention to add extra space after an end-of-sentence punctuation mark, and LyX honors those conventio ns (see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Abbreviations" \end_inset ). Sometimes, you want a normal space nevertheless. In this case, insert one with \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special\InsetSpace ~ Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Inter-word\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default (shortcut \family sans C-M-Space \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Protected Space \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Protected-Space" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Spaces ! protected" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The protected space: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the line at that point. This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote Further documentation is given in section \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Bibliography" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset section \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Bibliography" \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . A protected space is set with \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special\InsetSpace ~ Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Protected \bar under \InsetSpace ~ \bar default Space \family default (shortcut \family sans C-Space \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Thin Space \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Thin-Space" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Spaces ! thin" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset thin space \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset protected \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ). The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance inside abbreviations: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote D.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} E. Knuth has developed our beloved typesetting program, i.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} e.\InsetSpace \space{} TeX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard or between values and units. Compare for example this: \newline 10\InsetSpace \thinspace{} kg (thin space) \newline 10 kg (normal space \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can insert thin spaces with the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special\InsetSpace ~ Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Thin\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default (shortcut \family sans C-S-Space \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection More Spaces \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Apart from the ones described, there are still some more spaces. Although LyX supports them natively, they can only be reached via a formula as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Altering-Spacing" \end_inset or via the \family sans command buffer \family default toolbar. Te latter means to type \newline \series bold space-insert \family typewriter \series default \newline \family default into the command buffer, where \series bold \series default is one of the following: \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The unit \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset em \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is explained in Appendix\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:Units-available-in" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold command \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold width \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold protected? \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter normal \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 1/3\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard no \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter protected \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 1/3\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard yes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter thin \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 1/6\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard yes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter enspace \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0.5\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard yes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter enskip \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0.5\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard no \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter quad \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 1\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard no \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter qquad \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 2\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard no \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter negthinspace \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -1/6\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard yes \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Horizontal Lines \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Horizontal-Lines" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Horizontal lines" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \lyxline In the dialog \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Horizontal\InsetSpace ~ Line \family default you can insert horizontal lines that spans over the whole document columns width. \lyxline \end_layout \begin_layout Section Fonts and Text Styles \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Fonts-and-Text" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Font Types \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Font ! Types" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are two types of fonts: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Vector\InsetSpace ~ fonts \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Fonts ! Vector-" \end_inset are fonts, built from outlines of the single glyphs (i.e. characters) in the font. This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are well suited for scaling to any requested size. This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and the curve is filled out with pixels according to the size and glyph. This means that outline fonts will look pretty good in all sizes. Only at very small sizes it might be hard to provide a good rendering at very small sizes, where each pixel has to be very carefully computed to provide a good image. \newline One could mean that one only needs to define one font size and scale them. But to achieve a better quality, many fonts define several font sizes. That improves the appearance, because you need more details at large font sizes than at small ones. \newline The font types \family typewriter TrueType \family default , \family typewriter OpenType \family default , and \family typewriter Type\InsetSpace ~ 1 PostScript \family default are vector fonts. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Bitmap\InsetSpace ~ fonts \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Fonts ! Bitmap-" \end_inset on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the start, so they will look good at all the sizes they are meant for. However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each pixel is enlarged into several pixels. It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in a picture manipulation program. In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful. The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable fonts. The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exists as fixed versions have to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad. \newline Bitmap fonts are named \family typewriter Type\InsetSpace ~ 3 \family default in PostScript- and PDF-documents. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The result of all this, is that bitmap fonts are best for the size they are designed for, while scalable fonts are good for nearly all sizes. So one need less font size definitions for scalable fonts. That's the reason why nearly all text render and typesetting programs use scalable fonts. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To test which fonts are used in a PDF-document, you can have a look into its document properties. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font. For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current font to emphasize text, you use an \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset emphasized style \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset instead. This concept fits in perfectly with LyX. In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting details. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Document Font and Font size \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Document-Font" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Font ! Size" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Font" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can set the document fonts in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset dialog. There you can specify which font should be used for the three different font shapes roman (serif), \family sans sans\InsetSpace ~ serif \family default , and \family typewriter typewriter \family default and its scalings. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The possible options for the font include \family sans default \family default and a list of fonts available on your system. \family sans default \family default uses the standard TeX fonts, known as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter Computer Modern \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ( \family typewriter cm \family default ) or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter European Computer Modern \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ( \family typewriter ec \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As \family typewriter cm \family default and \family typewriter ec \family default are bitmap fonts, they often looks pixeled in PDF output, especially when you read the PDF in a zoomed size. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard This problem doesn't appear if you read PDFs in \family typewriter Adobe\InsetSpace ~ Reader \family default version 6 or later, because this program includes a special bitmap font renderer. \end_layout \end_inset To get rid of pixeled fonts, you have to use a vector font. There are three ways to use one: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize One way is to use the \family typewriter AE \family default fonts. \family typewriter AE \family default is a virtual font. Virtual means that it \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset steals \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset outline \family typewriter cm \family default -glyphs from other fonts. This has the disadvantage that some characters are missing, like the French guillemets ( \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset « \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset » \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Loading the LaTeX-package \series bold aeguill \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! aeguill" \end_inset \series default with the document preamble line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage[ec]{aeguill} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard will fix the guillemet problem. \end_layout \end_inset and that accented characters are not \emph on one \emph default glyph, they are build of \emph on two \emph default characters, the accent and the letter. Therefore you can't search in documents using the \family typewriter AE \family default fonts for words with accented characters. If you search for example for the French word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset rève \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in a PDF, you won't get any result, because the PDF-viewer searches for the glyph \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset è \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and not for the glyph \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset e + \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash `{} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The LaTeX command \series bold \backslash ` \series default produces a grave. The two braces behind the command prevents the following quotation mark to be accented with the grave. \newline More about ERT and LaTeX-commands is described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:ERT" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Another possibility is to use three different outline fonts \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Other fonts, like \family typewriter Latin Modern \family default or \family typewriter Computer Modern \family default , consists of these three main font types \family sans sans\InsetSpace ~ serif \family default , \family sans typewriter \family default , and \family sans serif \family default . \end_layout \end_inset : \family sans Times\InsetSpace ~ Roman \family default as roman font, \family sans Helvetica \family default scaled to 92 or 95\InsetSpace \thinspace{} % as sans\InsetSpace ~ serif font, and \family sans courier \family default as typewriter font. \newline The differences between roman, \family sans sans\InsetSpace ~ serif \family default , and \family typewriter typewriter \family default fonts are explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" \end_inset . \newline The font \family sans Times\InsetSpace ~ Roman \family default was originally designed for newspapers. That means its glyphs are smaller than the one from other fonts to fit into the small newspaper columns. Therefore \family sans Times\InsetSpace ~ Roman \family default is not the optimal choice for larger documents like books. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize The best solution is to use the \family typewriter Latin Modern \family default fonts. These fonts are developed in order of the LaTeX community to replace \family typewriter cm \family default as default font. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset For the font size there are four possible values: \family sans default, 10 \family default , \family sans 11 \family default , and \family sans 12 \family default . The size of \family sans default \family default depends on your LaTeX-system, normally it is equal to the font size 10. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The font sizes are the \emph on base size \emph default . LyX actually scales all other possible font sizes (such as those used in footnotes, super-, and subscripts) by this value. You can fine-tune the font size of text parts via the \family sans Text\InsetSpace ~ Style \family default dialog if needed. The possible font sizes for text parts are explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default When you choose a new font or font size, LyX does \emph on not \emph default change the screen font! You will only see a difference in the printed output; this is part of the WYSIWYM concept. LyX's screen fonts can be adjusted in the \family sans Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator Preferences \family default dialog, see Appendix\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Using Different Character Styles \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Character Styles" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Dialogs ! Text Style" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for certain paragraph environments. LyX supports two character styles, \family sans Emphasized \family default and \family sans Noun \family default . You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the toolbar. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To activate the \family sans Noun \family default style, do one of the following: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize click on the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/font-noun.png \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize use the keybinding \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ c \end_layout \begin_layout Standard These commands are all toggles. That is, if \family sans Noun \family default style is already active, they deactivate it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard One typically uses the \family sans Noun \family default style for proper names. For example: \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \noun on Matthias Ettrich \noun default is the original author of LyX. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A more widely used character style is the \family sans Emphasized \family default style. You can activate (or deactivate - it's also a toggle) the \family sans Emphasized \family default style by: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize clicking on the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/font-emph.png \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize using the keybindings \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ e \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Normally the \family sans Emphasized \family default style is equivalent to an italic font but some document classes or LaTeX-packag es use a different font. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We've been using the \family sans Emphasized \family default style all over the place in this document. Here's one more example: \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation \emph on Don't overuse character styles! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It's also a warning in addition to an example. One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation. Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid the common tendency to overuse character style. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can always reset to the default font using the keybinding \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default or the dialog \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ Style \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Fine-Tuning with the \family sans Text Style \family default dialog \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Text Style" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Dialogs ! Text Style" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX gives you a way to create custom character style. For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations. Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts from ordinary dialog. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles! \newline Documents that overuse different fonts and sizes are not well readable and tend to look like someone has knocked huge holes in it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To use custom character styles, open the \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ Style \family default dialog. There are several boxes on this dialog, each corresponding to a different font property which you can choose. You can choose an option for one of these properties, or select \family sans No\InsetSpace ~ change \family default , which keeps the current state of that property. The item \family sans Reset \family default will reset the property to whatever is the default. You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph environments in a snap. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The font properties, and their options (in addition to \family sans No\InsetSpace ~ change \family default and \family sans Reset \family default ) are: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Family \family default The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset overall look \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset of the font. The possible options are: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Roman \family default This is the Roman font family. Normally a serif font. It's also the default family. (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ r \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The LaTeX-command prevents text to be broken at the end of a line. It is explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Hyphenation" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Sans\InsetSpace ~ Serif \family default \family sans This is the Sans Serif font family. \family default (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ s \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Typewriter \family default \family typewriter This is the Typewriter font family. \family default (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ p \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset \family sans ) \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Series \family default This corresponds to the print weight. Options are: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Medium \family default This is the Medium font series. It's also the default series. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Bold \family default \series bold This is the Bold font series. \series default (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ b \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Shape \family default As the name implies. Options are: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Upright \family default This is the Upright font shape. It's also the default shape. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Italic \family default \shape italic This \shape default \family sans \shape italic i \family default s the Italic font shape \shape default \emph on . \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Slanted \family default \shape slanted This is the Slanted font shape \shape default (although it might not be visible in LyX, this is different from italic). \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Small\InsetSpace ~ Caps \family default \shape smallcaps This is the Small caps font shape \shape default \noun on . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Size \family default Alters the size of the font. You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio nal to the document font size. Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of what you want to do. The options are: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Tiny \family default \size tiny This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Tiny \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \size default (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ t \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset or \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ 1 \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Smallest \family default \size scriptsize This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Smallest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size \size default . (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 2 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Smaller \family default \size footnotesize This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Smaller \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \size default (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ S \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset or \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 3 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Small \family default \size small This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Small \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \size default (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ s \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset or \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 4 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Normal \family default This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Normal \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. It's also the default size. (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ n \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset or \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 5 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Large \family default \size large This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Large \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \size default (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ l \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset or \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 6 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Larger \family default \size larger This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Larger \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \size default (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ S-L \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset or \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 7 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Largest \family default \size largest This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Largest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \size default (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 8 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Huge \family default \size huge This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Huge \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \size default (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ h \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset or \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 9 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Huger \family default \size giant This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Huger \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \size default (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ H \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset or \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 0 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset ) \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard We'll warn you \emph on yet again \emph default : don't go crazy with this feature. You should almost never need to change the font size. LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments - use that instead. This is here for fine-tuning only! \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Misc \family default Here you can change a few other things at the character level. Options are: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Emph \family default \emph on This is text with emphasize on \emph default . This might seem like the same as \shape italic Italic \shape default , but it is actually a bit different. Emphasized is a \emph on logical \emph default attribute. That means every document class can define its own font used for emphasized text. Normally this font is equal to italic. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Underbar \family default \bar under This is text with Underbar on. \bar default (keybinding \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash mbox{ \end_layout \end_inset \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ u \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset \family sans ) \newline \family default Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days, when you couldn't change fonts. We no longer need to emphasize text by underscoring characters. It's only included in LyX because some people \emph on may \emph default need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Noun \family default \noun on This is text with Noun on. \noun default Like \family sans Emph \family default , this is a logical attribute. Normally it's equivalent to \family sans Small\InsetSpace ~ Caps \family default . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Color \family default You can adjust the color of the text with this control. Notice that not all dvi-viewers are are able to display colors. Besides \family sans No\InsetSpace ~ color \family default , which is the default \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset color \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and means normally black, you can choose between \family sans Black \family default , \family sans White \family default , \family sans Red \family default , \family sans Green \family default , \family sans Blue \family default , \family sans Cyan \family default , \family sans Magenta \family default and \family sans Yellow \family default text. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Language \family default This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from the language of the document. Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change (only within LyX). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard So you have a huge number of combinations to choose from. Once you've chosen a new character style via the \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ Style \family default dialog, the settings are saved. You can activate them using the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/font-free-apply.png \end_inset . The button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style even when the dialog isn't visible. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To completely reset the character style to the default, use \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default . If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed (suppose you just set the shape to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset slanted \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and the series to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset bold \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ), set the \family sans Toggle\InsetSpace ~ all \family default switch and press \family sans Apply \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You should also know something about the differences between the three main font types \family sans serif \family default , \family sans sans\InsetSpace ~ serif \family default , and \family sans typewriter \family default : \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Typewriter \family default is a so called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset monospaced \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font, that means every character has the same width, the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset i \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is as wide as the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset m \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Here is an example \newline \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash phantom{ \end_layout \end_inset no \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset \family typewriter typewriter text \family default \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard For more on phantoms see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Other-space-variants" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \newline no typewriter text \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Serif \family default fonts use characters with serifs. These are the small \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset appendices \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset at all ends of of the streaks that form the character. The following example will show the difference: \newline text with serifs \newline \family sans text without serifs \family default \newline Serifs facilitates an easy and fast reading. They are therefore used as default font (named \family sans roman \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Sans serif \family default don't use serifs. This font type is therefore often used for headings and short texts. We use it in this document to highlight menu names. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We conclude with the same warning once again: Don't overuse the fonts. They are, more often than not, a kludge and a bad substitute for good writing. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Printing and Previewing \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Overview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece. Before we tell you that, we want to give you a quick explanation of what goes on behind-the-scenes. We cover these informations in much greater detail in the \emph on Extended\InsetSpace ~ Features \emph default manual as well. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX uses the program LaTeX as its backend. LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, but to prevent confusion, we'll only refer to LaTeX. LyX is what you use to do your actual writing. Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output. This happens in two stages: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX, generating a file with the extension, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .tex \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the \family typewriter .tex \family default file to produce printable output. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Output file formats \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "File formats" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Output-file-formats" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection ASCII \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "File formats ! ASCII" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This file type has the extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .txt \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . It contains your document as plain text following the rules of the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset American Standard Code for Information Interchange \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (ASCII). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can export your document to ASCII by the menu \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator ASCII \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection LaTeX \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "File formats ! LaTeX" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This file type has the extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .tex \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and contains all commands that are necessary for the LaTeX program to process your document. If you know LaTeX, you can use it to find out LaTeX-Errors or to process it manually with console commands. The LaTeX-file is automatically created in LyX's temporary directory whenever you view or export your document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can export your document as LaTeX-file using the menu \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection DVI \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "File formats ! DVI" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This file type has the extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .dvi \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . It is called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset device-independent \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (DVI), because it is completely portable; you can move them from one machine to another without needing to do any sort of conversion. At the time when this file-format was developed, this was no matter of course. DVIs are used for quick previews and as pre-stage for other output formats, like PostScript. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default The DVI file doesn't contain images, they will only be a linked. So don't forget to deliver the images together with your DVIs. \end_layout \end_inset This property can also slow down your computer when you view the DVI. Because the DVI-viewer has to convert the image in the background to make it visible when you scroll in the DVI. So we recommend to use PDF for files with many images. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can export your document to DVI by the menu \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator DVI \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection PostScript \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "File formats ! PostScript" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This file type has the extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .ps \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . PostScript was developed by the company \family typewriter Adobe \family default as printer language. The file contains therefore commands that the printer uses to print the file. PostScript can be seen as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset programming language \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ; you can calculate with it and draw diagrams and images. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard If you are interested to learn more about this, have a look at the LaTeX-package \series bold pstricks \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! pstricks" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset Due to this ability, the files are often bigger than PDFs. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard PostScript can only contain images in the format \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Encapsulated PostScript \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (EPS, file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .eps \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ). As LyX allows you to use any known image format in your document, it has to convert them in the background to EPS. If you have e.g 50 images in your document, LyX has to do 50 conversions whenever you view or export your document. This will slow down your workflow with LyX drastically. So if you plan to use PostScript, you can insert your images directly as EPS to avoid this problem. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can export your document to PostScript using the menu \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator PostScript \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection PDF \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "File formats ! PDF" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "PDF" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This file type has the extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .pdf \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Portable Document Format \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (PDF) is developed by \family typewriter Adobe \family default as derivative from PostScript. It is more compressed and it uses much less commands than PostScript. As the name \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset portable \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset implies, it can be processed at any computer system and the printed output looks exactly the same. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard PDF can contain images in its own PDF format and in the formats \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Joint Photographic Experts Group \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (JPG, file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .jpg \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .jpeg \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Portable Network Graphics \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (PNG, file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .png \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ). You can although use any other image format, because LyX converts them in the background to one of these formats. But as described in the section about PostScript, the image conversion will slow down your workflow. So we recommend to use images in one of the three mentioned formats. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can export your document to PDF via the menu \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Export \family default in three different ways: \end_layout \begin_layout Description PDF This uses the program \family typewriter ps2pdf \family default that creates a PDF from a PostScript-version of your file. The PostScript-version is produced by the program \family typewriter dvips \family default which uses a DVI-version as intermediate step. So this export variant consist of three conversions. \end_layout \begin_layout Description PDF\InsetSpace ~ (dvipdfm) This uses the program \family typewriter dvipdfm \family default that converts your file in the background to DVI and in a second step to PDF. \end_layout \begin_layout Description PDF\InsetSpace ~ (pdflatex) This uses the program \family typewriter pdftex \family default that converts your file directly to PDF. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We recommend to use \family sans PDF\InsetSpace ~ (pdflatex) \family default because \family typewriter pdftex \family default supports all features of actual PDF-versions, is quick and works stable without problems. The program \family typewriter dvipdfm \family default is no more under development and therefore a bit outdated. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Previewing \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Preview " \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, use the menu \family sans View \family default and choose a file type. A viewing program will popup showing the output. For \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator DVI \family default you can use the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.png \end_inset (shortcut \family sans C-d \family default ), for \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator PDF\InsetSpace ~ (pdflatex) \family default you can use the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/buffer-export_pdf2.png \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you have changed your document, you can refresh the output in the same viewer window using the menu \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator Update \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you preview a file, the output file is only generated in LyX's temporary directory. To have a real output, export your document. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Printing the File from within LyX \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Printing-the-File" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Instead of exporting your file and then printing them, you can also print it directly from within LyX. To print a file, select the menu \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Print \family default or click on the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-show_print.png \end_inset . LyX will internally call LaTeX to produce a DVI. This file is then processed by the program \family typewriter dvips \family default to PostScript-file, which is finally printed using the program \family typewriter Ghostscript \family default . Due to these steps in the background, this method is not the fastest. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can choose to print only even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this is useful for printing on two sides: You can re-insert the pages after printing one set to print on the other side. Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down. By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can set the parameters in the \family sans Print\InsetSpace ~ Destination \family default box as follows: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Printer \family default This is the name of the printer to print to \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Note that this printer name is for the program \family typewriter dvips \family default . That means \family typewriter dvips \family default has to be configured for this printer name. The default printer can be set in LyX's preferences dialog, see chapter\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset . The printer should understand PostScript. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans File \family default The name of a file to print to. The output will be a PostScript file. It will be written in LyX's working directory unless you specify the full path. \end_layout \begin_layout Section A few Words about Typography \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Typography" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Hyphens \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Hyphens" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Hyphens" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In LyX, the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \family default \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset character comes in three lengths, often called the \emph on hyphen \emph default , the \emph on en dash \emph default , and the \emph on em dash \emph default : \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate hyphen \hfill - \hfill made with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \family default \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate en dash \hfill -- \hfill made with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash / \end_layout \end_inset - \family default \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate em dash \hfill --- \hfill made with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash / \end_layout \end_inset - \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash / \end_layout \end_inset - \family default \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate minus sign \hfill \begin_inset Formula $-$ \end_inset \hfill a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \family default \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset in math mode \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You generate them by inserting the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \family default \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset character multiple times in a row. They are automatically converted to the appropriate length dash in the final output, but not in LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The three dash types are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in math mode and has a length of its own. Here are some examples of the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \family default \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset in use: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate line- and page-breaks \hfill ( \emph on hyphen \emph default ) \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate From A--Z \hfill ( \emph on en dash \emph default ) \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Oh --- there's a dash. \hfill ( \emph on em dash \emph default ) \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$ \end_inset \hfill ( \emph on minus sign \emph default ) \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Hyphenation \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Hyphenation" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Hyphenation" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Words aren't hyphenated within LyX but automatically in the output. Hyphenation is done by the LaTeX-package \series bold babel \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! babel" \end_inset \series default following the rules of the document language \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard For German readers: That's one of the main differences between the languages \family sans German \family default and \family sans German\InsetSpace ~ (new\InsetSpace ~ spelling) \family default in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog. \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LaTeX hyphenates nearly perfectly, it has only problems with text in the font \family sans typewriter \family default and with unusual constructs, like \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset h3knix/m0n0wall \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . If LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation points manually. This is done with the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Hyphenation\InsetSpace ~ Point \family default . These extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX. If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will ignore them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sometimes you want to prevent words or constructs to be hyphenated. The keybindings/shortcuts in this document consists of three letters with a hyphen and a space in the form \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset A-b c \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . LaTeX finds there the hyphen \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset - \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as hyphenation possibility. Hyphenating at this point would look ugly. To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, we can put it in the argument of the LaTeX-box-command \series bold \backslash mbox \series default , because text within LaTeX-boxes can't be hyphenated. As LyX doesn't support \series bold \backslash mbox \series default , we have to use ERT. The result looks in LyX like: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/mbox.png \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To learn more about ERT, have a look at section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:ERT" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Punctuation Marks \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Punctuation marks" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Abbreviations and End of Sentence \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Abbreviations" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations. LaTeX then adds the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset appropriate amount of space \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . That means sentences get a little bit more space between the period and the next word. Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation works not for all cases. If a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter . \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here are some examples of \emph on correct \emph default abbreviations and the end of a sentence: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize M. Butterfly \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Don't worry. Be happy. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard And here's an example of the algorithm going wrong: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize e. g. this is too much space! \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize This is I. It's okay. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To fix this problem, use one of the following: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Use an \family sans Inter-word\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default after lowercase abbreviations (see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Inter-word-Space" \end_inset ). \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Spaces ! inter-word" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Use a \family sans Thin\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Thin-Space" \end_inset ). \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Spaces ! thin" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Use an \family sans End\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ sentence\InsetSpace ~ period \family default found under the \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special\InsetSpace ~ Character \family default menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing. This function is also bound to \family sans C-period \family default for easy access. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} g.\InsetSpace \space{} this is too much space! \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize This is I\SpecialChar \@. It's okay. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences. If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry, because the LaTeX will care about this. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors: check out the \family sans Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator Check\InsetSpace ~ TeX \family default feature described in section \emph on Checking TeX \emph default of the \emph on Extended Features \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Quotes \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Typography ! Quotes" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Quotes | see{Typography}" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Quotes" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX usually sets quotes correctly. Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text, and use a closing quote at the end. For example, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset open close \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . The keyboard character, \family sans " \family default , generates this automatically. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can change the behavior of the \family sans " \family default key using the submenu \family sans Language \family default of the dialog \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset dialog. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also select quotes for different languages in the box \family sans Type \family default option. There are six choices: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \family default Use quotes like this \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset double \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes els \end_inset single \begin_inset Quotes ers \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset \family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset or 'this \begin_inset Quotes ers \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset \family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes gls \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes grs \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans \begin_inset Quotes pld \end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes prd \end_inset \family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes pld \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes prd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes pls \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes prs \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans \begin_inset Quotes fld \end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes frd \end_inset \family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes fld \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes frd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes fls \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes frs \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans \begin_inset Quotes ald \end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes ard \end_inset \family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes ald \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes ard \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes als \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes ars \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard These settings affects what character the \family sans " \family default key produces. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Ligatures \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Typography ! Ligatures" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Ligatures | see{Typography}" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Ligatures" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and print them as single characters. These groups are known as \emph on ligatures \emph default . Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your documents will contain them too in the output. Here are the standard ligatures: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize ff \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize fi \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize fl \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize ffi \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize ffl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some languages uses other ligatures if the document font supports them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sometimes, you don't want a ligature in a word. While a ligature may be okay in the word, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset graffiti, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset it looks really weird in compound words, such as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset cufflink \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or the German \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Dorffest. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset To break a ligature, use \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Ligature\InsetSpace ~ Break. \family default This changes \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset cufflinks \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} links \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Dorffest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} fest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection LyX's Proper Names \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LyX ! Proper names" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You have surely noticed, that the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LaTeX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset appears always with characters in different size and height. LaTeX is the name of the program used by LyX and is therefore recognized as proper name when you type it in LyX as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The braces in ERT are here to avoid that the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset command \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset appear as proper name in the output, see the last paragraph of this section. To create proper names omit the ERT. \end_layout \end_inset Note the order of the upper-and lowercase letters! LyX recognizes the following proper names: \end_layout \begin_layout Description LyX The name of the game, write \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset L \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset yX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to produce it. \end_layout \begin_layout Description TeX The program used by LaTeX, write \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset T \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to produce it. \end_layout \begin_layout Description LaTeX The program used by LyX, write \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to produce it. \end_layout \begin_layout Description LaTeX2e The actual version of LaTeX, write \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX2e \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to produce it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You might wonder why the LaTeX-version is \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$ \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . It's an old tradition in the TeX-world to give programs geek version numbers. For example the version number of TeX converges to the number \begin_inset Formula $\pi$ \end_inset : The actual version is \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset TeX-3.141592 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , the previous one was \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset TeX-3.14159 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you don't want to use proper names, e.g. in section headings, you can insert two empty braces in ERT in the word. This will look in LyX like: \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/LaTeX.png \end_inset \newline For more about ERT, look at section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:ERT" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Units \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Typography ! Units" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Generally the space between units and the number is smaller than the normal space between two words. As you can see in the example below, it looks better when the space is smaller. To get such a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset half space \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for units use the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Thin\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default (shortcut \family sans C-S-Space \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example to show the differences: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 24\InsetSpace ~ kW \begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ \end_inset h \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard space between number and unit \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 24\InsetSpace \thinspace{} kW \begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ \end_inset h \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard half space between number and unit \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Widows and Orphans \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Typography ! Widows and orphans" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Widows" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page happened to end. There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text. You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line of a paragraph at the top of a new page. These dangly-bits of text became known as \emph on widows \emph default and \emph on orphans \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading. That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments. But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there to specifically prevent widows and orphans. This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page, or how you can tweak that behavior. Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "latexcompanion" \end_inset or\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "latexguide" \end_inset ] may have more information. You will almost never need to worry about this, however. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Notes, Graphics, Tables, and Floats \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cha:Floats-and-Notes" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. There you'll also find tips and tricks for special cases. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Notes \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Notes" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Notes" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX offers you a few types of notes to add to your document: \end_layout \begin_layout Description LyX\InsetSpace ~ Note This note type is for internal notes that won't appear in the output. \newline \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Standard This is text in a note box that doesn't appear in the output. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description Comment This note also doesn't appear in the output but it appears as LaTeX-comm ent, when you export the document to LaTeX via the menu \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator LaTeX (pdflatex) / (plain) \family default . \newline \begin_inset Note Comment status open \begin_layout Standard This is text in a note box that only appears as comment in LaTeX-files. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description Greyed\InsetSpace ~ Out This note will appear in the output as grey text. \newline \newline \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard This is text \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard This is an example footnote within a greyed out note. In this document the greyed out note color is redefined to blue. How this can be done is explained in the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \end_inset of a comment that appears in the output as grey text. \end_layout \end_inset \newline \newline As you can see in the example, the first line of greyed out notes is a bit indented and greyed out notes can have footnotes. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Framed This note will appear in the output as framed text. \begin_inset Note Framed status open \begin_layout Standard This is text in a note box that appears framed in the output. \end_layout \end_inset In contrary to framed boxes like the one in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:ERT-Boxes" \end_inset , the frame uses always the whole text width and the note is set into its own paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Shaded This note will appear in the output with red background color. \begin_inset Note Shaded status open \begin_layout Standard This text in a note box appears in the output with red background. \end_layout \end_inset In contrary to colored boxes, the note uses always the whole text width and the note is set into its own paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Notes are inserted with the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/note-insert.png scale 85 scaleBeforeRotation \end_inset or the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Note \family default . Right-click on the appearing note box to select the note type. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Footnotes \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Footnotes" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Footnotes" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX uses boxes to display footnotes: When you insert a footnote using the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Footnote \family default or the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/footnote-insert.png \end_inset , \family roman \series medium \bar no you'll see \family default \series default \bar default the following box: \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/footnoteQt4.png scale 80 \end_inset \family roman \series medium \bar no . This box is LyX's representation of your footnote. If you \family default \series default \bar default left-click on \family roman \series medium \bar no the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans foot \family roman \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \family default \series default \bar default \family roman \series medium \bar no label, the box will \family default \series default \bar default be opened and you can enter the footnote text into it. Clicking on the box label again, will close \family roman \series medium \bar no the \family default \series default \bar default box \family roman \series medium \bar no . If you want to turn existing text into a footnote, simply mark it and click on the footnote \family default \series default \bar default toolbar \family roman \series medium \bar no button \family default \series default \bar default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example footnote: \family roman \series medium \bar no \begin_inset Foot status open \begin_layout Standard To close a footnote, click on the red box at the top left. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The footnote will appear in the output as a superscript number at the text position where the footnote box is placed. The footnote text is placed at the bottom of the current page. The footnote number is calculated by LyX, the numbers are consecutive, no matter in which chapter the footnote is in. LyX doesn't support other numbering schemes yet, but you can get another scheme using special LaTeX-commands. T \family roman h \family default ey are described in the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Marginal Notes \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Marginal notes" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Marginal-Notes" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Marginal notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX. When you insert a margin note via the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Marginal\InsetSpace ~ Note \family default or the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.png \end_inset , you'll see \family roman \series medium a \family default \series default grey \family roman \series medium box with a \family default \series default red \family roman \series medium label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset margin \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset appearing within your text. This box is LyX's representation of your margin \family default \series default al \family roman \series medium note. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard At the side is an example marginal note. \family roman \series medium \begin_inset Marginal status open \begin_layout Standard This is a marginal note. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Marginal notes appear at the right side in single-sided documents. In double-sided documents they appear in the outer margin -- left on even pages, right on odd pages. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Graphics and Images \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Images" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Graphics" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Graphics" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To insert an image in your document, place the cursor at the text position you want and click on the toolbar icon \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png \end_inset or select \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Graphics \family default from the menu. Then a dialog will appear to choose the file to load. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This dialog has numerous mostly self-explanatory parameters. The \family sans Graphics \family default tab allows you to choose your image file. The appearance of the image inside LyX and in the output is adjusted separately. The image can be transformed by setting a rotation angle and a scaling factor. The scaling units are explained in Appendix\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:Units-available-in" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the tab \family sans Clipping \family default it is possible to set image coordinates to adjust the height and width of the image in the output. The coordinates can also be calculated automatically by pressing the button \family sans Get\InsetSpace ~ from\InsetSpace ~ file \family default . The option \family sans Clip\InsetSpace ~ to\InsetSpace ~ bounding\InsetSpace ~ box \family default will only print the image region within the given coordinates. Normally you don't need to take care about image coordinates and can ignore the tab \family sans Clipping \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LaTeX experts can specify additional LaTeX options in the \family sans Extras \family default tab. You can also set the \family sans Subfigure \family default option here if the image is inside a figure float. This option is explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Figure-Floats" \end_inset . The option \family sans Draft\InsetSpace ~ mode \family default effects that the image don't appear in the output, only a frame with the image size is printed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The graphics dialog can be called at any time by right-clicking on an image. The image will appear in the output exactly at the position where it is in the text. This is an example image in the PDF format within a separate, horizontally centered paragraph: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/mobius.eps display color scale 70 rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you need image captions and want to reference images, you have to put the image into a float, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Figure-Floats" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Image Formats \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Image formats" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Image-Formats" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can insert images in any known file format. But as we explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Output-file-formats" \end_inset , every output document format allows only a few image formats. LyX uses therefore the program \family typewriter Imagemagick \family default in the background to convert the images to the right format. To increase your workflow by avoiding these conversions in the background, you can use only the image formats listed in the subsections of section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Output-file-formats" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Similar to fonts there are two types of image formats: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Bitmap\InsetSpace ~ images consist of pixel values, often in a compressed form. They are therefore not fully scalable and look pixeled in large zooms. Well-known bitmap image formats are \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Graphics Interchange Format \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (GIF, file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .gif \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "GIF|see{Image formats}" \end_inset , \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Portable Network Graphics \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (PNG, file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .png \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "PNG|see{Image formats}" \end_inset , and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Joint Photographic Experts Group \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (JPG, file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .jpg \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .jpeg \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "JPG|see{Image formats}" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Description Scalable\InsetSpace ~ images consist of vectors and can therefore be scaled to any size without data loss. The scaling ability is necessary if you want to create presentations, because presentations are always scaled by the beamer. Scaling is also useful for online documents to let the user zoom into diagrams. \newline S calable image formats can be \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Scalable Vector Graphics \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (SVG, file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .svg \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "SVG|see{Image formats}" \end_inset , \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Encapsulated PostScript \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (EPS, file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .eps \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "EPS|see{Image formats}" \end_inset , and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Portable Document Format \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (PDF, file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .pdf \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "PDF" \end_inset . We say it can be, because you can convert any bitmap image format to PDF or EPS and the result won't be scalable. In this cases only a header with the image properties is added to the original image \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard In the case of PDF, the original image is additionally compressed. \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Normally one can't convert a bitmap image into a scalable one, only vice versa. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Tables \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Tables" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Tables" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can insert a table using either the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/tabular-insert.png scale 85 \end_inset or the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Table \family default . A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns. The default table has lines around any cell and the first row appears separated from the rest of the table. This separation appears due to a double line: The cells of the first row have a line below them and the cells of the second row have a line above them. Here's an example table: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 1 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 3 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none A \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none B \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \size normal \noun off \color none \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none C \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection The Table dialog \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which brings up the table dialog. Here you can adjust the settings of the cell and row/column respectively where the cursor is placed currently. Most of the dialog options also work on selections. This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is done on all of your selection. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Additionally to the table dialog the \family sans table\InsetSpace ~ toolbar \family default , that appears when the cursor is inside a table, helps you in setting table properties. It is for example currently only possible to add\InsetSpace \thinspace{} /\InsetSpace \thinspace{} delete lines via the table toolbar. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the tab \family sans Table\InsetSpace ~ Settings \family default of the table dialog you can set the alignment for the current row. If you add a row or column, it will be inserted right beside or below the current cell respectively. The vertical alignment of a column can only be adjusted when a column width is given. A given width will allow the cell to have linebreaks and multiple paragraphs of text, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Table-Cells" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can mark multiple cells of one row as a multicolumn cell using the check box \family sans Multicolumn \family default . This will merge the cells to \emph on one \emph default cell, spread over more than one column. Multicolumn cells are treated as own rows, so that the alignment, width, and border settings affect only the multicolumn cell. Here's an example table with a multicolumn cell in the first row and one in the last row without the upper border: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard abc \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard def ghi \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard jkl \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none A \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard B \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard C \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard D \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 1 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 3 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 4 \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard At the moment LyX doesn't support multirow cells. Adept users can declare special LaTeX-arguments for the table. They are necessary for special table formatting, like for multirow cells, explained in the tables section of the \emph on Extended\InsetSpace ~ Features \emph default manual. You can also rotate the current cell or the whole table 90 \begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset degrees counterclockwise. These rotations are not visible in LyX but in the output. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default Most DVI-viewers are \emph on not \emph default able to display rotations. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Borders \family default tab allows you to add and delete border lines for the current row/column. The button \family sans Default \family default adds lines for all cell borders. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Longtables \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Tables ! Longtables" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Longtables" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If the table is too long to fit on one page, you can use the option \family sans Use\InsetSpace ~ long\InsetSpace ~ table \family default in the tab \family sans Longtable \family default of the table dialog to split the table automatically over more pages. Doing this enables some check boxes and you can now define: \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans Header \family default : The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options defined, are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable; except for the first page, if \family sans First\InsetSpace ~ header \family default is defined. \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans First\InsetSpace ~ header \family default : The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options defined, are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable. \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans Footer \family default : The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options defined, are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable; except for the last page, if \family sans Last\InsetSpace ~ footer \family default is defined. \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans Last\InsetSpace ~ footer \family default : The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options defined, are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also specify a row where the table is splitted. If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware of the fact that only the first one is used in the given table row. The others will then be defined as \emph on empty \emph default . In this context, first means first in this order: \family sans Footer, Last\InsetSpace ~ footer, \family default \family sans Header, \family default \family sans First\InsetSpace ~ header. \family default See the following longtable to see how it works: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Example Phone List (ignore the names) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold NAME \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold TEL. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Example Phone List \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold NAME \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold TEL. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold continue ... \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Annovi \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Silvia \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Bertoli \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Stefano \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Bozzi \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Walter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Cachia \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Maria \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Cachia \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Maurizio \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Cinquemani \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Giusi \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Colin \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Bernard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Concli \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Gianfranco \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Dal Bosco \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Carolina \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Dalpiaz \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Annamaria \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Feliciello \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Domenico \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Focarelli \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Paola \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Galletti \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Oreste \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Gasparini \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Franca \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Rizzardi \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Paola \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Lassini \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Giancarlo \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Malfatti \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Luciano \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Malfatti \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Valeriano \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Meneguzzo \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Roberto \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Mezzadra \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Roberto \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Pirpamer \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Erich \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Pochiesa \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Paolo \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111, 222 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Radina \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Claudio \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Stuffer \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Oskar \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Tacchelli \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Ugo \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Tezzele \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Margit \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Unterkalmsteiner \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Frieda \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Vieider \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Hilde \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Vigna \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Jürgen \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Weber \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Maurizio \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Winkler \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Franz \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 111 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Annovi \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Silvia \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Bertoli \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Stefano \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Bozzi \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Walter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Cachia \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Maria \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Cachia \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Maurizio \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Cinquemani \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Giusi \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Colin \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Bernard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Concli \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Gianfranco \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Dal Bosco \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Carolina \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Dalpiaz \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Annamaria \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Feliciello \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Domenico \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Focarelli \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Paola \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Galletti \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Oreste \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Gasparini \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Franca \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Rizzardi \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Paola \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Lassini \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Giancarlo \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Malfatti \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Luciano \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Malfatti \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Valeriano \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Meneguzzo \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Roberto \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Mezzadra \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Roberto \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Pirpamer \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Erich \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Pochiesa \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Paolo \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555, 222 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Radina \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Claudio \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Stuffer \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Oskar \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Tacchelli \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Ugo \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Tezzele \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Margit \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Unterkalmsteiner \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Frieda \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Vieider \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Hilde \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Vigna \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Jürgen \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 999 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Weber \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Maurizio \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold Winkler \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Franz \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 555 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold End \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Table Cells \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Tables ! Cells" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Table-Cells" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A table cell can contain text, inline equations, a figure, or another table. All these kinds of objects can be placed in the same cell. Font sizes and shapes can also be altered. But you can't put a special environment in a cell (like \family sans Section* \family default , etc.), nor set spacing options etc. for the cell's paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To have multi-line entries in table cells, you have to declare a fixed width for the column in the table dialog. Your text is then automatically split into multiple lines and the cell is enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given width. An example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 1 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 3 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 4 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none This is a multiline entry in a table. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 5 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 6 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none This is longer now. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 7 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 8 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none This is a multiline entry in a table. This is longer now. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 9 \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Cutting and pasting between tables and table cells works reasonably well. You can cut and paste even more than one row. Selection with the mouse or with \family sans Shift \family default plus the arrow keys works as usual. You can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting the selection from outside the table. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Floats \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Floats" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Floats" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A float is a block of text associated with some sort of label, which doesn't have a fixed location. It can \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset float \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best. \family sans Footnotes \family default and \family sans Margin\InsetSpace ~ Notes \family default are also floats, because they can float to the next page when there are too much notes at the page. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Floats makes it possible to get a high quality layout. Images and tables can evenly be spread to the pages to avoid whitespace and pages without text. As the floating often destroys the context between the text and the image/table , every float can be referenced in the text. Floats are therefore numbered. Referencing is described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Cross-References" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To insert a float, use the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Floats \family default . A box with a caption that has e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} g.\InsetSpace ~ the label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Figure\InsetSpace ~ #: \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (# is the actual number) will be inserted into your document. The label will automatically be translated to the document language in the output. Behind the label you can insert the caption text. \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Floats ! Captions" \end_inset The image or table is inserted above or below the caption in a separate paragraph within the float. To keep your LyX-document readable, you can open and close the float box by left-clicking on the box label. A closed float box looks like this: \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/floatQt4.png scale 80 \end_inset -- a gray button with a red label. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is recommended to insert floats as a separate paragraph to avoid possible LaTeX-errors that can occur when the surrounding text is specially formatted. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Float Types \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Figure Floats \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Floats ! Figure floats" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Figure-Floats" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator Figure \family default inserts a float with the label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \series bold Figure\InsetSpace ~ #: \series default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Set the cursor above this label (or before it and press enter) and insert the image as described above to get the caption printed below the image. This is what we did for Figure\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:Platypus" \end_inset . If you want the caption to be above the image, set the cursor at the end of the caption, press enter and insert the image. This was done in Figure\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:Escher" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/platypus.eps display color width 50col% rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Caption \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cap:Platypus" \end_inset A severely distorted platypus in a float. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Caption \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cap:Escher" \end_inset M.C. Escher on acid. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps display color scale 80 rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This figure float show also how to set a label and create a cross-reference to it. As described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Cross-References" \end_inset , you can simply insert a label in the caption using the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Label \family default and refer to it using the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cross-Reference \family default . It is important to use references to figure floats, rather than using vague references like \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset the figure above \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , because as LaTeX will reposition the floats in the final document; it might not be \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset above \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset at all. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Normally one inserts only one image to a figure float, but sometimes you might want to use two images with separate subcaptions. This can be done in the graphics dialog: Right-click on an image and go to the tab \family sans Extra\InsetSpace ~ options \family default in the appearing dialog, use the option \family sans Subfigure \family default , and enter the subcaption for the image in the now enabled caption field. Figure\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" \end_inset is an example of a figure float with two images set side by side. You can also set the images one below the other. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Standard \hfill \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps width 45col% subcaption subcaptionText "Undefinable structure" \end_inset \hfill \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/platypus.eps lyxscale 60 width 45col% subcaption subcaptionText "Platypus" \end_inset \hfill \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Caption \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cap:Two-distorted-images" \end_inset Two distorted images. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that the caption is added to the \family sans List\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ Figures \family default as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:ListsOf" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Table Floats \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Floats ! Table floats" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Table-Floats" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Table floats can be inserted using the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator Table \family default . They have the same properties as figure floats except of the different label. Table\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:Table-float" \end_inset is an example of a table float. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float table wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Caption \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cap:Table-float" \end_inset A table float. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 1 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 3 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Joe \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Mary \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Ted \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c & d\end{array}\right]$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Algorithm Floats \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Floats ! Algorithm floats" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This float type is inserted with the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator Algorithm \family default . It is used for program codes and descriptions of algorithms. A possible environment for algorithms is the \family sans LyX-Code \family default , described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:LyX-Code" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default that the float label is not automatically translated into the document language. \end_layout \end_inset You have to do this manually by adding the following line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash floatname{algorithm}{your\InsetSpace ~ name} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard to the document preamble (menu \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default ). \series bold your\InsetSpace ~ name \series default is the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on algorithm \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in your language. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Text Wrap Floats \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Floats ! Text Wrap Floats" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:floatflt" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This float type is used if you want to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset wrap \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset text around a figure so that it only occupies some fraction of the column width. It can be inserted using the menu \begin_inset Wrap figure placement l width "40col%" status open \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/mobius.eps display color width 40col% rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Caption \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cap:Wrapped-figure" \end_inset This is a wrapped figure, and this is the brilliant caption that describes it \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ Wrap\InsetSpace ~ Float \family default if the LaTeX-package \series bold floatflt \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! floatflt" \end_inset is installed. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Installing a LaTeX-package is explained it in the \emph on LaTeX\InsetSpace ~ Configuration \emph default manual. \end_layout \end_inset The width and placement of the float is adjusted by right-clicking on the float box. Figure\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:Wrapped-figure" \end_inset is an example Text\InsetSpace ~ wrap float with a width of 40 \begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset col%. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Available units are explained in Appendix\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:Units-available-in" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset Some space was added under the caption to separate it better from the surroundi ng text. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The LaTeX-package \series bold floatflt \series default also supports table wrap floats, but they are not yet supported by LyX. If you need this, read the documentation of \series bold floatflt \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "floatflt" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default Text\InsetSpace ~ wrap float floats might be fragile! E.g. having a figure too close to the bottom of the page can mess things up in the way that the float doesn't appear in the output or that it is placed over some other text. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The better solution is to use the LaTeX-package \series bold wrapfig \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! wrapfig" \end_inset instead of \series bold floatflt \series default but it is currently not supported by LyX. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset In general: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Wrap floats should not be placed in paragraphs that run over a page break. That means that wrap floats should better be inserted to the exact place when the document is nearly ready and you are able to estimate where page breaks will appear. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Wrap floats should either be placed in an own paragraph before the paragraph where they should wrap into or within a paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Wrap floats in consecutive paragraphs may cause troubles, so assure that there is a text paragraph between them as separator. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Wrap floats are not allowed in section headings or tables. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Rotated Floats \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Rotated-Floats" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Floats ! Rotating" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Especially for wide tables you might have floats rotated. To rotate a whole float including the caption, right-click on the float-box and use the option \family sans Rotate\InsetSpace ~ sideways \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Rotated floats are always placed on its own page (or column, when you have a two-column document). They are rotated so that you can read them from the outside margin. Forcing the rotation direction is explained in the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Referencing rotated floats is the same like for normal floats, the caption format is also the same: Table\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:Rotated-table" \end_inset is an example of a rotated table float. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default Not all DVI-viewers are able to display rotated floats. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float table wide false sideways true status open \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Caption \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cap:Rotated-table" \end_inset Rotated table \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard test \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard b \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard c \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard d \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard e \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Float Placement \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Float-Placement" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Floats ! Placement" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Right-clicking on a float-box opens a dialog where you can alter the placement options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float. \newline The option \family sans Span\InsetSpace ~ columns \family default is only useful for two-column documents: If you select it, the float will span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just one. \newline The option \family sans Rotate\InsetSpace ~ sideways \family default is used to rotate floats, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Rotated-Floats" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use one ore more of the following options in the float dialog to set the placement for a particular float when you uncheck the option \family sans Use\InsetSpace ~ default\InsetSpace ~ placement \family default : \end_layout \begin_layout Description Here\InsetSpace ~ if\InsetSpace ~ possible: try to place the float on the position where it is inserted \end_layout \begin_layout Description Top\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ page: try to place the float on the top of the current page \end_layout \begin_layout Description Bottom\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ page: try to place the float on the bottom of the current page \end_layout \begin_layout Description Page\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ floats: try to place the float on an own page \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The order of the above option is \emph on always \emph default used by LaTeX. That means, if you use the default placement, LaTeX will first try out \family sans Here\InsetSpace ~ if\InsetSpace ~ possible \family default , then \family sans Top\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ page \family default , and then the others. If you don't use the default, LaTeX will try only the checked options but in the same order. If none of the 4 placements are possible the procedure is internally repeated but it is tried to put the float on the following page. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard By default, each options has its own rules: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Top\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ page \family default only floats occupying less than 70\InsetSpace \thinspace{} % of the page can be placed at the top of a page \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Bottom\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ page \family default : only floats occupying less than 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{} % of the page can be placed at the bottom of a page. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Page\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ floats \family default : only if more than 50\InsetSpace \thinspace{} % of the page are occupied by floats, several floats can be set together on a page. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you don't like these rules, you can ignore them by using the additional option \family sans Ignore\InsetSpace ~ LaTeX\InsetSpace ~ rules \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sometimes you might need, under all circumstances, a float to be placed exactly at the position where it is inserted. For this case you can use the option \family sans Here\InsetSpace ~ definitely \family default . Use this option very rarely and only if the document is nearly ready to be printed. Because the float is then no longer able to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset float \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset when you change your document and this will often destroy the page layout. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are no placement options for text wrap floats, because they are always surrounded by the text of a certain paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For more details about float placements, have a look at LaTeX books like \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section Minipages \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Minipages" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Minipages" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LaTeX provides a mechanism to produce essentially a page within a page, called minipage. Within a minipage, all the usual rules of indentation, line wrapping, etc.\InsetSpace ~ apply. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Minipages in LyX have their own collapsible box inserted via the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Box \family default . Right-clicking on the box allows you to alter the width of the minipage and its alignment within the page. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Box Frameless position "t" hor_pos "c" has_inner_box 1 inner_pos "t" use_parbox 0 width "30col%" special "none" height "1pt" height_special "totalheight" status open \begin_layout Standard \shape italic This is a minipage. The text is set in an italic style. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \shape italic Minipages are often used for text in another language or text that needs another formatting. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset If you place two minipages side-by-side, you can use \family sans Horizontal Fills \family default as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" \end_inset : \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Box Frameless position "t" hor_pos "c" has_inner_box 1 inner_pos "t" use_parbox 0 width "1.5in" special "none" height "1pt" height_special "totalheight" status open \begin_layout Standard This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text. This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage. \end_layout \end_inset \hfill \begin_inset Box Frameless position "t" hor_pos "c" has_inner_box 1 inner_pos "t" use_parbox 0 width "1.5in" special "none" height "1pt" height_special "totalheight" status open \begin_layout Standard This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text. This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you right-click on a minipage box, you can change the box from a minipage to other box types. All box types and their settings are explained in detail in chapter \emph on Boxes \emph default of the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Mathematical Formulas \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Formulas | see{Math}" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cha:Mathematical-Formulas" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Basic Math Editing \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Basics" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math-mode.png \end_inset . That will create a little blue rectangle, with purple markers around its corners. That blue rectangle is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate what level of nesting within the formula you are at. You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math \family default menu. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Editing the parameters of a formula and adding math constructs can be done with the \family sans math\InsetSpace ~ toolbar \family default , that appears when the cursor is in a formula. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are two main types of formulas: Inline formulas appear within a text line, like this one: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This is a line with an inline formula \begin_inset Formula $A=B$ \end_inset in it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Displayed formulas appear outside the text like as they were in an own paragraph , like this one: \begin_inset Formula \[ A=B\] \end_inset You can only number and reference displayed formulas. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX supports also many LaTeX math commands. E.g. typing \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \series bold \backslash alpha \series default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , followed by a space, in a formula will create the Greek letter \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ \end_inset . So typing commands might sometimes be faster than using the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Navigating in Formulas \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Navigating" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The best control over the cursor position within an existing formula is achieved with the arrow keys. LyX uses small rectangles to indicate places where something can be inserted. The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula. Pressing \family sans Space \family default will leave a formula construct (a square root \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$ \end_inset , or parentheses \begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$ \end_inset , or a matrix \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2\\ 3 & 4\end{array}\right]$ \end_inset ). Pressing \family sans Escape \family default will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula. \family sans Tab \family default can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Space \family default , printed in this document as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard This command will appear in the output as official character denoting the space character (visible space). \end_layout \end_inset , seems to do nothing in a formula, since it does not add a space between characters, but it does exit a nested structure. For this reason, you have to be careful about using \family sans Space \family default . For example, if you want \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$ \end_inset , type \series bold \backslash sqrt \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset 2x+1 \series default and not \series bold \backslash sqrt \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset 2x \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset +1 \series default , since in the latter case only the \family typewriter \begin_inset Formula $2x$ \end_inset \family default will be under the square root sign: \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled in, such as: \begin_inset Formula \[ \left(\begin{array}{ccc} \lambda_{1}\\ & \ddots\\ & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right)\] \end_inset If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Selecting Text \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can select text within a formula in two different ways. Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press \family sans Shift \family default and a cursor movement key to select text. It will be highlighted as with regular text selection. Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way. That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula, but not in a normal text region in LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Exponents and Subscripts \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Exponents" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Subscripts" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use the math panel to add super- or subscripts, but the much easier way is to use a command. To get \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$ \end_inset , type in a formula \series bold x^2 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset \series default . The final \family sans Space \family default puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression. If you type \series bold x^2y \series default , you will get \begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$ \end_inset , to get \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$ \end_inset , type \series bold x^2 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset y \series default . If you use characters in the superscript, that could be accented with the hat \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset ^ \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , you have to use an extra \family sans Space \family default to separate the hat and the character. E.g. if you want \begin_inset Formula $x^{a}$ \end_inset , type \series bold x^ \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset a \series default . Subscripts are similar: To get \begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$ \end_inset , type \series bold a_1 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset \series default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Fractions \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Fractions" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Create a fraction with either the command \series bold \backslash frac \series default or using the icon \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math/frac.png scale 60 \end_inset in the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default . You will be presented with an empty fraction. The cursor is above the fraction line. To move it to the bottom, simply press \family sans Down \family default . To move back up, press \family sans Up \family default . Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows: \begin_inset Formula \[ \left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc} 2 & 3\\ 4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Roots \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Roots" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Roots can be created using the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math/sqrt.png \end_inset or the commands \series bold \backslash sqrt \series default or \series bold \backslash root \series default . With the command \series bold \backslash root \series default you can produce roots of higher orders, like cube roots, while \series bold \backslash sqrt \series default produces always a square root. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Operators with Limits \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Sums" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Integrals" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Operators-with-Limits" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sum ( \begin_inset Formula $\sum$ \end_inset ) and integral ( \begin_inset Formula $\int$ \end_inset ) operators are very often decorated with limits. These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter a super- or subscript, directly after the symbol. The sum operator will automatically place its \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset limits \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset over and under the symbol in displayed formulas, and on the side in inline formulas. Such as \begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$ \end_inset , versus \begin_inset Formula \[ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e\] \end_inset Integral signs, however, will place the limits on the side in both formula types. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard All operators with limits will be automatically re-sized when placed in display mode. The placement of the limits can be changed by placing the cursor directly behind the operator and hitting \family sans M-m l \family default or using the menu \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Change\InsetSpace ~ Limits\InsetSpace ~ Type \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Certain other mathematical expressions have this \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset moving limits \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset feature as addition, such as \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Limits" \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \[ \lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\] \end_inset which will place the \begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$ \end_inset underneath the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset lim \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in display mode. In inline formulas it looks like this: \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that the lim-function was entered as the function macro \series bold \backslash lim \series default . Have a look at section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Functions" \end_inset for an explanation of function macros. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Math Symbols \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Symbols" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Most math symbols can be found in the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default under one of several categories; including \family sans Greek \family default , \family sans Operators \family default , \family sans Relations \family default , \family sans Arrows \family default . There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical Society (AMS). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you know the LaTeX-command for a construct or symbol you wish to use, you don't have to use the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default , but can type the command directly into the formula. LyX will convert it to the corresponding symbol or construct. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Altering Spacing \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Spaces" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Altering-Spacing" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You may want to create spaces that differs from the standard spacing that LaTeX provides. To do this, type \family sans C-Space \family default or to use the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math/space.png \end_inset . This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen. Here a example for the sequence \series bold a C-Space b \series default : \begin_inset Formula $a\, b$ \end_inset (appears in LyX as \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/SpaceMarker.png \end_inset ). You can change the space to different sizes when you set the cursor behind the space marker and hit space again several times. With every space hit the size will be changed. Some markers for the space size appear red in LyX, because they are a negative spaces. Here two examples: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold a C-Space b \series default and 3× \family sans Space \family default : \begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold a C-Space b \series default and 5× \family sans Space \family default : \begin_inset Formula $a\! b$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Functions \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Functions" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Functions" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default contains under the button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math/functions.png \end_inset a number of functions, such as \begin_inset Formula $\sin$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\lim$ \end_inset , \emph on etc \emph default . (you can also insert them in a formula by typing \series bold \backslash sin \series default etc.). Standard mathematical practice is, that functions are printed upright to avoid confusions, because \begin_inset Formula $sin$ \end_inset does normally mean \begin_inset Formula $s·i·n$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Using the function macros will also produce correct spacing around the function: \begin_inset Formula $a\sin x$ \end_inset is different from \begin_inset Formula $asinx$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For some mathematical objects, like the limes, the macro changes the way that subscripts are placed, like described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Operators-with-Limits" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Accents \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Accents" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text mode. This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use. You can also use LaTeX commands to e.g. enter \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ \end_inset even if your keyboard doesn't have hat-accents enabled. Our example is entered by typing \series bold \backslash hat \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset a \series default in a formula. Table\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:Accent-names-and" \end_inset shows the equivalences between the accent names and the commands. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float table wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Caption \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cap:Accent-names-and" \end_inset Accent names and the corresponding commands. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Name \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Command \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard E \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none xample \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none circumflex \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash hat \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none grave \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash grave \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none acute \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash acute \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none umlaut \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash ddot \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none tilde \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash tilde \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none dot \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash dot \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none breve \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash breve \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none caron \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash check \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none macron \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash bar \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard vector \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash vec \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can choose one of the accents by selecting an item from the \family sans Frame\InsetSpace ~ decorations \family default symbol set button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math/hat.png \end_inset in the math panel ; this will apply to any selection you have made within a formula too. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Brackets and Delimiters \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Brackets" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Delimiters" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are several brackets available through LyX. For most purposes, using just the keys \family typewriter []{}()|<> \family default should suffice. But if you want to surround a large structure, like a matrix or a fraction, or if you have several layers of brackets, is better using \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default 's delimiter icon \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math/delim.png \end_inset . For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard matrix such as: \begin_inset Formula \[ \left[\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2\\ 3 & 4\end{array}\right]\] \end_inset and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses as in: \begin_inset Formula \[ \frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The parentheses, and other brackets from that menu will automatically re-size to accommodate the size of what is inside. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To construct brackets click on the button for the bracket you want on the left side and right side. If you use the option \family sans Keep\InsetSpace ~ matched \family default , the selected bracket type will be used for the left and the right side. The selection will be shown below the button field. If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button. It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will be printed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you want to place brackets around math structures, like a square root, you can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go inside the brackets. Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on \family sans Insert \family default . The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The next section explains how to insert a LaTeX \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset { \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for grouping. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Grouping \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Grouping" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Grouping" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You may need to group a set of symbols. In LaTeX, for example, the typesetting of \family typewriter {x^y}^z \family default is different from \family typewriter x^{y^z} \family default : \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \[ {x^{y}}^{z}\quad\mathrm{differs\; from}\quad x^{y^{z}}\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To create this grouping, you need to use the key sequence \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \series bold \backslash { \series default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset then type space. Inside LyX, you will see red braces indicating the grouping. Within this braces you insert the grouped structure. The grouping braces won't appear in the output in contrary to normal braces. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Arrays and Multi-line Equations \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Arrays" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Matrices" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Multi-line Equations" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Matrices are entered in LyX using the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default matrix button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math/matrix.png \end_inset . It will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns. Here is an example: \begin_inset Formula \[ \left(\begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 2 & 3\\ 4 & 5 & 6\\ 7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right)\] \end_inset The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters" \end_inset . When you construct the matrix, you can decide whether the column entries will be left-, right-, or center-justified. This alignment is set in the box \family sans Horizontal \family default with the letters \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans l \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans r \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans c \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . LyX proposes a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans c \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for every column as default. For example, the sequence \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans lrc \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be centered, and the third column will be right-justified, because each letter corresponds to the relevant column. The result will look like this: \begin_inset Formula \[ \begin{array}{lcr} this & this\, column & this\, column\\ column & has & has\, right\\ has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment\end{array}.\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting \family sans C-Enter \family default while the cursor is in the matrix. Adding or deleting columns can be done via the menu \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are other arrays used in formulas, such as distinctions of cases. It can be created with the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cases\InsetSpace ~ Environment \family default or the command \series bold \backslash cases \series default . Here an example: \begin_inset Formula \[ f(x)=\begin{cases} -1 & x<0\\ 0 & x=0\\ 1 & x>0\end{cases}\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Multi-line formulas are created when you press \family sans \series medium C-E \series default nter \family default within a formula. In an empty formula you can see that three blue boxes appear, one for each column. When you press \family sans \series medium C-E \series default nter \family default in a non-empty formula, the part before the relation sign (equal sign \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset = \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset etc.) will be inserted automatically to the first column, the relation sign is in the second column, and the rest in the third column. A new row is created by every further hit of \family sans \series medium C-E \series default nter \family default . Multi-line formulas are always displayed formulas. Here is an example: \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} a^{2} & = & (b^{2}+c^{2})(b^{2}-c^{2})\nonumber \\ a & = & \sqrt{b^{4}-c^{4}}\label{eq:asquared}\end{eqnarray} \end_inset To change the column assignment of the formula parts, place the cursor where you want to start the shift and hit \family sans C-Tab. \family default It shifts everything in the column which is right beside the current cursor position to the next column. Note that the middle column is designed for relation signs, structures within this column will be printed in a smaller size: \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B}\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The multi-line formula type described here is called \family typewriter \series medium eqnarray \family default \series default . There are other multi-line types being more suitable for certain situations, for example if you want a better inter-line spacing than in formula ( \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "eq:asquared" \end_inset ). The other types are described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:AMS-Formula-Types" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section Formula Numbering and Referencing \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Formula numbering" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Referencing formulas" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Formula-Numbering-and" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To number a formula, set the cursor in the formula and use the menu \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Toggle\InsetSpace ~ Numbering \family default or the shortcut \family sans M-m\InsetSpace ~ n \family default . The formula number appears in LyX as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset # \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset within parentheses. The \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset # \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset denotes, that the number will be calculated automatically when the output is generated. The placement and format of the formula number in the output depends on the document class. In this document the number is printed together with the chapter number, separated by a dot: \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} 1+1=2\end{equation} \end_inset Using \family sans M-m\InsetSpace ~ n \family default in a numbered formula will switch off the numbering. You can only number displayed formulas. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Multi-line formulas can be numbered line by line: Using the menu \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Toggle\InsetSpace ~ Numbering\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ Line \family default or the shortcut \family sans M-m\InsetSpace ~ N \family default will only toggle the numbering of the line where the cursor is in: \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} 1 & = & 3-2\\ 2 & = & 4-2\nonumber \\ 4 & \leq & 7\end{eqnarray} \end_inset To number all lines use the shortcut \family sans M-m\InsetSpace ~ n \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset Every displayed formula can be referenced by its number using a label. A label is inserted with the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Label \family default when the cursor is in the formula. This opens a dialog to enter the label. It is recommended to use the proposed \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans eq: \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as first part of the label, because this helps later to identify the label type when you have many labels in your document. We inserted in the following example the label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset eq:tanhExp \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in the second line: \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} \tanh(x) & = & \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\nonumber \\ & = & \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2x}-1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1}\label{eq:tanhExp}\end{eqnarray} \end_inset Every labeled line is automatically numbered. Therefore the label is shown in LyX at the place of the formula number placeholder \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset # \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . You can reference a labeled formula using the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cross\InsetSpace ~ Reference \family default . A dialog appears to choose a label you want refer to. The reference appears in LyX as grey cross reference box and in the output as the formula number: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This is a cross-reference to equation ( \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "eq:tanhExp" \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The properties of LyX's cross-reference box are described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Cross-References" \end_inset . To delete a label, set the cursor in the labeled formula, use the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Label \family default and delete the label in the appearing dialog. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard This is a unintuitive and will be fixed in the next version of LyX. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section User defined math macros \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Macros" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX allows you to define macros for formulas. For example we assume that solutions of the quadratic equation often occur in our document in various forms and we want to create a macro to print them. \newline The general form of a quadratic equation is: \begin_inset Formula \[ 0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q\] \end_inset The general form of its solution is: \begin_inset Formula \[ \lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The macro should print the parameters \begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $p$ \end_inset and \begin_inset Formula $q$ \end_inset like in the equation above. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A macro is created by executing the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold math-macro \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset Name \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset Number\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ Arguments \end_layout \begin_layout Standard in the minibuffer at the bottom of the LyX screen. Name is the name of the new macro which mustn't contain numbers. The number of arguments can be a number in the range 1-9. If you want to define a macro without arguments, don't declare the number of arguments. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We have three arguments and name the macro \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset qE \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , so that the command is: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold math-macro \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset qE \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash spce \end_layout \end_inset 3 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This results in the following macro definition box: \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/macrobox.png \end_inset \begin_inset FormulaMacro \newcommand{\qE}[3]{#1_{1,\,2}=-\frac{#2}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#2^{2}}{4}-#3}} {\textrm{qE: }#1\textrm{ , }#2\textrm{ , }#3} \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The first box is an image to show the behavior in the output. The second one is the definition box, that doesn't appear in the output. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The first blue box is for the definition, where you insert the formula via the math panel or commands. The placeholder for the arguments are inserted as a backslash and sharp followed by the argument number, e.g. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \backslash #1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for the first argument. Placeholders will be displayed in red. The second blue box is for the appearance in LyX. This is useful when you have a large structure that shouldn't be displayed in LyX with its full size. If you want to see the macro as it is defined, leave the box blank. In our example we insert the sequence \newline \series bold qE: \backslash #1 \series default \series bold , \series default \series bold \backslash #2 \series default \series bold , \series default \series bold \backslash #3 \newline \series default The macro will then be shown as the macro name followed by the three arguments. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To use the macro in a formula, type its name as command, in our case \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \series bold \backslash qE \series default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . The macro is inserted with boxes for the arguments looking similar to this: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/macrouse.png \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The arguments are inserted in the blue boxes. If the cursor is outside the macro, the arguments are put in the macro. To change the arguments, put the cursor in the formula before or after the macro and press the right or left arrow key respectively. The arguments appear now again below the macro definition. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you change the macro definition all macros are changed automatically to the new definition. Here an example of our macro with the arguments \begin_inset Formula $x$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$ \end_inset , and \begin_inset Formula $B$ \end_inset : \begin_inset Formula \[ \qE{x}{\ln(y)}{B}\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When the document is exported to LaTeX, the macro definition will be inserted as the command: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash newcommand{ \backslash qE}[3]{#1_{1, \backslash ,2}=- \backslash frac{#2}{2} \backslash pm \newline \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash hphantom{ \end_layout \end_inset \backslash newcommand \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset \backslash sqrt{ \backslash frac{#2^{2}}{4}-#3}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The command is not inserted in the document preamble. That means you can only use macros in formulas that are below the macro definition box in your document. There are also some other restrictions: The command \backslash newcommand supports optional arguments, which are not available in LyX's macros. You can also not change subsequently the name of the macro and the number of arguments. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Fine-Tuning \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Typefaces \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Typefaces" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The standard font for text is italic, for numbers the standard is roman. To set a font in a formula, use the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math/font.png \end_inset , or enter its command, listed in table\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:Typefaces-and-the" \end_inset , directly. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float table wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Caption \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cap:Typefaces-and-the" \end_inset Typefaces and the corresponding commands. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Font \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Command \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \shape up \size normal \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash mathrm \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash mathbf \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash mathit \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \shape up \size normal \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash mathtt \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash mathbb \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash mathfrak \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \shape up \size normal \emph on \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash mathcal \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash mathsf \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default that you can only print capital letters in the typefaces \family sans Blackbold \family default and \family sans Calligraphic \family default . \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you use a typeface, a blue box is inserted in the formula. Every character in this box will be printed in this typeface. Pressing \family sans Space \family default within the box, will set the cursor outside, so that you have to use a protected space when you need a space in the box. Here an example where a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset N \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in \family sans Blackbold \family default denotes the set of numbers: \begin_inset Formula \[ f(x)=\sqrt{x}\:;\: x\in\mathbb{N}\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The typefaces are nestable, which can cause confusion. You can e.g. put a character in \family sans Fraktur \family default in a box for \family sans Typewriter \family default : \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{abc\mathfrak{d}e}$ \end_inset \newline So better don't use this feature. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The typefaces have no effect on Greek letters: \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{abc\delta e}$ \end_inset \newline You can only print them emboldened using the command \series bold \backslash boldsymbol \series default , which works like the other typeface commands: \begin_inset Formula $\alpha\beta\gamma\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash boldsymbol \series default works for all symbols, letters, and numbers. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A number of other font options are available as well, in the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Font\InsetSpace ~ Change \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Math Text \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Text" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Typefaces are useful for entering some characters in some given font, but not for text. For typing longer pieces of text use the math text, which is obtained using the entry \family sans Normal\InsetSpace ~ text\InsetSpace ~ mode \family default of the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math/font.png \end_inset (alternatively the shortcut \family sans M-m\InsetSpace ~ m \family default ). Math text appears in LyX in black instead of blue. You can use spaces and accents in math text like in normal text. Here is an example: \begin_inset Formula \[ f(x)=\begin{cases} x & \textrm{if I say so}\\ -x & \textrm{unter Umständen}\end{cases}\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Font Sizes \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Font sizes" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are four font styles (relative sizes) used in math-mode, which are automatically chosen in most situations. These are called \family sans textstyle \family default , \family sans displaystyle \family default , \family sans scriptstyle \family default , and \family sans scriptscriptstyle \family default . For most characters, \family sans textstyle \family default and \family sans displaystyle \family default are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts, and certain other structures, are set larger in \family sans displaystyle \family default . Except for some operators, which resize themselves to accommodate various situations, all text will be set in the styles as LaTeX thinks is appropriate. These choices can be overridden by using the math panel button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math/style.png \end_inset . A box for the size will be created in which you can insert the math structure. For example, you can set \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ \end_inset , which is normally in \family sans textstyle \family default , larger in \family sans displaystyle \family default : \begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$ \end_inset . The four styles are used in the following example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that means, if the whole math inset is set in a particular size with the menu \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ Style \family default , all sizes in the formula will be adjusted relative to this size. Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts will be adjusted to correspond. As example a formula in the font size \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset largest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset : \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family roman \size largest \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{e}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section AMS-LaTeX \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "AMS math" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! AMS" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX supports the packages provided by the American Mathematical Society (AMS) that are in common use. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Enabling AMS-Support \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Selecting the checkbox \family sans Use\InsetSpace ~ AMS\InsetSpace ~ math\InsetSpace ~ package \family default in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset dialog under \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Options \family default will include the AMS-packages in the document, and make the facilities available. AMS is needed for many math-constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in formulas, assure that you have enabled AMS. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection AMS-Formula Types \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:AMS-Formula-Types" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Math ! Multi-line Equations" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types. LyX allows you to choose between \family typewriter align \family default , \family typewriter alignat \family default , \family typewriter flalign \family default , \family typewriter gather \family default , and \family typewriter multline \family default . We refer to the AMS-documentation for an explanation of these formula types. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter More Tools \end_layout \begin_layout Section Cross-References \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Cross references" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Cross-References" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard One of LyX's strengths are cross-references. You can reference every section, float, footnote, formula, and list in the document. To reference a document part, you have to insert a label into it. The label is used as anchor and name for the reference. We want for example refer to the the second item of the following list: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate First item \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "enu:Second-item" \end_inset Second item \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Third item \end_layout \begin_layout Standard First we insert a label into the second item with the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Label \family default or the by pressing the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/label-insert.png scale 85 \end_inset . A grey label box like this: \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/labelQt4.png scale 85 \end_inset is inserted and the label window pops up asking for the label text. LyX offers as text the first words of the item with a prefix, in our case the text \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans enu: Second-item \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . The prefix \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans enu: \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset stands for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset enumerate \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . The prefix depends on the document part where the label is inserted, e.g. if you insert a label to a section heading, the prefix will be \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans sec: \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To reference the item, we refer to its label using the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cross-Reference \family default or the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png scale 85 \end_inset . A grey cross-reference box like this: \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/referenceQt4.png scale 85 \end_inset is inserted and the cross-reference window appear showing all labels of the document. We can now sort the labels alphabetically and then choose the entry \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans enu:Second-item \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . At the position of the cross-reference box the item number will appear in the output. Here is our cross-reference: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Item\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "enu:Second-item" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is recommended to use a protected space \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Protected-Space" \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset between the cross-reference name and its number to avoid ugly linebreaks between them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are six varieties of cross-references: \end_layout \begin_layout Description : prints the float number, this is the default: \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description (): prints the float number within two parentheses, this is the style normally used to reference formulas, especially when the reference name \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Equation \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is omitted: \begin_inset LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:tanhExp" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description : prints the page number: Page\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand pageref reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description on\InsetSpace ~ page\InsetSpace ~ : prints the text "on page" and the page number: \begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description \InsetSpace ~ on\InsetSpace ~ page\InsetSpace ~ : prints the float number, the text "on page", and the page number: \begin_inset LatexCommand vref reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description Formatted\InsetSpace ~ reference: prints a self defined cross-reference format. \newline \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default This feature is only available when you have the LaTeX-package \series bold prettyref \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! prettyref" \end_inset \series default installed. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that the style won't print the page number if the label is on the previous, the same, or the next page. You will e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} g.\InsetSpace ~ see the text \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans on this page \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset instead. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The number and current page of the referred document part in the output, is automatically calculated by LaTeX. The varieties are adjusted in the field \family sans Format \family default of the cross-reference window, that appear when you click on the cross-referenc e box. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can only use the style \family sans \family default to reference numbered document parts, while the reference style \family sans \family default is always possible. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you want to reference a section, put the label in the section heading, to reference a float, put the label in the caption. For footnotes you can put the label somewhere in it. Referencing formulas is explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formula-Numbering-and" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The button \family sans Go\InsetSpace ~ to\InsetSpace ~ Label \family default in the cross-reference window sets the the cursor before the referred label. The button text changes then to \family sans Go\InsetSpace ~ Back \family default and you can use it to set the cursor back to the cross-reference. Right-clicking on a cross-reference box also sets the cursor before the referred label but without a possibility to go back. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can change labels at any time by clicking on the label box. References to the changed label will automatically change its link to the new label text, so that you don't need to take care about this. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If a cross-reference refers to a non-existing label, you'll see two question marks in the output instead of the reference. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard References are described in detail in the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Table of Contents and other Listings \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Table of contents" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Outline" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:toc" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Table of Contents and Outline \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Table-of-Contents" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The Table of Contents (TOC) is inserted with the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator Table\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ Contents \family default . Is is displayed in LyX as a gray box. If you click on it, the TOC window appears, showing you the TOC entries. You can jump to a document part by clicking on an entry. Thus you can use this window as graphical alternative for the \family sans Navigate \family default menu. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The TOC lists every numbered section automatically. If you have declared a short title for a section heading, as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Short-Titles" \end_inset , it will be used in the TOC instead of the section heading. Section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Numbering-depth" \end_inset describes how the level is adjusted that defines which section types are listed in the TOC. You can also adjust the level for the displayed sections in the TOC window using the grey fader at the bottom of the window. Unnumbered sections are not listed in the TOC. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use the TOC window also as outline to move and rearrange sections in your documents. The TOC window therefore also appears when you use the menu \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Outline \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:ListsOf" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents. You can insert them via the \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator List\InsetSpace ~ /\InsetSpace ~ TOC \family default submenus. The list entries are the float captions and the float number. \end_layout \begin_layout Section URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "URLs" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:URL" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is often desirable to include long \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset verbatim \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset items in a document such as Web site URLs, e-mail addresses, etc. These things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult to typeset properly. Such items will often fall on a line boundary if they cannot be split, resulting in an overfull line. To avoid this, use the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator URL \family default to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully, if necessary. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The URL dialog has two fields; the URL field and the \family sans Name \family default field for the URL description, which will be typeset as plain text immediately before the URL. Here an example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand url name "LyX-Homepage" target "http://www.lyx.org" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset \series bold Important notes \series default : \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize When you use the following characters: "%", "#", "^", you have to write them with a backslash before, e.g. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \backslash # \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize URLs must not end with a backslash! \end_layout \begin_layout Section Appendices \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Appendix" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Appendices" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Appendices are created with the menu \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Start\InsetSpace ~ Appendix\InsetSpace ~ Here \family default . This menu sets the document from the current cursor position to the end as appendix region. The region is marked with a red borderline. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Every chapter (or section) within the appendix region is treated as an appendix, numbered with a capital Latin letter. The appendix subsections are numbered with this letter followed by a dot and the subsection number. All appendix sections can be referenced as if they were normal sections, here two examples: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Appendix\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:Credits" \end_inset ; Appendix\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Export" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Bibliography" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Bibliography" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are two ways of generating the bibliography in a LyX-document. You can include a bibliography database \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Known under the name \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset BibTeX-database \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset , which is explained in the next subsection or you can insert the bibliography manually. For the second method we use the paragraph environment \family sans Bibliography \family default , described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Biblio_environment" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Within the \family sans Bibliography \family default environment, every paragraph begins with a gray bibliography box labeled with a number. If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a \family sans Key \family default and a \family sans Label \family default . The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography entry. For example, our second entry in the bibliography is a book about LaTeX and we used \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset latexcompanion \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , a short form of its title, as key. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can refer to the key of a bibliography entry using the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Citation \family default or the toobar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset . A citation reference box is inserted and a citation window will appear in which you can select one or more keys in the available key list. The citation reference box will be labeled with the referenced key. When you click on the box, the citation window appears and you can change the reference. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Citation references appear in the output as number of the bibliography entry with surrounding brackets. If you set a \family sans Label \family default for the entry, the label will appear instead of the number. Here two examples; the first without a label, the second with the label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Credits \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset : \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Have a look at the \family sans LaTeX Companion Second Edition \family default : \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "latexcompanion" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The LyX-Team members are listed in the Credits: \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "lyxcredit" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Bibliography databases (BibTeX) \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Bibliography ! Databases" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Bibliography ! BibTeX" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Bibliography-databases" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Bibliography databases are useful if you use the same bibliography in different documents. It makes it also very easy to have an uniform layout for all bibliography entries. You can collect the bibliography of all relevant books and articles of your working field in a database. This database can be used for different documents, because only the referenced entries of the database will appear in the bibliography list. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The database is a text file with the file extension \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans .bib \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset containing the bibliography in a special format. The format is explained in LaTeX books ( \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport" \end_inset ). Normally one uses a special program to create and edit entries of the database. Under \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "http://wiki.lyx.org/BibTeX/Programs" \end_inset \newline you find a list of programs for bibliography databases. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To use a database, use the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator List \family default / \family sans TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator BibT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX\InsetSpace ~ Bibliography \family default . A grey box will be inserted and a window appears. In this window you can load one or more databases and a style file. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The style file is a text file with the file extension \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \family sans .bst \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset that declares the layout of all bibliography entries. Many publishers provide special style files, so that you don't have to take care of the layout. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserting a citation reference works like described above. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To generate the bibliography from a database, the program BibTeX is used by LyX. This program can be controlled with options that you can add in LyX's preferenc es dialog under \family sans Outputs \family default , \family sans LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX \family default in the field \family sans BibT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX\InsetSpace ~ command \family default . Before adding options, it is strongly recommended to read the manual of \family sans BibTeX \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We use two bibliographies in this document to show the difference between the two methods of creating them. As you can see, the bibliography that is created from a database lists only the database entries that are referenced in the document. We used the style file \family sans alphadin.bst \family default to get the complicated German reference key scheme in the bibliography. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Bibliography layout \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Bibliography ! Layout" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the citation reference dialog you can set a special citation format. For this feature you need to use the option \family sans Natbib \family default enabled in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset dialog under \family sans Bibliography \family default . Setting a citation style for a reference will overwrite the default. For the global citation format use the BibTeX style files as explained in the previous section. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also set text, that should appear before or after a citation reference, in the citation reference window. Here an example where we set the text \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Chapter\InsetSpace ~ 3 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to appear after the reference: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Have a look at \begin_inset LatexCommand cite after "Chapter 3" key "latexcompanion" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section Index \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Index generation" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Index" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard An index entry is created if you use the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Index\InsetSpace ~ Entry \family default or the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/index-insert.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset . A gray box labeled \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans Idx \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is inserted containing the text that appears in the index. The word where the cursor is in or the currently highlighted text is proposed by LyX as index entry. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default The index entry text field differs from all other text fields, because you have to insert valid LaTeX-code. \end_layout \end_inset Therefore you cannot insert \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Find & Replace \end_layout \begin_layout Standard to an index entry field, because the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset & \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset character is used in LaTeX to separate table columns, so that you will get LaTeX-errors. The correct entry is \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Find \backslash & Replace \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This behavior is necessary because index entries can be formatted in many ways using special LaTeX commands. We give a short overview of the index command in the next subsections. For a detailed description of LaTeX's index mechanism, have a look at one of the LaTeX books \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can change index entries by clicking on the index box. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The index list is inserted to the document with the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator List\InsetSpace ~ /\InsetSpace ~ TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator Index\InsetSpace ~ List \family default . A light blue box labeled \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans Index \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will show the place where the index is printed in the output. The index list box is not clickable like other LyX-boxes. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Grouping Index Entries \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Index ! Grouping" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Index entries are often grouped to offer the reader a fast search in the index. We want to group for example the index entries for itemized and enumerated lists under the entry \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Lists \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . First we create the entry \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Lists \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Lists" \end_inset . In the text field for the itemized list index entry in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Itemize" \end_inset , we insert the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Lists ! Itemize \end_layout \begin_layout Standard and the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Lists ! Enumerate \end_layout \begin_layout Standard for the enumerated list in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Enumerate" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The exclamation mark \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset ! \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset marks the grouping levels. You can have three levels; every index level is indented a bit more. An index entry for the higher levels is not required. If we don't have an index entry for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Lists \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , it will be printed anyway, but without a page number. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Page Ranges \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Index ! Page ranges" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Normally an index entry will appear with the page number of the indexed section. But sometimes you want to index more pages under the same entry. E.g if we want to index the paragraph environments, we create an index entry in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments" \end_inset with the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Paragraph environments|( \end_layout \begin_layout Standard and another entry at the end of section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:LyX-Code" \end_inset with the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold Paragraph environments|) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The commands \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \series bold |( \series default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \series bold |) \series default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset respectively starts and ends the index range. You can also add the same index entry at different places in the document. They appear in the output under one entry with a comma separated list of the pages of the indexed document parts. An example is the index entry \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Document ! Settings \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Cross referencing \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Index ! Cross referencing" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is also possible to refer to another index entry. We referred for example in the index entry \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset GIF \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Image-Formats" \end_inset ) to the index entry \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Image formats \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in the same section using the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold GIF|see{Image formats} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The text within the braces is the referenced entry. The reference will appear in the output without a page number. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Index Entry Order \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Index ! Entry order" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use accented characters in the index entry, but the entries might then not follow the rules for the index order. The index entries are sorted alphabetically, but LaTeX \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The index generating is done in the background by an extra program, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Index-Program" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset doesn't know how to sort accents in different languages. We created as example the three dummy index entries \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset maison \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset maïs \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset maître \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Dummy entries ! maïs" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Dummy entries ! maître" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Dummy entries ! maïs@maison" \end_inset They will be sorted in the order maïs, maître, maison, but we want the order maïs, maison, maître. To achieve this, we use the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold previous entry@current entry \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In our case we want to have \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset maison \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset after \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset maïs \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and write therefore for the index entry of maison: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold maïs@maison \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The previous entry needn't to be a real existing entry, you can also use another word to tell LaTeX the entry order, see the next subsection for an example. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Index Entry Layout \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Index ! Entry layout" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can insert entries together with LaTeX-commands for the layout. If you need for example an italic entry, you can write \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash textit{This is an italic entry} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard where the command \series bold \backslash textit \series default produces the italic layout. \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Dummy entries ! This@\\textit{This is an italic entry}" \end_inset We refer to LaTeX books ( \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook" \end_inset ) for an overview of layout commands. There is only the problem, that layout commands destroy the sorting order. To avoid that our index entry appears as the first one, we use the following command instead: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold This@ \backslash textit{This is an italic entry} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also format the page number using the character \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset | \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset followed by a LaTeX-command without a backslash. We can write for example \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold old-style page number:|oldstylenums \end_layout \begin_layout Standard to get the page number in an old-style layout. \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Dummy entries ! old-style page number:|oldstylenums" \end_inset Normally all LaTeX-commands begin with a backslash, but in this special case \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \series bold |command \series default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means \series bold \backslash command{page\InsetSpace ~ number} \series default . Have a look at section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" \end_inset to learn more about the LaTeX-syntax. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also change the layout for the whole index. E.g. we marked the index list box of this document as bold to get a bold font for all index entries. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Index Program \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Index ! Program" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Index-Program" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX uses for the index generation by default the program \family sans makeindex \family default . This programs can be controlled by options that can be set in LyX's preferences dialog under \family sans Outputs \family default , \family sans LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX \family default in the field \family sans Index\InsetSpace ~ command \family default . You can also specify there another program to generate the index, for example \family sans xindy \family default . Before you change something there, it is strongly recommended to read the manuals of the programs. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Nomenclature / Glossary \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Nomenclature" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Glossary|see{Nomenclature}" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Nomenclature" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sometimes you need to compile a list of symbols that are mentioned in your document with a brief explanation of them -- a so called nomenclature or glossary. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To be able to create nomenclatures, you need the LaTeX package \series bold nomencl \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! nomencl" \end_inset \series default installed. You find it in the TeX Catalogue, \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "TeXCatalogue" \end_inset or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A nomenclature entry is created if you place the cursor after a symbol entry and then use the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator \family default N \family sans omenclature\InsetSpace ~ Entry \family default or the toobar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/nomencl-insert.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset . A gray box labeled \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans Nom \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is inserted and a window pops up asking for the nomenclature entry. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A nomenclature entry consists of two main entries. The first is the symbol that you want to refer to. The second is the description of the symbol. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default Like for the index entry dialog, you have to enter valid LaTeX-code for all fields of the nomenclature dialog. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Nomenclature Definition and Layout \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Nomenclature ! Layout" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you have symbols in formulas, you have to define them in the \family sans Symbol \family default field as LaTeX-formula. For example to get \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , insert this: \newline \series bold $ \backslash sigma$ \newline \series default The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset $ \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset character hereby starts/ends the formula. The LaTeX-command for the Greek letter is the name of the letter beginning with a backslash \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \backslash \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . For capital Greek letters, start the command also with a capital letter, like \series bold \backslash Sigma \series default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard (A short introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" \end_inset .) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You cannot use the \family sans Text\InsetSpace ~ Style \family default dialog to format the description text but have to use LaTeX-commands. For example the description of the nomenclature entry for the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in this document is: \newline \series bold dummy entry for the character \backslash textsf{sigma} \series default \newline The command \series bold \backslash textsf \series default sets the fonts to \family sans sans\InsetSpace ~ serif \family default . To get \series bold bold \series default font use the command \series bold \backslash textbf \series default , for \family typewriter typewriter \family default use \series bold \backslash texttt \series default , for \emph on emphasized \emph default use \series bold \backslash emph \series default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Sort Order of Nomenclature Entries \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Nomenclature ! Sort order" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The nomenclature entries are sorted alphabetically by the LaTeX-code of the symbol definition. This leads to undesired results when you for example have symbols in formulas. Suppose you have nomenclature entries for the symbols \emph on a \begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature symbol "a" description "dummy entry for the character \"a\"" \end_inset \emph default and \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature prefix "sigma" symbol "$\\sigma$" description "dummy entry for the character \\textsf{sigma}" \end_inset . They will be sorted by \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans a \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter $ \backslash sigma$ \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset -- the \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ \end_inset will be sorted before the \emph on a \emph default since the character \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset $ \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is considered in sorting. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To control the sort order, you can edit the \family sans Sort\InsetSpace ~ as \family default field of the nomenclature dialog. Then the nomenclature entry will be sorted by this entry and not the symbol definition. For the given example, you can insert \family typewriter sigma \family default to this field for the \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ \end_inset , then \emph on a \emph default will be located before \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For subgrouping and tips for using sort entries see the \series bold nomencl \series default documentation, \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "nomencl" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Nomenclature Options \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Nomenclature ! Options" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \series bold nomencl \series default package offers some options to adjust the appearance of the nomenclature. Here are some of its options, for more have a look at its documentation: \end_layout \begin_layout Description refeq Appends the phrase \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans , see equation ( \emph on eq \emph default ) \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to every nomenclature entry, where \family sans \emph on eq \family default \emph default is the number of the last equation in front of the nomenclature entry \end_layout \begin_layout Description refpage Appends the phrase \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans , page ( \emph on page \emph default ) \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to every nomenclature entry, where \family sans \emph on page \family default \emph default is the number of the page on which the nomenclature entry appeared \end_layout \begin_layout Description intoc Inserts the nomenclature in the Table of Contents \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are furthermore the options \series bold croatian \series default , \series bold danish \series default , \series bold english \series default , \series bold french \series default , \series bold german \series default , \series bold italian \series default , \series bold polish \series default , \series bold portuguese \series default , \series bold russian \series default , \series bold spanish \series default , and \series bold ukrainian \series default to print the reference texts and the nomenclature title in the corresponding language. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To use one or more of the options, add them to the comma-separated document class options list in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog. In this document the options \series bold intoc \series default and \series bold refpage \series default are used. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also use the first two options above only for certain nomenclature entries when you add one of the following commands as last entry to the \family sans Description \family default field in the nomenclature dialog: \end_layout \begin_layout Description \backslash nomrefeq Like the \series bold refeq \series default option \end_layout \begin_layout Description \backslash nomrefpage Like the \series bold refpage \series default option \end_layout \begin_layout Description \backslash nomrefeqpage Short notation of \series bold \backslash nomrefeq \backslash nomrefpage \end_layout \begin_layout Description \backslash nomnorefeq,\InsetSpace ~ \backslash nomnorefpage,\InsetSpace ~ \backslash nomnorefeqpage Turns off the corresponding options \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Printing the Nomenclature \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Nomenclature ! Printing" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To print the nomenclature, use the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Lists\InsetSpace ~ /\InsetSpace ~ TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator Nomenclature \family default . A light blue box labeled \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans Nomenclature \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will show the place where the nomenclature is printed in the output. Like the index list box, the nomenclature list box is not clickable. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the printed output the title of the nomenclature appears as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Nomenclature \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . If you are not happy with the name, you can change it by redefining the command \series bold \backslash nomname \series default in the preamble. For example, in order to change the name to \emph on List of Symbols \emph default , add the following line to the preamble: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series bold \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash nomname}{List of Symbols} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you are unhappy with the amount of space for symbols, you can alter it by adding the following line to the preamble: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series bold \backslash renewcommand{ \backslash nomlabelwidth}{width} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family roman Where the width is a value with one of the units listed in Appendix\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:Units-available-in" \end_inset . The default value is 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} cm. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Branches \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Branches" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Branches" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Branches" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sometimes it is useful to hide some document parts in the output. For example a teacher who is setting an exam obviously doesn't want the pupils to see the answers, but having questions and answers in the same document will make the life of the markers of that exam much easier. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For these cases LyX offers to put text into branches. The text will then only appear in the output when its branch is activated. To create a branch, go in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog to \family sans Branches \family default . The name of the branch, its activation state and the background color of the branches inside LyX can be specified in this dialog. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Text that should be in a branch is set into branch inset boxes. These boxes are inserted via the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Branch \family default where you can choose a branch. You can later change the branch of the boxes by right-clicking on them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here is an example, where only the question text appears, the answer branch is deactivated and does therefore not appear in the output: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Branch Question status open \begin_layout Standard Question: Who was the first physics Nobel prize winner? \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Branch Answer status open \begin_layout Standard Answer: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section ERT and the LaTeX Syntax \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:ERT" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection ERT Boxes \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "ERT" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:ERT-Boxes" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As LyX uses LaTeX in the background, it supports many LaTeX commands and constructs, but not all. LaTeX contains of hundreds of packages which provide different commands. Every month many packages are updated and new ones added. This has the advantage that you can typeset nearly everything, for every problem exists a LaTeX-package. But LyX can of course not be up to date and support all these packages and their commands. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard But don't worry, you can use any LaTeX-command directly in LyX inside the ERT box. ERT stands for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset evil red text \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , evil because LyX is designed to avoid that you have to use LaTeX-commands. An ERT box is created by the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator TeX \family default or by the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/ert-insert.png \end_inset . The box itself can be displayed in three different styles: \family sans Inline \family default , \family sans Collapsed \family default , and \family sans Open \family default . To change the style, right-click on the box and use the appearing dialog. Left-clicking on the box will switch between \family sans Collapsed \family default and \family sans Open \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can insert complete or incomplete commands into ERT. Incomplete means that the command argument can be Standard LyX text. For example you want to draw a frame around a word and uses therefore the LaTeX-command \series bold \backslash fbox \series default , you can write the command part \series bold \backslash fbox{ \series default in an ERT box before the word and the closing brace \series bold } \series default in a second ERT box behind the word. The word between the two ERT boxes is then the argument as it is in the following example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/ERT.png scale 89 \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gives \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This is a line with a \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash fbox{ \end_layout \end_inset framed \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset word. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default At the end of LaTeX-commands without parameters, you have to insert a space to let LaTeX know that the command is finished. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Short Introduction to the LaTeX Syntax \begin_inset OptArg status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The LaTeX Syntax \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX Syntax" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you write larger documents or books, you will need to know something about the LaTeX-commands that LyX uses in the background. Because LaTeX is based on commands, you can \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset program \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset your text. This has the advantage that the layout of the document can be changed at every time if you know the right commands. E.g. imagine you have to write a manual for a product and the deadline is at the end of the day. Your boss just has complimented you for your good work but wants to have all caption labels bold. But you have over hundred figure and table captions with non-bold labels in your manual. Of course it's impossible to change all caption labels by hand in one day. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now LaTeX comes into play. As written above, for every problem exists a LaTeX-package. First you have to find out which and therefore look in the LaTeX package database, \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "Catalogue" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As result you know that the package \series bold caption \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! caption" \end_inset is what you need. To use a package, you have to load it in the document preamble (menu \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default ) with the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage[options]{package name} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard All LaTeX commands begin with a backslash, the command argument is set within two braces, and the options are set within two brackets. Note that not all commands have an argument and options. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In your case the package name is \series bold caption \series default . After a look in the documentation of the package, you know that the option \series bold labelfont=bf \series default will change the font of all caption labels to bold. So you add the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage[labelfont=bf]{caption} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard to the preamble and the problem is solved. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard For more commands provided by the \series bold caption \series default package, have a look at its documentation, \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "caption" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that some document classes have built-in solutions for well known problems like your case. For example if you use a \family sans koma-script \family default class, you don't need the package \series bold caption \series default , you can instead write \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash setkomafont{captionlabel}{ \backslash bfseries} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard in the preamble and the problem is solved. So if you plan to write a large document, you should have a look at the documentation of the document class you want to use. ( \series bold \backslash setkomafont \series default is an example for a command with more than one argument.) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Commands in the preamble affects the whole document, while commands in the text affects only the text after the command or only the text used as command argument. To insert a LaTeX-command in text, use the ERT box as described in the previous section. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you want to learn more about LaTeX and its syntax, have a look at the LaTeX-books \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "latexcompanion,latexguide" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section Previewing Snippets of your Document \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Instant preview" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Preview" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the fly so you can see how they'll look in the final document without having to break your train of thought with \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator DVI \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you would for example like to see in LyX your math formulas typeset by LaTeX, install the LaTeX-package \series bold preview-latex \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! preview-latex" \end_inset \series default as explained below, and turn on \family sans Instant\InsetSpace ~ preview \family default in the \family sans Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator Preferences \family default dialog under \family sans Look\InsetSpace ~ and\InsetSpace ~ feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator Graphics \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Previews are generated when you load a document into LyX and when you finish editing an inset. Previews of an already loaded document are \emph on not \emph default generated just by selecting the \family sans Instant\InsetSpace ~ preview \family default check box, you have to reopen the documents to activate the previews. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX will generate previews of math insets. It will also generate previews of include insets if you select the \family sans Show\InsetSpace ~ preview \family default check box in the insert dialog. This is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a LaTeX figure, for example. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To get previews working, you need the LaTeX package \series bold preview-latex \series default (on some systems named simply \series bold preview \series default ) installed. You find it in the TeX Catalogue, \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "TeXCatalogue" \end_inset or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system. You obtain prettier results if you install the program \family typewriter pnmcrop \family default from the \family typewriter netpbm \family default package; for LyX on Windows this program is automatically installed together with LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can furthermore preview the LaTeX source of the whole document or parts of it. Use the menu \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator View\InsetSpace ~ Source \family default and a window will be shown where you can see the LaTeX-source code. The window shows the source of the whole paragraph where the cursor is currently in. You can also select document parts in LyX's main window, then only this selection (when it is more than one paragraph) is shown as source code. To view the whole document as source, enable the corresponding option in the source view window. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Spell Checking \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Spellchecking" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Spell checking" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX itself has no built-in spell checker. Rather it uses one of the external programs \family typewriter aspell \family default , \family typewriter ispell \family default , \family typewriter hspell \family default , or \family sans pspell \family default as backend. This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these programs. \family typewriter aspell \family default can be seen as successor of \family typewriter ispell \family default , so that it is recommended to use aspell. \family sans hspell \family default is a Hebrew spell-checker. The used spell checker ind its settings are specified in LyX's preferences under \family sans Language Settings \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For LyX on Windows, the selection box for the spell checking program is greyed out in the preferences dialog because only \family sans aspell \family default can be used. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The menu \family sans Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator Spellchecker \family default starts the spell checking beginning from the current cursor position. A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found, allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line. Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the text scrolled so that it is visible. In the \family sans spell checker \family default dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any could be found. Clicking on one of the corrections will copy to the \family sans Replace \family default field, double-click invokes directly the replacement. Unknown but correctly typed words can be added to the personal dictionary. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard By default, the used dictionary file is determined by the document language that is set in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog. If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, spell checking will bring an error message. In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by specifying a different \family sans Alternative language \family default in preferences dialog. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard After a spell check you'll informed about the number of checked words. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Limitations \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is not possible to change the spelling of a particular word globally, rather than having to change the spelling separately for each occurrence of the word. But you can use the \family sans Find\InsetSpace ~ &\InsetSpace ~ Replace \family default dialog for that. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX cannot correctly spell check documents containing multiple languages. This does work with \family typewriter pspell \family default , assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Further Settings \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Spellchecker \family default section in the preferences dialog has some additional options: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Escape\InsetSpace ~ characters Allows you to add non-standard characters that the spell checker should consider, e.g. German umlauts although you spell check English document. This should not normally be needed. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Personal\InsetSpace ~ dictionary to use a different file than the spell checker's default choice as your personal dictionary \end_layout \begin_layout Description Accept\InsetSpace ~ compound\InsetSpace ~ words Prevent the spell checker from complaining about compounded words like \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset passthrough \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Description Use\InsetSpace ~ input\InsetSpace ~ encoding Uses the document encoding that is set in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog under \family sans Language \family default also for the spellchecker. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The encodings are explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Settings" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset Only enable this if you use \family typewriter ispell \family default and can't spell check words with international letters in them. There have been reports that this does not work with all dictionaries, so this is disabled by default. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Thesaurus \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Thesaurus" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Thesaurus" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Thesaurus currently only works when you use the document language English. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To start the thesaurus, highlight one word or set the cursor behind it, and use the menu \family sans Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator Thesaurus \family default or the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/thesaurus-entry.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset . A dialog pops up showing you probably related words that you can use as replacement. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The shown related words are in many cases not really related to the word you are currently checking, scrolling in the shown list might help in some cases to find related words. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The thesaurus only works for single words, and also only when it is in the singular form. For example starting the thesaurus with the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset reports \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset leads to no results, while results are shown for the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset report \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . To avoid this, you can highlight only the part \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset report \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset of the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset reports \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to get results. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Change Tracking \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Change Tracking" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Change Tracking" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Change-Tracking" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you work on a document together with many people it is extremely useful to see changes others made highlighted in the document. You can then decide if you accept a change or not. This can be achieved by turning on change tracking in the menu \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Change\InsetSpace ~ Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator Track\InsetSpace ~ Changes \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Changes made in the document will then be highlighted by colors: \color blue Blue text \color inherit is an addition, \color red red canceled text \color inherit is a deletion. You can change the color in LyX's preferences dialog under \family sans Look\InsetSpace ~ and\InsetSpace ~ feel \family default , \family sans Colors \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When change tracking is activated, you will see the review toolbar in LyX: \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Toolbar ! Review" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/ChangesToolbar.png \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The review toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following buttons: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/changes-track.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Change\InsetSpace ~ Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator Track\InsetSpace ~ Changes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/changes-output.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Change\InsetSpace ~ Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator Show\InsetSpace ~ Changes\InsetSpace ~ in\InsetSpace ~ Output \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/change-next.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Jumps to the next change \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/change-accept.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Change\InsetSpace ~ Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator Accept\InsetSpace ~ Change \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/change-reject.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Change\InsetSpace ~ Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator Reject\InsetSpace ~ Change \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/changes-merge.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Change\InsetSpace ~ Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator Merge\InsetSpace ~ Changes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/all-changes-accept.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Change\InsetSpace ~ Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator Accept\InsetSpace ~ All\InsetSpace ~ Changes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/all-changes-reject.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Change\InsetSpace ~ Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator Reject\InsetSpace ~ All\InsetSpace ~ Changes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/note-insert.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator LyX\InsetSpace ~ Note \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/note-next.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator Next\InsetSpace ~ Note \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The review toolbar helps you to accept, reject, or merge changes -- highlight the change and press one of the desired toolbar buttons. When you merge changes, a window pops up showing you informations about the next change behind the current cursor position. So you don't need to highlight a certain change. Within the merge window you can decide to accept or reject changes and step to the next change. This way you can jump through all changes of the document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The toolbar has two buttons to handle notes because notes are often important to describe a change. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To show made changes in the output you need the LaTeX package \series bold dvipost \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! dvipost" \end_inset \series default installed. You find it in the TeX Catalogue, \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "TeXCatalogue" \end_inset or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system. \end_layout \begin_layout Section International Support \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "International support" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want. For some non-western languages there are special Wiki-pages that explain how to set up LyX to use them: \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "Arabic,Armenian,Farsi,Hebrew" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Besides languages, LyX also supports phonetic symbols, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Special-Character" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Language Options \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Language ! Options" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Language" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog lets you set \family roman the language and character encoding for your language. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Choose your language in the \family sans Language \family default section of this dialog. The default is \family sans English \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Encoding \family default box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use for LaTeX export. The option \family sans use language's default encoding \family default is the preferred choice and works well in most cases. For details abhout the different encoding options see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Settings" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Keyboard mapping configuration \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you have for example a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a different language than English, you can use an alternate keymap. For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian, you can configure LyX to use an Italian keymap. The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings. You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select which one you want to use. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance). You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S. keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German. In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing one to support the characters you want. This and much more customizations are explained in the \emph on Customization \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Character Tables \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:keytab" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Table\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:The-latin1-character" \end_inset shows the \family typewriter Latin1 \family default character set. You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight columns directly from the keyboard. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are a few things you need to know about this table. Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters from the \family typewriter Latin1 \family default character set: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Even if you have selected \family sans latin1 \family default in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog, users who have only the \family typewriter T1 \family default -fonts for LaTeX [or who have the \family typewriter T1 \family default -fonts but aren't using them] will still miss a few characters: D0, F0, DE, FE, AB, and BB -- the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and the french quotes won't show up. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float table wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Caption \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cap:The-latin1-character" \end_inset The \family typewriter latin1 \family default character set \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard 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\color none Î \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Þ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none î \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none þ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size tiny \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 0F \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none / \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ? \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none O \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none _ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none o \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ¯ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ¿ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Ï \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ß \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ï \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ÿ \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display directly. It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but also the characters from \family typewriter ISO8859--2 \family default through \family typewriter 4 \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize From \family typewriter ISO8859--1 \family default : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard ¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ \hfill diaeresis \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û \hfill circumflex \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù \hfill grave \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý \hfill acute \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ~ Ã Ñ Õ ã ñ õ \hfill tilde \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ¸Çç \hfill cedilla \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ¯ \hfill macron \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize From \family typewriter ISO8859--2 \family default through \family typewriter 4 \family default : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard ĤĴĥȷ̂ĈĜŜĉĝŝ \hfill circumflex \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ŚŹśźŔĹĆŃŕĺćń \hfill acute \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Ĩı̃Ũũ \hfill tilde \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ŞşŢţŖĻĢŗļģŅĶņķ \hfill cedilla \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ĒēĀĪŌŪāı̄ōū \hfill macron \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ŐŰőű \hfill Hungarian umlaut \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts. In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters. Also make sure you're using the \family typewriter T1 \family default font-encoding. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter \start_of_appendix The User Interface \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cha:The-User-Interface" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This appendix lists all available menus and describes its functionality. It is designed as quick reference if you are searching for a special topic inside the user's guide. \end_layout \begin_layout Section The File Menu \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Menu ! File" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Under the \family sans File \family default menu are the basic operations in addition to some more advanced operations. At the end of the menu the four last opened documents are listed. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection New \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Creates a new document. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection New from Template \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This menu prompts you for a template to use. Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Open \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Opens a document. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Open Recent \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The submenu shows a list of the recently opened files. Click there on a file to open it. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Close \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Closes the current document. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Save \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Saves the actual document. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Save As \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Saves the actual document under a new name to create a copy. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Revert to saved \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Reloads the actual document from disk. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Version Control \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This is used when more people are working on the same document. It is described in the section \emph on Version Control in LyX \emph default of the \emph on Extended\InsetSpace ~ Features \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Import \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can import there files from older LyX-versions, LaTeX-files and plain text files (ASCII-files). The files will be imported as new LyX-document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When using the menu \family sans Plain\InsetSpace ~ Text, Join\InsetSpace ~ Lines \family default , all lines will be imported consecutively to one big paragraph. A new paragraph is started when there is a blank line in the file. , the text is inserted as Paragraphs, where the line breaks of the text will start a new paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Export \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Export" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can export your document to various file formats. The resulting files are placed in the directory of your LyX-file. The menu entries are not the same on all installations. They depend on the programs found by LyX while its configuration. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here is a list of all available entries; they are explained in detail in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Output-file-formats" \end_inset : \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans CJK\InsetSpace ~ LyX \family default format of the special LyX 1.4.x versions for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK); (Since LyX 1.5.0 CJK support is fully integrated to LyX.) \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans DVI \family default DVI-format \end_layout \begin_layout Description HTML HTML-format (the HTML-converter is a third-party product and doesn't work in all cases) \end_layout \begin_layout Description HTML\InsetSpace ~ (MS\InsetSpace ~ Word) HTML-format specialized so that the result can be imported to \family sans MS Word \family default , as consequence of this formulas will be embedded as bitmap fonts and not in the format \family sans MathML \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX\InsetSpace ~ (pdflatex) \family default text file with the LaTeX source, additionally all images used in the document will be converted to a format that is readable for the \family typewriter pdflatex \family default program (GIF, JPG, PDF, PNG) \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX\InsetSpace ~ (plain) \family default text file with the LaTeX source code, additionally all images used in the document will be converted to the EPS-format, only this format is readable for the \family typewriter latex \family default program \end_layout \begin_layout Description LyX\InsetSpace ~ 1.y.x LyX-document in a format readable for the LyX versions 1.y.x ( \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset y \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is replaced by the version number) \end_layout \begin_layout Description OpenDocument OpenDocument-formatted text file, to be opened with \family sans OpenOffice \family default , \family sans KOffice \family default , \family sans Abiword \family default , etc. (the OpenDocument-converter is a third-party product and doesn't work in all cases) \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans PDF \family default PDF-format using the program \family typewriter ps2pdf \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans PDF\InsetSpace ~ (dvipdfm) \family default PDF-format using the program \family typewriter dvipdfm \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans PDF\InsetSpace ~ (pdflatex) \family default PDF-format using the program \family typewriter pdflatex \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans Plain\InsetSpace ~ text \family default text format \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans Plain\InsetSpace ~ text\InsetSpace ~ (ps2ascii) \family default text format, the document will first be converted to Postscript format and then exported as text using the program \family sans ps2ascii \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans Postscript \family default PostScript format using the program \family typewriter dvips \end_layout \begin_layout Description \family sans Custom \family default custom format \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The program \family typewriter dvipdfm \family default produces internally a dvi-file which is then converted to a pdf-file. It is a bit out of date and therefore the output could look different from what you want. \family typewriter pdflatex \family default produces directly pdf-files and supports the latest pdf-file formats. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If one of the menu entries \family sans DVI \family default , \family sans PDF\InsetSpace ~ (pdflatex) \family default or \family sans Postscript \family default is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation. After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" \end_inset . \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Reconfiguration of LyX" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The menu \family sans Custom \family default allows you to export your file by using special command line options for the export program. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Print \end_layout \begin_layout Standard With this menu you can print your document to a file in PostScript format or send it to a printer. The printer will also use the document in PostScript format. The conversion to PostScript is done in the background by LyX using the program \family typewriter dvips \family default . For more informations have a look at section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Printing-the-File" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection New and Close Window \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Opens a new instance of LyX with all currently opened documents. You can close it later with the corresponding menu. \end_layout \begin_layout Section The Edit Menu \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Menu ! Edit" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Undo and Redo \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Undo-and-Redo" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Cut, Copy, Paste, Paste Recent, Paste Special \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Select All \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Selects the whole document. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Find & Replace \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Dialogs ! Find \\& Replace" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Move paragraph Up/Down \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This shifts the paragraph where the cursor is currently in one paragraph up or down. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Text Style \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Dialogs ! Text Style" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Paragraph Settings \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Paragraph ! Settings" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The settings in the paragraph dialog only affects the paragraph where the cursor is in. Here you can set here the paragraph alignment and line spacing. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also prevent that the first line of the paragraph is indented. This option works only when you have chosen to separate paragraphs with indents in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog under \family sans Text\InsetSpace ~ Layout \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Tabular and Math \end_layout \begin_layout Standard These two menus are only active when the cursor is inside a table or a formula. The properties of this table/formula can now be changed. The properties of tables are described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Tables" \end_inset , the properties of formulas in chapter\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Increase / Decrease List Depth \end_layout \begin_layout Standard These menus are only active when the cursor is in an environment that can be nested. They in/decrease the environment nesting level as explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Nesting" \end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Numbering-depth" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section The View Menu \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Menu ! View" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans View \family default menu contains a list of available formats in which you can view the actual document with an external program. The menu entries for the viewing formats are not the same on all installations - it depends on the LaTeX programs that are found while LyX was configured. All possible formats are formats listed in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Export" \end_inset . You should at least see the menu entries \family sans DVI \family default and \family sans PDF\InsetSpace ~ (pdflatex) \family default . If one of the two is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation. After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" \end_inset . \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Reconfiguration of LyX" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Invoking a menu will start a viewer program. The viewer can be set or changed in the preferences, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog" \end_inset . The default viewers are set by LyX while it is first configured. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset At the bottom of the \family sans View \family default menu the opened documents are listed. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection View Source \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Opens a window showing the source code of the actual document, as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Update \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This menu allows you to update the view with your latest changes without opening a new view window. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Toolbars \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Toolbars" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Toolbar" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In this menu you can set the appearance of the different toolbars. All toolbars and the \family sans Command\InsetSpace ~ Buffer \family default can be turned on and off. The \emph on on \emph default state is denoted in the menu with a checkmark. The \family sans Review \family default , \family sans Table \family default , \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panels \family default , and \family sans Math \family default toolbars can be additionally set to the state \emph on automatic \emph default that is denoted in the menu with the suffix \family sans (auto) \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the \emph on on \emph default state the toolbar is permanently shown, in the \emph on automatic \emph default state the toolbar is only shown when the cursor is in a certain environment or when a certain feature is enabled. That means that the review toolbar will only be shown when change tracking is activated, the math and table toolbars are only shown when the cursor is inside a formula or table, respectively. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX's toolbars and its buttons are explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Toolbars" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section The Insert Menu \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Menu ! Insert" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Math \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts math constructs that are explained in chapter\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Special Character \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Special-Character" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here you can insert the following characters: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Ellipsis Inserts an ellipsis: \SpecialChar \ldots{} \end_layout \begin_layout Description End\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ Sentence Inserts an end of sentence dot as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Abbreviations" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Description Ordinary\InsetSpace ~ Quote Inserts this quote: \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , no matter what quote type you selected in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings \family default dialog under \family sans Language \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Description Single\InsetSpace ~ Quote Inserts this quote: \begin_inset Quotes els \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description Menu\InsetSpace ~ Separator Inserts the menu separator sign: \SpecialChar \menuseparator \end_layout \begin_layout Description Phonetic\InsetSpace ~ Symbols \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Phonetic symbols" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Language ! Phonetic symbols" \end_inset Creates a formula with a so called tipa inset. Here you can insert commands to create IPA phonetic symbols. For this feature you must have the LaTeX-package \series bold tipa \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! tipa" \end_inset installed. \newline For more informations about this feature we refer to the documentation of \series bold tipa, \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "tipa" \end_inset \series default and this Wiki-page: \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Formatting \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here you can insert the following format constructs: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Superscript Inserts an superscript: test \begin_inset Formula $^{\text{a,b}}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description Subscript Inserts an subscript: test \begin_inset Formula $_{\text{3x}}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description Protected\InsetSpace ~ Space Inserts a protected space that is described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Protected-Space" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Description Inter-word\InsetSpace ~ Space Inserts an inter-word space that is described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Inter-word-Space" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Description Thin\InsetSpace ~ Space Inserts a thin space that is described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Thin-Space" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Description Horizontal\InsetSpace ~ Fill Inserts an horizontal fill, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" \end_inset for a description. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Horizontal\InsetSpace ~ Line Inserts an horizontal line, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Horizontal-Lines" \end_inset for a description. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Vertical\InsetSpace ~ Space Inserts vertical space, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Vertical-Space" \end_inset for a description. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Hyphenation\InsetSpace ~ Point Inserts an hyphenation point, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Hyphenation" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description Ligature\InsetSpace ~ Break Inserts a ligature break, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Ligatures" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description Line\InsetSpace ~ Break Inserts a forced linebreak, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Forced-Linebreaks" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description Page\InsetSpace ~ Break Inserts a forced pagebreak, described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Forced-Pagebreaks" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description Clear\InsetSpace ~ Page Inserts a clear pagebreak, described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Clear-Pages" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description Clear\InsetSpace ~ Double\InsetSpace ~ Page Inserts a clear doublepage break, described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Clear-Pages" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection List / TOC \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Various lists can be inserted with this menu. The table of contents, the algorithm, figures, and tables list are described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:toc" \end_inset . The index list is described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Index" \end_inset , the nomenclature in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Nomenclature" \end_inset , and the BibTeX bibliography in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Bibliography-databases" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Float \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To insert floats, described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Floats" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Note \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To insert notes, described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Notes" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Branch \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts branch insets as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Branches" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection File \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "External Material" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here you can inserts files to include them or its content to your document. How this can be done is in detail explained in chapter \emph on External Stuff \emph default of the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Box \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Boxes" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts a minipage box that is described section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Minipages" \end_inset . All box types supported by LyX are explained in detail in chapter \emph on Boxes \emph default of the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Citation \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts a citation as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Bibliography" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Cross-Reference \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts a cross-reference as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Cross-References" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Label \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts a label as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Cross-References" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Captions" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Longtables ! Caption" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts a caption to floats or longtables. Floats are described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Floats" \end_inset , cations in longtables are described in section \emph on Longtable Captions \emph default of the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Index Entry \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts an index entry as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Index" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Nomenclature Entry \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts a nomenclature entry as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Nomenclature" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Table \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts a table. Tables are described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Tables" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Graphics \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts a graphic. Graphics are described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Graphics" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection URL \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts an URL box as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:URL" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Footnote \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts a footnote, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Footnotes" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Marginal Note \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts a marginal note, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Marginal-Notes" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Short Title \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts a short title, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Short-Titles" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection TeX Code \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts an ERT box, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:ERT-Boxes" \end_inset for a description. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Program Listing \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Program listings" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts a program listings box. Program listings are explained in chapter \emph on Program Code Listings \emph default of the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Date \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inserts the actual date in the following form: month/day/year \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The format is independent of the document language. LyX offers another ways to insert a date which is explained in section \emph on External Material \emph default of the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. There the different methods are also compared. \end_layout \begin_layout Section The Navigate Menu \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Menu ! Navigate" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This menu lists the existing, chapter, sections, figures, and tables of the current document. This allows you to navigate easily through you document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The Navigate menu also offers to \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Bookmarks \end_layout \begin_layout Standard With this menu you are able to define your own bookmarks. This is useful when you are working on a large documents and often have to jump e.g. between section\InsetSpace ~ 2.5 and 6.3. To create bookmarks for this example, go to section\InsetSpace ~ 2.5 and use the menu \family sans Save\InsetSpace ~ Bookmark\InsetSpace ~ 1 \family default . Then go to section\InsetSpace ~ 6.3 and use \family sans Save\InsetSpace ~ Bookmark\InsetSpace ~ \family default 2. Now you can easily jump between these sections by using the menu or by the key bindings \family sans C-1 \family default and \family sans C-2 \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also use bookmarks to jump between several opened documents. The saved bookmarks are valid till the document is closed. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Next Note, Change, Cross-reference \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Jump to the next note, change, or cross-reference following the current cursor position. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Go to Label \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Only active when the cursor is in front of a cross-reference. Sets the cursor before the referenced label, the same as if you right-click on a cross-reference box. \end_layout \begin_layout Section The Document Menu \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Menu ! Document" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Change Tracking \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Change Tracking is described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Change-Tracking" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX Log \end_layout \begin_layout Standard After running LaTeX by viewing or exporting a document, this menu will be enabled. It shows the logfile of the used LaTeX-program. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here you can see how LaTeX works in the background. \emph on Experts \emph default will find in it reasons for LaTeX-errors. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Outline \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Opens the TOC/Outline window as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Table-of-Contents" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Start Appendix Here \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This menu will start the appendix of the document at the current cursor position as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Appendices" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Compressed \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Un/compresses the actual document. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Settings \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sub:Settings" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Document ! Settings" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This menu dialog contains some submenus to set properties for the whole document. You can save your document settings as default with the \family sans Save as Document Defaults \family default button in the dialog. This will create a template named \family typewriter default.lyx \family default which is automatically loaded by LyX when you create a new document without using a template. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The different submenus of the dialog are explained in the following: \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Document Class \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here you set the document class, class options, and a Postscript driver. Document classes are described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Document-Classes" \end_inset . The Postscript driver is used for LaTeX's color and graphics packages. When using \family sans Default \family default , the default driver for the LaTeX-packages are used. It is recommended to use the default unless your know what you are doing. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Fonts \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The document font settings are described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Fonts-and-Text" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Text Layout \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can specify if paragraphs should be separated by indentations or vertical skips. The line spacing and the number of text columns can here also be specified. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that LyX won't show two columns or the set up line spacing on screen. That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept. However, it will be as you specified it in the output. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The listings settings are explained in the corresponding section in the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Page Layout \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A description of this menu is given in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation," \end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Document-Layout" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Page Margins \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here you can adjust the paper margins, see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Margins" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Language \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Language ! Encoding" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The document language and quote styles are set here. The encoding specifies how the document content is exported to LaTeX (the LyX file is always encoded in utf8). All characters that cannot be encoded using the specified encoding will be exported as LaTeX-commands (this can fail if a LaTeX-command is not known for a particular character). \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The known commands are defined in a text file. You can add commands for unknown symbols to that file yourself, see the \emph on Customization \emph default manual for details. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you use the option \family sans use language's default encoding \family default , LyX determines the encoding of a portion of text from the language of this text. If the document contains text in more than one language you may get more than one encoding in the LaTeX file. If you do not use this option then the complete document will always use exactly one encoding. Checking this option is the preferred setting unless you use \family sans XeTeX \family default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard XeTeX is a TeX typesetting engine, an alternative for LaTeX. It natively supports Unicode while its input file is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding. More about using LyX with XeTeX can be found in \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "XeTeX" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset (see below). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX also supports Unicode output, which is particularly useful if you need lots of special symbols or non-alphabetic scripts, respectively. If you want to use this (and your LaTeX installation supports Unicode, for that matter), choose one of the four utf8 variants from the list below. Unfortunately the unicode support of standard LaTeX is quite incomplete, so it is not uncommon that a file with lots of unicode symbols works fine with \family sans use language's default encoding \family default (when LyX uses it's list of known LaTeX-commands), but does not work with a fixed utf8 encoding (when the list of known LaTeX-commands is ot used, because all unicode symbols can be encoded in utf8). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here is a list with the important encodings: \end_layout \begin_layout Description LaTeX\InsetSpace ~ default Same as \family sans use language's default encoding \family default , but the LaTeX-package \series bold inputenc \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! inputenc" \end_inset is not used. You probably need to load some other packages manually in the preamble. \end_layout \begin_layout Description armscii8 encoding for Armenian \end_layout \begin_layout Description ascii the ASCII encoding, covers only plain English, may result in a big file because lots of LaTeX-commands may be needed \end_layout \begin_layout Description cp1250 MS Windows code page for latin2 \end_layout \begin_layout Description cp1251 MS Windows code page for Cyrillic \end_layout \begin_layout Description cp1252 MS Windows code page for latin1 \end_layout \begin_layout Description cp1255 MS Windows code page for Hebrew, superset of the ISO-8859-8 encoding \end_layout \begin_layout Description cp1256 MS Windows code page for Arabic and Farsi \end_layout \begin_layout Description cp1257 MS Windows code page for Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian, the ISO-8859- 13 encoding that is a superset of the ISO-8859-4 encoding \end_layout \begin_layout Description iso88595 the ISO-8859-5 encoding, covers Belorussian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Ukrainian \end_layout \begin_layout Description iso-8859-7 the ISO-8859-7 encoding, covers Greek \end_layout \begin_layout Description 8859-8 the ISO-8859-8 encoding, covers Hebrew \end_layout \begin_layout Description koi8-r standard Cyrillic especially for Russian \end_layout \begin_layout Description koi8-u Cyrillic for Ukrainian \end_layout \begin_layout Description latin1 the ISO-8859-1 encoding, covers the languages Albanian, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, English, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish; should be replaced by latin9 \end_layout \begin_layout Description latin2 the ISO-8859-2 encoding, covers Albanian, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Slovak, and Slovenian \end_layout \begin_layout Description latin3 the ISO-8859-3 encoding, covers Esperanto, Galician, Maltese, and Turkish \end_layout \begin_layout Description latin4 the ISO-8859-4 encoding, covers Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian \end_layout \begin_layout Description latin5 the ISO-8859-9 encoding, covers Turkish, like the ISO-8859-1 encoding where the Icelandic letters are replaced by Turkish ones \end_layout \begin_layout Description latin9 the ISO-8859-15 encoding, like the ISO-8859-1 encoding, but with the euro currency sign, the \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash oe \end_layout \end_inset -ligature and some characters used for French and Finnish; latin9 should be the replacement for latin1 \end_layout \begin_layout Description pt154 Cyrillic for Kazakh \end_layout \begin_layout Description utf8 Unicode utf8 with the LaTeX-package \series bold inputenc \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! inputenc" \end_inset (first variant, for latin symbols and some others). \end_layout \begin_layout Description utf8x Unicode utf8 with the LaTeX-package \series bold inputenc \series default (second variant, for greek and CJK symbols and some others). \end_layout \begin_layout Description UTF8 Unicode utf8 with the LaTeX-package \series bold CJK \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! CJK" \end_inset (for the languages Chinese, Japanese and Korean) \end_layout \begin_layout Description utf8-plain Unicode utf8 to be used with \family sans XeTeX \family default , which uses Unicode directly, without the help of the LaTeX-package \series bold inputenc \series default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard More about using LyX with XeTeX can be found in \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "XeTeX" \end_inset . \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Numbering & TOC \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can adjust here the numbering depth of sections headings as described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Numbering-depth" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Bibliography \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can specify here a citation style using the LaTeX-packages \series bold natbib \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! natbib" \end_inset \series default or \series bold jurabib \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! jurabib" \end_inset . For a further description see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Bibliography" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Math Options \end_layout \begin_layout Standard These options will force LyX to use the LaTeX-packages \series bold amsmath \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! amsmath" \end_inset \series default and \series bold esint \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! esint" \end_inset \series default or to use them automatically when they are needed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold amsmath \series default is needed for many constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in formulas, assure that you have enabled AMS. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold esint \series default is used for special integral characters. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Float Placement \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The float placement options are described in section \begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Float-Placement" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Bullets \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here you can adjust the characters for the itemize levels. The itemize environment is described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Itemize" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Branches \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Branches are described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Branches" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX Preamble \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In this text field are entered commands to load special LaTeX-packages or to define LaTeX-commands. The preamble is a thing for LaTeX-experts. You shouldn't enter commands here until you don't exactly know what you do. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard An introduction in the LaTeX-syntax is given in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section The Tools Menu \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Menu ! Tools" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Spellchecker \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Spell checking is explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Spellchecking" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Thesaurus \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The thesaurus is described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Thesaurus" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Count Words \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Word count" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Counts the number of words in the actual document or the highlighted document part. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection T \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX Information \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "TeX Information" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Shows you a list of the classes and styles installed in your LaTeX-system. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Reconfigure \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Reconfiguration of LyX" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LyX ! Reconfigure|see{Reconfiguration of LyX}" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This menu reconfigures LyX. That means LyX looks for LaTeX-packages and needed programs, see also section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Preferences \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The preferences dialog is described in detail in chapter \begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section The Help Menu \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Menu ! Help" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This menu opens the documentation files of LyX in the language of LyX's menus. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The menu \family sans LaTeX\InsetSpace ~ Configuration \family default shows a LyX-document with informations about the LaTeX-packages and classes found by LyX (see also section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:LaTeX-Setup" \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Section Toolbars \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:Toolbars" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard How to show or hide toolbars is explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Toolbars" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is also possible to define custom toolbars. This is described in the \emph on Extended Features \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Standard Toolbar \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Toolbar ! Standard" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/StandardToolbar.png width 100col% \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The standard toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following buttons: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash setlength{ \backslash LTleft}{0pt} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard This is necessary to left align the following longtables. See the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual for more information. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png clip \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pull-down menu for the paragraph environments \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace -10mm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align left \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/buffer-new.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator New \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/file-open.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Open \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/buffer-write.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Save \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-show_print.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 24bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Print \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-show_spellchecker.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator Spellchecker \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/undo.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Undo \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/redo.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Redo \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/cut.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cut \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/copy.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Copy \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/paste.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Paste \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-show_findreplace.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Find\InsetSpace \thinspace{} &\InsetSpace \thinspace{} Replace \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/font-emph.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Emphasize text, function of the Edit \family sans \SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ Style \family default dialog \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/font-noun.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Set text to noun style, function of the Edit \family sans \SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ Style \family default dialog \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/font-free-apply.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Formats text using the current settings in the \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ Style \family default dialog \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math-mode.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Inline\InsetSpace ~ Formula \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Graphics \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/tabular-insert.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Table \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-toggle_toc.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Toggle outline window on/off, \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Outline \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/toolbar-toggle_math.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Toggle math toolbar on/off \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/toolbar-toggle_table.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Toggle table toolbar on/off \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Extra Toolbar \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Toolbar ! Extra" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/ExtraToolbar.png width 100col% \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The extra toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following buttons: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/layout.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Default \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/layout_Enumerate.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Numbered list \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/layout_Itemize.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Itemized list \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/layout_List.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard List \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/layout_Description.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Description list \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/depth-increment.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Increase\InsetSpace ~ List\InsetSpace ~ Depth \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/depth-decrement.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Decrease\InsetSpace ~ List\InsetSpace ~ Depth \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/float-insert_figure.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator Figure \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/float-insert_table.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator Table \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/label-insert.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Label \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cross-Reference \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Citation \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/index-insert.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Index\InsetSpace ~ Entry \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/nomencl-insert.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Nomenclature\InsetSpace ~ Entry \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/footnote-insert.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Footnote \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Marginal\InsetSpace ~ Note \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/note-insert.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator LyX\InsetSpace ~ Note \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/url-insert.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator URL \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/ert-insert.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator T \family default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset \family sans eX \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_include.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Child\InsetSpace ~ Document \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/dialog-show_character.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ Style \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/layout-paragraph.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Paragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/thesaurus-entry.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator Thesaurus \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection View / Update Toolbar \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Toolbar ! View / Update" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename clipart/ViewToolbar.png \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The view / update toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following buttons: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator DVI \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/buffer-update_dvi.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator DVI \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/buffer-view_pdf2.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator PDF \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/buffer-update_pdf2.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator PDF \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard This button is on some LyX for Windows installations not here because its functionality is merged with \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator PDF \family default . \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/buffer-view_ps.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator Postscript \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/buffer-update_ps.png BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans View\SpecialChar \menuseparator Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator Postscript \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Other Toolbars \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The change tracking toolbar is explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Change-Tracking" \end_inset , the table toolbar \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Toolbar ! Table" \end_inset is explained in the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter The \family sans Preferences \family default Dialog \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cha:The-Preferences-dialog" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Dialogs ! Preferences" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The preferences dialog is called with the menu Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator Preferences. It consists of submenus explained in the following. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Look and Feel \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection User Interface \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "sec:ui" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Customization ! of toolbars" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Customization ! of menus" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default You have to restart LyX before changes in ui- and bind-files take effect. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection User Interface File \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Customization ! of toolbars" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Customization ! of menus" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The appearance of the menus and toolbars can be changed by choosing an user interface (ui) file. An ui-file is a textfile where the toolbars and menus are listed. The toolbar buttons and menu entries are specified in the files \shape italic stdtoolbars.inc \shape default and \shape italic stdmenus.inc \shape default , respectively. To create your own menu and toolbar layout, start with a copy of these files and edit the entries. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The syntax of the .inc-files is straightforward: The \family sans Menubar \family default , \family sans Menu \family default and \family sans Toolbar \family default entries must be ended with an explicit \family sans End \family default . They may contain \family sans Submenus \family default , \family sans Items \family default , \family sans OptItems \family default , \family sans Separators \family default , \family sans Icons, \family default and in the case of the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset file \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset menus a \family sans Lastfiles \family default entry. The syntax for the entries is: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace smallskip* \end_inset \series bold Item \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset menu or button name \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset LyX-function \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent \begin_inset VSpace smallskip* \end_inset All LyX-functions are listed in \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "LyX-func" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard An example: Assuming you use the menu \family sans Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator Bookmarks \family default quite often and therefore want six available bookmarks, you can add the line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace smallskip* \end_inset \series bold Item "Save Bookmark 6" "bookmark-save 6" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent \begin_inset VSpace smallskip* \end_inset to the navigate menu section in the .inc-file to have the sixth bookmark. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Bind-File \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Bindings" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Bindings are used to bind a function to a key. Several binding files are available: \end_layout \begin_layout Description cua.bind typical set of PC keyboard shortcuts \end_layout \begin_layout Description (x)emacs.bind set of bindings like they are used in the editor programs \family sans Emacs \family default ( \family sans XEmacs \family default ) \end_layout \begin_layout Description mac.bind set of bindings for Mac\InsetSpace \thinspace{} OS systems. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are also bind-files designed for special document classes, like \shape italic broadway.bind \shape default , and bind files for special languages. The name of language bind-files begin with a language code, e.g. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset pt \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for Portuguese. If you use LyX in a certain language, LyX will try to use the appropriate bind-file. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some bind-files, like \emph on math.bind \emph default , have only a small scope. When looking at the the end of the file \shape italic cua.bind \shape default , you can see that they are included to keep the overview in the bind-file. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you like to customize the keybindings to your own taste, modify the bind-file s with a text editor. The syntax of the entries is: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash bind \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset key combination \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset LyX-function \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard All LyX-functions are listed in \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "LyX-func" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Session \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When the option \family sans Save\InsetSpace \thinspace{} /\InsetSpace \thinspace{} restore window size, or use fixed size \family default is not checked, you can specify the size of LyX's main window when LyX is started. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard With the option \family sans Save\InsetSpace \thinspace{} /\InsetSpace \thinspace{} restore window position \family default LyX will be opened with its main window at the last used position. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The option \family sans Restore cursor positions \family default sets the cursor to the position in the file where it has been the last time. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The option \family sans Load opened files from last session \family default opens all files that were opened in the last LyX session. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Documents \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When the option \family sans Backup documents \family default is set, you can specify the time between backup saves. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Maximum last files \family default is the number of last opened files that LyX should display in the menu \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Open\InsetSpace ~ Recent \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Scrolling \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The option \family sans Cursor follows scrollbar \family default sets the cursor to the top of the currently displayed document part when scrolling. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Screen Fonts \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Font ! Screen" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard These fonts are used to display your documents on the screen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default This section only deals with the fonts \emph on inside \emph default the LyX window. The fonts that appear on the output are independent from these fonts, and set in the menu \family sans Layout\SpecialChar \menuseparator Document \family default . \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard By default, LyX uses \family typewriter Times \family default as roman (serif) font, \family typewriter Arial \family default or \family typewriter Helvetica \family default (depends on the system) as \family sans sans\InsetSpace ~ serif \family default font, and \family typewriter Courier \family default as \family typewriter typewriter \family default font. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can change the font size with the \family sans Zoom \family default setting. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Screen DPI \family default is the screen resolution in dpi (dots per inch). The Font Sizes are calculated as letter height in units of points. 72\InsetSpace \thinspace{} points have the size of 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} inch, see Appendix\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cha:Units-available-in" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The default \family sans Font Sizes \family default are the same as if a document font size of 10 \begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset pt would be used. The sizes are explained in detail in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Document-Font" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Colors \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can here change all colors used by LyX. Choose an item in the list and use the \family sans Alter \family default button. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Graphics \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here you can specify how graphics inside LyX are displayed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Instant Preview \family default enables previewing snippets of your document. This feature is described in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Keyboard Map \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Keyboard Map" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Normally keyboard settings have to be done in a menu of your operating system. For the case that this is not possible, LyX provides keyboard maps. If you have e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} g.\InsetSpace ~ a Czech keyboard but want to write with it like with a Romanian one, you can use the keyboard map file named \emph on romanian.kmap \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Note: \series default Keyboard maps are only provided as makeshift and don't work on all systems. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Paths \end_layout \begin_layout Section Identity \end_layout \begin_layout Section Language Settings \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Language \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Default language \family default is the language used in new documents. The Language package should always be babel. babel translates in the background automatically text labels to the document language. A text label is for instance the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset table \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset at the beginning of every table-caption. \series bold \backslash usepackage{babel} \series default is a LaTeX-command to use the package babel. For an introduction to the LaTeX-Syntax, look at section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:ERT" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Command start/end \family default ??? \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are also the following options in the menu: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Use\InsetSpace ~ babel whether babel is used or not \end_layout \begin_layout Description Global ?? \end_layout \begin_layout Description Auto\InsetSpace ~ begin ?? \end_layout \begin_layout Description Auto\InsetSpace ~ end ?? \end_layout \begin_layout Description Mark\InsetSpace ~ foreign\InsetSpace ~ languages text marked formatted in a language different from the document language will be blue underlined \end_layout \begin_layout Description Right\InsetSpace ~ to\InsetSpace ~ left\InsetSpace ~ language\InsetSpace ~ support enables the use of languages, written from right to left, like Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Spellchecker \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The spellchecker setting are explained in section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Spellchecking" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Outputs \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Printer \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Date Format \end_layout \begin_layout Standard %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %A locale's full weekday name, variable length (Sunday..Saturday) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %b locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %B locale's full month name, variable length (January..December) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %c locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %C century (year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer) [00-99] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %d day of month (01..31) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %D date (mm/dd/yy) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %e day of month, blank padded ( 1..31) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %F same as %Y-%m-%d \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %g the 2-digit year corresponding to the %V week number \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %G the 4-digit year corresponding to the %V week number \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %h same as %b \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %H hour (00..23) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %I hour (01..12) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %j day of year (001..366) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %k hour ( 0..23) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %l hour ( 1..12) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %m month (01..12) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %M minute (00..59) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %n a newline \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %p locale's upper case AM or PM indicator (blank in many locales) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %P locale's lower case am or pm indicator (blank in many locales) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %r time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %R time, 24-hour (hh:mm) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %s seconds since `00:00:00 1970-01-01 UTC' (a GNU extension) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %S second (00..60); the 60 is necessary to accommodate a leap second \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %t a horizontal tab \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %T time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %u day of week (1..7); 1 represents Monday \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %U week number of year with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %V week number of year with Monday as first day of week (01..53) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %w day of week (0..6); 0 represents Sunday \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %W week number of year with Monday as first day of week (00..53) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %x locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %X locale's time representation (%H:%M:%S) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %y last two digits of year (00..99) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %Y year (1970...) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %z RFC-822 style numeric timezone (-0500) (a nonstandard extension) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent %Z time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time zone is determinable \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Plain Text \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Output line length \family default sets maximum number of characters printed in one line when using the menu \family sans File\SpecialChar \menuseparator Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator ASCII \family default . Setting the line line length to 0 means all text is printed in one endless line. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard roff command defines an additional command used to produce better ASCII tables with the \family typewriter groff/troff/nroff \family default UNIX-commands (refer to their manpages for more information about them). Setting this as empty tells LyX to use the internal formatter. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection LaT \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard {} \end_layout \end_inset eX \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Paths \end_layout \begin_layout Section Converters \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX has a powerful mechanism to convert to and from any file format using external programs. Define a pair of formats, e.g. \family typewriter LaTeX \family default and \family typewriter PDF \family default . Now define a converter from one format to the other. In our example, two possible mechanisms exist. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate A direct conversion, from LaTeX to PDF using pdflatex \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate A more convoluted route using intermediate formats and converters: LaTeX to DVI (using latex) to PostScript® (using dvips) to PDF (using ps2pdf). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX will always choose the shortest possible route, so you must specify two different Format names for \family typewriter .pdf \family default files to be able to use either. Both are included by default in the \family sans Preferences \family default dialog. Have a look and then invent your own! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Moreover, each Format can have a Viewer associated with it. For example, you might want to use \family typewriter Ghostview \family default to examine PostScript files, or \family typewriter xdvi \family default to preview the LaTeX output. You can alter the viewer to use (and what options to pass to it) via the \family sans Tols\SpecialChar \menuseparator Preferences:Converters \family default dialog. For example, to change the \family typewriter dvi \family default viewer, select the \family typewriter DVI \family default format in the dialog, change the viewer to be \family typewriter kdvi \family default (or whatever), and hit \family sans Modify \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Section File Formats \end_layout \begin_layout Section Copiers \end_layout \begin_layout Section BibTeX and makeindex \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Both the bibliography generating command (default \family typewriter bibtex \family default ) and the index generating command (default \family typewriter makeindex \family default with options \family typewriter -c \family default and \family typewriter -q \family default ) can be changed. As an alternative for \family typewriter makeindex \family default , \family typewriter xindy \family default can be recommended. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The command to enter is \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \family typewriter makeindex.sh -m $$lang \end_layout \begin_layout Standard where the placeholder \family typewriter $$lang \family default will be replaced by the chosen document (babel) language. For this, you must \end_layout \begin_layout Standard have installed the packages \family typewriter xindy \family default and \family typewriter make-rules \family default ( \family typewriter xindy-make-rules \family default ). Type \family typewriter makeindex.sh \family default at a shell prompt for a help page. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Units available in LyX \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "Units" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cha:Units-available-in" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To understand the units described in this documentation, \begin_inset LatexCommand ref reference "cap:Units" \end_inset explains all units available in LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float table placement h wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Caption \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cap:Units" \end_inset Units \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard unit \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard name/description \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard mm \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard millimeter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard cm \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard centimeter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard in \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard inch \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pt \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard point (72.27\InsetSpace \thinspace{} pt = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} in) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pc \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pica (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} pc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{} pt) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard sp \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard scaled point (65536\InsetSpace \thinspace{} sp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} pt) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard bp \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard big point (72\InsetSpace \thinspace{} bp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} in) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard dd \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard didot (72\InsetSpace \thinspace{} dd \begin_inset Formula $\approx$ \end_inset 37.6\InsetSpace \thinspace{} mm) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard cc \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard cicero (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} cc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{} dd) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Scale% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of original image width \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard text% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of text width \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard col% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of column width \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard page% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of paper width \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard line% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of line width \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard theight% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of text height \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pheight% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of paper height \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard ex \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard height of letter \emph on x \emph default in current font \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard width of letter \emph on M \emph default in current font \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard mu \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard math unit (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} mu = 1/18\InsetSpace \thinspace{} em) \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Credits \begin_inset LatexCommand label name "cha:Credits" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people (and we would encourage people to contribute!). \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Alejandro Aguilar Sierra \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Amir Karger \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on David Johnson \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Hartmut Haase \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Ignacio García \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Ivan Schreter \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on John Raithel \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on John Weiss \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Lars Gullik Bjønnes \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Matthias Ettrich \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Matthias Zenker \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Rich Fields \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Pascal André \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Paul Evans \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Paul Russel \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Robin Socha \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Uwe Stöhr \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize The LyX Team: \begin_inset LatexCommand cite key "lyxcredit" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \newpage Bibliography created with the \family sans Bibliography \family default environment: \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem label "Credits" key "lyxcredit" \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{ \backslash bibname \backslash ; 1} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The command \series bold \backslash addcontentsline \series default is explained in the \emph on Extended Features \emph default manual. It creates a TOC entry. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A manual TOC entry for the bibliography is only necessary because we use two different ones in one document. \end_layout \end_inset The LyX Team: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{http://www.lyx.org/trac/browser/lyx-devel/trunk/lib/CREDITS}{ \end_layout \end_inset Credits \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The command \series bold \backslash href \series default is explained in the \emph on Embedded Objects \emph default manual. It creates a hyperlink. \end_layout \end_inset : \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/browser/lyx-devel/trunk/lib/CREDITS" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "latexcompanion" \end_inset Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens: \emph on The LaTeX Companion Second Edition. \emph default Addison-Wesley, 2004 \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "latexguide" \end_inset Helmut Kopka and Patrick W. Daly: \emph on A Guide to LaTeX Fourth Edition. \emph default Addison-Wesley, 2003 \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "latexbook" \end_inset Leslie Lamport: \emph on LaTeX: A Document Preparation System. \emph default Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994 \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "texbook" \end_inset Donald E. Knuth. \emph on The TeXbook. \emph default Addison-Wesley, 1984 \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "TeXCatalogue" \end_inset The TeX Catalogue: \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/bytopic.html" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "LaTeXFAQ" \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand url name "The LaTeX FAQ:" target "http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "caption" \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption.pdf}{ \end_layout \end_inset Documentation \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset of the LaTeX-package \series bold caption \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! caption" \end_inset : \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption.pdf" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "fancyhdr" \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf} { \end_layout \end_inset Documentation \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset of the LaTeX-package \series bold fancyhdr \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr" \end_inset : \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "floatflt" \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/floatflt/floatflt.pdf} { \end_layout \end_inset Documentation \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset of the LaTeX-package \series bold floatflt \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! floatflt" \end_inset : \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/floatflt/floatflt.pdf" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "nomencl" \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf}{ \end_layout \end_inset Documentation \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset of the LaTeX-package \series bold nomencl \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! nomencl" \end_inset : \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "tipa" \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/tipaman.pdf}{ \end_layout \end_inset Documentation \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset of the LaTeX-package \series bold tipa \series default \begin_inset LatexCommand index name "LaTeX-packages ! tipa" \end_inset : \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/tipaman.pdf" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "XeTeX" \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/XeTeX}{ \end_layout \end_inset Wiki-page \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset how to use LyX with XeTeX: \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/XeTeX" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "Arabic" \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic}{ \end_layout \end_inset Wiki-page \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset how to set up LyX for Arabic: \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "Armenian" \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian}{ \end_layout \end_inset Wiki-page \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset how to set up LyX for Armenian: \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "Farsi" \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi}{ \end_layout \end_inset Wiki-page \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset how to set up LyX for Farsi: \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "Hebrew" \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew}{ \end_layout \end_inset Wiki-page \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset how to set up LyX for Hebrew: \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem key "LyX-func" \end_inset \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LyxFunctionList1-5-1}{ \end_layout \end_inset Wiki-page \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset with a list of all available LyX-functions: \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand url target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LyxFunctionList1-5-1" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \newpage \begin_inset LatexCommand bibtex options "biblio/alphadin" bibfiles "biblio/LyXDocs" \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The above bibliography is created from a BibTeX-database. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{ \backslash bibname \backslash ; 2} \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The command \series bold \backslash addcontentsline \series default is explained in the \emph on Extended Features \emph default manual. It creates a TOC entry. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A manual TOC entry for the bibliography is only necessary because we use two different ones in one document. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \begin_inset LatexCommand printnomenclature \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand printindex \end_inset \end_layout \end_body \end_document