#LyX 1.4.4svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 245 \begin_document \begin_header \textclass scrbook \begin_preamble % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!! % % I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, % parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact % the documentation team % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org % provides missing characters, % see note in chapter 'Character Tables' \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used % set fonts for nicer pdf view \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{% \usepackage[scaled=0.92]{helvet} \usepackage{mathptmx} \usepackage{courier} } % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added \pagenumbering{roman} \let\myTOC\tableofcontents \renewcommand\tableofcontents{% \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{} \myTOC \clearpage \pagenumbering{arabic} } % link all cross references and URLs in pdf output \usepackage[colorlinks=true, bookmarks, bookmarksnumbered, linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels, pdfauthor={LyX Team}, pdftex, pdftitle={The LyX User's Guide},pdfsubject={LyX}, pdfkeywords={LyX}]{hyperref} \else % if dvi or ps is produced % link all cross references and URLs in dvi output \usepackage[ps2pdf]{hyperref} % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman \pagenumbering{roman} \let\myTOC\tableofcontents \renewcommand\tableofcontents{% \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{} \myTOC \clearpage \pagenumbering{arabic} } \fi \end_preamble \options bibtotoc,BCOR7mm \language english \inputencoding latin1 \fontscheme default \graphics default \paperfontsize 12 \spacing single \papersize default \use_geometry false \use_amsmath 0 \cite_engine basic \use_bibtopic false \paperorientation portrait \secnumdepth 3 \tocdepth 3 \paragraph_separation indent \defskip medskip \quotes_language english \papercolumns 1 \papersides 2 \paperpagestyle default \tracking_changes false \output_changes true \end_header \begin_body \begin_layout Title The LyX User's Guide \end_layout \begin_layout Author by the LyX Team \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \noindent If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta tion mailing list: \family typewriter lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Standard To export this document as pdf, ps or dvi, the LaTeX-package \series bold hyperref \series default has to be installed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This package should be part of all popular LaTeX-distributions. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Introduction \end_layout \begin_layout Section What is LyX? \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX is a document preparation system. It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts, publishable books, business letters and proposals, and even poetry. It is unlike most other \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset word processors \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core editing style. That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Section \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , not \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Bold, 17 pt type, left justified, 5 mm space below \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . LyX takes care of the typesetting for you, so you deal only with concepts, not the mechanics. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This philosophy is explained in much greater detail in the \emph on \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Introduction \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \emph default . If you haven't read it yet, you need to. Yes, we mean now. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on Introduction \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most importantly, the format of all of the manuals. If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual. You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead of this one. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on Introduction \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset describes that, too. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Getting Started \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Invoking LyX \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Similar to other Linux [and other brands of Unix] programs, you start LyX by simply typing \family typewriter lyx \family default at the command line. You can, of course, include several command-line options, including file names. We're not going to repeat all of the command-line options here, since we've already done that in the \family typewriter man \family default page for LyX. Check there for more info. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are one or two things we'd like to comment on: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Please note that if you include more than one file name on the command line, LyX will load them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously. More on that in a bit. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection How LyX Looks \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of its window. Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons. There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing documents. Near the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line of text. This is the \emph on minibuffer \emph default (a term which we've swiped, lock, stock, and barrel, from GNU Emacs), which really means \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset command buffer \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Type \family sans M-x \family default when you need to type a command in the minibuffer. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar. This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional. When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the next line. Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for only a vertical scrollbar. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar. The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@. This, however, is due to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page. The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than the LyX window. You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but this doesn't work for equations yet. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection HELP! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough as that in many commercial applications. Patience. We're working on it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now the good news: the help system consists of the LyX manuals. You can read \emph on all \emph default of the manuals from inside LyX. Just select the manual you want read from the \family sans \bar under H \bar default elp \family default menu. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard While we're at it, we'd like to make a comment about the manuals. They're not idiot-proof, not in the least. Here's what one of our authors, \noun on John Weiss \noun default , once said about manuals: \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation I hate manuals. \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals. They are aggravating. I find, however, that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating. First, they spend about half their time carefully explaining to the user how to operate a mouse, what a menu is, et cetera, ad nauseum. Please, if someone doesn't know how to use their own computer, or a GUI, then they should sit down and learn \emph on before \emph default they start up a major piece of software. \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation Second, what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is stupid. Utter nonsense! Most users, in my experience, are some combination of clueless and intimidated, not stupid. Besides, if someone is truly slow on the uptake, they need help that a manual for a piece of computer software can't give. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \emph on Editor's Note: With this in mind, I've instructed all of the other authors to avoid patronizing you, the reader, and to be more pedagogical than pedantic. As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals --- well, as we say here in America, there's no such thing as a free lunch. - jw \end_layout \begin_layout Section The LyX Interface \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Basic File Operations \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Under the \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile \family default menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor in addition to some more advanced operations: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under N \bar default ew \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans New\InsetSpace ~ from \bar under \InsetSpace ~ T \bar default emplate \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under O \bar default pen \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under C \bar default lose \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under S \bar default ave \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Save\InsetSpace ~ \bar under A \bar default s \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under R \bar default evert \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under P \bar default rint \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans E \bar under x \bar default it \end_layout \begin_layout Standard They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with a few minor differences. The \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator New\InsetSpace ~ from \bar under \InsetSpace ~ T \bar default emplate \family default command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts you for a template to use. Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually. They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters [see sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:doc-classes} \end_inset ] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note: There is no \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset default file \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or document named \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Untitled \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset scratch. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank space is just that --- a big, blank space. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans \bar under R \bar default evert \family default command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same time \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature in LyX also. Read \emph on Extended Features \emph default \SpecialChar \@. \end_layout \end_inset . It will simply reload the document from disk. You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document and want to restore it to the last save. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The second matter of note concerns the commands \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under C \bar default lose \family default and \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator E \bar under x \bar default it \family default . They both feature a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset nag box \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to save us all from our own stupidity. That is, if you try to close a file with changes [or exit LyX], you'll be informed that there are unsaved files. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Basic Editing Features \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and can delete whole words as well as individual characters. The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to access them. We'll start with cut and paste. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As you might expect, the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit \family default menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features. Some of these are special and covered in later sections. The basic ones are: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Cut \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Copy \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Paste \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under F \bar default ind\InsetSpace ~ &\InsetSpace ~ Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The first three are self-explanatory. One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected, it's automatically placed in the clipboard. That is, the \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans Backspace \family default keys also functions as the \family sans Cut \family default command. Also, if you've selected text, be careful. If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace it with what you just typed. You'll have to do an \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default to get back the lost text. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under F \bar default ind\InsetSpace ~ &\InsetSpace ~ Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{} \family default item opens the \family sans Find\InsetSpace ~ &\InsetSpace ~ Replace \family default dialog. The text you want to find goes in the \family sans Fi \bar under n \bar default d \family default box. Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it. Hitting the \family sans \bar under R \bar default eplace \family default button replaces the selected text with the contents of the \family sans Replace\InsetSpace ~ \bar under w \bar default ith \family default box. You can click to search again to skip the current word. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Hit \family sans Replace \bar under A \bar default ll \family default to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Ca \bar under s \bar default e\InsetSpace ~ sensitive \family default toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search word. If the toggle is set, searching for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter Match \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will not match the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter match \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans \bar under M \bar default atch\InsetSpace ~ Word \family default toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words. I.e., searching for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter match \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will not match \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter matches \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter matchbox \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , etc. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Undo and Redo \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it. LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer. Select \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default to undo some mistake. If you accidently undo too much, use \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under R \bar default edo \family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset undo the undo. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 steps to minimise memory overhead. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as it was last saved, the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset changed \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset status of the document is unfortunately not reset. This is a consequence of the 100 step undo limit, above. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default and \family sans \bar under R \bar default edo \family default work on almost everything in LyX. They have some quirks, too. They won't \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default or \family sans \bar under R \bar default edo \family default text character by character, but by blocks of text. That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default and \family sans \bar under R \bar default edo \family default to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll hopefully appreciate how it works. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Basic Mouse Bindings \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We're not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here. Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you can do with the mouse. Instead, we're going to cover the most basic mouse operations. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Motion \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Click the \emph on left mouse button \emph default once anywhere in the edit window. The cursor moves to the text under the mouse. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Selecting Text \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Hold down the \emph on left mouse button \emph default and drag the mouse. LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions. Use \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Copy \family default to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Paste \family default . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \emph on Single click \emph default the \emph on \emph default left mouse button to open or close any of these. Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Tables \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \emph on Single click \emph default the right mouse button \emph on \emph default to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate the table. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Subsection Basic Key Bindings \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: key bindings} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Again, we're not going to cover all of the keybindings. Be aware that there are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA and Emacs. I guarantee you will cuss when you press Control-d to delete a character, and it starts up a DVI previewer instead (or vice versa). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some keys, like \family sans Page\InsetSpace ~ Up \family default , \family sans Page\InsetSpace ~ Down \family default , \family sans Left \family default , \family sans Right \family default , \family sans Up \family default , and \family sans Down \family default , do exactly what you expect them to do. Other keys don't: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Tab \family default There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX. If you don't understand this, go read Sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro} \end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:par-environments} \end_inset , especially Section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvlists} \end_inset , right now. Yes, right now. If you're still confused, look in the \emph on Tutorial \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Esc \family default This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset cancel key. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset It's used, generically, to cancel operations. Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Home \family default \InsetSpace ~ and\InsetSpace ~ \family sans End \family default These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line, unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning or end of the file. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Backspace \family default \InsetSpace ~ and\InsetSpace ~ \family sans Delete \family default \emph on If \emph default you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Windows System, \family sans Backspace \family default works as expected and \family sans Delete \family default deletes the character under the cursor [if no text is selected]. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard If you haven't set up your keyboard under X, or have no idea what we mean by that, go read section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:x-win-keys} \end_inset immediately. You'll save yourself a lot of headaches. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard Then there are the modifier keys: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Control- \family default This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used in combination with: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize With \family sans Backspace \family default or \family sans Delete \family default , it deletes an entire word instead of a single character. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize With \family sans Left \family default and \family sans Right \family default , it moves by words instead of characters. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize With \family sans Home \family default and \family sans End \family default , it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Shift- \family default Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old and new cursor positions. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Meta- \family default This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless your keyboard has a distinct Meta key. Unfortunately, X sometimes has their functionality swapped, so if you have both keys, you will need to do a little trial and error to find out which one actually performs the \family sans Meta- \family default function. This key does many different things, but it also activates the \emph on menu accelerator keys \emph default . If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a menu or menu item, it selects that menu item. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard For example, the sequence \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans M-e\InsetSpace ~ s \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset brings up the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Text Style \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset menu. Typing \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans M-f \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset opens the \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile \family default menu. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are also other things bound to the \family sans Meta- \family default key, but you'll have to check in the \emph on Reference \emph default \emph on manual \emph default for more info. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered, and any existing keybindings for that action. The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it. However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so \family sans \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset M-p S-A \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means \family sans Meta-p \family default followed by a capital \family sans A \family default . \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans S-C-S \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means \family sans Shift-Control-s \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Section Using LyX with Other Programs \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Importing ASCII files \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can import text from an ASCII file using the \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under I \bar default mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under A \bar default scii\InsetSpace ~ text\InsetSpace ~ as\InsetSpace ~ lines \family default or \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under I \bar default mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under A \bar default scii\InsetSpace ~ text\InsetSpace ~ as\InsetSpace ~ paragraphs \family default options. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under I \bar default mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under A \bar default scii\InsetSpace ~ text\InsetSpace ~ as_lines \family default puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph. This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it. However, if your text file contains paragraphs in it, LyX will mangle the paragraphs if you use this form of import. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under I \bar default mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under A \bar default scii\InsetSpace ~ text\InsetSpace ~ as\InsetSpace ~ paragraphs \family default preserves paragraphs in text files. Often in a text file, you didn't put the contents of an entire paragraph on one line. You used \family sans Return \family default to break up the paragraph into separate lines. Using the \family sans as\InsetSpace ~ paragraphs \family default , LyX won't mangle such paragraphs. Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph. Remember: you must make sure there is a \emph on completely blank \emph default line between each and every paragraph in your text file. If not, LyX might end up merging two paragraphs. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Cut \family default , \family sans Copy \family default , and \family sans Paste \family default operations will transfer text to and from LyX. You can copy text from LyX to another window in this way: Select the text that you want to copy, then go to the destination window and paste the text with the middle mouse button. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Pasting text into LyX also works much the same way as in X. Select the text with the mouse in another X window. Go to the Lyx window and paste the text with the middle mouse button. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter LyX Setup and Supporting Applications \end_layout \begin_layout Section Introduction \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you're using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you, then you can safely skip this chapter. It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files distributed with it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you're installing LyX on your system, \emph on you should read the README's that came with the LyX distribution and then \family sans \emph default \bar under H \bar default elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under L \bar default aTeX\InsetSpace ~ Configuration \family default \emph on . \emph default Do that first. This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary [Well, not everything\SpecialChar \ldots{} ]. It does describe all of the things you'll need to use LyX to its fullest. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running LyX, including what other programs you'll need to make LyX useful. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Basic LyX Setup \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are two ways to run LyX. The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system. Of course, you need root (administrator) privileges to do that. The second way to run LyX doesn't require root access, letting you \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset install \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset LyX somewhere in your own account. LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories are put in the correct places. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX, without resorting to configuration files. First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document classes and LaTeX packages are available. It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several \family typewriter preferences \family sans \family default variables. Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally and which are not seen by LyX. To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use \family sans \bar under T \bar default ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under R \bar default econfigure \family default . You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account. As far as LaTeX classes and packages are concerned, you will find information about what has been found under \family sans \bar under H \bar default elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under L \bar default aTeX\InsetSpace ~ Configuration \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the document-level setting that you can change via the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default dialog. To do this, open a scrap document, set all these options according to your taste and save them with the \family sans \bar under S \bar default ave\InsetSpace ~ as\InsetSpace ~ Document\InsetSpace ~ Defaults \family default button in the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument \family default dialog. This will create a template named \family typewriter default.lyx \family default which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template such that the settings are automatically set-up as you defined them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are many other user-configurable options that you can feed to LyX. Upon startup, LyX reads a global options file called \family typewriter lyxrc.defaults \family default . It will then attempt to read a file called \family typewriter preferences \family default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The \family typewriter preferences \family default file is found in different directories on different systems. This directory is called LyX's \emph on user directory \emph default . \emph on \emph default To find out where it is, use \family sans \bar under H \bar default elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator About Ly \bar under X \family default \bar default . (You may set up an alternative user directory from the command line, using the switch \family typewriter -userdir \family default .) \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans \bar under T \bar default ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under P \bar default references \family default dialog can be used to change these options; the document \emph on Customization \emph default contains more information about the preferences dialog and these configuration files. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Setting Up the X Keyboard [obsolescent] \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To use LyX properly, X \emph on must \emph default be set up correctly. This is especially vital if you're using the international support features of LyX and want to use non-English keyboard mappings. On modern distributions, this likely has been taken care of, but if not, you must do this yourself. Administrators of large systems often neglect this, so don't assume that you're safe if you're using a large system. Also ordinary users can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection xmodmap and xkeycaps \end_layout \begin_layout Standard First of all read the man pages for these two programs. They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping correctly. If you don't have them, install them. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection xmodmap \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This document contains no information on how to use \family typewriter xmodmap \family default . There is a sample \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file in \emph on Customization \emph default . To load the new X keyboard mappings, place the command \family typewriter xmodmap\InsetSpace ~ .Xmodmap \family default somewhere in your startup scripts [e.g. \family typewriter .cshrc \family default , \family typewriter .profile \family default , \family typewriter .login \family default or \family typewriter .xinitrc \family default are possible]. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection xkeycaps \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This program brings up a graphical version of your keyboard, allows you to make modifications, and then spits those modifications out to the standard output in a form readable by \family typewriter xmodmap \family default . It is very useful when you're trying to design a new \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file, though it will require you to do a bit of cut-and-pasting. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Modifiers and Mode_switch \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX supports three modifiers: Shift [ \family sans S- \family default ], Control [ \family sans C- \family default ], and Meta [ \family sans M- \family default ]. Moreover, if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a \family sans Compose \family default key, then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your keyboard. This compose key can be used either as a modifier (like \family sans Shift \family default or \family sans Control \family default ) or as a prefix key. Here are some examples of what you can do with a \family sans Compose \family default key: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Compose+e+' \family default \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ \end_inset é \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Compose+O+R \family default \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ \end_inset ® \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Compose+1+2 \family default \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ \end_inset ½ \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Compose+<+< \family default \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ \end_inset « \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters only from time to time. It works by default for latin1 characters, but other input methods will be used if you setup your locale correctly. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Helpful Hints and Tips \end_layout \begin_layout Standard First, open up two xterminals. Use one to edit a new \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file and run \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default from the other. Using \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default , remap your keyboard the way you want it. There's a button in \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default to output the new keymap. Once you hit it, \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from. Just copy and paste all of that into your \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file, and you're done. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard You could also save yourself some typing by executing \family typewriter xkeycaps > .Xmodmap \family default . This will create a usable map file. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Also, there are some things you can do to help you get oriented. Try executing the command \family typewriter xmodmap -v -pm \family default . This will show you all of the currently active modifiers. Also try \family typewriter xmodmap -v -pke | more \family default to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names. It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There's one thing you'll need to check. Make sure that your \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans BackSpace \family default keys are \emph on not \emph default defined as the same key symbol by X! Note that giving these two keys unique symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs. Some programs bind \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans BackSpace \family default to the same operation. Emacs is one. Other programs, however, use \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans BackSpace \family default for different operations. LyX is one of these programs, and if you have \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans BackSpace \family default labeled with the same key symbol name, you'll have trouble using LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Section LaTeX \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out \family typewriter .tex \family default files, you'll need LaTeX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In case you were wondering, LaTeX is a markup language front end for TeX, a document preparation system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard A note about pronunciation: TeX originated from the Greek letters, \begin_inset Formula $\tau\epsilon\chi$ \end_inset , which rhymes with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset blech. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset That's how you pronounce \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset TeX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LaTeX. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset [If you're American, just pronounce the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset X \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset k \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and you've got it.] \end_layout \end_inset TeX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset device-independent \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset format, or Dvi, for short. The Dvi file can then be sent to printers. TeX is programmable, and LaTeX is nothing but a [really huge] set of TeX macros. LaTeX will typically come as part of a TeX distribution, so all you need is a TeX package. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that on some old systems you may find that only LaTeX 2.09 is installed (as opposed to the more current LaTeX2e). LyX cannot be used with LaTeX 2.09. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you're using Linux, LaTeX2e should have come with your distribution. For other systems, you might need to install LaTeX yourself.You can obtain a LaTeX distribution (and anything and everything related to TeX and LaTeX) from a Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) mirror. A complete list of mirrors may be found at \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ctan.org} \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ctan} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Dvips and Ghostscript \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection What You Need \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There's one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents. Obviously, you'll need to make sure your printer is configured [see next section]. You'll also need to install these programs (or compatibles), if you don't have them already: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family typewriter dvips \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family typewriter ghostscript \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family typewriter xdvi \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family typewriter ghostview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScript® \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard PostScript® is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated, and is the main page description language in the UN*X world. \end_layout \end_inset format. If you don't know what a DVI file is, you've probably also never worked with LaTeX and should read the \emph on Tutorial \emph default document before proceeding further. \family typewriter dvips \family default converts DVI files into PostScript, which is the format most printers use nowadays. For those of you using dot-matrix and inkjet printers, you'll want to filter the PostScript through \family typewriter ghostscript \family default , which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers. The following section on printer setup describes how to do this automatically every time you print. For now, we'll concentrate on \family typewriter dvips \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Dvips \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Whether you'll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home, you should configure \family typewriter dvips \family default . \family typewriter dvips \family default will either \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset print \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset into a file, or send output directly to the printer, depending on how it's configured. If it is set up to print to a file, and if no filename is specified, it will simply turn \family typewriter foo.dvi \family default into \family typewriter foo.ps \family default . Most systems have \family typewriter dvips \family default set up to send output to the default printer. For LyX, you'll want the flexibility to do both. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you are not a mood to configure \family typewriter dvips \family default to adapt its output to your printer, you can safely skip this section. Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could expect from your printer. At least, it will print. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you are using teTeX (a TeX distribution which is particularly popular on Linux), you should run the program \family typewriter texconfig \family default . To make the name of a new printer recognized by \family typewriter dvips \family default you should then select menu entry \family sans Dvips \family default , then add. Enter the required parameters and, before exiting, remember to select the function \family sans Rehash \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Let's turn now to manual configuration: in order to inform \family typewriter dvips \family default how to automagically convert a \family typewriter .dvi \family default file into a \family typewriter .ps \family default file adapted to printer \family typewriter foo \family default , you need to have a config-file, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter config.foo \family default , \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset lying around somewhere. Typically, the \family typewriter config.* \family default files for \family typewriter dvips \family default will be in \family typewriter /usr/lib/texmf/dvips \family default in most TeX distributions. Your system will probably be different, of course, so just look under the main TeX directory for a subdirectory called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter dvips \family default . \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset It'll be there somewhere. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Typically, there will be at least one config-file: \family typewriter config.ps \family default . This file is the default configuration file, which is \emph on always \emph default read by dvips \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard In particular, this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of a file named \family typewriter ps \family default . \end_layout \end_inset . Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particula r printer. Then create a file \family typewriter config.foo \family default containing only the relevant lines. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There's at least one thing you need to do to the config-file. There may exist a line that looks like, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter o | lpr \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset [without the quotes, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{} ]. Change it to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter o | lpr -Pfoo \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , so that the output is sent by default to printer \family typewriter foo \family default . However, you should probably investigate the entries \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter M \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter D \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the printer. If you do not know what a Metafont mode is, you can see it as a printer driver: it adapts the design of TeX fonts to ensure that they give the best possible result on your printer. Be warned however that, if you define different Metafont modes for different printers, \family typewriter dvips \family default will generate several copies of your TeX fonts on disk, and these take valuable space. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured, you should tell LyX to make use of this configuration. To do this, you should launch the \family sans Preferences \family default dialog ( \family sans \bar under T \bar default ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under P \bar default references \family default ), select the \family sans Printer \family default tab, and set the entries \family sans Adapt\InsetSpace ~ output \family default and \family sans Spool\InsetSpace ~ command \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use as many configuration files as you like, one for each of your printers. The default printer for LyX can be specified from the \family sans \bar under P \bar default references \family default dialog or with the \family typewriter PRINTER \family default environment variable. You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX, as described in a later section. Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript printer or file from LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If your printer doesn't understand PostScript®, you'll need to use \family typewriter ghostscript \family default as a filter for your print spooler. That's covered in numerous HOWTO's and manuals. We also have a section that covers a little bit of this. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some people don't seem to like using the \family typewriter dvips \family default plus \family typewriter ghostscript \family default combination. As alternative, you can use a program that converts the DVI file directly into your printer language. You can specify this program in the \family sans Preferences \family default dialog, too. There is a major disadvantage to this method. You can't include any PostScript files, such as graphics, in your documents, since the printer-specific conversion programs don't understand PostScript®. For that reason, the LyX team highly recommends using \family typewriter dvips \family default and \family typewriter ghostscript \family default for printing. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter Xdvi \family default and \family typewriter ghostview \family default are viewers. The former handles \family typewriter .dvi \family default files, while the later interfaces with \family typewriter ghostscript \family default to allow you to view PostScript files. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A quick note on both of these programs. Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard That means the \family typewriter .dvi \family default or \family typewriter .ps \family default file, not the files used to make these. \end_layout \end_inset changes. You can also force an update. So, once you've opened one of these two viewers, there's no reason to close it. Also, both programs are functionally the same, providing all of the same features. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The LyX team recommends using \family typewriter xdvi \family default for fine tuning documents. Why? It's faster; there's one less layer of processing you need to do before you can view the changes. Here's an example: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Use \family typewriter xdvi \family default to preview a document from LyX, and leave it running. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Make changes to the document using LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate To view those changes, just choose \family sans \bar under V \bar default iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under U \bar default pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under D \bar default VI \family default . When LaTeX's all done, click on the \family typewriter xdvi \family default window, and voilà! \family typewriter xdvi \family default will update itself. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now, this doesn't mean \family typewriter ghostview \family default is useless. \family typewriter ghostview \family default is better suited to those occasions where you \emph on must \emph default view the PostScript version of the document. For repeated changes that aren't PostScript® dependent, you're better off previewing with \family typewriter xdvi \family default . There is an alternative to \family typewriter ghostview \family default which sports a much better interface: \family typewriter gv \family default . LyX will automatically use it instead of \family typewriter ghostview \family default if it is available. \end_layout \begin_layout Section The Printer \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \size normal Anyone working on a large system shouldn't have any problems here. Your sysadmin [or you, if you are the sysadmin] should already have the printers set up for your system. All you need to do is find out the name of the printer you want to use, and configure you \size default r setup \size normal as described in the last section. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \size normal Those of you using Linux, however, may have a bit more work to do. Many people now install Linux from an ISO image of one of the popular distribut ions. They follow the install instructions, get Linux up and running, but never realize that they need to set up their printer. \size default The more desktop friendly distributions may do this for you automatically. However, if you find that you need to do this by hand, we've written a little something to help you out with that; check out the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on A Printer Tutorial \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset chapter in the \emph on Customization \emph default manual for help. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter LyX Basics \end_layout \begin_layout Section Document Types \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Introduction \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you need to decide what \emph on type \emph default of document you want to edit. Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings, numbering schemes, and so on. Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments, and format the title of your document differently. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A \emph on document class \emph default describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents. By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties, making it easier to create the type of document you want. If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default. So, it behooves you to change the class of your document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and how to fine-tune some of their properties. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes} \end_inset The Various Document Classes \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Overview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are five standard document classes in LyX. They are: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Article for basic articles \end_layout \begin_layout Description Report for basic reports \end_layout \begin_layout Description Book for writing a book \end_layout \begin_layout Description Letter for US-style letters \end_layout \begin_layout Description Slides is used to make transparencies \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have a LaTeX setup that supports them: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic s \end_layout \begin_layout Description Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American Mathematical Society]. There are three amsart layouts available. The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems, \emph on etc. \emph default , that prepends the section number to the number of the result. All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence. The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sequential numbering \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers them throughout the article in a single sequence. Each type of result gets its own sequence. There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Amsbook Books in the style and format used by the AMS. Only the standard numbering scheme is provided, under the assumption that you would not want to number results consecutively throughout a book, and that you would need to number results. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Dinbrief für Briefe nach deutscher Art \end_layout \begin_layout Description Foils is used to make transparencies, but is better than \family sans slides \end_layout \begin_layout Description Linuxdoc Used with the SGML-tools package (formerly known as LinuxDoc). It allows LyX to produce SGML output. SGML is a markup language and is the predecessor to HTML\SpecialChar \@. The SGML-tools package allows you to convert SGML to HTML or to the format used by \family typewriter man \family default pages. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Paper for use with the \family typewriter paper \family default LaTeX document class [not in all LaTeX distributions] \end_layout \begin_layout Description Revtex is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society of America (OSA). This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes here. You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in the \emph on Extended Editing \emph default manual. Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all of the document classes. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Selecting a Class \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can select a class using the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument \bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator S \bar default ettings \family default dialog. Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options you may need. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Properties \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Each class has a default set of options. Here's a quick table describing them: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Pagestyle \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Sides \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Columns \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Max. sectioning level \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none article \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Section \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none report \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Chapter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none book \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Headings \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Two \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Chapter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none letter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none none \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none linuxdoc \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Section \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none aapaper \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Two \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Two \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Section \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none amsart \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Headings \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Section \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none dinbrief \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none none \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none paper \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Headings \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Section \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There is no default value of \family sans E \bar under x \bar default tra\InsetSpace ~ Options \family default for any of these classes. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You're probably also wondering what \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Max. sectioning level \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means. There are several paragraph environment used to create section headings. Different document classes allow different types of section headings. Only two use the \family sans Chapter \family default heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the \family sans Section \family default heading. Some document classes, such as the three for letters, don't use any section headings. In addition to \family sans Chapter \family default and \family sans Section \family default headings, there are also \family sans Subsection \family default headings, \family sans Subsubsection \family default headings, and so on. We'll describe these headings fully in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvheadings} \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Fine-tuning the Defaults \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Okay, we know we never told you what most of these \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset default options \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset set by the \family sans \bar under C \bar default lass \family default button do. That's what this section is for. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans \bar under P \bar default agestyle \family default This is another list, containing five options. It controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page: \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard LaTeX does this part. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Default \family default Use default pagestyle of current class. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Empty \family default No page numbers or headings. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Plain \family default Page numbers only. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Headings \family default Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number. Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on which is the maximum sectioning level. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Fancy \family default This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you have the \family sans fancyhdr \family default package installed. At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting. To use the full power of this package, you have to resort to magic codes in your preamble. Check the documentation for the \family sans fancyhdr \family default package for more details. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Sides \family default No, LyX can't make your printer print on both sides of a sheet of paper! However, it can use a different format for odd-numbered pages than even-numbere d pages. This way, if you \emph on do \emph default have a printer that duplexes \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard i.e. prints on both sides of a sheet of paper \end_layout \end_inset , your page number will always be in the upper right corner of the page and the left margin will have extra room for a binding. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard There are two radio buttons here: \family sans One \family default for single-sided documents, \family sans Two \family default for double-sided documents. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Columns \family default Yes, this does control how many columns each page has. You can choose, using the toggle buttons, \family sans One \family default or \family sans Two \family default for the number of columns. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard Note that LyX won't show two columns on screen. That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept. However, there \emph on will \emph default be two columns in the generated output. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans E \bar under x \bar default tra\InsetSpace ~ Options \family default The LaTeX command \family typewriter \backslash documentclass \family default takes several options. LyX sets some of these automatically for you. This text box allows you to enter in others. Just type in a comma-separated list of options. See a good LaTeX book to find out what kinds of additional options you can use. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Separation \family default This has its own section. See sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro} \end_inset for a description of what this does. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Paper Size, Orientation, and Margins \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are several other options to set in the \family sans Document\InsetSpace ~ Settings \family default dialog. All of them are global options, but they have special purposes and only affect certain features. We describe what these options do in the same section that describes the features they affect. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are two options that affect the overall layout of the document, so we'll describe them here. You'll find them in the \family sans Paper \family default dialog under the \family sans Layout \family default menu: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Orientation \family default Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as \family sans \bar under L \bar default andscape \family default or as \family sans Po \bar under r \bar default trait \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Papersi \bar under z \bar default e \family default What size paper to print on. The choices are \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Default \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans A3, A4, \family default \family sans A5 \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans B3, B4, B5 \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans US Letter \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans US legal \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans US executive \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Custom \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard Some of these settings require you to have the \family sans geometry \family default package installed. This package will also allow you to set the margins in the \family sans Paper \family default dialog. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Important Note: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you change a document's class, LyX has to convert \emph on everything \emph default into the new class. That includes the paragraph environments. Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have them. Some classes have special paragraph environments, however. If this is the case, and you change document classes, LyX sets the missing paragraph environments to \family sans Standard \family default and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph. Just click on them and you'll get a message dialog that tells you about the conversion and why it failed. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Paragraph Indentation and Separation \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Introduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parindentintro} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to say a word or two about paragraph indentation. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs. Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph. Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs. LyX uses the same convention you find among typographers. The \emph on first \emph default paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list, etc., is \emph on not \emph default indented. Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented. Some people don't like this convention, but if you want to use indented paragraphs, you'll have to live with it. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard There is a way to force LaTeX to indent all paragraphs. LyX won't show this, of course, but LaTeX \emph on will \emph default print it that way. You'll need to get a special package and insert an appropriate command in the preamble. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings and text --- in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are pre-coded into LyX. As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what. LyX takes care of that. In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a range. That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom of a page, and so on. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Actually, LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file. \end_layout \end_inset However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them. LyX gives you the ability to globally change \emph on all \emph default of these pre-coded spacings. We'll explain more later. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Global Indentation Method \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To select the default method of separating paragraphs, select \family sans \bar under I \bar default ndent \family default or \family sans S \bar under k \bar default ip \family default to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Fine-Tuning \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph. Open the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under P \bar default aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings \family default dialog and toggle the \family sans \bar under N \bar default o Indent \family default button to change the state of the current paragraph. If paragraphs indent by default, this button will be inactive at first. If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this button will be completely ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling this). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph if you need to do some fine-tuning. Typically, you'll select \family sans \bar under I \bar default ndent \family default or \family sans S \bar under k \bar default ip \family default for the entire document and edit away. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Changing Line Spacing \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default dialog you can choose your line spacing provided you have the \family sans setspace \family default package installed. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Paragraph Environments \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:par-environments} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Overview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The paragraph environments correspond to the various \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter \backslash begin{ \family default \emph on environment \family typewriter \emph default } ... \backslash end{ \family default \emph on environment \family typewriter \emph default } \family default \newline command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file. If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally alien to you, we urge you to read the \emph on Tutorial \emph default . The \emph on Tutorial \emph default also contains many more examples than this section does. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A paragraph environment is simply a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset container \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties. This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering scheme, labels, and so on. Additionally, you can \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset nest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment to inherit some of the properties of another. The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the days of typewriters. There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular document type. We'll only be covering the most common ones here. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box on the left end of the toolbar. LyX will change the environment of the \emph on entire \emph default paragraph in which the cursor sits. You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if you select them before choosing the new environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that hitting \family sans Return \family default will \emph on typically \emph default create a new paragraph using the \family sans Standard \family default paragraph environment. We say \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset typically \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset because this isn't always the case. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard If you are in one of these environments: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash vspace{-2ex} \backslash parbox[t]{3cm}{ \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Quote \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Quotation \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \backslash parbox[t]{3cm}{ \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Verse \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Itemize \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \backslash parbox[t]{3cm}{ \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Enumerate \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Description \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \backslash parbox[t]{3cm}{ \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans List \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit \family sans Return \family default , rather than resetting it to \family sans Standard \family default . LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however. \end_layout \end_inset Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment and the nesting depth [more on nesting in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset ]. At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting \family sans Return \family default to reset the paragraph environment and depth. If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth, use \family sans M-Return \family default instead. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Standard \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The default paragraph environment is \family sans Standard \family default for most classes. It creates a plain paragraph. If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses. In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now [and most of the ones in this manual] are in the \family sans Standard \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can nest a paragraph using the \family sans Standard \family default environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything in a \family sans Standard \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Document Titles \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name[s] of the author[s] and a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset footnote \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for thanks or contact information. For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate page along with today's date. For other types of documents, the title \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset page \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset goes at the top of the first page of the document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph environments \family sans Title \family default , \family sans Author \family default , and \family sans Date \family default . Here's how you use them: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Put the title of your document in the \family sans Title \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Put the author name in the \family sans Author \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date, or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in the \family sans Date \family default environment. Note that using this environment is optional. If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Be sure to do this at the top of the document. You can use footnotes to insert \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset thanks \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or contact information. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Headings \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvheadings} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings. LyX takes care of the numbering for you. All you need to do is decide what you're going to call section 3 of chapter 9. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Numbered Headings \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are 6 numbered types of section headings. \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Standard Why no mention of Part ? \end_layout \end_inset They are: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Chapter \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Section \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Subsection \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Subsubsection \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Paragraph \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Subparagraph \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods. The numbers describe where in the document you are. These headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text. For example, suppose you're writing a book. You group the book into chapters. LyX does similar grouping: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Either \family sans Chapter \family default or \family sans Section \family default is the maximum sectioning level. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Chapter \family default s are divided into \family sans Section \family default s \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Section \family default s are divided into \family sans Subsection \family default s \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subsection \family default s are divided into \family sans Subsubsection \family default s \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subsubsection \family default s are divided into \family sans Paragraph \family default s \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Paragraph \family default s are divided into \family sans Subparagraph \family default s \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \emph on Note: \emph default not all document types use the \family sans Chapter \family default heading as the maximum sectioning level. In that case, the \family sans Section \family default is the top-level heading. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard So, if you use the \family sans Subsubsection \family default environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number, along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter that it's in. For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2.5 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Unnumbered Headings \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are 3 types of unnumbered section headings. They are: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Section* \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Subsection* \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Subsubsection* \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset * \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset after each name means that these headings are not numbered. They work the same as their numbered counterparts. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Changing the Numbering \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:section-depth} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear in the Table of Contents. Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document class. Certain classes start with \family sans Chapter \family default and go down to the \family sans Subparagraph \family default level. Others start at \family sans Section \family default . Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels. Most don't number \family sans Paragraph \family default or \family sans Subparagraph \family default . This is something you can change. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Open the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default dialog. You should see a counter labelled \family sans Section\InsetSpace ~ number\InsetSpace ~ depth \family default under the \family sans Extra \family default tab. This counter controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section heading. Unfortunately, the number you choose with the slider is really goofy, so here's a table of values and what they do: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Sec. Num. Depth \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none LyX numbers these \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none value: \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none section headings: \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none -2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none no numbering of any kind \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none -1 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans add \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Parts \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none -0 and 0 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none add Chapters \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 1 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none add Sections \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none add Subsections \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 3 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans add \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Subsubsections \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 4 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans add \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Paragraphs \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 5 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family sans add \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Subparagraphs \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The increasing numbers are cumulative: a setting of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 0 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will number parts and chapters, while \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will number parts, chapters, sections, and subsections. Of course, if you're using a document class that doesn't use part or chapter headings ( \emph on e.g. \emph default the default article class), then the numbering begins at the \family sans Section \family default heading, and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 0 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset also corresponds to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset no numbering. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There's another counter in the dialog, called \family sans Table\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ contents\InsetSpace ~ depth \family default . It works the same way as \family sans Section\InsetSpace ~ numbering\InsetSpace ~ depth \family default , only it controls which sectioning levels appear in, you guessed it, the Table of Contents. This is a great control to have. Suppose you wanted to number \emph on all \emph default sectioning heading, but you only wanted \family sans Chapter \family default s, \family sans Section \family default s, and \family sans Subsection \family default s in the Table of Contents. You'd just set \family sans Section\InsetSpace ~ numbering\InsetSpace ~ depth \family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 5 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \family sans Table of contents\InsetSpace ~ depth \family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and voilà! You're all set. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Special Information \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The following information applies to \family sans Chapter \family default , \family sans Section \family default , \family sans Subsection \family default , \family sans Subsubsection \family default , \family sans Paragraph \family default , \family sans Subparagraph \family default as well as \family sans Section* \family default , \family sans Subsection* \family default , and \family sans Subsubsection* \family default : \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You can only use inlined math in these environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You cannot nest other environments into these environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As for examples of these paragraph environments - look around you! We're using them everywhere in the manuals. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Creating an Appendix \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To create an appendix, simply start by adding a new chapter or section heading. Move the cursor back to the beginning of the heading and select \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \newline Start\InsetSpace ~ \bar under A \bar default ppendix\InsetSpace ~ Here \family default . A red/brown box will be drawn around the remainder of the file to indicate there is something special about it, and the numerical chapter or section label(s) will be changed to a letter. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Quotes and Poetry \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations. They are \family sans Quote \family default , \family sans Quotation \family default , and \family sans Verse \family default . Forget the days of changing linespacing and twiddling with margins. These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in. They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below the text they contain. They also allow nesting, so you can put a \family sans Verse \family default in a \family sans Quotation \family default , as well as in some other paragraph environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do \emph on not \emph default reset to \family sans Standard \family default when you start a new paragraph. So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit \family sans Return \family default without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you. Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have to change back to the \family sans Standard \family default environment yourself. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Quote \family default and \family sans Quotation \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quote} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's time for the differences. \family sans Quote \family default and \family sans Quotation \family default are identical except for one difference: \family sans Quote \family default uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line. \family sans Quotation \family default \emph on always \emph default indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example of the \family sans Quote \family default environment: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote This is in the \family sans Quote \family default environment. I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it wraps. See - no indentation! \end_layout \begin_layout Quote Here's the second paragraph of this quote. Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and the other paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard That ends that example. Here's another example, this time in the \family sans Quotation \family default environment: \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation This is in the \family sans Quotation \family default environment. If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation. If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting the first line, then \family sans Quotation \family default is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it \emph on if \emph default you were quoting other text. \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation Here's a new paragraph. I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time. If I did that, though, you'd get bored. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard That was our other example. As the example notes, \family sans Quote \family default is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs. They should put quotes in the \family sans Quote \family default environment. Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the \family sans Quotation \family default paragraph environment for quoted text. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Verse \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:verse} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Verse \family default is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on. Here's an example: \end_layout \begin_layout Verse This is in Verse \newline Which I did not rehearse! \end_layout \begin_layout Verse It could be much worse. This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps around. It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are indented a bit more than the first. Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore. So sue me. \end_layout \begin_layout Verse To break a line \newline And make things look fine \newline Use \family sans C-Return \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As you can see, \family sans Verse \family default does not indent both margins. Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph. To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the \family typewriter break-line \family default function, \family sans C-Return \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Lists \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvlists} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds of lists. In the \family sans Itemize \family default and \family sans Enumerate \family default environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively. In the \family sans Description \family default and \family sans List \family default environments, LyX lets you provide your own label. We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing some general features of all four of them. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection General Features \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments in several ways. First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item. Hitting \family sans Return \family default does \emph on not \emph default reset the environment to \family sans Standard \family default but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item. The nesting depth is typically reset, however. If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment, you should use \family sans M-Return \family default to break paragraphs. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can nest lists of any type inside one another. In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how its nested. If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest you read all of section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Itemize \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:itemize} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the \family sans Itemize \family default paragraph environment. It has the following properties: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize The items can be any length. LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item. The offset is always relative to whatever environment the \family sans Itemize \family default list may be in. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize If you nest an \family sans Itemize \family default environment inside another \family sans Itemize \family default environment, the label changes to a new symbol. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize LyX always shows the same symbol, an asterisk, on screen. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset for a full explanation of nesting. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard Of course, that explanation was also an example of an \family sans Itemize \family default list. The \family sans Itemize \family default environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We said that different levels use different symbols as their label. Here's an example of all four possible symbols. Note that those of you reading this manual online won't see any difference. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize The label for the first level \family sans Itemize \family default is a large black dot, or bullet. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize The label for the second level is a dash. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize The label for the third is an asterisk. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize The label for the fourth is a centered dot. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Back out to the third level. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Back to the second level. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Back to the outermost level. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard These are the default labels for an \family sans Itemize \family default list. You can customize these labels in the \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash linebreak \end_layout \end_inset \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default dialog in the \family sans Bullets \family default tab. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth. We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset . Be sure to read it! \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Enumerate \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enumerate} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Enumerate \family default environment is the tool to use to create numbered lists and outlines. It has these properties: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Each item has a numeral as its label. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Each new \family sans Enumerate \family default environment resets the counter to one. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Like the \family sans Itemize \family default environment, the \family sans Enumerate \family default environment: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Offsets the items relative to the left margin. Items can be any length. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Allows up to a four-fold nesting. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard Unlike the \family sans Itemize \family default environment, \family sans Enumerate \family default \emph on does \emph default show the different labels for each item. Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an \family sans Enumerate \family default : \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate The first level of an \family sans Enumerate \family default uses Arabic numerals followed by a period. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth increases. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Back to the third level \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Back to the second level. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Back to the outermost level. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the \family sans Enumerate \family default environment. It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the \emph on Extended Features \emph default manual), however. As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version, not on the LyX screen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There is more to nesting \family sans Enumerate \family default environments than we've stated here. You \emph on really \emph default should read section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset to learn more about nesting. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Description \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:descrlist} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Unlike the previous two environments, the \family sans Description \family default list has no fixed label. Instead, LyX uses the first \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset word \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset of the first line as the label. Here's an example: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Example: This is an example of the \family sans Description \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the rest of the line. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now, you're probably wondering what we mean by, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset uses the first 'word'. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset The \family sans Space \family default key does not add a whitespace character, but separates words from one another. Inside of a \family sans Description \family default environment, the \family sans Space \family default key tells LyX to end the label if we're at the beginning of the first line of an item. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard However, what if you want or need to use more than one word in the label of a \family sans Description \family default environment? Simple: use a \family sans Protected Blank \family default . [Use either \family sans C-Space \family default or \family sans Special\InsetSpace ~ F \bar under o \bar default rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator P \bar under r \bar default otected\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default from the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert \family default menu. See sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace} \end_inset for more info.] Here's an example: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Second\InsetSpace ~ Example: This one shows how to use a \family sans Protected\InsetSpace ~ Blank \family default in the label of a \family sans Description \family default list item. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Usage: You should use the \family sans Description \family default environment for things like definitions and theorems. Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text that describes it. It's not a good idea to use a \family sans Description \family default environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe. You're better off using \family sans Itemize \family default or \family sans Enumerate \family default and nesting several \family sans Standard \family default paragraphs into them. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Nesting: You can, of course, nest \family sans Description \family default environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and so on. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting them from the first line. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection The LyX \family sans List \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxlist} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans List \family default environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now, if you jumped here without reading sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:itemize} \end_inset - \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:descrlist} \end_inset , you've goofed. The \family sans List \family default environment does \emph on not \emph default create numbered lists. That's what \family sans Enumerate \family default does, and it's documented in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:enumerate} \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Like the \family sans Description \family default environment the \family sans List \family default environment has user-defined labels for each list item. There are some key differences between this list environment and the other three: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM item\InsetSpace ~ labels LyX uses the first \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset word \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset of each line as the item label. The first \family sans Space \family default after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label. If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected blank as described above. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and the body of the item text. The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default label width plus a little extra space. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM label\InsetSpace ~ width LyX uses one of two things for the label width: the actual width of the label, or the default width, whichever is larger. If the actual width is larger, then the label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset extends \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset into the first line. In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left margin of the rest of the item text. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM default\InsetSpace ~ width You can very easily set this default width. It's quite painless, actually. So, you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a \family sans List \family default environment have the same left margin. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM uses You should use the \family sans List \family default environment the same way you'd use as \family sans Description \family default list: when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes it. The \family sans List \family default environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall layout. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM nesting You can nest \family sans List \family default environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and so on. They work just like the other list paragraph environments. Read section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset to learn about nesting. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As you can see, this is a feature-packed paragraph environment! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To change the default width of the label, select the items in the list to change. You can also simply move the cursor into a \family sans List \family default item if you want to change only its label width. Now open the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under P \bar default aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings \family default dialog and find the \family sans Label\InsetSpace ~ width \family default text box. The text in the \family sans Label\InsetSpace ~ width \family default box determines the default label width. If you really, really want to, you can use the text of your largest label here, but you don't need to. We recommend using the letter \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset M \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset multiple times. It's the widest character and is a standard unit of width in LaTeX. The default label width in the example \family sans List \family default is 6 \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset M \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset s wide. Using \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset M \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as your unit of width in the \family sans Label\InsetSpace ~ Width \family default box has one more advantage: you don't need to keep changing the contents of \family sans Label\InsetSpace ~ Width \family default every time you alter a label in a \family sans List \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There's yet another feature of the \family sans List \family default environment we need to tell you about. As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels by default. You can use additional \family sans HFills \family default to change how LyX justifies the item label. We'll document \family sans HFills \family default later in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace} \end_inset . Here are some examples: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM Left The default for \family sans List \family default item labels. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM \hfill Right One \family sans HFill \family default at the beginning of the label right justifies it. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM \hfill Center \hfill One \family sans HFill \family default at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Don't worry if you have no idea what \family sans HFill \family default s are yet. Just remember that you can use them to customize the look of the \family sans List \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard That does it for the four paragraph environments for making lists. Oh - did we mention that you should read about nesting environments in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset if you want to use any of these list environments? \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Letters \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default : An Overview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph environments called \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default . To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document. In contrast, you can use the \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default paragraph environments anywhere with no problem. You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest anything in them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Of course, you're not limited to using \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default for letters only. \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default , in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in some European academic papers. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Usage \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:adress_usage} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Address \family default environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used for the opening and signature in some countries. Similarly, the \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries. Here's an example of each: \end_layout \begin_layout Right Address Right Address \newline WhoAmI \newline WhereAmI \newline When is it? What is today? \end_layout \begin_layout Standard That was \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default . Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to fit the largest block of text on a single line. Here's an example of the \family sans Address \family default environment: \end_layout \begin_layout Address WhoAreYou \newline Where do I send this \newline Your post office and country \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As you can see, both \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph. Speaking of which, if you hit \family sans Return \family default in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets the environment to \family sans Standard \family default . This makes sense, however, since \family sans Return \family default is the \family typewriter break-paragraph \family default function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs. Thus, you'd use \family typewriter break-line \family default [ \family sans C-Return \family default or \family sans Special\InsetSpace ~ F \bar under o \bar default rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under L \bar default inebreak \family default from the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert \family default menu] to start a new line in an \family sans Address \family default or \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Academic Writing \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography or list of references. LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Abstract \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Abstract \family default environment is used for the abstract of an article. Technically, you \emph on could \emph default use this environment anywhere, but you really \emph on should \emph default only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title. The \family sans Abstract \family default environment is only useful in the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset article \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset report \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset document classes [as well as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset amsart, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset which is just a specialized version of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset article \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ]. The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset book \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset document class ignores the \family sans Abstract \family default completely, and it's utterly silly to use \family sans Abstract \family default in the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset letter \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset document class. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Abstract \family default environment does several things for you. First, it puts the centered label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Abstract \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset above the text. The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical space. Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect. Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and the subsequent text. Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen. If your document is in the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset report \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset class, the abstract actually appears on a separate page in the printed version of the file. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Starting a new paragraph by hitting \family sans Return \family default does \emph on not \emph default reset the paragraph environment. The new paragraph will still be in the \family sans Abstract \family default environment. So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you finish entering the abstract of your document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We'd love to give you an example of the \family sans Abstract \family default environment, but we can't, since this document is in the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset book \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset class. If you've never heard of an \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset abstract \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset before, you can safely ignore this environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Bibliography \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliography} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Bibliography \family default environment is used to list references. Technically, you \emph on could \emph default use this environment anywhere, but you really \emph on should \emph default only use it at the end of the document. Also, don't bother trying to nest \family sans Bibliography \family default in anything else or vice versa. It won't work. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you first open a \family sans Bibliography \family default environment, LyX add a large vertical space, followed by the heading \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Bibliography \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset References, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset depending on the document class. The heading is in a large boldface font. Each paragraph of the \family sans Bibliography \family default environment is a bibliography entry. Thus, hitting \family sans Return \family default does \emph on not \emph default reset the paragraph environment. Each new paragraph is still in the \family sans Bibliography \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard At the \emph on beginning \emph default of the \emph on first line \emph default of each paragraph, you will see a gray button showing a number. If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a \family sans key \family default and a \family sans label \family default . The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography entry. For example, suppose your first entry in the bibliography was a book about LaTeX. We could choose the key \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset latexguide \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for that entry. You can also give a label, which will be displayed in the gray inset box. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans key \family default field isn't useless. You can refer to your bibliography entries using the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under C \bar default itation \family default command. Just choose the key inside in the available keys list, then add a reference by clicking on the left arrow, which will add it to the selected keys list. Multiple references can be placed by selecting more than one key. An example of the \family sans Bibliography \family default appears at the end of this document. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset See \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide} \end_inset or \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Chapter 3]{latexcompanion} \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is an example of how to cite two of the entries in it. In the second one, we used the \family sans T \bar under e \bar default xt\InsetSpace ~ after \family default field of the citation dialog to add the text \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Chapter 3 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . The texts \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset latexguide \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset latexcompanion \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset that you see on screen will be replaced in print by the number or the label of the bibliography entry. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The more advanced LaTeX bibliography package BibTeX is also supported by LyX. For a description of how to use it, please refer to the \emph on Extended LyX Features \emph default document. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Special Purpose \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are three standard paragraph environments that simply don't fit any category, as they are very specialized for a particular purpose. We'll point out the highlights and uses of each. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection \family sans Caption \family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:captionlayout} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Caption \family default environment is the default paragraph environment for \family sans Figure\InsetSpace ~ Floats \family default and \family sans Table\InsetSpace ~ Floats \family default . On the LyX screen, you'll see either the label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Figure #: \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Table #: \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , depending on which type of \family sans Float \family default it's in. The actual reference number is substituted in this label in the printed output. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can't really nest things into a \family sans Caption \family default environment. Additionally, hitting \family sans Return \family default resets the paragraph environment to \family sans Standard \family default , so a \family sans Caption \family default can only be a single paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You cannot use a \family sans Caption \family default environment outside of a \family sans Figure\InsetSpace ~ Float \family default or a \family sans Table\InsetSpace ~ Float \family default . See sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures} \end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables} \end_inset for more information on \family sans Figure\InsetSpace ~ Floats \family default and \family sans Table\InsetSpace ~ Floats \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection LyX \family sans -Code \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans LyX-Code \family default environment is another LyX extension. It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font. It also treats the \family sans Space \family default key as a fixed whitespace; \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard In the \family sans LyX-Code \family default environment, the \family sans Space \family default key is treated as a \family sans Protected\InsetSpace ~ Blank \family default instead of an end-of-word marker. \end_layout \end_inset this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX. If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use \family sans C-Return \family default [the \family typewriter break-line \family default function]. \family sans Return \family default breaks paragraphs. Note, however, that \family sans Return \family default does \emph on not \emph default reset the paragraph environment. So, when you finish using the \family sans LyX-Code \family default environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself. Also, you \emph on can \emph default nest the \family sans LyX-Code \family default environment inside of others. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are a few quirks with this environment: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You cannot use \family sans C-Return \family default at the beginning of a new paragraph [i.e. you can't follow \family sans Return \family default with a \family sans C-Return \family default ]. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You can't follow a \family sans C-Return \family default with a \family sans Space \family default . \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Use a \family sans Return \family default to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a \family sans Space \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Or: use \family sans C-Space \family default instead. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line. You must put at least one \family sans Space \family default in any line you want blank. Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing \family sans " \family default since that will insert \emph on real \emph default quotes. You get the typewriter double quotes with \family sans C-" \family default (or \family sans C-q \family default if you use Emacs-like key bindings). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code #include \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code int main(void) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code { \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code printf("Hello World \backslash n"); \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code return 0; \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code } \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This is just the standard \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Hello world! \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset program. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans LyX-Code \family default has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts, rc-files, and so on. Use it only in those very, very special cases where you need to generate text as if you used a typewriter. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Nesting Environments \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:nest} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection The Big Deal \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Throughout the previous sections, we've been nagging you to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset go read Section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset . \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset So, you're probably wondering what the big deal is. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The big deal is that LyX differs rather strongly from the traditional \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset word\SpecialChar \- processor-as-overglorified-typewriter \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset concept. With a typewriter, text is merely ink on a page. Most word processors aren't much better, treating text as pixels on the screen and bytes in memory. In contrast, LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific properties. However, what if you wanted one \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset block \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to inherit some of the properties of another \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset block \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ? \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's a more specific example: outlines. You have three main points in your outline, but point #2 also has two subpoints. In other words, you have a list \emph on inside \emph default of another list, with the inner list \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset attached \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to item #2: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate one \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate two \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate sublist - item #1 \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate sublist - item #2 \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate three \end_layout \begin_layout Standard How do you put a list inside of a list? By now, the answer should be obvious: you nest one list inside the other. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard How to nest an environment is quite simple. Select \family sans \bar under I \bar default ncrease\InsetSpace ~ Environment\InsetSpace ~ Depth \family default or \family sans \bar under D \bar default ecrease\InsetSpace ~ Environment\InsetSpace ~ Depth \family default from the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit \family default menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar will tell you how far you are nested). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also use the convenient key bindings \family sans S-M-Left \family default and \family sans S-M-Right \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left \family default and \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right \family default are alternatives, if you prefer those bindings \end_layout \end_inset \family default to change the nesting level. The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can. If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth. Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the depth of every paragraph nested inside of it. It's hard to describe what exactly LyX does in this case. That depends specifically on what your text looks like. Your best bet is to simply play with changing the nesting depth and see what happens. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Nesting isn't just limited to lists. In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're about to find out. This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection What You Can and Can't Nest \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell you a little bit more about how nesting works. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The question of nesting is a bit more complicated than a simple yes or no, can you or can't you. There's also the question of how. Can you nest this environment into anything else? Can you nest another environment into it? A \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset yes \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to one of these doesn't guarantee a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset yes \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to the other. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The paragraph environments in LyX can do one of three things when it comes to nesting. First, an environment may be completely unnestable. Second, there are environments that are fully nestable. You can nest them inside of things and you can also nest other things inside of them. There is one last type of environment. You can nest them into other environments, but that's it. You can't nest anything into them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph environments have them: \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard For some odd reason, LyX allows you to fully nest both \family sans Bibliography \family default and \family sans Abstract \family default . Also, LyX allows you to nest \family sans Title \family default , \family sans Author \family default , and \family sans Date \family default into other environments. We urge you not to. LaTeX may barf if you try it. Then again, it may not. We don't know for certain. However, it makes no sense contextually to perform any nesting with these environments, so why would you ever want to? \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description Unnestable Can't nest them. Can't nest into them. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Bibliography \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Title \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Author \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Date \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Description Fully\InsetSpace ~ Nestable You can nest them. You can nest other things into them. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Abstract \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Verse \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Quote \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Quotation \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Itemize \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Enumerate \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Description \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans List \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans LyX-Code \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Description Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things. You can't nest anything into them. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Part \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Chapter \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Section \family default \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subsection \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subsubsection \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Paragraph \family default \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subparagraph \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Part* \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Chapter* \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Section* \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subsection* \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Subsubsection* \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Standard \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Address \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans Caption \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Subsection Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc. \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table-and-fig-nesting} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are affected by nesting anyhow. They are: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize equations \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize tables \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize figures \end_layout \begin_layout Standard [Note: if you put a figure or a table in a \family sans Float \family default , this is no longer true. See below or look in sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures} \end_inset or \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables} \end_inset for more info.] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph. Well, you can't inline a table, but you can inline math and figures. If a figure or an equation is inlined, it goes wherever the paragraph it's in goes. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset paragraph \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset of its own, it behaves just like a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset nestable-inside \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset paragraph environment. You can nest it into any environment, but you [obviously] can't nest anything into it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example with a table: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Item One \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is (a) and it's nested. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none a \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none b \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none c \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none d \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is (b). The table is actually nested inside (a). \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Back out again. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Item One \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is (a) and it's nested. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none a \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none b \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none c \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none d \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate This is (b). The table is \emph on not \emph default nested inside (a). In fact, it's not nested at all. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Back out again. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first item of a new list! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There's another trap you can fall into: nesting the table, but not going deep enough. LyX turns anything after the table into a new [sub]list. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Item One \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is (a) and it's nested. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none a \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none b \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none c \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none d \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate This is (b). The table is actually nested inside Item One, but \emph on not \emph default inside (a). \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Back out again. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a new list \emph on inside \emph default item 1. The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation. So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right depth! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Then there are the so-called \family sans Floats \family default . A \family sans Float \family default is a block of text associated with some sort of label, but which doesn't have a fixed location. It can \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset float \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best. \family sans Footnotes \family default and \family sans Margin\InsetSpace ~ Notes \family default are floats, as are \family sans Table\InsetSpace ~ Floats \family default and \family sans Figure\InsetSpace ~ Floats \family default . When you're editing a document in LyX, a closed \family sans Float \family default looks like a gray button with a red label and goes wherever the paragraph it's in goes. However, because a \family sans Float \family default has no fixed location in the final text, nesting has no effect on its actual location after you feed your document to LaTeX. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Usage and General Features \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting. In other words, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset level #6 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is the innermost possible depth. Here's an example to display what we mean: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate level #1 - outermost \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate level #2 \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate level #3 \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate level #4 \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize level #5 \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize level #6 \end_layout \end_deeper \end_deeper \end_deeper \end_deeper \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard Once again, LyX has a maximum of 6 levels, regardless of which specific paragraph environments you're using at a given level. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Unfortunately, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation. If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go to produce output for your document. \end_layout \end_inset That means that you can perform a six-fold nesting of a \family sans Description \family default list, or a \family sans Verse \family default environment, and so on. You can also mix environments, as we shall see later. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see both of them in the example. Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold nesting with the \family sans Enumerate \family default and \family sans Itemize \family default environments. For example, if we tried to nest another \family sans Enumerate \family default list inside of item \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset A. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , we'd get errors. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Once again, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation. If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go to produce output for your document. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Some Examples \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration. We have several examples of nested environments. In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce them. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Example #1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #1-a This is the outermost level. It's a \family sans List \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #2-a This is level #2. We created it by using \family sans M-Return \family default followed by \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right \family default . \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #3-a This is level #3. This time, we just hit \family sans Return \family default , then used \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right \family default twice in a row. We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level, by hitting \family sans M-Return \family default followed by \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right \family default . \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard This is actually a \family sans Standard \family default environment, nested inside of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset #3-a \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . So, it's at level #4. We did this by hitting \family sans M-Return \family default , then \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right \family default , then changing the paragraph environment to \family sans Standard \family default . Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph - it also works for the \family sans Description \family default , \family sans Enumerate \family default , and \family sans Itemize \family default environments! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's another \family sans Standard \family default paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a \family sans M-Return \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #4-a This is level #4. We hit \family sans M-Return \family default and changed the paragraph environment back to \family sans List \family default . Remember - we can't nest anything inside of a \family sans Standard \family default environment, which is why we're still at level #4. However, we \emph on can \emph default keep nesting things inside of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset #3-a \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{} \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{} and this is level #6. By now, you should know how we made these two. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #5-b Back to level #5. Just hit \family sans M-Return \family default followed by a \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left \family default . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #4-b After another \family sans M-Return \family default followed by a \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left \family default , we're back at level #4. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #3-b Back to level #3. By now it should be obvious how we did this. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #2-b Back to level #2. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMM #1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1. After this sentence, we'll hit \family sans Return \family default and change the paragraph environment back to \family sans Standard \family default to end the list. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There you have it! Oh --- we could have also used the \family sans Description \family default , \family sans Quote \family default , \family sans Quotation \family default , or even the \family sans Verse \family default environment in place of the \family sans List \family default environment. The example would have worked exactly the same. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Example #2: Inheritance \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code level. Now we'll hit \family sans Return \family default , then \family sans M-p Right \family default , after which, we'll change to the \family sans Enumerate \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is the \family sans Enumerate \family default environment, at level #2. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Notice how the nested \family sans Enumerate \family default not only inherits its margins from its parent environment [ \family sans LyX-Code \family default ], but also inherits its font and spacing! \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard We ended this example by hitting \family sans Return \family default . After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to \family sans Standard \family default and resetting the nesting depth by using \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left \family default once. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Example #3: Labels, Levels, and the \family sans Enumerate \family default and \family sans Itemize \family default Environments \begin_inset OptArg status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate This is level #1, in an \family sans Enumerate \family default paragraph environment. We're actually going to nest a bunch of these. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is level #2. We used \family sans M-Return \family default followed by \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right \family default . Now, what happens if we nest an \family sans Itemize \family default environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its label be? An asterisk? \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize No! It's a bullet. This is the \emph on first \emph default \family sans Itemize \family default environment, even though it's at level #3. So, its label is a bullet. [Note: we got here by using \family sans M-Return \family default , then \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right \family default , then changing the environment to \family sans Itemize \family default .] \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Here's level #4, produced using \family sans M-Return \family default , then \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right \family default . We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{} \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \SpecialChar \ldots{} to get to level #5. This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to \family sans Enumerate \family default . Notice the type of numbering! It's \emph on lowercase Roman \emph default , because we're the \emph on thirdfold \emph default \family sans Enumerate \family default environment [i.e. we're an \family sans Enumerate \family default inside an \family sans Enumerate \family default inside an \family sans Enumerate \family default ]. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate What happens if we \emph on don't \emph default change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What type of numbering does LyX use? \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using \family sans M-Return \family default to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Let's use \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left \family default to decrease the depth after the next \family sans M-Return \family default . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is level #4. Look what type of label LyX is using! \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate This is level #3. Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman numeral as the label. Why?! \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is \emph on still \emph default a thirdfold \family sans Enumerate \family default environment. Notice, however, that LyX \emph on did \emph default reset the counter for the label. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Another \family sans M-Return \family default \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left \family default sequence, and we're back to level #2. This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back into the twofold-nested \family sans Enumerate \family default environment. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate The same thing happens if we do another \family sans M-Return \family default \family sans M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left \family default sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Lastly, we reset the environment to \family sans Standard \family default . As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labelling LyX uses for the \family sans Enumerate \family default and \family sans Itemize \family default environments. The number of \emph on other \family sans Enumerate \family default environments \emph default surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for an \family sans Enumerate \family default item. The same rule applies for the \family sans Itemize \family default environment, as well. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Example #4: Going Bonkers \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate We're going to go totally nuts now. We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the same detail with how we did it. [level #1: \family sans Enumerate \family default ] \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [ \family sans Return, M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right, Standard \family default : level #2] We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the example in brackets someplace. For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth. The environment name is, obviously, the name of the current environment. Either before or after this, we'll put in the level. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate [ \family sans Return, Enumerate \family default : level #1] This is the next item in the list. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Verse Now we'll add verse. \newline It will get much worse. \newline [ \family sans Return, M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right, Verse \family default : level #2] \end_layout \begin_layout Verse Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo. \newline Bippitey boppitey boo! \newline [ \family sans M-Return \family default ] \end_layout \begin_layout Verse Here comes a table for you: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none one-fish \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none two-fish \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none red-fish \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none blue-fish \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Verse [ \family sans M-Return, Table, M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right \family default 3 times, \family sans M-Return, Verse, M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left \family default ] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate [ \family sans Return, Enumerate \family default : level #1] This is another item. Note that selecting a \family sans Table \family default resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth 3 times to put the table inside the \family sans Verse \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation We're now ending the \family sans Enumerate \family default list and changing to \family sans Quotation \family default . We're still at level #1. We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments. The next set of paragraphs is a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset quoted letter. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset We'll nest both the \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default environments inside of this one, then use another nested \family sans Quotation \family default for the letter body. We'll use \family sans M-Return \family default to preserve the depth. Remember that you need to use \family sans C-Return \family default to create multiple lines inside the \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\InsetSpace ~ Address \family default environments. Here it goes: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Right Address 1234 Nowhere Rd. \newline Moosegroin, MT 00100 \newline 9-6-96 \end_layout \begin_layout Address Dear Mr.\InsetSpace ~ Fizlewitz: \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control. Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating a backlog in our orders for methane. We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order as soon as possible. In the meantime, we thank you for your patience. \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation We do, however, now have a special on beef. If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form with your order, along with payment. \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation We thank you again for your patience. \end_layout \begin_layout Address Sincerely, \newline Bill Hick \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Quotation That ends that example! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with just a few keystrokes. We could have easily nested an \family sans Itemize \family default list inside of a \family sans Quotation \family default or \family sans Quote \family default , or put a \family sans Quote \family default inside of an \family sans Itemize \family default list. You have a huge variety of options at your disposal. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Fonts and Text Styles \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Overview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font. For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current font to emphasize text, you use an \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset emphasized style \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset instead. This concept fits in perfectly with LyX. In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting details. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Right now, LyX allows you to specify a global default font, and has two character styles, \family sans Emphasized \family default and \family sans Noun \family default . The \family sans Emphasized \family default style corresponds to an italics font. The \family sans Noun \family default style corresponds to a font in smallcaps, which some languages and writing styles use to typeset proper names. The LyX Team has at last (as of LyX version\InsetSpace ~ 1.4) introduced true character styles, but currently these must be defined explicitly in the document layout file. There's currently no GUI support to define new, or tweak existing, character styles to allow you, the user, to customize which font changes correspond to what styles. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Global Options \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can set the default font from the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default dialog. The \family sans Fonts \family default tabfolder/pane offers you a variety of possibilities to set up and adjust your document fonts. The most important ones are those in the \family sans Font Families \family default and \family sans Font Sizes \family default group. The possible options under \family sans Font Families \family default include \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans Default \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and a list of fonts available on your system, each for the \family sans \bar under R \bar default oman \family default , \family sans \bar under S \bar default ans Serif \family default and \family sans T \bar under y \bar default pewriter \family default (a.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} k.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} a. Monospaced) family of fonts. The option \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans Default \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset uses the fonts that are specified by the document class you are using. Often, these are the standard TeX fonts, known as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset computer modern \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (cm) or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset European modern \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (ec). Depending on the document class, however, it might as well be another font. Most fonts in the list should be installed on your system. For others, you might have to get and install the fonts first (LyX indicates if a font is not installed). Please have a look at \family sans \bar under H \bar default elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under L \bar default aTeX Configuration \family default about where to get the fonts. Installing a new font for LaTeX is, unfortunately, not as easy as installing a new font to common operation systems. However, most font packages include a step-by-step instruction. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In most cases, the default family of a document class is roman (a.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} k.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} a. serif), so the roman font (e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} g. Times) will be used all over, unless you select \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Sans Serif \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset od \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Typewriter \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset from \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text St \bar under y \bar default le \family default for specific selections of the text (see below section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Text-Style-Dialog} \end_inset ). \family sans \family default The \family sans Default\InsetSpace ~ Family \family default option lets you change this. So if you want your document (including footnotes etc.), say, all over in Helvetica, chose \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Helvetica \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as \family sans Sans Serif \family default Font and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Sans Serif \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as \family sans Default\InsetSpace ~ Family \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the \family sans Font\InsetSpace ~ \bar under S \bar default izes \family default group, you can usually select from four possible \family sans Base\InsetSpace ~ Size \family default values: \family sans default, 10 \family default , \family sans 11 \family default , and \family sans 12 \family default (some document classes provide more, some less choices). Remember, this is the \emph on base \emph default font size. LyX actually scales all of the other possible font sizes (such as those used in footnotes, superscripts, and subscripts) by this value. You can always fine-tune the font size from within the document if you need to. It's also rather silly to use an 8pt or 24pt font as the default font size, as this typically renders your document unreadable. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some Sans Serif and Typewriter Fonts provide the possibility to be scaled. This might be useful, if a Sans Serif or Typewriter Font has a different height than the Roman Font. Please be careful with this option, it can be easily misused. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the \family sans Advanced Options \family default group box, you'll finally find possibilities for using so-called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset expert settings \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , given that they are provided by a certain font. \family sans Use true S \bar under m \bar default all Caps \family default indicates that lots of fonts do not use real, but \emph on faked \emph default Small Caps. True Small Caps are specifically designed characters, whereas faked Small Caps are just scaled Capital letters. The former looks way better, so if a font offers you the choice, you should check this option. \family sans Use \bar under O \bar default ld Style Figures \family default finally lets you select so called Old Style Figures (a.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} k.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} a. Medieval Figures, i.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} e. figures with ascending or descending form) instead of the standard Lining Figures. Old Style Figures are often preferred due to better legibility in the text, but it's certainly also a matter of taste. Just try it out, if it is provided for your font of choice. Note that math figures are \emph on not \emph default affected by this choice. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Please note that even if LyX tries its best in guessing what fonts are installed and which options are provided by a given font, it might fail if the fonts are not set up correctly. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note further that once you choose a new value for \family sans \bar under F \bar default onts \family default or \family sans Font\InsetSpace ~ \bar under S \bar default ize \family default , LyX does \emph on not \emph default change the screen. You'll only see a difference once you generate the final output. This is part of the WYSIWYM concept. The only visible change is caused by a change of the default font family. However, you certainly noticed that, for instance, the roman font on screen is just a representation of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Roman \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (as set up in the \family sans \bar under T \bar default ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under P \bar default references \family default dialog), not of the actual roman document font. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Using Different Character Styles \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for certain paragraph environments. We also mentioned two other character styles, \family sans Emphasized \family default and \family sans Noun \family default . You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the toolbar. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To activate the \family sans Noun \family default style, do one of the following: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize click on the toolbar button with the person-shaped icon \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize use the keybinding \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ c \end_layout \begin_layout Standard These commands are all toggles. That is, if \family sans Noun \family default style is already active, they deactivate it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard One typically uses the \family sans Noun \family default style for proper names. For example: \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \noun on Matthias Ettrich \noun default is the original author of LyX. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A more widely used character style is the \family sans Emphasized \family default style. You can activate [or deactivate - it's also a toggle] the \family sans Emphasized \family default style by: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize clicking on the toolbar button with the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset ! \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset character on it \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize using the keybindings \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ e \end_layout \begin_layout Standard At the moment, the \family sans Emphasized \family default style is equivalent to an italicized font. We have plans to make that association more user-configurable in the future. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We've been using the \family sans Emphasized \family default style all over the place in this document. Here's one more example: \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation \emph on Don't overuse character styles! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It's also a warning in addition to an example. One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation. Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid the common tendency to overuse character style. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Oh --- one last note: You can always reset to the default font using the keybinding \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Fine-Tuning with the \family sans Character Layout \family default dialog \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Text-Style-Dialog} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX gives you a way to create custom character style. For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Note from \noun on John Weiss \noun default : There is, in fact, such a style sheet for the LyX Documentation, since manuals need a certain amount of consistency. \end_layout \end_inset Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts from ordinary dialogue. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles. Many modern word processors have a vast array of fonts available to them, providing you with the power of a printing press. Unfortunately, there is a tendency to overuse that power. The phrase, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Using a sledgehammer to swat a fly, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset comes to mind. And, as the old saying implies, documents that overuse different fonts and sizes tend to look like someone's knocked huge holes in them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Enough complaining. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To use custom fonts, open the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ \bar under S \bar default tyle \family default dialog. There are seven buttons on this dialog, each corresponding to a different font property which you can choose. You can choose an option for one of these seven properties, or select \family sans No\InsetSpace ~ change \family default , which keeps the current state of that property. The item \family sans Reset \family default will reset the property to whatever is the default for the hosting paragraph environment. You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph environments in a snap. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The seven font properties, and their options [in addition to \family sans No\InsetSpace ~ change \family default and \family sans Reset \family default ] are: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMM \family sans \bar under F \bar default amily \family default The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset overall look \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset of the font. The possible options are: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Roman \family default This is the Roman font family. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard It's also the default family. [keybinding = \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ r \family default ] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Sans\InsetSpace ~ Serif \family default \family sans This is the Sans Serif font family. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [keybinding = \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ s \family default ] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Typewriter \family default \family typewriter This is the Typewriter font family. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [keybinding = \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ p \family default ] \end_layout \end_deeper \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMM \family sans \bar under S \bar default eries \family default This corresponds to the print weight. Options are: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Medium \family default This is the Medium font series. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard It's also the default series. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Bold \family default \series bold This is the Bold font series. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard You can toggle this series on or off with the keybinding \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ b \family default . \end_layout \end_deeper \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMM \family sans S \bar under h \bar default ape \family default As the name implies. Options are: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Upright \family default This is the Upright font shape. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard It's also the default shape. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Italic \family default \shape italic This \family sans i \family default s the Italic font shape \shape default \emph on . \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Slanted \family default \shape slanted This is the Slanted font shape \family sans \family default \shape default (although it might not be visible on screen, this is different from italic). \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Small\InsetSpace ~ Caps \family default \shape smallcaps This is the Small caps font shape \shape default \noun on . \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMM \family sans Si \bar under z \bar default e \family default Alters the size of the font. You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio nal to the default font size. Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of what you want to do. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard The options [and their keybindings] are: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Tiny \family default \size tiny This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Tiny \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [keybinding = \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ t \family default or \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ 1 \family default ] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Smallest \family default \size scriptsize This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Smallest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [keybinding = \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 2] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Smaller \family default \size footnotesize This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Smaller \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [keybinding = \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ S \family default or \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 3] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Small \family default \size small This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Small \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [keybinding = \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ s \family default or \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 4] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Normal \family default This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Normal \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard It's also the default size. [keybinding = \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ n \family default or \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 5] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Large \family default \size large This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Large \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [keybinding = \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ l \family default or \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 6] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Larger \family default \size larger This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Larger \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [keybinding = \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ S-L \family default or \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 7] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Largest \family default \size largest This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Largest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [keybinding = \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 8] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Huge \family default \size huge This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Huge \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [keybinding = \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ h \family default or \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 9] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Huger \family default \size giant This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Huger \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font size. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [keybinding = \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ H \family default or \family sans M-s\InsetSpace ~ \family default 0] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard We'll warn you \emph on yet again \emph default : don't go crazy with this feature. You should almost never need to change the font size. LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments - use that instead. This is here for fine-tuning \emph on only! \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMM \family sans \bar under M \bar default isc \family default Here you can change a few other things at the character level. Options are: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Emph \family default \emph on This is text with emphasize on \emph default . \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard This might seem like the same as \shape italic Italic \shape default , but it is actually a bit different. If you use emphasize on italicized text, it will make it upright. In future versions of LyX, we hope to let you customize the exact behavior of this \emph on logical \emph default property. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Underbar \family default \bar under This is text with Underbar on. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard [keybinding = \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ u \family default ] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Noun \family default \noun on This is text with Noun on. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard Like \family sans Emph \family default , this is a logical attribute. For the moment, it is equivalent to \family sans Small\InsetSpace ~ Caps \family default , but that is bound to change some day. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days, when you couldn't change fonts. We no longer need to resort to emphasizing text by overstriking it with an underscore character. It's only included in LyX because it's also in LaTeX, and because some people \emph on may \emph default need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions (and in fact we use it in these manuals to indicate keyboard shortcuts for menu items). \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Color \family default You can adjust the color of the text with this control. Of course, you need to have a color printer to exploit this, but you also need to have the \family sans color \family default LaTeX package installed. Notice that \family typewriter xdvi \family default is not able to display these colors. Besides \family sans No\InsetSpace ~ color \family default , which \family sans \family default is the standard \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset color \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , you can choose between \family sans Black \family default , \family sans White \family default , \family sans Red \family default , \family sans Green \family default , \family sans Blue \family default , \family sans Cyan \family default , \family sans Magenta \family default and \family sans Yellow \family default text. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Language \family default This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from the language of the document. Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You have a huge number of combinations to choose from. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Once you've chosen a new character style via the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text\InsetSpace ~ \bar under S \bar default tyle \family default dialog, you can activate it using the toolbar button labelled \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Font \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , or select \family sans \bar under A \bar default pply \family default . The toolbar button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style even when the dialog isn't visible. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As we stated earlier, to completely reset the character style to the default, use \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default . If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed (suppose you just sent the shape to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset slanted \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and the series to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset bold \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ), set the \family sans Toggle on all these \family default switch and press \family sans \bar under A \bar default pply \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We conclude with the same warning we've been spewing: Don't overuse the fonts. They are, more often than not, a kludge and a horrible substitute for good writing. Your writing should speak for itself --- and will. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Printing and Previewing \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Overview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece. Before we tell you that, however, we want to give you a quickie explanation of what goes on behind-the-scenes. We cover this information in much greater detail in the \emph on Extended Features \emph default manual as well. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX uses a program called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LaTeX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as its backend. (Actually, LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, but to prevent confusion, we'll just refer to the whole magilla as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LaTeX. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) Think of it this way: LyX is what you use to do your actual writing. Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output. This happens in a couple of stages: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX, generating a file with the extension, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .tex \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the \family typewriter .tex \family default file to produce printable output. It doesn't know anything about your printer, however. Instead, LaTeX produces what's known as a \emph on device-independent \emph default file, or DVI for short. The actual output is in a file with the extension, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter .dvi \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . DVI files are completely portable; you can move them from one machine to another without needing to do any sort of conversion. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Description NOTE: The DVI file only contains what was in the LaTeX file itself. If you have included PostScript pictures in your document, there will only be a link to these files. So don't forget these files if you move your \family typewriter .dvi \family default file to another computer. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Consider the \family typewriter .dvi \family default file to be the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset final output. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset Once you have it, you can view it, print it, or convert it to other formats. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate You can view \family typewriter .dvi \family default files using a program called \family typewriter xdvi \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Some printers and Unix systems understand DVI, and can print your \family typewriter .dvi \family default file directly. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Nowadays, most printers understand the PostScript format. LyX automatically converts the \family typewriter .dvi \family default file to a PostScript file for you when you go to print out your document. LyX will also let you preview a PostScript version of your document using the program \family typewriter ghostview \family default . \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard One advantage of using PostScript® is that the converter program [called \family typewriter dvips \family default ] takes any PostScript graphics you may have included in your document and puts it into the resulting PostScript version of your document. It also includes any special fonts you may have used. That makes the PostScript version much, much more portable than the DVI version. \end_layout \end_deeper \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard LyX does all of these steps automagically for you. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As you have seen, a lot of things happen before you get a hardcopy or a preview of your document. So, don't worry if printing requires a bit more time than with other word processors. The printed result is worth the wait. Quality always has its price. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Quick Viewing with xdvi \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, select \family sans \bar under V \bar default iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under D \bar default VI \family default . Then wait a while. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When all of the behind-the-scenes action is done, LyX calls the program \family typewriter xdvi \family default . You can now look at the results. [If you want more info on the \family typewriter xdvi \family default program, see the \family typewriter man \family default -pages.] \end_layout \begin_layout Description Helpful-Tip: Keep the \family typewriter xdvi \family default window open, maybe moving it to another desktop. Then, after you make changes to your document, just use \family sans \bar under V \bar default iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under U \bar default pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under D \bar default VI \family default . Now click on the \family typewriter xdvi \family default window. The \family typewriter xdvi \family default program will automatically reread the \family typewriter .dvi \family default file and give you an updated view. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Viewing the PostScript Version with ghostview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In general, using \family typewriter xdvi \family default to view your document is the easiest and fastest way. There may be times, however, when you want to look at the PostScript version. One reason is fonts. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Note from \noun on John Weiss \noun default : Another reason is paranoia. I always like to look at the PostScript file before I print it, just so I see exactly what went to the printer\SpecialChar \ldots{} \end_layout \end_inset You can use PostScript fonts in a LaTeX document, but \family typewriter xdvi \family default won't show this. You'll need to use \family typewriter ghostview \family default or some other PostScript file viewer to see the actual results. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To view the PostScript version of your document, select \family sans Pos \bar under t \bar default Script \family default from the \family sans \bar under V \bar default iew \family default menu. When all of the magic behind-the-scenes is done, LyX calls the program \family typewriter ghostview \family default . You can now look at the results. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You've guessed what the \family sans \bar under U \bar default pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator Pos \bar under t \bar default script \family default command from the \family sans \bar under V \bar default iew \family default menu does, haven't you? Remember to click once in the \family typewriter ghostview \family default window after this command to update the view. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Printing the File \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To print a file, select \family sans \bar under P \bar default rint \family default from the \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile \family default menu, or click on the toolbar button with the printer on it. This opens the \family sans Print \family default dialog. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can choose to only print even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this is useful for printing on two sides: you can re-insert the pages after printing one set of pages, to print on the other side. Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down. By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can set the parameters in the \family sans Destination \family default box as follows : \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMM \family sans \bar under P \bar default rinter \family default This is the name of the printer to print to. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Note that this printer name isn't for the \family typewriter lpr \family default command but for \family typewriter dvips \family default . That means \family typewriter dvips \family default has to be configured for this printer name. See the section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:dvipsconfig} \end_inset or the \family typewriter dvips \family default documentation for details. The default printer can also be set in \family typewriter lyxrc \family default . \end_layout \end_inset The printer should understand PostScript files. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMM \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile \family default The name of a file to print to. The output will be in Post\SpecialChar \- Script format. The file will generally be written in the current directory, unless you specify the full path. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that printing may need little time, since LaTeX, \family typewriter dvips \family default and, if you don't have a PostScript printer, \family typewriter ghostscript \family default have to process your document. \end_layout \begin_layout Section A Few Words about Typography \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Hyphens and Hyphenation \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hyphens} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In LyX, the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset character comes in three lengths, often called the \emph on hyphen \emph default , the \emph on en dash \emph default , and the \emph on em dash \emph default : \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate hyphen \hfill - \hfill made with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \family default \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate en dash \hfill -- \hfill made with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash / \end_layout \end_inset - \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate em dash \hfill --- \hfill made with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash / \end_layout \end_inset - \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash / \end_layout \end_inset - \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate minus sign \hfill \begin_inset Formula $-$ \end_inset \hfill a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in math mode \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You generate these by using the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset character multiple times in a row. LyX automatically converts them to the appropriate length dash in the final output. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The three types of dash are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in math mode and has a length of its own. Here are some examples of the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter - \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in use: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate line- and page-breaks \hfill ( \emph on hyphen \emph default ) \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate From A--Z \hfill ( \emph on en dash \emph default ) \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Oh --- there's a dash. \hfill ( \emph on em dash \emph default ) \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$ \end_inset \hfill ( \emph on minus sign \emph default ) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Those of you reading this from within LyX will see no difference, though there is one in the printed version. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard One more note about hyphenation --- LyX automatically breaks up words and inserts hyphens in English text. The words won't be hyphenated until you generate the final output. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Actually, it's LaTeX that does this, and it will also hyphenate words in \emph on some \emph default other languages. To know whether (PDF)LaTeX hyphenates for \emph on your \emph default language, look at any log file produced by a LaTeX run: it will say \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \family typewriter Babel and hyphenation patterns for american, french, german, ngerman, nohyphenation, loaded. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This tells you that, e.g., if you write in Finnish, you're out of luck. Study (for the teTeX distribution of LaTeX) the utilities \family typewriter texconfig \family default and \family typewriter fmtutil \family default in order to switch hyphenation on for your language by \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset uncommenting \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset the relevant line in a file typically named \family typewriter language.dat \family default . Sorry for the inconvenience. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If, for whatever reason, LaTeX \emph on still \emph default can't break a word correctly (e.g., a compound word), you can set hyphenation points manually. This is done with the menu item \family sans Hyphenation\InsetSpace ~ \bar under P \bar default oint \family default under \family sans Special\InsetSpace ~ F \bar under o \bar default rmatting \family default in the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert \family default menu. Note that these extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX. If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will totally ignore them. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Punctuation Marks \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Abbreviations and End of Sentence \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:abbrev} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations. LaTeX then adds the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset appropriate amount of space \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset : sentences get a little bit more space between the period and the next word. Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation and what's the end of a sentence is really quite brain-dead. If a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter . \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here are some examples of \emph on correct \emph default abbreviations and the end of a sentence: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize M. Butterfly \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Don't worry. Be happy. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \SpecialChar \ldots{} and here's an example of the algorithm going wrong: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize e. g. this is too much space! \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize This is I. It's okay. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To fix this problem, use one of the following: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Use an \family sans Inter-word\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default after lowercase abbreviations (see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:normblank-lbreak-horline} \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Use a \family sans Thin\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:thinblank-lbreak-horline} \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Use an \family sans End\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ sentence\InsetSpace ~ period \family default found under the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default pecial\InsetSpace ~ Character \family default menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing. This function is also bound to \family sans C-period \family default for easy access. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} g.\InsetSpace \space{} this is too much space! \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize This is I\SpecialChar \@. It's okay. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences. If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry about all of this. For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors: check out the \family sans \bar under T \bar default ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator C \bar under h \bar default eck\InsetSpace ~ TeX \family default feature described in \emph on Extended Editing \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Quotes \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quotes} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX usually sets quotes correctly. Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text, and use a closing quote at the end. For example, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset open close \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . The keyboard character, \family sans " \family default , generates this automatically. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold New in version 1.4: \series default To get single quotation marks, you have to press \family sans C-" \family default . This produces quotation marks like this: \begin_inset Quotes els \end_inset '. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also select quotes for different languages via the \family sans \bar under T \bar default ype \family default option. There are six choices: \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMM \family sans \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \family default Use quotes like this \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset double \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes els \end_inset single \begin_inset Quotes ers \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMM \family sans \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset \family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset or 'this \begin_inset Quotes ers \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMM \family sans \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset \family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes grd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes gls \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes grs \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMM \family sans \begin_inset Quotes pld \end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes prd \end_inset \family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes pld \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes prd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes pls \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes prs \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMM \family sans \begin_inset Quotes fld \end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes frd \end_inset \family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes fld \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes frd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes fls \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes frs \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMM \family sans \begin_inset Quotes ald \end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes ard \end_inset \family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes ald \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes ard \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes als \end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes ars \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Again, this affects what character the \family sans " \family default key produces. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard On the other hand, if you want to produce a bona-fide quote character, type \family sans M-" \family default . This produces: \family typewriter " \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Ligatures \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ligatures} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and print them as single characters. These groups are known as \emph on ligatures \emph default . Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your LyX documents will contain them, too. Here are the possible ligatures: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize ff \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize fi \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize fl \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize ffi \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize ffl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Once in a while, though, you don't want a ligature in a word. While a ligature may be okay in the word, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset graffiti, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset it looks really weird in compound words, such as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset cufflink \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or the German \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Dorffest. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset To break a ligature, use \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special\InsetSpace ~ F \bar under o \bar default rmatting \family default \SpecialChar \menuseparator \family sans Ligature\InsetSpace ~ Break. \family default This changes \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset cufflinks \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} links \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Dorffest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} fest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Widows and Orphans \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:widows} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page happened to end. There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text. You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line of a paragraph at the top of a new page. These dangly-bits of text became known as \emph on widows \emph default and \emph on orphans \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading. That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments. But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there to specifically prevent widows and orphans. This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page, or how you can tweak that behavior. Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexcompanion} \end_inset or\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide} \end_inset ] may have more information. You will almost never need to worry about this, however. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Floats: Tables, Figures, Footnotes and Margin Notes \begin_inset OptArg status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Tables, Figures, and Notes \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Footnotes \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Unlike other typesetting programs, LyX uses \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset foldable \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset boxes instead of displaying its footnotes at the bottom of the screen or somewhere else in your text. When you insert a footnote with \family sans \series medium \bar under I \bar no nsert \series default \bar default \SpecialChar \menuseparator \series medium \bar under F \bar no ootnote, \family roman you'll first see a \family default \series default \bar default grey \family roman \series medium \bar no box with a \family default \series default \bar default red \family roman \series medium \bar no label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset foot \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset appearing within your text. This box is LyX's representation of your footnote. You can enter your text into this box. If you click the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans foot \family roman \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \family default \series default \bar default \family roman \series medium \bar no label, the box will \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset fold \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \family default \series default \bar default Clicking on the button again will \family roman \series medium \bar no \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset unfold \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset the footnote. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard To close this footnote, click on the red box at the top left. \end_layout \end_inset You will not see any numbers within LyX. You don't need to worry about those, anyhow, because LyX does the numbering for you, as well as putting the footnote at the bottom of the correct page, when it processes your file. If you want to turn already existing text into a footnote, simply mark it and click on the footnote button (a picture of text with an arrow pointing to stuff in the bottom margin). \family default \series default \bar default Vice versa, you can change a footnote to regular text by hitting the \family sans Backspace \family default key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting the \family sans Delete \family default key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote, respectively (this works for all \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset foldable \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset boxes in LyX). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard What LyX cannot do, yet, is take care of special needs like setting the footnote numbering back to 1 after each section in the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter article \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \family roman document class or changing the counter \family default \family roman style. You'll need to insert LaTeX commands like th \family default os \family roman e \family default described in the \emph on Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars \emph default section of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on Extended \emph default \emph on Features \emph default . \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Description NOTE: A float in LaTeX and LyX isn't a simple paragraph as with usual word processors. It is a complex text structure that may contain everything except floats. That means you can use all the layouts inside a float, even figures and tables. You may not need this too often, but if you do occasionally need it, it's a neat feature. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Margin Notes \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Margin notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX. When you insert a margin note via \family sans \series medium \bar under I \bar no nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under M \bar no argin \series default \bar default \InsetSpace ~ N \series medium \bar no ote \family default \series default \bar default or the toolbar button (which contains a picture of text in a margin with an arrow pointing to it), you'll see \family roman \series medium a \family default \series default grey \family roman \series medium box with a \family default \series default red \family roman \series medium label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset margin \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset appearing within your text. \begin_inset Marginal status open \begin_layout Standard This is a margin note. \end_layout \end_inset This box is LyX's representation of your margin note. You can enter your text into this box. If you click the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset margin \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \family default \series default \family roman \series medium label, the box will \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset fold \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . You can access it at a later time by clicking on the \family default \series default label again \family roman \series medium , thereby \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset unfolding \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset the margin note. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard As a default, LyX uses 1.9 cm (0.75 inches) as the margin width to allow room for margin notes. This might not be what you're looking for, but as with footnotes, LyX cannot yet do everything LaTeX has to offer. You might want to consult your LaTeX handbook for additional commands. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Figures and Imported Graphics \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard No document preparation system is complete without the ability to import graphics from other utilities into the document. In LyX, these are referred to as ``figures'' whether they are actually figures in the traditional sense or simply some kind of imported image. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that figures referred to here are do not have captions and sit wherever in the document you place them. If you need one of these features, see sec.\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} \end_inset below. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To place a figure in your document, click on the second right-most icon on the toolbar, or select \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under G \bar default raphics... \family default from the menu. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A dialog will appear for you to choose the file to load. You can also change any settings you need to in this dialog. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename mobius.eps display color scale 70 rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This dialog has numerous parameters, though most should be self-explanatory. The \family sans File \family default tab allows you to choose your image file (note that a wide variety of image formats are supported automatically). The figure can be transformed by setting a rotation angle, using a bounding box, and scaling. Table\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cap:Units-for-image} \end_inset describes all available units. It is possible to set a bounding box automatically for some image formats (see the \family sans Bounding\InsetSpace ~ Box \family default tab). Note that it is possible to control the display of the figure in LyX and the display in the final document separately, which can be very useful for large figures. LaTeX wizards can specify additional LaTeX options in the \family sans Extras \family default tab. You can also set the \family sans Subfigure \family default option here, for use in figure floats (see Section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection How it works \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX has the ability to handle literally any graphics format in the known universe so long as a conversion path from this graphics format to the target output format can be created. If that sounds a little obtuse, consider how LyX handles Encapsulated PostScrip t® figures. LaTeX provides native support for this format, so LyX needs do nothing other than use the \family typewriter \backslash includegraphics \family default LaTeX command to insert the figure in the final document. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float table placement t wide false sideways false status collapsed \begin_layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cap:Units-for-image} \end_inset Units for setting the image size \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard unit \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard name/description \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard mm \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard millimetre \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard cm \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard centimetre \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard in \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard inch \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pt \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard point (72.27 pt = 1 in) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pc \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pica (1 pc = 12 pt) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard sp \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard scaled point (65536 sp = 1 pt) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard bp \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard big point (72 bp = 1 in) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard dd \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard didot (72 dd \begin_inset Formula $\approx$ \end_inset 37.6 \begin_inset Formula $\,$ \end_inset mm) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard cc \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard cicero (1cc = 12 dd) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Scale% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of original image width \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard text% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of text width \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard col% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of column width \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard page% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of paper width \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard line% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of line width \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard theight% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of text height \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pheight% \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard % of paper height \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard ex \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard height of letter \emph on x \emph default in current font \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard width of letter \emph on M \emph default in current font \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard mu \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard math unit (1 mu = 1/18 em) \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To view the figure on the LyX screen, however, some additional work is required because neither the XForms nor the Qt GUI libraries can load PostScript® figures themselves. The XForms library can load figures in the following, widely used graphics formats: \family typewriter bmp \family default , \family typewriter gif \family default , \family typewriter jpeg \family default , \family typewriter pbm \family default , \family typewriter pgm \family default , \family typewriter ppm \family default , \family typewriter tif \family default and \family typewriter xbm \family default whilst the Qt library can also handle \family typewriter mng \family default , \family typewriter png \family default and \family typewriter xpm \family default format figures. Thus, LyX must initiate a conversion from Encapsulated PostScript® to a loadable graphics format. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It does this using the powerful, configurable converters mechanism exposed in the \family sans Converters \family default section of the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit \family default \SpecialChar \menuseparator \family sans \bar under P \bar default references \family default dialog. If LyX cannot create a conversion path (which might have many steps) from Encapsulated PostScript® to one of the loadable formats listed above, then it defaults to the use of ImageMagick's \family typewriter convert \family default utility. If, after all that, LyX \emph on still \emph default cannot load the figure, then it'll tell you so with a message \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Error converting to loadable format \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in place of an on-screen view of your figure. If you're presented with such a message, then you'll need to augment the list of known converters. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This strategy is used both to generate on-screen views of your image and when generating the final document. In the latter case, the LaTeX compiler must be supplied with graphics files in PostScript® format. Similarly the PDFLaTeX compiler requires files in \family typewriter pdf \family default , \family typewriter png \family default or \family typewriter jpeg \family default format. LyX will handle the necessary conversions behind the scenes. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Figure Floats \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Using Figure Floats \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figurefloats} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The problem with inserting figures straight into your text is that they might make the pagination of your document extremely awkward. To suit the LyX mentality of automating such processes, you might find it preferable to use \family sans Figure\InsetSpace ~ Floats \family default , which LyX (actually, LaTeX) is free to move about your document as it deems necessary for a good fit. In return, LyX automates the listing of these figures and allows you to place a caption on them, using the \family sans Caption \family default environment explained in Section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:captionlayout} \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To place a \family sans Figure\InsetSpace ~ Float \family default simply select \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Flo \bar under a \bar default t\SpecialChar \menuseparator Figure \family default from the menu bar. You will get a float without a figure in it; use the toolbar icon described above to insert the actual figure. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement htbp wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:escher} \end_inset M.C. Escher on acid. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename escher-lsd.eps display color rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement htbp wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename platypus.eps display color rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:kill-plat} \end_inset A severely distorted platypus in a float. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It seems simple, but there is subtlety involved in the placement of the caption. If you prefer your caption to appear below the figure, then you must press return when the cursor is at the very start of the caption, and insert the figure in the new paragraph created above the caption; or you can delete the caption and recreate it by selecting the \family sans Caption \family default environment after the figure has been inserted. This is what we did for figure \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:kill-plat} \end_inset . If the cursor is in a paragraph after the caption when you insert the \family sans Figure \family default then it will be inserted after the caption, as was the case for \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:escher} \end_inset . It is preferred to use one \family sans Figure \family default per \family sans Float \family default . This allows LyX [actually LaTeX] to best position each figure. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Right-clicking on a float opens a dialog where you can alter the placement options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float (see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn} \end_inset ). \family sans Span\InsetSpace ~ columns \family default is only useful for two-column documents: if you select it, the float will span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just one. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This figure also shows how we place a label and create a cross-reference to it; as you would expect from reading section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref} \end_inset you can simply insert a \family sans \bar under L \bar default abel \family default in the caption and refer to it using a \family sans \bar under C \bar default ross\InsetSpace ~ Reference \family default as normal. It is especially important to use these with figure floats, rather than using vague references to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset the above figure, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as LaTeX will reposition your floats for you in the final document; it might not be \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset above \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset at all. If it is not possible to fit the floats neatly on the same page as the text which refers to it, the figures will be placed on a separate page by themselves. Rest assured that the overall effect is usually quite nice. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that the caption is used in a \family sans List\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ \bar under F \bar default igures \family default (as described in Section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ListsOf} \end_inset ) automatically, should you choose to include one in your document. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Float Placement \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:float-locn} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now, the whole idea behind \family sans Figure\InsetSpace ~ Floats \family default [as well as \family sans Table\InsetSpace ~ Floats \family default , which we introduce later] is to allow LyX to place a figure [or table] on a page in a consistent, sensible fashion. The rules LaTeX uses are rather arcane; refer to the LaTeX documentation for the exact details. You can use check boxes in the float dialog to set placement for a particular float. By default, each float uses the document's default placement rules. You can change these, if you wish, in the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default dialog. The \family sans Float\InsetSpace ~ placement \family default box takes a LaTeX-style placement specification. You can place any combination of four letters in the \family sans Float\InsetSpace ~ placement \family default box, in any order: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans h \family default for \emph on here \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans t \family default for \emph on top \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans b \family default for \emph on bottom \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans p \family default for \emph on page \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The letters correspond to the following behaviour: \end_layout \begin_layout Description Here: LyX tries to put the \family sans Float \family default at the same point in the text where you put it. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard If there isn't enough room, LyX tries one of the other three location types. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Description Top: LyX tries to put the \family sans Float \family default at the top of the current page. If the figure won't fit on the current page, it goes to the next page. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Bottom: LyX tries to put the \family sans Float \family default at the bottom of the current page. If there isn't room, it goes to the next page. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Page: LyX tries to put the \family sans Float \family default (or a number of \family sans Float \family default s) on a page of its own. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There is some subtlety to how this all works. The order specifies what location LyX should try first. If that one fails, it tries the next one, and so on, though \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans h \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will always take precedence if it appears in the list. The default placement list is \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans tbp \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset : try the top of a text page first, then the bottom of a text page, then on a page by itself. If you want LyX to try \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset really hard \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to place the figure where you command it, precede the list with an exclamation point; for example \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans !htbp \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Here are some example entries and what they do: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans hbp \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard Try putting the figure/table at its actual position in the text. If that doesn't work, put it on the bottom of the page. If that fails, put it on a separate page. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans !hbp \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard Try really hard to put the figure/table at its actual position in the text. Then the bottom of the page, then on a separate page. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans tp \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard Put the figure/table at the top of each page. If it's too long, put it on a separate page. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans p \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard Always put figures and tables on their own page. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Subsection XFig and LyX \end_layout \begin_layout Standard One obvious question is \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset how would I create the figures? \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset Fortunately, the answer is included in most Linux and/or LaTeX distributions. \family typewriter XFig \family default is a powerful though slightly awkward drawing tool. If you want to include figures that you have created with \family typewriter XFig \family default there are several ways. We recommend the following: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Export the figure as Encapsulated PostScript. This could be very easy included into LyX as described in the previous sections. The great advantage of this way is, that you have the full power of PostScript® available. That means Bezier curves, colors, all line thicknesses and many more. If you have inserted text into your fig-document this will be printed with PostScript fonts, which is OK\SpecialChar \@. The figure can be manipulated like any other EPS figure, as described above. \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard The only disadvantage is that you cannot create formulas as PostScript text except by hand. If you also need formulas or simple exponents or indices in your figure, the next way is recommended. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Export the figure as LaTeX. This is just as easy to include into LyX, with the advantage that you may use all LaTeX commands within the text inside XFig. Therefore you have to set the \emph on special flag \emph default for text in XFig. This is automatic if you invoke XFig with \family typewriter xfig\InsetSpace ~ -specialtext \family default . If this is done and you have also chosen a LaTeX font you may simply write \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset $H_2$ \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in \family typewriter XFig\SpecialChar \@. \family default If you export this figure as LaTeX and include it in LyX with \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Chil \bar under d \bar default \InsetSpace ~ Document \family default (see description in \emph on Extended Features \emph default ) this text will appear as \begin_inset Formula $H_{2}$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard The disadvantage of this way is that the graphical power of LaTeX isn't as strong as PostScript®\SpecialChar \@. You cannot use all thicknesses of lines and, more annoyingly, not all slopes. This is why we recommend the third way for more complex figures. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate Export the figure as LaTeX/PostScript combined. Then \family typewriter XFig \family default [ \family typewriter transfig \family default , really] will generate two files: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate the PostScript part \family typewriter foo.pstex \family default , that contains all painting. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate the LaTeX part \family typewriter foo.pstex_t \family default , that contains all text and a link to the PostScript part. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard Then you just have to include the LaTeX part as described above. This will automatically include the PostScript part, too. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard If you get an error like \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset unknown graphics extension pstex \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset you have to declare these graphic extensions. I think this is a \family typewriter transfig \family default bug that occurs with LaTeX2e. Simply add a line like \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter \backslash @namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard in the file \family typewriter /usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def \family default . Then add \family typewriter pstex \family default to the extension: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \backslash def \backslash Gin@extensions{eps, ps, pstex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This should fix the whole thing. Alternatively you may export the postscript part as \family typewriter foo.eps \family default and change the LaTeX part \family typewriter foo.pstex_t \family default manually. But this is annoying. \end_layout \end_inset This way you have the full PostScript® and LaTeX power combined except for the possibility to scale the figure after creating. So if you want scalable pictures, the PostScript format is your only choice. Another little advantage of letting LaTeX typeset the font is that the same font will appear in your figures as in your text, which looks a little nicer. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Tables \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tables} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX has powerful table support, but LaTeX can do many more things with tables than LyX is currently capable of, so you might want to look at a good LaTeX book if the features described here should turn out to be inadequate. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can insert a table using either the table toolbar button or \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under T \bar default able \family default . A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns. The default table has lines at the top and to the left of every cell, a line to the right of the rightmost column and a line at the bottom of the lowest row, forming a box around the table. Additionally, the topmost row also has a line at the bottom, which causes this row to appear separated from the rest of the table. Here's an example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 12 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 45 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 98 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none A \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none B \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none multi \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none C \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection The Table dialog \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which brings up a settings dialog. Among these options are: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Adding/removing border lines from a row or column. If you remove the top line from one of the rows, you'll get a dotted line in LyX, but no line will appear in the printout. If you set the bottom line of one row and the top line of the row below, then the rows are separated by a small space, as you can see with the top row in the example above. You can do the same vertically if you set the right line of a column and the left line of the column to the right. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Text alignment in a column \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Appending rows and columns \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Deleting rows, columns, or the entire table \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Multicolumn \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Setting a fixed width for a column \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Longtable options - this is useful if your table is higher than the paper. Then the table is split on the bottom of the page and continued on the next one, instead of running of the end of the page. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Rotate the whole table or a single cell sideways, by 90 degrees \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also use the menu to perform these operations. Try \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \family default \bar under T \family sans \bar default able \family default or \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Rows& \bar under C \bar default ols \family default when the cursor is inside a table. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Most of these options also work on selections. This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is done on all of your selection. Note that there is a difference between selecting the \emph on contents \emph default of the cell, and the cell itself. If you can see a red border inside a cell, then a selection will select the contents. If you press \family sans Escape \family default or click outside of the box, then the selection will select cells (whether you use the mouse or the normal cursor-movement keys). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you append a row, it is added \emph on below \emph default the row containing the cursor. Similarly, columns are appended to the \emph on right \emph default of the cursor. This makes it difficult to add columns on the left edge of a table without a lot of cutting and pasting. Deletion is always performed on the row or column containing the cursor. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The multicolumn option merges two or more adjacent cells on a given row. For example, in the above table, row \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset B \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset has had multicolumn applied to the columns labelled \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 45 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 98. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset To use it, you must first select the cells, then choose \family sans Multicolumn \family default from the menu. This will not work vertically - see the Table Examples document for how to do this. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also use \family sans Multicolumn \family default if you need to have a special handling for a single table cell's top and bottom border lines and text alignment. Here an example of this special handling of a cell: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series bold \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series bold \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none x \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series bold \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none y \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series bold \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none point a & b \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 103 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 9 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series bold \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none point b & a \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 599 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 340 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series bold \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none point abc \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 1009 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 52 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series bold \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none point abcd \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 96 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 11 \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You see here that the header line cells are aligned to the center, whereas the left column is aligned to the left, and the other columns are aligned to the right. Also the bottom and top line of two cells have been removed. \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Standard I can make nothing of this explanation. An improvement would be nice :) - jbl \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you want your column to have a fixed width, then you can insert a width in the \family sans Width \family default \emph on \emph default input-field of the \family sans Table \family default dialog. This will then allow the cell to have multiple paragraphs of text. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If your table becomes too large to fit on a portrait document layout, you can select the \family sans Rotate\InsetSpace ~ 90° \family default button, and the table will appear sideways (this means landscape in a portrait document style). You might also like to rotate single table cells to give them more horizontal space. The example below demonstrates why it is useful to rotate single cells. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \emph on Note: \emph default This \family sans Rotate\InsetSpace ~ 90° \family default option will \emph on not \emph default display on screen, and works \emph on only \emph default for PostScript output. So, if you want to preview them, use \family sans \bar under V \bar default iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator Pos \bar under t \bar default script \family default , as \family sans \bar under V \bar default iew \bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator D \bar default VI \family default will not show the table properly. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Description \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Flag 1 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Flag 2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Flag 3 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Flag 4 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Flag 5 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Flag 6 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Flag 7 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Flag 8 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Flag 9 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Flag 10 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Total \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Desc.\InsetSpace ~ 1 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 7 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Desc.\InsetSpace ~ 2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 9 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Desc.\InsetSpace ~ 3 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 8 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Desc.\InsetSpace ~ 4 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none * \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 6 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Total \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 30 \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection What can be placed inside a table cell? \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Many objects can be placed inside a table cell. Any single line of text, an equation (not a displayed or multilined equation, though), or a figure can be in a cell; in fact, all three kinds of objects can be placed in the same cell. Font sizes and shapes can be altered, and the table will adjust to display them properly. However, you can't put a special environment in a cell (like \family sans Section* \family default , etc.), nor set spacing options etc. for the cell's paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Cut & Paste in Tables \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Cutting and pasting between tables works reasonably well. You can cut and paste even more than one row. Selection with the mouse or with \family sans Shift \family default plus the arrow keys works as usual. The values in the second table below were cut and pasted from the first, using the mouse to select and paste. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 1 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 3 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 4 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 5 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 6 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 7 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 8 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 9 \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 1 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 3 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 4 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 5 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 6 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 7 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that you can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting the selection from outside the table. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Multiple lines in cells \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is possible to have multi-line entries in tables, but not in a completely WYSIWYM manner. Define a fixed length for the column in the \family sans Table \family default dialog. After this, your text is automatically split into more lines and the cell enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given fixed length. An example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 1 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 3 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 4 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none This is a multiline entry in a table. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 5 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 6 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none This is longer now. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 7 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 8 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none This is a multiline entry in a table. This is longer now. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 9 \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Text within a cell will not normally wrap to fit the page, so if a line of text in a table is too long, the table will extend beyond the right margin of the page. Similarly, tables will not split themselves at the bottom of a page, and so might extend below the bottom margin. You have these options to resolve this problem: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Split it into two tables. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Select the \family sans Longtable \family default button in the \family sans Table \family default dialog. This automatically splits the table over more pages, if it is too tall. After doing this, the list of \family sans Longtable \family default buttons activate themselves and you may now define: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans First\InsetSpace ~ header \family default : The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options defined are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Header \family default : The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options defined are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable; except for the first page, if \family sans First\InsetSpace ~ header \family default is defined. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Footer \family default : The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options defined are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable; except for the last page, if \family sans Last\InsetSpace ~ footer \family default is defined. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate \family sans Last\InsetSpace ~ footer \family default : The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options defined are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware of the fact that only the first flag is used in the given table rows. The others will then be defined as \emph on empty \emph default . In this context, first means first in this order: \family sans Footer, Last\InsetSpace ~ footer, \family default \family sans Header, \family default \family sans First\InsetSpace ~ header. \family default \emph on \emph default See the \family typewriter TableExamples.lyx \family default example file to see how this works. \emph on \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The check box in the long table options can be used to specify specific rows to break the page on as well. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate A table can also be placed in a float, as described below, which will allow TeX to place it as well as it can within the page. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Table Floats \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table float} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Outside of a float, the table will be positioned exactly where it is placed in the document. Using a \family sans \shape up Tabl \bar under e \bar default \InsetSpace ~ Float \family default \shape default from the \family sans \shape up \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Flo \shape default \bar under a \shape up \bar default t \family default \shape default menu will enable LaTeX to place the table where it fits best, rather than exactly where you insert it. Float placement for table floats is similar to that for figure floats \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} \end_inset , and is described in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn} \end_inset . Captions also work the same way as with figure floats, as described in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} \end_inset . Table \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float} \end_inset is an example of a table float. \begin_inset Float table placement htbp wide false sideways false status collapsed \begin_layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float} \end_inset A table float. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 1 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 3 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Joe \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Mary \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Ted \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c & d\end{array}\right]$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Table of Contents and other Listings \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:toc} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard One of the really nice features of LaTeX is the ease with which it lets you create various \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Lists, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset such as a Table of Contents. All you need to do is to use certain environments and insert a reference at the place where you want the list to appear. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection The Table of Contents \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In order to get a Table of Contents, you need to do four things: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Use a document class that includes support (all but \family typewriter letter \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Set paragraph environments appropriately: \family sans Chapter \family default , \family sans (Sub...) Section \family default , \family sans (Sub...), Paragraph \family default . Note that styles with a \family sans * \family default , like \family sans Section* \family default , will \emph on not \emph default appear in the Table of Contents. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Make sure you set the \family sans \bar under S \bar default ection\InsetSpace ~ number\InsetSpace ~ depth \family default and \family sans \bar under T \bar default able\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ contents \family default . \family sans \InsetSpace ~ depth \family default in the \family sans Document\InsetSpace ~ Layout \family default dialog to the appropriate value as described in \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:section-depth} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Insert the ToC command at some place in the document. You'll find it under \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator List\InsetSpace ~ /\InsetSpace ~ T \bar under O \bar default C\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under T \bar default able\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ Contents \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also bring up a dialog for navigating through your document with \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under T \bar default able\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ Contents \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ListsOf} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents. You can insert them from the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator List\InsetSpace ~ /\InsetSpace ~ \bar under T \bar default OC \family default submenu. If you want figures, tables, or algorithms to appear in the list, you must place them inside a float of the relevant type and add a caption. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Mathematical Formulae \end_layout \begin_layout Section Basic Math Editing \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon with \begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ \end_inset on it. That will open a little blue square, with purple markers around it, on the corners. That blue square is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate what level of nesting within the formula you are at. You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert \bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator M \bar default ath \family default menu; or you can use a keyboard macro, \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ m \family default , \family sans M-m\InsetSpace ~ m \family default , or \family sans C-m \family default (CUA binding only). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you simply need to type a single Greek letter, such as \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ \end_inset , there is a special shortcut. Just type \family sans M-m\InsetSpace ~ g\InsetSpace ~ a \family default to get \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ \end_inset , \family sans M-m\InsetSpace ~ g\InsetSpace ~ b \family default to get \begin_inset Formula $\beta$ \end_inset , etc. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Editing the parameters of a formula may be done from the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under M \bar default ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\InsetSpace ~ Pane \bar under l \family default \bar default dialog, by \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math \family default , or by clicking the right mouse button on the formula. The math panel is very useful, so you may want to open it and leave it somewhere on the screen. If you're not already in a formula, selecting anything from the math panel will insert a formula for you. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Navigating a Formula \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The best control over cursor position within an existing formula is achieved with the arrow keys. Mathed uses small squares to indicate places where something can be inserted. The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula. Pressing \family sans Space \family default will leave a fraction or other formula construct (a square root \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$ \end_inset , or parentheses \begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$ \end_inset , or a matrix \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2\\ 3 & 4\end{array}\right]$ \end_inset ). Pressing \family sans Escape \family default will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula. \family sans Tab \family default can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans Space \family default seems to do nothing in Mathed, since it does not in fact add a space between characters, but it does exit a nested structure. For this reason, you have to be careful about using \family sans Space \family default . For example, if you want \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$ \end_inset , type \family typewriter \backslash sqrt \family sans \InsetSpace ~ \family default then \family sans Space \family default , then \family sans \InsetSpace ~ \family typewriter 2x+1 \family default , not \family typewriter \backslash sqrt \family sans \InsetSpace ~ Space\InsetSpace ~ \family typewriter 2x \family sans \InsetSpace ~ Space\InsetSpace ~ \family typewriter + \family sans \InsetSpace ~ Space\InsetSpace ~ \family typewriter 1 \family default , since in the latter case only the \family typewriter \begin_inset Formula $2x$ \end_inset \family default will be under the square root sign, \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$ \end_inset . For those who learned to space out expressions in this way, it takes a little unlearning. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled in, such as: \begin_inset Formula \[ \left(\begin{array}{ccc} \lambda_{1}\\ & \ddots\\ & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right).\] \end_inset If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Selecting Text \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can select text within a formula in two different ways. Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press \family sans Shift \family default and a cursor movement key to select text. It will be highlighted as with regular text selection. Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way. That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula (not in a plain text region in LyX, though). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Exponents and Subscripts \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use the math panel to add superscripts or subscripts, but the much easier way is to use the standard TeX method. To get \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$ \end_inset , type (in Mathed) \family typewriter x^2 \family default then \family sans Space \family default . The final \family sans Space \family default puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression, instead of in the superscript. If you type \family typewriter x^2y \family default , you will get \begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$ \end_inset , to get \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$ \end_inset , type \family typewriter x^2 \family sans \family default then \family sans Space \family default then \family sans \InsetSpace ~ \family typewriter y \family default . Subscripts are similar, to get \begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$ \end_inset , type (in Mathed) \family typewriter a_1 \family sans \InsetSpace ~ \family default then \family sans Space \family default . Note that by default, the superscript or subscript is only for the single symbol to the left, which changes the spacing and alignment; you should read section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping} \end_inset if you need to alter this. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Fractions \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Create a fraction with either \family typewriter \backslash frac \family sans \family default (in Mathed) or using the fraction icon in the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default dialog or the \family sans \bar under M \bar default ath \family default menu item \family sans \bar under F \bar default raction \family default . You will be presented with an empty fraction, with two Mathed insertion squares top and bottom. The cursor moves immediately to the top of the fraction. To move to the bottom, simply press \family sans Down \family default . To move back up, press \family sans Up \family default . Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows: \begin_inset Formula \[ \left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc} 2 & 3\\ 4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Sums and Integrals \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sum ( \begin_inset Formula $\sum$ \end_inset ) and integral ( \begin_inset Formula $\int$ \end_inset ) signs are very often decorated with one or more sets of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset limits \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter a superscript or subscript, directly after the symbol. Sum will automatically place its \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset limits \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset over and under the symbol in display style, but will move them to the side when inlined, such as \begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$ \end_inset , versus \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Standard We haven't yet explained what display vs. inline means... \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Formula \[ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln\left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right).\] \end_inset Integral signs, however, will not by default move the limits to directly over and under the integral sign in display style, as in \begin_inset Formula $\int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt:=F(x)$ \end_inset , versus \begin_inset Formula \[ \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi.\] \end_inset Both symbols will be automatically re-sized when placed in display mode. In display mode, the placement of the limits (directly above and below, or offset to the right from the sign) can be changed by placing the cursor in front of the sign and hitting \family sans M-m l \family default . Exactly what change occurs depends on the sign. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Certain other mathematical expressions have this \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset moving limits \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset feature as addition, such as \begin_inset Formula \[ \lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\] \end_inset which will place the \begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$ \end_inset underneath the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset lim \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in display mode, but not in inlined mode, \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$ \end_inset . Note that the \begin_inset Formula $\lim$ \end_inset was entered as a function - you get it in LyX by typing \family typewriter \backslash lim \family default in math-mode, or choosing from the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset functions \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset menu in the math panel; see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-functions} \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Special integral symbols \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Standard LaTeX does only provide a very limited set of integral symbols. Therefore several packages implement additional symbols, e.g.\InsetSpace ~ moredimensional integrals like \begin_inset Formula $\iint$ \end_inset ( \family typewriter \backslash iint \family default ). Unfortunately they do not always look consistent, e.g.\InsetSpace ~ the \family typewriter \begin_inset Formula $\iint$ \end_inset ( \backslash iint) \family default symbol from the \family typewriter wasysym \family default package looks like \family typewriter \begin_inset Formula $\varint$ \end_inset ( \backslash varint \family default ), not \family typewriter \begin_inset Formula $\int$ \end_inset ( \backslash int \family default ). Therefore you should enable the automatic loading of the \family typewriter esint \family default package in \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default if you need special integrals. This package defines a complete set of consistent looking integral symbols. You can find most of them in the math panel. This document does use the \family typewriter wasysym \family default package instead of the \family typewriter esint \family default package, because the latter is not yet included in all TeX distributions, so you can see the different looking integral symbols using \family sans \bar under V \bar default iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under D \bar default VI \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection The Math Panel \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-panel} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ \bar under P \bar default anel \family default dialog (accessible via \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under M \bar default ath \family default ) has a more extensive list of symbols and structures. As stated earlier, you can keep the math panel open when writing mathematics. The use of the panel should be fairly obvious; we'll describe some of the details in later sections. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that right-clicking on a formula opens the panel as well. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Other Math Symbols \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Most math symbols can be found in the math panel under one of several categories ; including \family sans Greek \family default \begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$ \end_inset , \family sans operators \family default \begin_inset Formula $\pm\times$ \end_inset , \family sans relations \family default \begin_inset Formula $\leq\cong$ \end_inset , \family sans arrows \family default \begin_inset Formula $\uparrow\Leftrightarrow$ \end_inset , \family sans large\InsetSpace ~ operators \family default \begin_inset Formula $\sum\int$ \end_inset , and the dreaded \family sans miscellaneous \family default . There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical Society (AMS). If you know the standard LaTeX macro for a particular symbol you which to use, you do not have to use these dialogs, but they will help for those symbols whose LaTeX name you do not know. Note that the AMS symbols will not be displayed as symbols in LyX unless you install the right fonts as described in the relevant manual. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is possible to get an nth root symbol. In the minibuffer, type \family typewriter math-insert root \family default . This generates a root symbol with an extra box above the root sign. Use \family sans Up \family default and \family sans Down \family default to move between the two boxes. You can also use the key binding \family sans M-m-r \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Altering spacing \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You may want to create blank spaces that differs from the standard spacing that LaTeX provides. We don't recommend this as a matter of course, since the whole idea of WYSIWYM is that you don't think about the typesetting, but the content. However, there are situations where you will want to add spaces. The first thing to do is to type \family sans C-Space \family default . This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen within LyX: \begin_inset Formula $a\, b$ \end_inset . The next trick is to change that space to different sizes. \emph on Before \emph default you move the cursor, after typing \family sans C-Space \family default , if you hit \family sans Space \family default again, you will change the size of the space, through a number of variable sizes. The last ones in the list are red, and are a negative space. For example: \begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$ \end_inset , or \begin_inset Formula $a\! b$ \end_inset . You can also insert these spaces via the math panel. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Math functions \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-functions} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The math panel contains a number of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset functions \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , such as \begin_inset Formula $\sin$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\lim$ \end_inset , \emph on etc \emph default . (you can type them in a formula by typing \family typewriter \backslash sin \family default etc). Standard mathematical practice is that functions which are names, like \begin_inset Formula $\sin$ \end_inset , should not be italicized. Entering just the letters \begin_inset Formula $sin$ \end_inset within Mathed will give italics, of course, so these special macros are available. They do more to the final output than just change the typeface, however. For example, the expression \begin_inset Formula $\sin t$ \end_inset will typeset with a little extra space between the n and the t. For words which are more sophisticated mathematical objects, like \begin_inset Formula $\lim$ \end_inset , the macro changes the way that subscripts are placed, depending on whether the math-inset is inlined or displayed: \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L$ \end_inset versus \begin_inset Formula \[ \lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L.\] \end_inset These two expressions were typed the same way, but using the macro \family typewriter \backslash lim \family default alters the appearance (actually, it is the inlined version that is altered, to improve linespacing). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Accents \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text mode. This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use. You can also use TeX macro equivalents, as macros. That is, you can enter \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ \end_inset to get the same effect if your keyboard does not have accents enabled. This is entered by typing \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter \backslash hat a \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in Mathed. These are the equivalences between the text names and the macro names for the various accents: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none text \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none math \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none example \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none circumflex \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none hat \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none grave \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none grave \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none acute \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none acute \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none umlaut \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ddot \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none tilde \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none tilde \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none dot \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none dot \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none breve \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none breve \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none caron \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none check \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none macron \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none bar \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none --- \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none vec \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Finally, you can choose one of these accents by selecting an item from the \family sans Decorations \family default symbol set in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have made within a formula too. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection The math editor for LaTeX users \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Editing mathematical expressions in LyX can be done in one of two ways. You can use the native LyX support for rendering the formulae in a WYSIWYM fashion. LaTeX users might like to be able to use the keyboard to enter things like \family typewriter $ \backslash alpha$ \family default (this gets, in ordinary TeX, an \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ \end_inset in the final document), believing that it is faster than chasing around menus for a symbol. Here's a testimonial of one of those old LaTeX users, \noun on David Johnson: \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation I was finally convinced that the math editor was the way to go when I found that, with a few modifications, I could use it the same way I was accustomed to writing TeX. As an example, I created this \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ \end_inset by typing the following keys: First type \family typewriter \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ m \family typewriter \family default to enter \family typewriter math-mode \family default , then type \family typewriter \backslash alpha \family sans \family default , then \family sans Space \family default and \family sans Esc \family default . As soon as I typed that \family sans Space \family default the \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ \end_inset was right there on the screen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans M-c\InsetSpace ~ m \family default sequence inserts a formula (you may also use \family sans C-m \family default or \family sans M-m\InsetSpace ~ m \family default ), the \family typewriter \backslash alpha \family default is of course the standard TeX command for a Greek alpha letter, and the \family sans Esc \family default leaves the formula. Some of the advantages of this approach are: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You have immediate visual feedback to be sure your TeX was correct \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You have the real mathematical expression on the screen, correctly displayed, to make sure your mathematics is correct (correctly written, at least) \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize All the new LaTeX fuss with special environments and such are taken care of by LyX, not you \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize You won't have to chase through the code trying to find that missing \family sans $ \family default or extra \family sans { \family default any more \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize If you don't remember the LaTeX name of a particular symbol, like \begin_inset Formula $\wp$ \end_inset , you can find it in the dialogs \end_layout \begin_layout Section Brackets and decorations \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are several brackets available through LyX. For most purposes, using just the keys \family typewriter [{]}()| \backslash <> \family default should suffice, but the effect, especially if you want to surround a large structure, such as a matrix or a fraction, or if you have several layers of brackets, is better using the math panel's \family sans Delimiter \family default dialog [see sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-panel} \end_inset ]. For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard matrix such as : \begin_inset Formula \[ \left[\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2\\ 3 & 4\end{array}\right],\] \end_inset and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses of an abomination such as: \begin_inset Formula \[ \frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\] \end_inset or: \begin_inset Formula \[ f\left(g\left(h\left(k\left(l\left(x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right).\] \end_inset The parentheses, and other brackets, from that menu will automatically re-size to accommodate the size of what is inside (This is done in straight LaTeX by \family typewriter \backslash left( blah \backslash right) \family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is very easy to construct the braces you want to use. Click on the brace you want on the left side with the left mouse button, the right side with the right button, and place them in the document by clicking on the button. If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button. It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will print. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you decide after the fact to place parentheses (or other math structure, like a square root, or other decoration) around some math structure, you can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go inside the parentheses (that is done by holding the \family sans Shift \family default key down and moving the cursor with the arrow keys, or selecting with the mouse). Then, choose the appropriate brackets for left and right, and click on \family sans Apply \family default . The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you're trying to enter a LaTeX \family typewriter { \family default for grouping, you should read \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping} \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section Grouping \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Grouping} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You may need to group a set of symbols. In LaTeX, for example, the typesetting of \family typewriter {x^y}^z \family default is different from \family typewriter x^{y^z} \family default : \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \[ {x^{y}}^{z}\quad\mathrm{differs\; from}\quad x^{{y^{z}}}\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard However, trying to type the \family typewriter } \family default in LyX gives an actual closing brace in the output. To create this grouping, you need to use the key sequence \family typewriter \backslash { \family default then type space. Inside LyX, you will see red braces indicating the grouping. The example directly above shows how this works. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Arrays and Multi-line Equations \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Arrays, such as matrices, are easily entered in LyX. In the \family sans Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel \family default there is a matrix button, which will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns. Here is an example: \begin_inset Formula \[ \left(\begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 2 & 3\\ 4 & 5 & 6\\ 7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right).\] \end_inset The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as usual. Remember that you can add this after the fact, by highlighting the matrix inside Mathed (Position the mouse on one side of the matrix, hold the \family sans Shift \family default key down, and hit the appropriate arrow key to move the cursor across the matrix). You can, when you construct the matrix, decide whether the columns (or some of them) will be left-, right-, or center-justified. The specification is \family typewriter ccc \family default by default. Each letter corresponds to the relevant column. For example, \family typewriter lcr \family default means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be centered, and the third column will be right-justified.. It will look like this: \begin_inset Formula \[ \begin{array}{lcr} this & this\, column & this\, column\\ column & has & has\, right\\ has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment\end{array}.\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting \family sans C-Enter \family default while in the matrix, and you can add columns, or delete either, via the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under M \bar default ath \family default and \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Rows& \bar under C \bar default ols \family default menus. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are numerous other arrays used in LaTeX math-mode, particularly with the AMS-LaTeX packages included, such as \family typewriter \backslash cases \family default and commutative diagrams. Not all of these are supported in LyX but some are, see \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mat \bar under h \family default \bar default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Multi-line equations are very easy to construct in LyX. A formula will automatically switch to an \family typewriter \series medium eqnarray \family default \series default format (LaTeX's multi-line displayed equation format) if you hit \family sans \series medium C-E \series default nter \family default . The best way to do this, if you decide you want a multi-line displayed equation, is to insert a new line (with \family sans \series medium C-Enter \family default \series default ) immediately. Each line then has three regions, left, center, and right, which you can move through using either the arrow keys, the mouse, or the \family sans \series medium Tab \family default \series default key. Here is an example: \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} 3 & = & 1+2\\ 4+5 & = & 9.\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset You can also turn an existing displayed formula into a multi-line formula by hitting \family sans \series medium C-Enter \family default \series default while the cursor is anywhere on the original formula. However, LyX will \emph on not \emph default try to decide where to break the formula up into three parts, but places everything in the left side of the line. To change the alignment points of the equation, place the cursor where you want to start the middle part of the line, and hit \family sans C-Tab. \family default It then puts everything to the right of the cursor in the middle region of the equation (which, by the way, is not typeset by LaTeX in display-math size, so you should not put large expressions like fractions there). Move to where you want the right side of the line to begin, and hit \family sans C-Tab \family default again. The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset extra \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset insertion points in the line will disappear. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Equation Numbering and Labels \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-label} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Equation numbering is very easy in LyX. All it takes to change a displayed equation like: \begin_inset Formula \[ 1+2=3\] \end_inset into the numbered equation : \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} 1+2=3\label{mathed:first-eqn}\end{equation} \end_inset is to go to the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert \family default menu, and select the \family sans \bar under L \bar default abel... \family default option. This opens a dialog in which you must enter some string as the label. There is no need to call it by a specific number, since LaTeX will take care of re-numbering the equation. Labels will not appear as such on the final output. LaTeX will insert appropriate numbers for the equations. The labels are used internally for cross-referencing. You can turn on numbering without a specific label with the menu option \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under M \bar default ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator Toggle\InsetSpace ~ \bar under N \bar default umbering \family default while the cursor is in the equation, such as: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} 1+1=2.\end{equation} \end_inset You can toggle it on or off with this menu item. You can reference a labelled (not just numbered) equation, (cf. ( \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:first-eqn} \end_inset )) by using the \family sans Cross-Reference \family default dialog, which you open using \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under C \bar default ross-Reference... \family default \InsetSpace ~ . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For numbered (or labelled) multi-line formulas, the default is that all lines are numbered separately. Once you attach a label to make the equation numbered, all subsequent lines receive a label of #. That label can be changed to another so that you can refer to that line, like ( \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:third-eqn} \end_inset ) below. \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} 1 & = & 3-2\label{mathed:second-equation}\\ 2 & = & 4-2\label{mathed:third-eqn}\\ 4 & \leq & 7.\end{eqnarray} \end_inset You can turn off numbering of a specific line with \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under M \bar default ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator Toggle\InsetSpace ~ \bar under n \bar default umbering\InsetSpace ~ of\InsetSpace ~ line \family default while the cursor is on that line of a multi-line numbered equation. This also toggles. For example : \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} 1 & = & 4-3\label{mathed:fourth-eqn}\\ 2 & = & 7-5\\ 1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\nonumber \\ 16 & \equiv & 2\,(mod\,7)\label{mathed:fifth-eqn}\end{eqnarray} \end_inset Note that the first equation in this set ( \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fourth-eqn} \end_inset ) is labelled, the next is numbered but unlabelled, the third is unnumbered, and the last ( \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fifth-eqn} \end_inset ) is again labelled. \end_layout \begin_layout Section User defined macros in math mode \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX allows the user to define macros for use in math mode. A macro definition box appears on screen as purple box with the name of the macro in blue (math color). It contains two cells initially marked empty by blue rectangles that can be edited as if it were ordinary math. Just try it: \begin_inset FormulaMacro \newcommand{\macro}{a+b} \end_inset The contents of the first cell will be used when the macro definition is written during export as LaTeX. The contents of the second cell, however, will be used for drawing the macro's expansion on screen. In the common case where both export and drawing use the same representation, the second cell can be left empty and LyX will use the contents of the first cell will be used for export and drawing automatically. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now, to use this macro in other math boxes just type the name in TeX mode, in this case \family typewriter \backslash macro \family default , and it will be automatically expanded: \begin_inset Formula $c=\macro$ \end_inset . As you can verify, the cursor can't go inside the macro, the whole macro is like a single character, and the TeX generated code of this expression is \family typewriter c = \backslash macro. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard However the cursor could go inside of some kind of macros, those that have \emph on arguments \emph default . In a macro definition box an argument looks like a \family typewriter # \family default followed by the argument number: \begin_inset FormulaMacro \newcommand{\macrowarg}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1}} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Once expanded, this macro includes the usual empty rectangle to indicate that you can insert there whatever you want: \family typewriter \backslash macrowarg = \begin_inset Formula $\macrowarg{}$ \end_inset \family default . Example: \begin_inset Formula $b=\macrowarg{x-2}$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When exported to LaTeX, a macro definition will produce the command \newline \family typewriter \backslash newcommand{ \backslash macrowarg}[1]{2+ \backslash sqrt{#1}} \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection How to create macros \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To create a macro definition box use this syntax in the minibuffer: \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Macro names mustn't contain numbers! \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter math-macro [number of arguments] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For example, \family typewriter \backslash macro \family default was created with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter math-macro macro \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , and \family typewriter \backslash macrowarg \family default was created with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter math-macro macrowarg 1 \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To insert an argument mark (only inside a macro definition box) simply type \newline \family typewriter # \family default or use \family typewriter math-macro-arg \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The argument mark in \family typewriter \backslash macrowarg \family default was introduced with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter math-macro-arg 1 \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use no more than 9 arguments, numbered from 1 to 9. An argument can be repeated inside the macro definition box, but of course can be edited only once. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection How to navigate in macros \end_layout \begin_layout Description With\InsetSpace ~ the\InsetSpace ~ arrow\InsetSpace ~ keys: Opening a macro from the left side will put the cursor in the first argument, to move to the second argument use the TAB key. Remember that pressing the Space bar will get the cursor out and at the right side of the macro. \end_layout \begin_layout Description With\InsetSpace ~ the\InsetSpace ~ mouse: As usual, click on the desired argument box. Sometimes this fails if the box is empty or too small. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Currently it is only possible to define command macros, but not environment macros. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Fine-Tuning \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Typefaces \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use various typefaces in a formula. The standard font for text is italic, \begin_inset Formula $text$ \end_inset , but for numbers the standard is Roman. To set a font in a formula, choose it from the math panel, or by entering the LaTeX command for it directly, as follows: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Font \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard LaTeX Command \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \shape up \size normal \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter \backslash mathrm \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter \backslash mathbf \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter \backslash mathit \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \shape up \size normal \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter \backslash mathtt \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter \backslash mathbb \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter \backslash mathfrak \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \shape up \size normal \emph on \bar no \noun off \color none \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter \backslash mathcal \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \backslash \family typewriter mathsf \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LaTeX's math mode does not support all characters in all fonts, and only letters will be supported with these font styles; some only support capital letters. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For any of these fonts, you have to be careful how you enter the text. If there is text to the right of the entry point, the font reverts to that style after one character. To be able to type a string in a particular font, make sure there is a protected-space to the right of the cursor. Also, entering a protected-space will revert subsequent text to standard font. The font styles are nestable, as LaTeX does. This can be a little confusing, as selecting a different font on a selection will \emph on not \emph default change the selection, but insert a new nested level with the new typeface. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is possible (in AMS-LaTeX) to embolden (not italicize) numbers and special symbols. However, LyX does not yet support this in WYSIWYM manner\SpecialChar \@. It will print correctly, though. To get emboldened symbols, for example a bold \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ \end_inset , enter \family typewriter \backslash boldsymbol{ \backslash alpha} \family default in Mathed. The closing brace appears (in red) automatically when you type the opening brace. This works for all symbols, as well as numbers. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A number of other options are available as well, via \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mat \bar under h \bar default \SpecialChar \menuseparator Font\InsetSpace ~ Change \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Math Text Mode \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Typefaces are useful for entering variable names in some given font, but certainly not for anything else, and in particular not text. For typing longer pieces of text, use math text mode, which is obtained by typing \family sans M-m m \family default while already in math mode. (The same command will get out of math text mode, too.) Math text mode appears on the screen in black instead of blue. You cannot enter punctuation or font changes in your text \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Moreover, math text mode outputs its contents inside a \family typewriter \backslash textrm{} \family default , whereas and \family typewriter \backslash mbox \family default (or AMS-LaTeX's \backslash \family typewriter text \family default ) might have been a better choice \end_layout \end_inset , but it works for simple text. Here's an example: \begin_inset Formula \[ f(x)=\begin{array}{cc} x & \textrm{if I say so}\\ -x & \textrm{otherwise}\end{array}\] \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Font Sizes \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are four (relative) font sizes (or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset styles \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) used in math-mode, which are automatically chosen in most situations. These are called \emph on textstyle \emph default , \emph on displaystyle \emph default , \emph on scriptstyle \emph default , and \emph on scriptscriptstyle \emph default . For most characters, \emph on textstyle \emph default and \emph on displaystyle \emph default are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts, and certain other effects, are set larger or placed differently in \emph on displaystyle \emph default . Except for some operators, which re-size themselves to accommodate various situations, all text will be set in these various sizes as LaTeX thinks is appropriate. These choices can be over-ridden by using the \family typewriter math-size \family default function in the minibuffer. For example, you can set \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ \end_inset normally ( \emph on textstyle \emph default ), or you can make it larger, which also changes the line-spacing, by entering \family typewriter math-size displaystyle \family default in the minibuffer while the cursor is in the main line of the math-inset, \begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$ \end_inset . Careful, though, if the cursor is on the denominator of that fraction, only the numerator will be enlarged, e.g. \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ \end_inset ! This reflects a LaTeX \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset unintended feature \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard That is, a bug. \end_layout \end_inset , not a LyX one. These font-size changes are not as apparent in LyX as they are in the output. Here are some text in the various styles: \begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that is, if the whole math inset and surrounding text are set in a particular size, all these sizes will be adjusted. Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts will be adjusted to correspond. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family roman \size largest Here is a paragraph in \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset largest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset font, with symbols: \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This applies to math fonts in titles, etc. as well. \end_layout \begin_layout Section AMS-LaTeX \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The American Mathematical Society (AMS) provide a LaTeX packages that are in common use. LyX includes some support for these packages. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Enabling AMS-Support \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default dialog there is a checkbox, \family sans Use\InsetSpace ~ AMS\InsetSpace ~ Math \family default . If selected, this will include the AMS-package in the document, and make the facilities available. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection AMS-Symbols \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The AMS-LaTeX packages add support for some mathematical symbols that are not accessible from plain LaTeX (or LyX), but are fairly common in mathematical typesetting, such as the old-German Fraktur font and the stylized \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset blackboard bold \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset fonts commonly used to denote the real or complex numbers, or the integers. Once activated, all AMS-LaTeX symbols and environments are available. You will run into trouble if you include these packages from the preamble, since LyX now defines a few of the macros used in these packages on its own. The AMS-layouts include these packages automatically. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection AMS-Formula Types \end_layout \begin_layout Standard AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types. LyX allows you to choose between \family typewriter align \family default , \family typewriter alignat \family default , \family typewriter flalign \family default , \family typewriter gather \family default , and \family typewriter multline \family default . Refer to the AMS-documenta\SpecialChar \- tion for the differences between these formula types. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter More Tools \end_layout \begin_layout Section Cross-References \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:crossref} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Those of you reading this manual online will see a grey box with text in it, right before the beginning of this sentence. This is a \family sans Label \family default . Properly speaking, it is one half of a cross-reference. The other half is the \family sans Reference \family default proper, and it looks like this: \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref} \end_inset . Again, those of you reading the manual online will see a gray box with text in it. Those reading printed versions, however, will see a number --- in this case, the number of this section. There are also other varieties of cross-reference: for example, \begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{sec:crossref} \end_inset . This is the page number containing the location of the label. That's what cross-references do: they let you reference other parts of your document. You don't need to remember which section number was what anymore --- LyX will do that for you! All you need to do is use a \family sans Label \family default to mark a section, figure, table, formula, etc., and then refer to it via a \family sans Reference \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To insert a label, use \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert \bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator L \bar default abel \family default . A box will appear where you can enter your label. You can change the name of the label at a later time by simply clicking on the gray box and reopening the label dialog. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To insert a reference, select \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert \bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator C \bar default ross\InsetSpace ~ Reference \family default . The \family sans Insert\InsetSpace ~ Cross-Reference \family default dialog appears with a list of labels. Selecting a list item, then clicking \family sans OK \family default inserts a reference into the text; changing the \family sans \bar under R \bar default eference type \family default allows you to insert a page number or other reference variant instead. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that if you cut & paste text from another document that contains a \family sans Label \family default or \family sans Reference \family default , or if you delete a label in your text, LaTeX will complain: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \family typewriter LaTeX Warning: \family default \family typewriter Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z \newline LaTeX Warning: \family default \family typewriter There were undefined references \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You'll also see two question marks in the output instead of the reference. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are a few more comments we need to make about the \family sans Labels \family default . They always print the number of the section heading closest to them. So --- if you want to put a label on a \family sans Chapter \family default , but a \family sans Section \family default heading immediately follows it, you need to put the \family sans Label \family default \emph on into \emph default the \family sans Chapter \family default environment. It doesn't matter where, and it will look weird on the LyX screen. However, you need to do this if you want to label the \family sans Chapter \family default separately from the \family sans Section \family default . The same goes for all other section headings. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Also, a \family sans Label \family default \emph on only \emph default makes sense in \emph on numbered \emph default section headings and table and figure floats. Bare figures and tables aren't numbered, so, like unnumbered section headings, you can't really use a \family sans Label \family default on it. \begin_inset Foot status open \begin_layout Standard Well, you \emph on can \emph default , but only if you use the \family sans Page\InsetSpace ~ number \family default reference. The regular \family sans Reference \family default --- the one that refers to a section/table/figure number --- won't work, because there's no numbered thingy to refer to! You could also use bare \family sans Label \family default s as page markers, then refer back to them using the \family sans Page\InsetSpace ~ number \family default reference. Once again, the regular \family sans Reference \family default won't work very well. It will refer to something, but that something will typically be the number of the previous numbered section heading. \end_layout \end_inset See sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} \end_inset , \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:table float} \end_inset , and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-label} \end_inset for details on using a \family sans Label \family default with figures, tables, and equations, respectively. \end_layout \begin_layout Section URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is often desirable to include long \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset verbatim \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset items in a document such as Web site URLs, e-mail addresses, etc.; these things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult to typeset properly. Such items will often fall on a line boundary if they cannot be split, resulting in an overfull or underfull line depending on the circumstances. You can use \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under U \bar default RL \family default within LyX to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully (if necessary) along automatically determined boundaries. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard At the point in the document where you want to enter the URL (or other address-l ike entity) simply select \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under U \bar default RL \family default ; a dialog will appear where you can enter the full URL (in the \family sans \bar under U \bar default rl: \family default field). In its simplest usage, that's all you need to do. Click on the following gray box to see how LyX's homepage would be entered: \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org} \end_inset . \begin_inset Foot status open \begin_layout Standard \series bold Important note \series default : When you use the following characters: "%", "#", "^", you have to write them with a backslash before, e.g. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \backslash # \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . URLs mustn't end with a backslash! \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you would like to associate some definite phrase with the URL, enter it into the \family sans \bar under N \bar default ame \family default field of the dialog; it will be typeset as plain text immediately before the URL. For example, I might say that you can find all things related to LaTeX at \newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[CTAN]{http://ctan.tug.org} \end_inset . On the printed page, the last sentence ends as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset all things related to LaTeX at CTAN \family typewriter http://ctan.tug.org \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard [ \emph on Author's Note: somebody needs to document the \family sans \emph default \bar under H \bar default TML Type \family default \emph on button \emph default ] \end_layout \begin_layout Section Specifying Short Titles with Optional Arguments \begin_inset OptArg status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Short Titles \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long. This can cause over-runs when there is limited horizontal space. For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section title, a long title will over-run past the edges, and look awful. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LaTeX allows you to specify an optional argument to the section commands that specifies a shorter version of the title \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard For those who don't know LaTeX, commands look like this: \family typewriter \backslash command[optionalargument]{the content} \end_layout \end_inset . This shorter version is used in the header and in the actual Table of Contents, avoiding the problem mentioned. LyX allows you to specify this optional argument by selecting \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Short\InsetSpace ~ Title \family default . This will insert a box (labelled \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset opt \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , which stands for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset optional \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) which you can use to enter the short title text. This also works for captions inside floats. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The title of this section is a good example of using this feature. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Branches \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sometimes you wish to be able to output to paper multiple versions of the same document. The most extreme version of this is, when you want to prepare a single document in two or more different languages, but as a single document file, with corresponding pieces of text adjacent in the file and on-screen. This can be achieved with \emph on branches \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard First, you have to \emph on define \emph default the branches available within a particular document. This is done in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator Branches \family default tab. You can also associate a background colour with each branch, e.g., red for the English language, blue for the German language branch. Then, you create a branch inset from the \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Branch \family default menu item. The inset will contain the text that you want to be output when this branch is activated. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \emph on Activation \emph default or \emph on deactivation \emph default of a branch is done from the document settings menu. All insets belonging to deactivated branches will be automatically closed, those belonging to activated branches automatically opened. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Other possible applications of the Branches paradigm include a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset teacher's version \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset of a textbook containing the answers to questions, etc. \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Once this doc is updated to 1.4, include branch examples here! \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section Previewing snippets of your document \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the fly so you can see how they'll look in the final document without having to break your train of thought with \family sans \bar under V \bar default iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under D \bar default VI \family default . If you'd like to see your math formulae typeset by LaTeX then install the necessary software (see below) and select the \family sans Instant \bar under p \bar default review \family default \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset On \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset pulldown item in the \family sans \bar under T \bar default ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under P \bar default references \family default dialog. (It can be found in the \family sans Look\InsetSpace ~ and\InsetSpace ~ feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator Graphics \family default pane in the Qt frontend and the \family sans Look\InsetSpace ~ &\InsetSpace ~ Feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator Misc \family default tab in the XForms frontend.) Previews are generated when you load a document into LyX and when you finish editing an inset. Previews of an already loaded document are \emph on not \emph default generated just by selecting the \family sans Instant \bar under p \bar default review \family default check box. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX will generate previews of math insets. It will also generate previews of include insets or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset child documents \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset if you select the \family sans \bar under S \bar default how\InsetSpace ~ preview \family default check box in the inset's dialog. This latter is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a LaTeX figure, for example. Coming in version 1.4 are previews of the external inset also. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To get previews working, you'll need some additional software. First, you'll need the preview.sty LaTeX package. Find it on your local CTAN mirror at \newline \family typewriter CTAN/support/preview-latex/ \family default . Thereafter, you'll need the usual tools: \family typewriter latex \family default , \family typewriter dvips \family default and \family typewriter gs \family default .Finally, you'll obtain prettier results if you install \family typewriter pnmcrop \family default from the \family typewriter netpbm \family default package. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Spacing, pagination and line breaks \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Extra Horizontal Space \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hspace} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans HFill \family default s are a special LyX feature for adding extra space in a uniform fashion. An \family sans HFill \family default is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals the remaining space between the left and right margins. If there is more than one \family sans HFill \family default on a line, they divide the available space equally between themselves. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note: if an \family sans HFill \family default is at the beginning of a line, and it's \emph on not \emph default the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it. This prevents \family sans HFill \family default s from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family sans HFill \family roman s \family default can be inserted with \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special\InsetSpace ~ F \bar under o \bar default rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under H \bar default orizontal\InsetSpace ~ Fill \family default . Here a few examples what you can do with them: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \noindent This is on the left side \hfill This is on the right \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \noindent Left \hfill Middle \hfill Right \end_layout \begin_layout Quote \noindent Left \hfill 1/3 Left \hfill \hfill Right \end_layout \begin_layout Standard That was an example in the \family sans Quote \family default environment. Here: \hfill :is one in a standard paragraph. It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it \emph on is \emph default sitting in-between the two \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset : \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Remember that we said that an \family sans HFill \family default always fills the remaining space between the margins? There may be more than one set of margins on a line. Here's an example with the \family sans List \family default environment. \end_layout \begin_layout Labeling \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM one \hfill two :three \hfill four \hfill five \hfill six \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset : \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset marks the beginning of the item. (There is actually a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset hidden \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \family sans HFill \family default inside of the label of the \family sans List \family default environment; it's put at the end of the label automatically.) \family sans HFill \family default s work similarly in other \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset multi-margin \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset situations, like two-column mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Extra Vertical Space \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:vertspace} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under P \bar default aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings \family default to open the \family sans Paragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings \family default dialog. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We will not provide an example of a \family sans VFill \family default , as it would waste paper. They work the same as any other type of filler, including \family sans HFill \family default s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space. If there are several \family sans VFill \family default s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves. You can therefore use \family sans VFill \family default s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page, or 1/4, and so on. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that for paragraphs at the top/bottom of a page, the extra space is only added if you have also checked the option \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under P \bar default aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default pacing\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under K \bar default eep\InsetSpace ~ space \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Changing Paragraph Alignment \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also change the paragraph alignment with the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under P \bar default aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings \family default dialog. There are four possibilities: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under J \bar default ustified \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under L \bar default eft \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under R \bar default ight \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under C \bar default enter \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between the left and right margins. The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align right This paragraph is right aligned, \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center this one is centered, \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align left this one is left aligned. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In some paragraph environments, the default is something other than justified alignment. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Forcing Page Breaks \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pagebreak} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you can force a pagebreak where you want one. In general, this will \emph on not \emph default be necessary because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking, as was already mentioned in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:widows} \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard So in general there is no need to use the option described below, and we recommend not using it until the text is \emph on \emph default finished, and until you have checked in the preview to see if you \emph on really \emph default have to change the pagebreaking.You can force a pagebreak above or below a paragraph in the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under P \bar default aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings \family default dialog by selecting the checkboxes to add a pagebreak above or below the paragraph. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears at the top of a page. This is, of course, the wrong way to do it. LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables appear at the top of a page [or the bottom, or on their own page] without having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table. See sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures} \end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables} \end_inset and read about \family sans Floats \family default to learn more. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Blanks/Spaces \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A blank is a blank? Not in good typography. While you might be used to press the space key anytime you want to separate two words in ordinary word processors, LyX offers you more spaces: Spaces of different width and spaces which can or cannot be broken at the end of a line. The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are useful. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Inter-word Space \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:normblank-lbreak-horline} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some languages (e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} g.\InsetSpace \space{} English) have the typographical convention to add extra space after an end-of-sentence punctuation mark, and LyX honors those conventio ns (see section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:abbrev} \end_inset ). Sometimes, you want a normal space nevertheless. In this case, insert one with \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special\InsetSpace ~ F \bar under o \bar default rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Inter- \bar under w \bar default ord\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default or with \family sans C-M-Space. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Protected Space \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline} \end_inset The protected space: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the line at that point. This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote A good documentation should weight no more than 1 \newline kg. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset kg \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . A protected space is set with \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special\InsetSpace ~ F \bar under o \bar default rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator Protected \bar under \InsetSpace ~ S \bar default pace \family default or with \family sans C-Space. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Thin Space \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:thinblank-lbreak-horline} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset thin space \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset protected \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ). The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance inside abbreviations: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote D.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} E. Knuth has developped our beloved typesetting program, i.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} e.\InsetSpace \space{} TeX. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can insert a thin space with \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special\InsetSpace ~ F \bar under o \bar default rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under T \bar default hin\InsetSpace ~ Space \family default or with \family sans C-S-Space. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection More Spaces \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Apart from the ones described, there are still some more spaces. Although LyX supports them natively, they can only be reached via the \emph on minibuffer \emph default . To get them, just type \family typewriter space-insert \family default into the minibuffer, where \family typewriter \family default is one of the following: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold command \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold width \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \series bold protected? \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter normal \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 1/3\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard no \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter protected \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 1/3\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard yes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter thin \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 1/6\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard yes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter enspace \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0.5\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard yes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter enskip \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0.5\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard no \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter quad \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 1\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard no \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter qquad \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 2\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard no \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter negthinspace \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -1/6\InsetSpace ~ em \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard yes \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Line breaking \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can force line breaks within a paragraph by selecting \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special\InsetSpace ~ F \bar under o \bar default rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under L \bar default inebreak \family default or with \family sans C-Return. \family default You should, however, not use this to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as LaTeX is \emph on very \emph default good at linebreaking\SpecialChar \ldots{} (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:pagebreak} \end_inset ). There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively set a linebreak, e.g. in a poem or for an Address (see sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quote} \end_inset , \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:verse} \end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:adress_usage} \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Section Spellchecking \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spellchecking} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard LyX itself has no built-in spellchecker. Rather it uses the external \family typewriter ispell \family default program as a backend or the newer and generally better \family typewriter aspell \family default . This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these programs. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The spellchecker can be started with the menu entry \family sans \bar under T \bar default ools \bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator \shape up S \bar default pellchecker \family default \shape default . Checking will start just after the current cursor position. A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found, allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line. Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the view in your text buffer is updated to make the word visible. In the \family sans Spellchecker \family default dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any could be found. Clicking on one of the corrections will copy the near miss into the replace input field (double-click to invoke replace). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Spellchecker Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spell_opt} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The following options can be set in the \family sans \bar under T \bar default ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under P \bar default references \family default dialog. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Dictionary \end_layout \begin_layout Standard By default, the dictionary file to use is determined by the language of the text you're checking, which is set in the \family sans \shape up \shape default \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default dialog. If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, the spellchecker will not work. In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by specifying a different \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset alternative language \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you're using \family typewriter ispell \family default , you may need to make a link from say \family typewriter deutsch.(aff|hash) \family default to \family typewriter german.(aff|hash) \family default or whatever applies for your language. This is because these \family typewriter ispell \family default files normally have the native language name ( \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset deutsch \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) whereas \family typewriter ispell \family default , when started from LyX, searches for the English version of the name used with the LaTeX babel package ( \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset german \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You may also have problems the font encoding is not correct for that dictionary. If you use a language with \family typewriter latin1 \family default encoding and set the \family sans \bar under E \bar default ncoding \family default option in the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default dialog to \family sans latin1 \family default (or other than \family sans default \family default ), you must have this option in your language dictionary as well. If your dictionary doesn't support the \family sans Encoding \family default you chose, you'll have an error like this on stderr: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \family typewriter ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1' \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The spellchecker gives you an error that it couldn't start the \family typewriter ispell \family default process and that you probably have some problems with your dictionary file. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are four solutions to this problem. The easiest is to try the \family sans Use\InsetSpace ~ Input\InsetSpace ~ Encoding \family default option. If that does not help, you can set \family sans \bar under E \bar default ncoding \family default to \family sans default \family default when calling the spellchecker (which is probably annoying). The third is to add the \family typewriter latin1 \family default option to your dictionary \family typewriter \emph on < \family default language \family typewriter > \emph default .aff \family default file and recompile the dictionary (which probably isn't easy if you installed the whole stuff with some distribution and don't have the language directory of the \family typewriter ispell \family default sources). Read the \family typewriter ispell \family default documentation for this task! The fourth is to send a message to your package-ma intainer, or better yet to the maintainer of the dictionary file in question and ask him to solve your problem. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Personal dictionary \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you want to use a different file from the spellchecker's default choice as your personal dictionary, you can set this in the dialog. Specifying a filename which does not already exist will result in an error message on stderr which you can ignore ( \family typewriter ispell \family default will create the file when you finish checking your spelling). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Further Options \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans \bar under S \bar default pellchecker\InsetSpace ~ Options \family default dialog has some additional options which are self-explanatory: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under A \bar default ccept compound words \family default \newline Prevent the spellchecker from complaining about compounded words like \newline \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset passthrough \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \family sans \bar under E \bar default scape characters \family default \newline Allows you to add nonstandard characters to what the spellchecker considers words, e.g. German umlauts. This should not normally be needed. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Limitations \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some users have expressed a wish to be able to globally change the spelling of a particular word, rather than having to change the spelling separately for each occurrence of the word. Per-document word lists would also be useful. Neither of these features are present as of this writing. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Unless you're using the \family typewriter pspell \family default spellchecker, LyX cannot correctly spellcheck documents containing multiple languages. This, does, however, work with \family typewriter pspell \family default , assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately. \end_layout \begin_layout Section International Support \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want. LyX comes with a default configuration which supports the English language on a U.S.-style keyboard, with a standard U.S. paper size and the spellchecker set to U.S. English. You can change any or all of these settings as desired, and you can make the changes apply to the current session only, or use them as your new default configuration. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you have a keyboard suited to the language you are using (for example, a German keyboard for writing in German), and you have correctly configured your X environment, all you need to do for LyX is tell it your language, the character encoding, and desired paper size. Refer to \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:langlay} \end_inset for more information. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If, however, you have a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a different language than English, you can use an alternate keymap. For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian, you can configure LyX to use an Italian keymap. Refer to \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:optkey} \end_inset for details. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance). You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S. keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German. In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing one to support the characters you want. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The details of how to customize LyX to your own language are \emph on way \emph default beyond the scope of this manual. You can not only alter the keyboard layout, you can also change the names of the menus buttons, etc., to reflect your language. If you want to learn more about writing keymap files and tailoring LyX to your native tongue, please see the \emph on Customization \emph default manual for details. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Language Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:langlay} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default dialog lets you set \family roman the language and character encoding for your language. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Choose your language by clicking on the arrow in t \family roman he \family sans Language \family roman \family default combo \family roman box \family default of the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default dialog. The default is U.S. English. Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice. The language name appears in the window. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard In LaTeX terms, selecting a language other than default adds Babel support. If you do not have Babel installed, refer to the different LaTeX distributions for it. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family sans Enco \bar under d \bar default ing \family default box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use. The default is the \family typewriter Latin1 \family default encoding, which includes the characters required by the various Western European languages. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Keyboard mapping configuration \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:optkey} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings. This allows you to choose the keymap of your choice for your U.S.-style keyboard. You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select which one you want to use. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Character Tables \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keytab} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Table\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cap:The-latin1-character} \end_inset shows the \family typewriter Latin1 \family default character set. You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight columns directly from the keyboard. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are a few things you need to know about this table. This manual is set up --- by hand, mind you --- to print all of these character s. That ain't the default. Nowhere near, in fact. Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters from the \family typewriter Latin1 \family default character set: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize The characters at entries A2, A4, A5, A6 and AD -- the cent, the yen, the generic-currency-symbol, the broken vertical bar and the short dash are just plain missing in the default encodings. We don't know where they are or why this is the case. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Even if you've selected \family sans latin1 \family default in the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under S \bar default ettings \family default dialog, users who have only the \family typewriter T1 \family default -fonts for LaTeX [or who have the \family typewriter T1 \family default -fonts but aren't using them] will still miss a few characters: D0, F0, DE, FE, AB, and BB -- the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and the french quotes won't show up. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Users of \family typewriter T1 \family default -fonts can, however, get the french quotes [characters AB and BB] if they include the either the package \family typewriter umlaute.sty \family default or \family typewriter german.sty \family default in their documents. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard This only holds when you want to input these quotes by yourself. The automatic quote feature described in Section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quotes} \end_inset , will generate automatically LaTeX code adapted to available fonts and packages. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Note Note status open \begin_layout Standard The characters of the following table, which are inserted as commands, could not be inserted directly with the keyboard, because the standard encoding \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset T1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset doesn't know them. To let LaTeX understand the commands, the package \series bold textcomp \series default needs to be loaded in the peamble with the line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash usepackage{textcomp} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The package \series bold textcomp \series default is available on every LaTeX system. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Float table wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cap:The-latin1-character} \end_inset The \family typewriter latin1 \family default character set \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size tiny \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 00 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size tiny \emph 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Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ~ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ® \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ¾ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Î \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Þ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none î \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none þ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size tiny \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 0F \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none / \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ? \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none O \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none _ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none o \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ¯ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ¿ \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Ï \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ß \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ï \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none ÿ \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display directly. It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but also the characters from \family typewriter ISO8859--2 \family default through \family typewriter 4 \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize From \family typewriter ISO8859--1 \family default : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard ¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ \hfill diaeresis \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û \hfill circumflex \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù \hfill grave \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý \hfill acute \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ~ Ã Ñ Õ ã ñ õ \hfill tilde \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ¸Çç \hfill cedilla \end_layout \begin_layout Standard ¯ \hfill macron \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The dead macron in usually not needed, as you will use a non--dead key for this instead. For example, S-M-minus, or if \family typewriter \shape up .Xmodmap \family default \shape default is correct, S-M-macron. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize From \family typewriter ISO8859--2 \family default through \family typewriter 4 \family default : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Standard \i \^{H} \i \^{J} \i \^{h} \i \^{\j} \i \^{C} \i \^{G} \i \^{S} \i \^{c} \i \^{g} \i \^{s} \hfill circumflex \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \i \'{S} \i \'{Z} \i \'{s} \i \'{z} \i \'{R} \i \'{L} \i \'{C} \i \'{N} \i \'{r} \i \'{l} \i \'{c} \i \'{n} \hfill acute \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \i \~{I} \i \~{\i} \i \~{U} \i \~{u} \hfill tilde \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \i \c{S} \i \c{s} \i \c{T} \i \c{t} \i \c{R} \i \c{L} \i \c{G} \i \c{r} \i \c{l} \i \c{g} \i \c{N} \i \c{K} \i \c{n} \i \c{k} \hfill cedilla \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard These characters might not look very nice on screen, but they will be just fine when run through LaTeX and printed. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \i \={E} \i \={e} \i \={A} \i \={I} \i \={O} \i \={U} \i \={a} \i \={\i} \i \={o} \i \={u} \hfill macron \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \i \H{O} \i \H{U} \i \H{o} \i \H{u} \hfill hungarian umlaut \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts. In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters . Also make sure you're using the \family typewriter T1 \family default font-encoding and have the package \family typewriter umlaute.sty \family default with the definition file \family typewriter iso.def \family default installed. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Credits \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people (and we would encourage people to contribute !). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard First, we need to give due credit to those who came before us. They gave us the base upon which the new manuals are built, and some continue to provide information: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Matthias Ettrich \noun default wrote the original documentation, from which this manual is built, as well as the introduction to this manual [or the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LyX Manifesto, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as some of us call it]. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Lars Gullik Bjønnes \noun default wrote several minidocs, including some of the information about international support in LyX. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Ivan Schreter \noun default also wrote a minidoc about international support, specifically about internatio nal keyboard maps and customization. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Pascal André \noun default originally documented the LinuxDoc SGML interface. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Alejandro Aguilar Sierra \noun default originally documented math mode and provided the entries for the math functions in \family typewriter Reference.lyx \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Special thanks to the LyX Team\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{lyxcredit} \end_inset for help and answers to questions. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Next, it's time to give credit to the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LyX Documentation Team, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset all of the people who helped rewrite the old documentation into the form it had after LyX version 0.10: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize \noun on David Johnson \noun default : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Contributor to the FAQ and the old \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter HowDoI-.lyx \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset [now defunct]. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize General editing assistance. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Documentation of: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize math mode \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize tables \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize spellchecking \end_layout \end_deeper \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Rich Fields \noun default : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Primary contributor to \family typewriter Reference.lyx \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Documentation of the basic LyX interface in \family typewriter UserGuide.lyx \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Paul Evans \noun default : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Former maintainer of the FAQ and the old \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter HowDoI-.lyx \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset [now defunct]. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Documentation of LinuxDoc in \family typewriter UserGuide.lyx \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Paul Russel: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Documentation of figures and imported graphics in \family typewriter UserGuide.lyx \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \noun on John Raithel \noun default : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Documentation of internationalization features in \family typewriter UserGuide.lyx \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Robin Socha: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Documentation of: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize footnotes \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize margin notes \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize table of contents \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize cross-references \end_layout \end_deeper \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Amir Karger \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Primary contributor to \family typewriter Tutorial.lyx \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \noun on Matthias Zenker: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Documentation of \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize manual fine-tuning \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize using LaTeX from within LyX \end_layout \end_deeper \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize \noun on John Weiss \noun default : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize General organization and format of the documents. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Documentation of : \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize LyX setup \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize paragraph environments, document layout, nesting, typography notes, fonts \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize Also responsible for Introduction in \family typewriter Tutorial.lyx \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Editor of the documents. [from 6/96-fall 1997] \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Standard After fall of 1997, the LyX Team as a whole took over maintenance of the documentation. \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \bibitem {lyxcredit} The LyX Team: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard \backslash href{http://www.lyx.org/about/credits.php}{ \end_layout \end_inset \emph on CREDITS \emph default \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Standard } \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \bibitem {latexbook} Leslie Lamport: \emph on LaTeX: A Document Preparation System. \emph default Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994 \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \bibitem {latexcompanion} Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin: \emph on The LaTeX Companion. \emph default Addison-Wesley, 1994 \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \bibitem {latexguide} Kopka and Daly: \emph on A Guide to LaTeX2e \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \bibitem {texbook} Donald E. Knuth. \emph on The TeXbook \end_layout \end_body \end_document