mirror of
https://git.lyx.org/repos/lyx.git
synced 2024-12-15 17:53:04 +00:00
1318 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
1318 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
#LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
|
||
\lyxformat 620
|
||
\begin_document
|
||
\begin_header
|
||
\save_transient_properties true
|
||
\origin /systemlyxdir/examples/Articles/
|
||
\textclass aa
|
||
\begin_preamble
|
||
% work around bug in the class
|
||
% see https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/690753
|
||
\usepackage[colorlinks=true,
|
||
linkcolor=blue,
|
||
citecolor=blue,
|
||
filecolor=blue,
|
||
urlcolor=blue]{hyperref}
|
||
\end_preamble
|
||
\use_default_options true
|
||
\maintain_unincluded_children no
|
||
\language english
|
||
\language_package default
|
||
\inputencoding utf8
|
||
\fontencoding auto
|
||
\font_roman "default" "default"
|
||
\font_sans "default" "default"
|
||
\font_typewriter "default" "default"
|
||
\font_math "auto" "auto"
|
||
\font_default_family default
|
||
\use_non_tex_fonts false
|
||
\font_sc false
|
||
\font_roman_osf false
|
||
\font_sans_osf false
|
||
\font_typewriter_osf false
|
||
\font_sf_scale 100 100
|
||
\font_tt_scale 100 100
|
||
\use_microtype false
|
||
\use_dash_ligatures false
|
||
\graphics default
|
||
\default_output_format default
|
||
\output_sync 0
|
||
\bibtex_command bibtex
|
||
\index_command default
|
||
\float_placement class
|
||
\float_alignment class
|
||
\paperfontsize default
|
||
\spacing single
|
||
\use_hyperref false
|
||
\papersize default
|
||
\use_geometry false
|
||
\use_package amsmath 1
|
||
\use_package amssymb 1
|
||
\use_package cancel 1
|
||
\use_package esint 1
|
||
\use_package mathdots 1
|
||
\use_package mathtools 1
|
||
\use_package mhchem 1
|
||
\use_package stackrel 1
|
||
\use_package stmaryrd 1
|
||
\use_package undertilde 1
|
||
\cite_engine natbib
|
||
\cite_engine_type authoryear
|
||
\biblio_style plain
|
||
\use_bibtopic false
|
||
\use_indices false
|
||
\paperorientation portrait
|
||
\suppress_date false
|
||
\justification true
|
||
\use_refstyle 0
|
||
\use_formatted_ref 0
|
||
\use_minted 0
|
||
\use_lineno 0
|
||
\index Index
|
||
\shortcut idx
|
||
\color #008000
|
||
\end_index
|
||
\secnumdepth 3
|
||
\tocdepth 3
|
||
\paragraph_separation indent
|
||
\paragraph_indentation default
|
||
\is_math_indent 0
|
||
\math_numbering_side default
|
||
\quotes_style english
|
||
\dynamic_quotes 0
|
||
\papercolumns 2
|
||
\papersides 2
|
||
\paperpagestyle default
|
||
\tablestyle default
|
||
\tracking_changes false
|
||
\output_changes false
|
||
\change_bars false
|
||
\postpone_fragile_content false
|
||
\html_math_output 0
|
||
\html_css_as_file 0
|
||
\html_be_strict false
|
||
\docbook_table_output 0
|
||
\docbook_mathml_prefix 1
|
||
\end_header
|
||
|
||
\begin_body
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Title
|
||
\begin_inset Note Note
|
||
status open
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
|
||
\family roman
|
||
\series medium
|
||
\size normal
|
||
This is an example \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
file for articles to be submitted to the Journal of Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A).
|
||
How to install the A&A \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
class to your \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
system is explained in
|
||
\begin_inset Flex URL
|
||
status open
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
|
||
https://wiki.lyx.org/Layouts/Astronomy-Astrophysics
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Depending on the submission state and the abstract layout,
|
||
you need to use different document class options that are listed in the aa manual.
|
||
\family default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family roman
|
||
\series default
|
||
Note:
|
||
|
||
\series medium
|
||
If you use accented characters in your document,
|
||
you must use the predefined document class option
|
||
\series default
|
||
latin9
|
||
\series medium
|
||
in the document settings.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Title
|
||
Hydrodynamics of giant planet formation
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subtitle
|
||
I.
|
||
Overviewing the
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\kappa$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
-mechanism
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Author
|
||
G.
|
||
Wuchterl
|
||
\begin_inset Flex institutemark
|
||
status open
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
1
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset ERT
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
|
||
|
||
\backslash
|
||
and
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
C.
|
||
Ptolemy
|
||
\begin_inset Flex institutemark
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
2
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset ERT
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
|
||
|
||
\backslash
|
||
fnmsep
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Just to show the usage of the elements in the author field
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Note Note
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
|
||
\backslash
|
||
fnmsep is only needed for more than one consecutive notes/marks
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Offprint
|
||
G.
|
||
Wuchterl
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Address
|
||
Institute for Astronomy (IfA),
|
||
University of Vienna,
|
||
Türkenschanzstrasse 17,
|
||
A-1180 Vienna
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Flex Email
|
||
status open
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
wuchterl@amok.ast.univie.ac.at
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset ERT
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
|
||
|
||
\backslash
|
||
and
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
University of Alexandria,
|
||
Department of Geography,
|
||
...
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Flex Email
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
c.ptolemy@hipparch.uheaven.space
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
The university of heaven temporarily does not accept e-mails
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Date
|
||
Received September 15,
|
||
1996;
|
||
accepted March 16,
|
||
1997
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Abstract (unstructured)
|
||
To investigate the physical nature of the `nuc\SpecialChar softhyphen
|
||
leated instability' of proto giant planets,
|
||
the stability of layers in static,
|
||
radiative gas spheres is analysed on the basis of Baker's standard one-zone model.
|
||
It is shown that stability depends only upon the equations of state,
|
||
the opacities and the local thermodynamic state in the layer.
|
||
Stability and instability can therefore be expressed in the form of stability equations of state which are universal for a given composition.
|
||
The stability equations of state are calculated for solar composition and are displayed in the domain
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $-14\leq\lg\rho/[\mathrm{g}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}]\leq0$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $8.8\leq\lg e/[\mathrm{erg}\,\mathrm{g}^{-1}]\leq17.7$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
These displays may be used to determine the one-zone stability of layers in stellar or planetary structure models by directly reading off the value of the stability equations for the thermodynamic state of these layers,
|
||
specified by state quantities as density
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\rho$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
temperature
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $T$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
or specific internal energy
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $e$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Regions of instability in the
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $(\rho,e)$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
-plane are described and related to the underlying microphysical processes.
|
||
Vibrational instability is found to be a common phenomenon at temperatures lower than the second He ionisation zone.
|
||
The
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\kappa$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
-mechanism is widespread under `cool' conditions.
|
||
\begin_inset Note Note
|
||
status open
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Citations are not allowed in A&A abstracts.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Note Note
|
||
status open
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
This is the unstructured abstract type,
|
||
an example for the structured abstract is in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
aa.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
template file that comes with \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Keywords
|
||
giant planet formation –
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\kappa$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
-mechanism – stability of gas spheres
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Introduction
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
In the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
nucleated instability
|
||
\emph default
|
||
(also called core instability) hypothesis of giant planet formation,
|
||
a critical mass for static core envelope protoplanets has been found.
|
||
Mizuno (
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
|
||
LatexCommand cite
|
||
key "Eisenstein2005"
|
||
literal "true"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) determined the critical mass of the core to be about
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $12\,M_{\oplus}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $M_{\oplus}=5.975\,10^{27}\,\mathrm{g}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
is the Earth mass),
|
||
which is independent of the outer boundary conditions and therefore independent of the location in the solar nebula.
|
||
This critical value for the core mass corresponds closely to the cores of today's giant planets.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Although no hydrodynamical study has been available many workers conjectured that a collapse or rapid contraction will ensue after accumulating the critical mass.
|
||
The main motivation for this article is to investigate the stability of the static envelope at the critical mass.
|
||
With this aim the local,
|
||
linear stability of static radiative gas spheres is investigated on the basis of Baker's (
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
|
||
LatexCommand cite
|
||
key "Abernethy2003"
|
||
literal "true"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) standard one-zone model.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Phenomena similar to the ones described above for giant planet formation have been found in hydrodynamical models concerning star formation where protostellar cores explode (Tscharnuter
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
|
||
LatexCommand cite
|
||
key "Cotton1999"
|
||
literal "true"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
Balluch
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
|
||
LatexCommand cite
|
||
key "Mena2000"
|
||
literal "true"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
),
|
||
whereas earlier studies found quasi-steady collapse flows.
|
||
The similarities in the (micro)physics,
|
||
i.
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
g.
|
||
\begin_inset space \space{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
constitutive relations of protostellar cores and protogiant planets serve as a further motivation for this study.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Baker's standard one-zone model
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\begin_inset Float figure
|
||
placement document
|
||
alignment document
|
||
wide true
|
||
sideways false
|
||
status open
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "fig:FigGam"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Adiabatic exponent
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma_{1}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma_{1}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
is plotted as a function of
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\lg$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
internal energy
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $[\mathrm{erg}\,\mathrm{g}^{-1}]$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\lg$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
density
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $[\mathrm{g}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}]$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
In this section the one-zone model of Baker (
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
|
||
LatexCommand cite
|
||
key "Abernethy2003"
|
||
literal "true"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
),
|
||
originally used to study the Cepheïd pulsation mechanism,
|
||
will be briefly reviewed.
|
||
The resulting stability criteria will be rewritten in terms of local state variables,
|
||
local timescales and constitutive relations.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Baker (
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
|
||
LatexCommand cite
|
||
key "Abernethy2003"
|
||
literal "true"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) investigates the stability of thin layers in self-gravitating,
|
||
spherical gas clouds with the following properties:
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
hydrostatic equilibrium,
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
thermal equilibrium,
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
energy transport by grey radiation diffusion.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\noindent
|
||
For the one-zone-model Baker obtains necessary conditions for dynamical,
|
||
secular and vibrational (or pulsational) stability (Eqs.
|
||
\begin_inset space \space{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(34a,
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
b,
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
c) in Baker
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
|
||
LatexCommand cite
|
||
key "Abernethy2003"
|
||
literal "true"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
Using Baker's notation:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\align left
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\begin{eqnarray*}
|
||
M_{r} & & \textrm{mass internal to the radius }r\\
|
||
m & & \textrm{mass of the zone}\\
|
||
r_{0} & & \textrm{unperturbed zone radius}\\
|
||
\rho_{0} & & \textrm{unperturbed density in the zone}\\
|
||
T_{0} & & \textrm{unperturbed temperature in the zone}\\
|
||
L_{r0} & & \textrm{unperturbed luminosity}\\
|
||
E_{\textrm{th}} & & \textrm{thermal energy of the zone}
|
||
\end{eqnarray*}
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\noindent
|
||
and with the definitions of the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
local cooling time
|
||
\emph default
|
||
(see Fig.
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "fig:FigGam"
|
||
nolink "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
)
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
\tau_{\mathrm{co}}=\frac{E_{\mathrm{th}}}{L_{r0}}\,,
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
local free-fall time
|
||
\emph default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
\tau_{\mathrm{ff}}=\sqrt{\frac{3\pi}{32G}\frac{4\pi r_{0}^{3}}{3M_{\mathrm{r}}}}\,,
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Baker's
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $K$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma_{0}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
have the following form:
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\begin{eqnarray}
|
||
\sigma_{0} & = & \frac{\pi}{\sqrt{8}}\frac{1}{\tau_{\mathrm{ff}}}\\
|
||
K & = & \frac{\sqrt{32}}{\pi}\frac{1}{\delta}\frac{\tau_{\mathrm{ff}}}{\tau_{\mathrm{co}}}\,;
|
||
\end{eqnarray}
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
where
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $E_{\mathrm{th}}\approx m(P_{0}/{\rho_{0}})$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
has been used and
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
\begin{array}{l}
|
||
\delta=-\left(\frac{\partial\ln\rho}{\partial\ln T}\right)_{P}\\
|
||
e=mc^{2}
|
||
\end{array}
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
is a thermodynamical quantity which is of order
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $1$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and equal to
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $1$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
for nonreacting mixtures of classical perfect gases.
|
||
The physical meaning of
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma_{0}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $K$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
is clearly visible in the equations above.
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma_{0}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
represents a frequency of the order one per free-fall time.
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $K$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
is proportional to the ratio of the free-fall time and the cooling time.
|
||
Substituting into Baker's criteria,
|
||
using thermodynamic identities and definitions of thermodynamic quantities,
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\[
|
||
\Gamma_{1}=\left(\frac{\partial\ln P}{\partial\ln\rho}\right)_{S}\,,\;\chi_{\rho}^{}=\left(\frac{\partial\ln P}{\partial\ln\rho}\right)_{T}\,,\;\kappa_{P}^{}=\left(\frac{\partial\ln\kappa}{\partial\ln P}\right)_{T}
|
||
\]
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\[
|
||
\nabla_{\mathrm{ad}}=\left(\frac{\partial\ln T}{\partial\ln P}\right)_{S}\,,\;\chi_{T}^{}=\left(\frac{\partial\ln P}{\partial\ln T}\right)_{\rho}\,,\;\kappa_{T}^{}=\left(\frac{\partial\ln\kappa}{\partial\ln T}\right)_{T}
|
||
\]
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
one obtains,
|
||
after some pages of algebra,
|
||
the conditions for
|
||
\emph on
|
||
stability
|
||
\emph default
|
||
given below:
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\begin{eqnarray}
|
||
\frac{\pi^{2}}{8}\frac{1}{\tau_{\mathrm{ff}}^{2}}(3\Gamma_{1}-4) & > & 0\label{ZSDynSta}\\
|
||
\frac{\pi^{2}}{\tau_{\mathrm{co}}\tau_{\mathrm{ff}}^{2}}\Gamma_{1}\nabla_{\mathrm{ad}}\left[\frac{1-3/4\chi_{\rho}^{}}{\chi_{T}^{}}(\kappa_{T}^{}-4)+\kappa_{P}^{}+1\right] & > & 0\label{ZSSecSta}\\
|
||
\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}\frac{3}{\tau_{\mathrm{co}}\tau_{\mathrm{ff}}^{2}}\Gamma_{1}^{2}\,\nabla_{\mathrm{ad}}\left[4\nabla_{\mathrm{ad}}-(\nabla_{\mathrm{ad}}\kappa_{T}^{}+\kappa_{P}^{})-\frac{4}{3\Gamma_{1}}\right] & > & 0\label{ZSVibSta}
|
||
\end{eqnarray}
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
For a physical discussion of the stability criteria see Baker (
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
|
||
LatexCommand cite
|
||
key "Abernethy2003"
|
||
literal "true"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) or Cox (
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
|
||
LatexCommand cite
|
||
key "Parkin2005"
|
||
literal "true"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
We observe that these criteria for dynamical,
|
||
secular and vibrational stability,
|
||
respectively,
|
||
can be factorized into
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Enumerate
|
||
a factor containing local timescales only,
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Enumerate
|
||
a factor containing only constitutive relations and their derivatives.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The first factors,
|
||
depending on only timescales,
|
||
are positive by definition.
|
||
The signs of the left hand sides of the inequalities
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "ZSDynSta"
|
||
nolink "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
),
|
||
(
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "ZSSecSta"
|
||
nolink "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) and (
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "ZSVibSta"
|
||
nolink "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) therefore depend exclusively on the second factors containing the constitutive relations.
|
||
Since they depend only on state variables,
|
||
the stability criteria themselves are
|
||
\emph on
|
||
functions of the thermodynamic state in the local zone
|
||
\emph default
|
||
.
|
||
The one-zone stability can therefore be determined from a simple equation of state,
|
||
given for example,
|
||
as a function of density and temperature.
|
||
Once the microphysics,
|
||
i.
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
g.
|
||
\begin_inset space \space{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
the thermodynamics and opacities (see Table
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "tab:KapSou"
|
||
nolink "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
),
|
||
are specified (in practice by specifying a chemical composition) the one-zone stability can be inferred if the thermodynamic state is specified.
|
||
The zone – or in other words the layer – will be stable or unstable in whatever object it is imbedded as long as it satisfies the one-zone-model assumptions.
|
||
Only the specific growth rates (depending upon the time scales) will be different for layers in different objects.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\begin_inset Float table
|
||
placement document
|
||
alignment document
|
||
wide false
|
||
sideways false
|
||
status open
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "tab:KapSou"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Opacity sources
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\align center
|
||
\begin_inset Tabular
|
||
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
|
||
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
|
||
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
|
||
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Source
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $T/[\textrm{K}]$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Yorke 1979,
|
||
Yorke 1980a
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\leq1700^{\textrm{a}}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Krügel 1971
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $1700\leq T\leq5000$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Cox & Stewart 1969
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $5000\leq$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</lyxtabular>
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $^{\textrm{a}}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
This is footnote a
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
We will now write down the sign (and therefore stability) determining parts of the left-hand sides of the inequalities (
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "ZSDynSta"
|
||
nolink "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
),
|
||
(
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "ZSSecSta"
|
||
nolink "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) and (
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "ZSVibSta"
|
||
nolink "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) and thereby obtain
|
||
\emph on
|
||
stability equations of state
|
||
\emph default
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The sign determining part of inequality
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "ZSDynSta"
|
||
nolink "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) is
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $3\Gamma_{1}-4$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and it reduces to the criterion for dynamical stability
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
\Gamma_{1}>\frac{4}{3}\,\cdot
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Stability of the thermodynamical equilibrium demands
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
\chi_{\rho}^{}>0,\;\;c_{v}>0\,,
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
\chi_{T}^{}>0
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
holds for a wide range of physical situations.
|
||
With
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\begin{eqnarray}
|
||
\Gamma_{3}-1=\frac{P}{\rho T}\frac{\chi_{T}^{}}{c_{v}} & > & 0\\
|
||
\Gamma_{1}=\chi_{\rho}^{}+\chi_{T}^{}(\Gamma_{3}-1) & > & 0\\
|
||
\nabla_{\mathrm{ad}}=\frac{\Gamma_{3}-1}{\Gamma_{1}} & > & 0
|
||
\end{eqnarray}
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
we find the sign determining terms in inequalities
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "ZSSecSta"
|
||
nolink "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) and (
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "ZSVibSta"
|
||
nolink "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) respectively and obtain the following form of the criteria for dynamical,
|
||
secular and vibrational
|
||
\emph on
|
||
stability
|
||
\emph default
|
||
,
|
||
respectively:
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\begin{eqnarray}
|
||
3\Gamma_{1}-4=:S_{\mathrm{dyn}}> & 0\label{DynSta}\\
|
||
\frac{1-3/4\chi_{\rho}^{}}{\chi_{T}^{}}(\kappa_{T}^{}-4)+\kappa_{P}^{}+1=:S_{\mathrm{sec}}> & 0\label{SecSta}\\
|
||
4\nabla_{\mathrm{ad}}-(\nabla_{\mathrm{ad}}\kappa_{T}^{}+\kappa_{P}^{})-\frac{4}{3\Gamma_{1}}=:S_{\mathrm{vib}}> & 0\,.\label{VibSta}
|
||
\end{eqnarray}
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
The constitutive relations are to be evaluated for the unperturbed thermodynamic state (say
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $(\rho_{0},T_{0})$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) of the zone.
|
||
We see that the one-zone stability of the layer depends only on the constitutive relations
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma_{1}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\nabla_{\mathrm{ad}}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\chi_{T}^{},\,\chi_{\rho}^{}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\kappa_{P}^{},\,\kappa_{T}^{}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
These depend only on the unperturbed thermodynamical state of the layer.
|
||
Therefore the above relations define the one-zone-stability equations of state
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $S_{\mathrm{dyn}},\,S_{\mathrm{sec}}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $S_{\mathrm{vib}}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
See Fig.
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "fig:VibStabEquation"
|
||
nolink "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
for a picture of
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $S_{\mathrm{vib}}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Regions of secular instability are listed in Table
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
1.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\begin_inset Float figure
|
||
placement document
|
||
alignment document
|
||
wide false
|
||
sideways false
|
||
status open
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "fig:VibStabEquation"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Vibrational stability equation of state
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $S_{\mathrm{vib}}(\lg e,\lg\rho)$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $>0$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
means vibrational stability
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Conclusions
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Enumerate
|
||
The conditions for the stability of static,
|
||
radiative layers in gas spheres,
|
||
as described by Baker's (
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
|
||
LatexCommand cite
|
||
key "Abernethy2003"
|
||
literal "true"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) standard one-zone model,
|
||
can be expressed as stability equations of state.
|
||
These stability equations of state depend only on the local thermodynamic state of the layer.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Enumerate
|
||
If the constitutive relations – equations of state and Rosseland mean opacities – are specified,
|
||
the stability equations of state can be evaluated without specifying properties of the layer.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Enumerate
|
||
For solar composition gas the
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\kappa$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
-mechanism is working in the regions of the ice and dust features in the opacities,
|
||
the
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{H}_{2}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
dissociation and the combined H,
|
||
first He ionization zone,
|
||
as indicated by vibrational instability.
|
||
These regions of instability are much larger in extent and degree of instability than the second He ionization zone that drives the Cepheïd pulsations.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Acknowledgments
|
||
Part of this work was supported by the German
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Deut\SpecialChar softhyphen
|
||
sche For\SpecialChar softhyphen
|
||
schungs\SpecialChar softhyphen
|
||
ge\SpecialChar softhyphen
|
||
mein\SpecialChar softhyphen
|
||
schaft,
|
||
DFG
|
||
\emph default
|
||
project number Ts
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
17/2–1.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex
|
||
LatexCommand bibtex
|
||
btprint "btPrintAll"
|
||
bibfiles "../biblioExample"
|
||
options "aa"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Note Note
|
||
status open
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Note:
|
||
|
||
\series default
|
||
If you cannot see the bibliography in the output,
|
||
assure that you have given the full path to the Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
style file
|
||
\family sans
|
||
aa.bst
|
||
\family default
|
||
that is part of the A&A \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
-package.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_body
|
||
\end_document
|