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0629b9b7c1
lyx_mirror/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx
Juergen Spitzmueller 0629b9b7c1 Update documentation of nomencl escape 
Alas, the escape char has silently changed in recent nomencl versions
2021-01-14 09:43:38 +01:00

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#LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
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% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
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\author -1402925745 "Günter Milde"
\author -712698321 "Jürgen Spitzmüller"
\author -584632292 "Richard Kimberly Heck"
\author -563046850 "Jean-Marc LASGOUTTES"
\author -131811572 "Yuriy Skalko"
\author 5863208 "ab"
\author 5863344 "Enrico Forestieri"
\author 244031559 "Yuriy"
\author 1675569489 "Stephan Witt"
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\begin_body
\begin_layout Title
The \SpecialChar LyX
User's Guide
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\begin_layout Author
by the \SpecialChar LyX
Team
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\noindent
If you have comments on or error corrections to this documentation, please
send them to the \SpecialChar LyX
Documentation mailing list:
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target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
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Version 2.
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3
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4
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.x
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The latest PDF-version of this document can be found here:
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https://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/Manuals#UserGuide
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Getting Started
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What is \SpecialChar LyX
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\SpecialChar LyX
is a document preparation system.
It is a tool for producing beautiful manu\SpecialChar softhyphen
scripts, publishable books, business
letters and proposals,
\change_deleted 5863208 1598113909
and
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even poetry.
It is unlike most other
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word processors
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in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core
editing style.
That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a
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Section
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, not as
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Bold, 17
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pt type, left justified, 5
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mm space below
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.
\SpecialChar LyX
takes care of the typesetting for you; so you deal only with concepts,
not with mechanics.
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\begin_layout Standard
This philosophy is explained in greater detail in the
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Introduction
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manual.
If you haven't read it yet, you need to.
Yes, we mean now.
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\begin_layout Standard
The
\emph on
Introduction
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manual describes several things in addition to \SpecialChar LyX
's philosophy: most importantly,
the format of all of the manuals.
If you don't read it, you will have a difficult time navigating the manuals.
Additionally it provides a high level content description of the other
manuals giving the user an idea of where to look for specific information.
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\begin_layout Section
How \SpecialChar LyX
Looks
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\begin_layout Standard
Like most applications, \SpecialChar LyX
has the familiar menu bar across the top of its
window.
Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons.
There is of course a work area for editing documents complete with a vertical
scrollbar.
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\begin_layout Standard
Note that there is no horizontal scrollbar.
This is not a bug or an oversight, it is intentional.
When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the
next line.
Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for
only a vertical scrollbar.
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There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar.
The first case is large images.
To avoid images being displayed larger than your screen, left click on
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Scale on Screen
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in the tab
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\SpecialChar LaTeX
and \SpecialChar LyX
options
\family default
.
The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than
the \SpecialChar LyX
window.
You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through both.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For a brief description of all \SpecialChar LyX
menus and toolbar buttons, have a look at
Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:The-User-Interface"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
HELP
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\begin_layout Standard
The help system consists of the \SpecialChar LyX
manuals.
You can read all of the manuals from inside \SpecialChar LyX
.
Just select the manual you want to read from the
\family sans
Help
\family default
menu.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Basic \SpecialChar LyX
Setup
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Almost all features of \SpecialChar LyX
can be configured via the menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences
\family default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Preferences
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\end_inset
\SpecialChar LyX
is able to inspect your system to see what programs, \SpecialChar LaTeX
document classes,
and \SpecialChar LaTeX
packages are available.
It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults for the preferences
settings.
Although this configuration was performed when \SpecialChar LyX
was installed on your system,
you might have some items that you installed locally, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
new \SpecialChar LaTeX
classes, which are not seen by \SpecialChar LyX
.
To force \SpecialChar LyX
to re-inspect your system use
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Reconfigure
\family default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX
\end_layout
\end_inset
Then restart \SpecialChar LyX
to ensure that the changes are taken into account.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
\SpecialChar LaTeX
Setup
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:LaTeX-Setup"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can edit documents in \SpecialChar LyX
without having \SpecialChar LaTeX
installed but you will not be
able to create PDFs
\change_deleted 5863208 1598122369
or print your documents
\change_unchanged
.
\change_deleted 5863208 1598122520
Some \SpecialChar LyX
documents use DocBook instead of \SpecialChar LaTeX
as the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
backend
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
which can produce PDFs and the like.
\change_unchanged
Even without \SpecialChar LaTeX
\change_deleted 5863208 1598122546
or Docbook
\change_unchanged
every \SpecialChar LyX
document can still be output as plain text
\change_inserted 5863208 1598122500
, as Docbook
\change_unchanged
or as XHTML.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some document classes may depend upon specific \SpecialChar LaTeX
\change_deleted 5863208 1598122571
or DocBook
\change_unchanged
classes or packages.
Such document classes can be used even if you do not have the required
files installed, but you will not be able to produce certain kinds of output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The \SpecialChar LaTeX
packages that \SpecialChar LyX
finds on your system are listed in a file you can view
from the menu
\family sans
Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Configuration
\family default
.
If you are missing needed packages then you must install them and then
reconfigure \SpecialChar LyX
(menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Reconfigure
\family default
).
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX
\end_layout
\end_inset
See section
\emph on
Installing new \SpecialChar LaTeX
files
\emph default
in the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual for more information on installing additional \SpecialChar LaTeX
packages.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
How to work with \SpecialChar LyX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Basic File Operations
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
File Operations
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Under the
\family sans
File
\family default
menu and in the standard toolbar are basic operations common to any word
processor as well as some more advanced operations:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
New,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "buffer-new"
\end_inset
or
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "buffer-new"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
New
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
from
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Template,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "buffer-new-template"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Open,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "file-open"
\end_inset
or
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "file-open"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Open
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Recent
\change_inserted -712698321 1553352530
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1553352546
\family sans
Open
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Example
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Close,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "view-close"
\end_inset
\change_inserted -712698321 1553353355
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1553353357
\family sans
Close All
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Save,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "buffer-write"
\end_inset
or
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "buffer-write"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Save
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
As,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "buffer-write-as"
\end_inset
\change_inserted -712698321 1553352570
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1553352997
\family sans
Save
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
As
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Template
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Revert
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
saved
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Exit,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "lyx-quit"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
They all do pretty much the same thing as other word processors, with a
few minor differences.
The
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
New
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
from
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Template
\family default
command lists the available templates.
Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features
\change_inserted -712698321 1553353491
and possibly propose text fragments
\change_unchanged
for the document, features
\change_inserted -712698321 1553353500
and text
\change_unchanged
you would otherwise need to
\change_deleted -712698321 1553353510
change
\change_inserted -712698321 1553353510
set
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted -712698321 1553353505
or enter
\change_unchanged
manually.
They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters
(see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Document-Classes"
\end_inset
).
\change_inserted -712698321 1553353657
You can also add your own templates to this list by means of storing a
\SpecialChar LyX
file with the
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Save As Template
\family default
function.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
There is no
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
default file
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or document named
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Untitled
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
scratch.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
Unless you tell \SpecialChar LyX
to open a file or create a new one, that big
\change_deleted 5863208 1598174669
,
\change_unchanged
blank space
\change_inserted 5863208 1598174681
on the screen
\change_unchanged
is just that — a big
\change_deleted 5863208 1598174691
,
\change_unchanged
blank space.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Revert
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
saved
\family default
and
\family sans
Version
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Control
\family default
are useful if
\change_deleted 5863208 1598174707
more
\change_inserted 5863208 1598174708
multiple
\change_unchanged
people work on the same document at the same time.
\begin_inset Foot
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature
in \SpecialChar LyX
\change_deleted 5863208 1598174722
also
\change_unchanged
.
\change_deleted 5863208 1598174782
Read Additional Features\SpecialChar endofsentence
\change_inserted 5863208 1598174763
Refer to section
\begin_inset Flex Emph
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted 5863208 1598174763
Version Control in \SpecialChar LyX
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
in the
\begin_inset Flex Emph
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted 5863208 1598174763
Additional Features
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
help manual\SpecialChar endofsentence
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family sans
Revert
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
saved
\family default
will reload the document from disk.
You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document
and want to restore it to the last save
\change_inserted 5863208 1598174796
d version
\change_unchanged
.
With
\family sans
Version
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Control
\family default
you can register the changes you made to a document so that others can identify
them as your changes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Basic Editing Features
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Editing
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Like most modern word processors, \SpecialChar LyX
can perform cut and paste operations
on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or page of text, and can
delete whole words as well as individual characters.
The next four sections cover the basic \SpecialChar LyX
editing features and how to access
them.
We will start with cut and paste.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As you might expect, the
\family sans
Edit
\family default
menu and the standard toolbar have the cut and paste commands, along with
various other editing features.
Some of these are special and covered in later sections.
The basic ones are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Cut
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Cut
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family sans
,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "cut"
\end_inset
or
\family sans
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "cut"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Copy
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Copy
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family sans
,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "copy"
\end_inset
or
\family sans
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "copy"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Paste
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paste
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paste"
\end_inset
or
\family sans
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "paste"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Recent
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Special
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Replace
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Find
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Replace
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family sans
,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "dialog-show findreplaceadv"
\end_inset
or
\family sans
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show findreplace"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The first three are self-explanatory.
You can also copy text between \SpecialChar LyX
and other programs using
\family sans
Cut
\family default
,
\family sans
Copy
\family default
and
\family sans
Paste
\family default
.
\family sans
Cut
\family default
and
\family sans
Copy
\family default
put two versions of text into the clipboard (formatted and unformatted)
so that other programs can choose the most suitable form.
\family sans
Paste
\family default
supports formatted and unformatted text as well as graphics.
It tries to interpret the clipboard contents in an intelligent way.
For example if the clipboard contains text in a Comma Separated Values
(CSV) format and the cursor is inside a table, the text will be pasted
into individual cells.
The submenu of
\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Recent
\family default
shows you a list of the last several strings you have pasted.
You can insert one at the current cursor position by clicking on a list
entry.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The submenu
\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Special
\family default
may also contain optional items for specific formats depending on the clipboard
contents.
Possible formats include HTML, \SpecialChar LaTeX
, PDF, Linkback
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
PDF
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
OS X only
\end_layout
\end_inset
, PNG, JPEG and EMF.
These menu items are useful if the clipboard contains the same contents
in different formats and you want to select one format explicitly.
(E.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
some programs put an image into the clipboard as graphics and as a short
text which is often meaningless.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The menu item
\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Special\SpecialChar menuseparator
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Text,
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
Join
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Lines
\family default
is equivalent to
\family sans
Paste
\family default
with the only difference being that it acts on text only.
It will paste the text in the clipboard such that the whole text selection
is inserted as one paragraph.
A new paragraph is only started where there is a blank line in the text.
Without
\family sans
Join
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Lines,
\family default
line breaks in the text will start a new paragraph.
This is useful when copying contents of tables from webpages to a table
in \SpecialChar LyX
.
The items
\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Special\SpecialChar menuseparator
Selection,
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
Join
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Lines
\family default
and
\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Special\SpecialChar menuseparator
Selection
\family default
paste from the primary selection.
This is normally the currently selected text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Replace
\family default
item opens the
\family sans
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Replace
\family default
dialog.
Once you have found a word or expression, \SpecialChar LyX
selects it.
Hitting the
\family sans
Replace
\family default
button replaces the selected text with the contents of the
\family sans
Replace
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
with
\family default
field.
You can click the
\family sans
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Next
\family default
button to skip the curren
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126824
tly selec
\change_unchanged
t
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126824
ed
\change_unchanged
word.
Hit
\family sans
Replace
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
All
\family default
to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically.
The
\family sans
Case
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
sensitive
\family default
option can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search
word.
If the toggle is set, searching for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Test
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will not match the word
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
test
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The
\family sans
Match whole words only
\family default
option can be used to force \SpecialChar LyX
to only find complete words, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126824
,
\change_unchanged
searching for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
star
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will not match
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
starlet
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\SpecialChar LyX
also offers an advanced
\family sans
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Replace
\family default
feature that is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Advanced-Find-and"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Things like notes, floats, etc.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
(the so called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
insets
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) can be dissolved.
This means that the inset is deleted and its content is left as normal
text.
Dissolving an inset is done by setting the cursor to the beginning of an
inset and pressing
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
or by setting the cursor to the end and pressing
\family sans
Delete
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Using the shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "inset-select-all"
\end_inset
while the cursor is in normal text selects the whole document.
When the cursor is inside an inset
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "inset-select-all"
\end_inset
selects the content of the inset.
Using
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "inset-select-all"
\end_inset
consecutively will increase the selection scope to the whole inset and
then to the whole document.
The shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "command-sequence buffer-begin ; buffer-end-select"
\end_inset
selects the whole document in every case and puts the cursor to the end
of the document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Undo and Redo
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Redo
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Undo
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Undo-and-Redo"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it.
\SpecialChar LyX
has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer.
Select
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Undo
\family default
or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "undo"
\end_inset
to undo a mistake.
If you accidentally undo too much, use
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Redo
\family default
or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "redo"
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
undo the undo.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
steps to minimize memory overhead.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_deleted -131811572 1600338243
Note that if you undo all changes to arrive at the document as it was last
saved, the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
changed
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
status of the document is unfortunately not reset.
This is a consequence of the 100
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
step undo limit mentioned above.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Undo
\family default
and
\family sans
Redo
\family default
work on almost everything in \SpecialChar LyX
.
However they will not undo or redo text character by character, but by
blocks of text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Mouse Operations
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Mouse Operations
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These are the most basic mouse operations.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Motion
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Click the
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
once anywhere in the edit window.
The cursor moves to the text under the mouse.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Selecting Text
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Hold down the
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
and drag the mouse.
\SpecialChar LyX
highlights the text between the old and new mouse positions.
Use
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Copy
\family default
to create a copy of the text in \SpecialChar LyX
's buffer (and the clipboard).
\change_inserted 5863208 1598175891
You can also use the context menu triggered by right clicking on the selected
text.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into \SpecialChar LyX
using
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paste
\family default
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Insets (Footnotes, Notes, Floats, etc.)
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Right-click on them to set their properties.
Check the appropriate section of this manual for more details.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Section
Navigating
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Navigating"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Navigating
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
offers you several ways to navigate in documents:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The
\family sans
Navigate
\family default
menu lists all sections of the document as submenu entries that you can
click to jump to the corresponding document part.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The “Outline”, which is accessed either by the menu
\family sans
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Outline
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Pane
\family default
or by the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-toggle toc"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You can set bookmarks in your document under
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bookmarks
\family default
and use the same menu to return to them.
Note that bookmarks are saved between sessions.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "bookmark-goto 0"
\end_inset
(also
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bookmarks\SpecialChar menuseparator
Navigate
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Back
\family default
) jumps to the position in the document where you recently changed something.
This is useful when you have a large document and have navigated or scrolled
to another document part to look for something and want to go back to your
last editing position.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
By pressing the
\family sans
F5
\family default
key the cursor will be vertically centered in \SpecialChar LyX
's main window.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
The Outliner
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:The-Outliner"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Navigating ! Outline
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Outline
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the pull-down box at the top of the outline window you can choose between
several different lists including other TOC-like objects such as lists
of tables and figures, footnotes, labels and cross-references (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"
\end_inset
), notes, or citations (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"
\end_inset
).
Clicking on any of these will take you to the corresponding object in your
document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In many cases right clicking on elements in the Outline opens a context
menu that will allow for direct modification of those elements.
For example with citations, the context menu allows you to open the citation
dialog and to modify the citation.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Filter
\family default
field at the top allows you to filter which entries appear in the outline.
For example, if you are displaying the list of
\emph on
Labels and References
\emph default
and wish to see only references to subsections, you can enter the text
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
sub
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in the filter and only entries containing that text will be displayed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
At the bottom of the outline are several buttons that allow you to further
control the display.
The
\family sans
Sort
\family default
option sorts the current list alphabetically.
Otherwise the elements appear in the order in which they occur in the document.
The
\family sans
Keep
\family default
option keeps it in the current view state.
Keeping means that when you have the subsections of sections
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2 and 4 displayed and click on section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
3, the subsections of sections
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2 and 4 will still be displayed.
Without the
\family sans
Keep
\family default
option they will be hidden to highlight the clicked section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
3.
Finally, the slider at the left can be used to open the Outline to a given
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
depth
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
It is best just to experiment with it to see how it works.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "reload"
\end_inset
button refreshes the TOC (
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126825
tho
\change_inserted 5863208 1598176913
usef
\change_unchanged
u
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126825
g
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
l w
\change_unchanged
h
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
ile
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
edi
\change_unchanged
t
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126825
h
\change_unchanged
i
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126825
s
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
ng
\change_unchanged
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126825
sh
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
if y
\change_unchanged
ou
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126825
ld
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
have
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
cha
\change_unchanged
n
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126825
ot
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
ged
\change_unchanged
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126825
u
\change_unchanged
s
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126825
ually b
\change_unchanged
e
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
ctions
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
i
\change_unchanged
n
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
th
\change_unchanged
e
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
do
\change_unchanged
c
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
um
\change_unchanged
e
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126825
ssary
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126825
nt
\change_unchanged
).
Next to it are buttons that allow you to change the position of sections
in your document.
The
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "outline-down"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "outline-up"
\end_inset
buttons move sections up and down in the document.
For example, you can move section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.5 before section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.4 or after section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.6.
\SpecialChar LyX
will then automatically renumber the sections to the new order.
With the buttons
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "outline-out"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "outline-in"
\end_inset
(or the corresponding key bindings
\family sans
Tab
\family default
and
\family sans
Shift-Tab
\family default
) you can change the level of sections.
You can make section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.5 chapter
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
3 or subsection
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.4.1.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
By right-clicking on a section in the outliner you can select the whole
section to copy, cut or delete it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Scrolling
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Navigating ! Horizontal Scrolling
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
does not have a horizontal scrollbar because standard output page formats
such as ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
A4 are not as wide as PC or laptop screens.
Therefore you will have trouble with the output of your document if document
parts exceed the width of the \SpecialChar LyX
main screen.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are of course exceptions where horizontal scrolling is necessary.
For example
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\SpecialChar LyX
is used on a small tablet computer
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Wide tables that are rotated 90° to fit a whole page
\begin_inset Foot
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
See section
\emph on
Rotated Floats
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Math constructs with long command names
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For these cases \SpecialChar LyX
has an mechanism that scrolls automatically when the cursor
is moved.
As an example shrink the \SpecialChar LyX
window so that table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Horizontal-scrollong-test"
\end_inset
is wider.
You will now see a dotted red line on the right and/or left side of the
table.
Put the cursor into the table and move it with the Tab or the arrow keys
to see the horizontal scrolling of the table.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
placement h
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Horizontal-scrollong-test"
\end_inset
Horizontal scrolling test.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="1" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="4.7cm">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="4.7cm">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="4.7cm">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
a
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
b
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
c
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Input/Word Completion
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Input-Completion"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Input completion
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Word completion|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Input completion
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
provides completion of words by scanning all documents that are currently
opened.
Every word that appears in these documents is added to a database that
is used to propose completions.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Input completion can be activated in the \SpecialChar LyX
preferences (menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences
\family default
) in the section
\family sans
Editing\SpecialChar menuseparator
Input Completion
\family default
.
With the option
\family sans
Automatic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
inline
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
completion
\family default
the proposed completion is shown directly after the cursor.
With the option
\family sans
Automatic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
popup
\family default
the completions are always shown in a popup.
The cursor completion indicator can be turned off by deselecting the option
\family sans
Cursor
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
indicator
\family default
.
With the general options you can define the delay time for the inline and
popup completion, you can set the minimal number of characters a word must
have that it will be taken into account for a completion and you can choose
if long completions should be abbreviated.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
displays a small triangle after the cursor as an indicator that there are
completions available.
Press the
\family sans
Tab
\family default
key to accept a proposed completion.
If several completions are possible, a popup is opened showing them.
You can select a completion in the popup using the mouse or the arrow keys
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126826
,
\change_unchanged
and accept the chosen completion by pressing
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The completion options for math in the preferences do the same as the correspond
ing options for text.
\change_inserted -563046850 1560340017
Additionally,
\change_deleted -563046850 1560340019
T
\change_inserted -563046850 1560340019
t
\change_unchanged
he special math option
\family sans
Autocorrection
\family default
enables characters to be composed.
\change_deleted 5863208 1598180192
If, f
\change_inserted 5863208 1598180192
F
\change_unchanged
or example,
\change_inserted 5863208 1598180208
if
\change_unchanged
you want to insert the character
\begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$
\end_inset
, you can
\change_deleted 5863208 1598180217
then
\change_unchanged
input the characters
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\series bold
=>
\series default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\change_deleted 5863208 1598180228
to
\change_inserted 5863208 1598180229
in
\change_unchanged
a formula to
\change_deleted 5863208 1598180234
get
\change_inserted 5863208 1598180235
create
\change_unchanged
it.
\change_deleted 5863208 1598180245
So t
\change_inserted 5863208 1598180246
T
\change_unchanged
his is a quick alternative to the insertion of commands or the use of the
math toolbar.
A list
\change_deleted 5863208 1598180267
with
\change_inserted 5863208 1598180267
of
\change_unchanged
supported character combinations can be found in the file
\family typewriter
autocorrect
\family default
\change_deleted 5863208 1598180288
that is
\change_inserted 5863208 1598180288
located
\change_unchanged
in \SpecialChar LyX
's installation folder.
\change_deleted -563046850 1560340086
Math autocorrection can at any time be turned on by pressing the exclamation
mark key “!”.
Pressing
\family sans
Space
\family default
turns it off.
\change_inserted -563046850 1560340324
Note that using
\family sans
Undo
\family default
after autocorrection has done its magic leaves the un-corrected sequence.
In the example above,
\family sans
Undo
\family default
leads to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\series bold
=>
\series default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, and a second
\family sans
Undo
\family default
yields
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\series bold
=
\series default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Basic Key Bindings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Key Bindings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bindings|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Key Bindings
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Shortcuts|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Key Bindings
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are at least two different primary binding maps:
\family typewriter
cua
\family default
and
\family typewriter
emacs
\family default
.
\SpecialChar LyX
's default is
\family typewriter
cua
\family default
, which can be changed in the \SpecialChar LyX
preferences under
\family sans
Editing\SpecialChar menuseparator
Shortcuts
\family default
.
(You can list or change any key bindings as explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Editing-Shortcuts"
\end_inset
.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some keys, like
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Up
\family default
,
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Down
\family default
,
\family sans
Left
\family default
,
\family sans
Right
\family default
,
\family sans
Up
\family default
and
\family sans
Down
\family default
, do exactly what you expect them to do.
Other keys don't:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Tab
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "Tab"
description "Tabulator key"
literal "false"
\end_inset
\family default
There is no such thing as a tab stop in \SpecialChar LyX
.
If you do not understand this, go read sections
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Par-indent-intro"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments"
\end_inset
, especially section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Lists"
\end_inset
, right now.
Yes, right now.
If you are still confused, look in the
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
In \SpecialChar LyX
the
\family sans
Tab
\family default
key is only used to accept proposed input completions, to move the cursor
in tables or math matrices or to change the nesting level in Itemize or
Enumerate.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Esc
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "Esc"
description "Escape key"
literal "false"
\end_inset
\family default
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cancel key.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
It is used, generically, to cancel operations.
Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Home/End
\family default
These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line,
unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning
or end of the file.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are three modifier keys:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Control
\family default
(Denoted by
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
Ctrl
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "Ctrl"
description "Control key"
literal "false"
\end_inset
in the documentation files) This has a couple of different uses depending
on which keys it is used in combination with:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
or
\family sans
Delete
\family default
, it deletes an entire word instead of a single character.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Left
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\family default
, it moves by words instead of characters.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Home
\family default
and
\family sans
End
\family default
, it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Shift
\family default
(Denoted by
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
Shift
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "Shift"
description "Shift key"
literal "false"
\end_inset
in the documentation files) Use this with any of the arrow keys to select
the text between the old and new cursor positions.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Alt
\family default
(Denoted by
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
Alt
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "Alt"
description "Alt or Meta key"
literal "false"
\end_inset
in the documentation files) This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless
your keyboard has a distinct Meta key.
If you have both keys, you will need to try out which one actually performs
the
\family sans
Alt+
\family default
function.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
This key does many different things, but it also activates the
\emph on
menu accelerator keys
\emph default
.
If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a
menu or menu item, it selects that menu item.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
For example, the sequence
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
Alt
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
e
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
s
\family default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\family sans
c
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
brings up the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Text Style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
dialog.
Typing
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
Alt
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
f
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
opens the
\family sans
File
\family default
menu.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\emph on
Shortcuts
\emph default
manual lists all other things bound to the
\family sans
Alt
\family default
key.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
You will learn more key bindings and short-cut keys as you use \SpecialChar LyX
because
most actions will prompt a small message in the status bar at the bottom
of \SpecialChar LyX
's main window describing the name of the action you have just triggered
and any existing key bindings for that action.
\SpecialChar LyX
menus also list the defined key bindings.
The notation for the key bindings is very similar to the notation used
in this documentation so you should not have any problems understanding
it.
However notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
Alt+P Shift+A
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means
\family sans
Alt+P
\family default
followed by a capital
\family sans
A
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
\SpecialChar LyX
Basics
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LyX
! Basics
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Document Types
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Types
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
need to decide what type of document you want to edit.
Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
numbering schemes, and so on.
Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
and format the title of your document differently.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A
\emph on
document class
\emph default
describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
By setting the document class, you automatically select these properties,
making it easier to create the type of document you want.
If you don't choose a document class, \SpecialChar LyX
picks one for you by default.
So it is up to you to change the class of your document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Document Classes
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Classes
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Document-Classes"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can select a class using the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Document Class
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
dialog.
Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options
you may need.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Overview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are four standard document classes in \SpecialChar LyX
.
They are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Article for basic articles
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Report for basic reports
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Book for writing a book
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Letter for US-style letters
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are also some non-standard classes, which \SpecialChar LyX
only uses if you have installed
the corresponding \SpecialChar LaTeX
class files, though most \SpecialChar LaTeX
distributions will include
many of these.
Here are some of the classes.
The full list with detailed explanations can be found in chapter
\emph on
Special Document Classes
\emph default
in the
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
manual:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
A&A Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysics
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
ACS For submissions to the journals published by the American Chemistry
Society
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
AGU For submissions to the journals published by the American Geophysical
Union
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
AMS Layouts for articles and books in the style and format used by the American
Mathematical Society (AMS).
There are three article layouts available.
The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems etc., that
prepends the section number to the number of the result.
All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
sequential numbering
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
them throughout the article in a single sequence.
Each type of result gets its own sequence.
There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Beamer Layout for presentations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Broadway Layout for writing plays.
It is not an existing \SpecialChar LaTeX
document class, but a new one that is distributed
with \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Chess Layout to write about chess games
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Curriculum
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
vitae classes to create curriculum vitae
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Elsarticle Layout for journals of the Elsevier publishing group
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Foils Used to make transparencies
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Hollywood Used to type spec scripts for the US film industry.
It is not an existing \SpecialChar LaTeX
document class, but a new one that is distributed
with \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
IEEEtran Layout for the journals published by the Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
IOP Layout for journals of the Institute of Physics publishing group
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Kluwer Layout for journals of the Kluwer publishing group
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
KOMA-Script a replacement for the standard classes, offers many useful features
like caption formatting, automatic print space calculation etc.
(Is used by this document.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Memoir another replacement for the standard classes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Powerdot Layout for presentations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
REV
\family sans
TeX
\family default
is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
of America (OSA).
This class is not completely compatible with all \SpecialChar LyX
features.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Slides Used to make transparencies
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
SPIE
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Proceedings Layout for the journals published by The International Society
for Optical Engineering (SPIE)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Springer Layouts for journals of the Springer publishing group
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We will not go into detail about how to use these different document classes
here.
You can find details about the non-standard classes in chapter
\emph on
Special Document Classes
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
manual.
Here, we will settle for a list of some of the common properties of all
of the document classes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Availability
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You will probably find that many of the document classes listed under
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Document Class
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family default
are marked as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Unavailable
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
If you open a document that uses such a class, you will receive a warning
saying that there are files that are required to produce output that are
not installed.
So it may seem that something is wrong.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Nothing is wrong.
\SpecialChar LyX
includes many more document classes than you will ever need to use, and
some of them, like
\family sans
IOP
\family default
, are highly specialized.
\SpecialChar LyX
tries to support as many different types of documents as possible, and
it includes almost one hundred different layout files, with a growing number.
No \SpecialChar LaTeX
distribution will install by default all files that might be needed
by some document class.
There are just too many of them.
That is why some of the document classes are unavailable.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If there is a document class you would like to use that is marked as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Unavailable
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, you just need to install the appropriate package files.
The easiest way to find out which files you need to install is to use that
document class for a new file.
\SpecialChar LyX
will display a dialog that will list the missing files.
See section
\emph on
Installing new \SpecialChar LaTeX
files
\emph default
in of the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual for information on how to install them.
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Although \SpecialChar LyX
provides support for many different sorts of documents, it does
not include support for every document class people might want to use.
For example, many universities provide \SpecialChar LaTeX
class files to be used for dissertation
s submitted to those universities.
The \SpecialChar LyX
team cannot write layout files to support every one of these.
There are too many.
Fortunately, users can write their own layout files, and many users have
done so.
Chapter
\emph on
Installing New Document Classes, Layouts, and Templates
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual contains information on how to create layout files.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Modules
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Modules"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Modules
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Modules load additional features that are not by default available in the
chosen document class.
For example you might want to write Braille (embossed printing) in a document.
This is not available in any document class, so you have to load the correspond
ing module in the
\family sans
Modules
\family default
section of the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
dialog.
Highlighting a module in the dialog will bring up a description of what
it does.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some modules require \SpecialChar LaTeX
packages or file format converters that are not always
installed by default.
\SpecialChar LyX
will warn you if you do not have a required package or converter, and
it will tell you what exactly you are missing.
You can still use the module while editing your file, but you will not
be able to export to PDF or print your document, since \SpecialChar LyX
will not be able
to compile the \SpecialChar LaTeX
file without the missing prerequisites.
If you want to be able to produce this kind of output, then you need to
install the missing prerequisites and then reconfigure \SpecialChar LyX
by selecting
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Reconfigure
\family default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX
\end_layout
\end_inset
See sectio
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126826
n Installing
\change_unchanged
n
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126829
ew
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126829
\emph on
Installing new
\change_unchanged
\emph default
\SpecialChar LaTeX
\change_deleted 5863208 1598126829
files
\change_inserted 5863208 1598126829
\emph on
files
\change_unchanged
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual for more information on installing required packages.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
Some modules require other modules, and some pairs of modules are incompatible.
\SpecialChar LyX
will advise you about these things.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Local Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Local-Layout"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Local Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Modules are to \SpecialChar LyX
much as packages are to \SpecialChar LaTeX
: They are intended to be used in
a variety of different documents.
If you often find yourself needing the same sort of thing in different
documents, you should consider writing a module for this purpose.
Sometimes, however, a particular document has very special needs, but you
need a specific inset or
\change_deleted -712698321 1525757388
character
\change_inserted 5863208 1598182122
text
\change_unchanged
style only that one time.
You want something that is like a document's own \SpecialChar LaTeX
preamble.
What you want is \SpecialChar LyX
's
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Local Layout
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
See section
\emph on
Local Layout
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual for information on how to use it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Properties
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Each class has a default set of options.
Here's a quick table describing them:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Page style
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Sides
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Columns
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Max.
sectioning level
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
article
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Plain
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Section
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
report
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Plain
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Chapter
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
book
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Headings
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Two
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Chapter
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
letter
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Plain
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
none
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You're probably also wondering what
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Max.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
sectioning level
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means.
There are several paragraph environments used to create section headings.
Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
Only two use the
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the
\family sans
Section
\family default
heading.
Some document classes, such as the ones for letters, don't use any section
headings.
In addition to
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
and
\family sans
Section
\family default
headings, there are also
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
headings,
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
headings, and so on.
We will describe these headings fully in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Headings"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Document Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Document-Layout"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The most important properties of document classes are set in the menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
.
There in the
\family sans
Class
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
options
\family default
field under
\family sans
Documents
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Class
\family default
, you can enter special options for your document class in a comma-separated
list.
This is only necessary if \SpecialChar LyX
doesn't support special options you want to
use for your document.
To learn more about your favorite \SpecialChar LaTeX
-class and its options, you have to read
its manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The drop box
\change_deleted -712698321 1597235163
\family sans
Headings
\change_inserted 5863208 1598182166
Page
\change_unchanged
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
style
\family default
in the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
dialog under
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Layout
\family default
controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page.
You can choose between the following five options:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Default
\family default
Use default page style of current class.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
empty
\family default
No page numbers or headings.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
plain
\family default
Page numbers only.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
headings
\family default
Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
Whether \SpecialChar LyX
uses the current chapter or the current section depends on the
maximum sectioning level of the class.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
fancy
\family default
This allows you to define fully customizable headers and footers if you
have the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
fancyhdr
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! fancyhdr
\end_layout
\end_inset
installed.
How they are defined is explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Customized-Page-Headers"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The separation of paragraphs is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Paragraph-Separation"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Paper Size and Orientation
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Paper size
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Paper-Size,-Orientation"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can find the following options in the menu
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Layout
\family default
of the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
dialog:
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Paper
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Format
\family default
What size paper to print on.
The choices are
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
A0 – A6
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
B0 – B6
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
C0 – C6
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
US letter, US legal, US executive
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
JIS B0 – JIS B6
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Custom
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Orientation
\family default
To choose whether to output as
\family sans
Landscape
\family default
or as
\family sans
Portrait
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Two-sided
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
document
\family default
Adjusts the print space to print both sides of paper.
That means that the print space for odd- and even-numbered pages is different.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Margins
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Margins"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Margins
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Margins
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Paper margins are set in the menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you use a KOMA-Script document class, you can use the default settings
because KOMA-Script calculates the print space automatically by taking
the paper format and the font size into account.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Important Note
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you change a document class, \SpecialChar LyX
has to convert everything into the new
class.
That includes the paragraph environments.
Some paragraph environments are standard, in so far as all of the document
classes have them; but some classes have special paragraph environments.
If this is the case, and you change the document class, \SpecialChar LyX
will mark the
paragraphs whose styles it no longer understands as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
unknown
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The name of the style is retained, in case you should want to go back to
the old class.
But these paragraphs will be output with no special formatting, so you
will either need to create a new style yourself or else convert these paragraph
s manually to a style present in your new document class.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Paragraph Indentation and Separation
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Indentation
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Par-indent-intro"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
If you choose indentation for paragraphs the
\emph on
first
\emph default
paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
etc., is
\emph on
not
\emph default
indented.
Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
Note that the indentation behavior is different when you use another document
language than English.
\SpecialChar LaTeX
takes care that the indentation follows the rules of the language used.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
and text — in fact, all the spacing for just about everything —is pre-coded
into \SpecialChar LyX
.
As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
\SpecialChar LyX
takes care of that.
In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
range.
That way, \SpecialChar LyX
can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure figures
fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom of
a page, and so on.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
does this when \SpecialChar LyX
goes to produce a printable file.
\end_layout
\end_inset
However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
\SpecialChar LyX
gives you the ability globally to change
\emph on
all
\emph default
these pre-coded spacings.
We will explain more later.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Paragraph Separation
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Paragraph-Separation"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Separation
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Select
\family sans
Indentation
\family default
or
\family sans
Vertical
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
space
\family default
in the submenu
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Layout
\family default
of the dialog
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
to indent paragraphs or to add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Fine-Tuning
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
Open the
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Settings
\family default
dialog and toggle the
\family sans
Indent
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Paragraph
\family default
option to change the state of the current paragraph (shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-params \\indent-toggle"
\end_inset
).
If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
button will be ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling
this).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
if you need to do some fine-tuning.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Line Spacing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Line spacing
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\noun on
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family default
\noun default
dialog you can set the line spacing for the whole document in the submenu
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Layout
\family default
.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
You need to have the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
setspace
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! setspace
\end_layout
\end_inset
installed to use this feature.
\end_layout
\end_inset
You can set it for a single paragraph in the
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Settings
\family default
dialog but this should be used very exceptionally because vertical spacing
is normally defined in the environment's style.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Paragraph Environments
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Paragraph-Environments"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Environments
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph environments|(
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Overview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Paragraph environments correspond to the
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
begin{
\emph on
environment
\emph default
} \SpecialChar ldots
\backslash
end{
\emph on
environment
\emph default
}
\series default
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
command sequence in \SpecialChar LaTeX
files.
If you don't know \SpecialChar LaTeX
, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
alien to you, we urge you to read the
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
The
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
also contains many more examples than this section does.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A paragraph environment is simply a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
container
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
scheme, labels, and so on.
Additionally, you can
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
nest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
to inherit some of the properties of another.
The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hangovers from the days
of typewriters.
There are several paragraph environments that are specific to a particular
document type.
We will only be covering the most common ones here.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
scale 70
clip
\end_inset
at the left end of the toolbar.
\SpecialChar LyX
will change the environment of the
\emph on
entire
\emph default
paragraph in which the cursor sits.
You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
you select them before choosing the new environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that entering
\family sans
Return
\family default
will
\emph on
typically
\emph default
create a new paragraph using the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
paragraph environment.
We say
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
typically
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
because if you are in one of these environments:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Quote
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Quotation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Verse
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Itemize
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Enumerate
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Description
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
List
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
keeps the old paragraph environment when you enter
\family sans
Return
\family default
, rather than resetting it to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
Also the nesting depth is preserved (for more on nesting see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The default paragraph environment is
\family sans
Standard
\family default
for most classes.
It creates a plain paragraph.
If \SpecialChar LyX
resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now (and most of the ones in
this manual) are in the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can nest a paragraph using the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
in a
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Document Title
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Title
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A \SpecialChar LaTeX
title page has three parts: the title itself, the name(s) of the author(s)
and a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
footnote
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
for thanks or contact information.
For certain types of documents, \SpecialChar LaTeX
places all of this on a separate page
along with today's date.
For other types of documents, the title
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
page
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
goes at the top of the first page of the document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
environments
\family sans
Title
\family default
,
\family sans
Author
\family default
, and
\family sans
Date
\family default
.
Here's how you use them:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Put the title of your document in the
\family sans
Title
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Put the author name in the
\family sans
Author
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
the
\family sans
Date
\family default
environment.
Note that using this environment is optional.
If you don't provide any, \SpecialChar LaTeX
will automatically insert today's date.
If you don't want a date, use the option
\family sans
Suppress default date on front page
\family default
in the menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
class
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can use footnotes to insert
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
thanks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or contact information.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Headings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Section headings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Headings"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are several paragraph environments for producing section headings.
\SpecialChar LyX
takes care of the numbering for you.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Numbered Headings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Section headings ! Numbered
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are 7 numbered types of section headings.
They are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Part
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Chapter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Section
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subsection
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subsubsection
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Paragraph
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subparagraph
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
The numbers describe where in the document you are.
Unlike the other headings, parts are numbered with
\change_inserted 5863208 1598182388
Roman numerals
\change_deleted 5863208 1598182398
\change_deleted -131811572 1596358192
Latin letters
\change_unchanged
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
For example, suppose you're writing a book.
You group the book into chapters.
\SpecialChar LyX
does a similar grouping:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Part
\family default
is divided into either
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
s or
\family sans
Section
\family default
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Section
\family default
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Section
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
Not all document types use the
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
heading as the maximum sectioning level.
In that case the
\family sans
Section
\family default
is the top-level heading.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
So, if you use the
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
environment to label a new sub-subsection, \SpecialChar LyX
labels it with its number,
along with the number of the subsection, section and, if applicable, chapter
that it's in.
For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
2.5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Unnumbered Headings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Section headings ! Unnumbered
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The unnumbered section headings have a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
*
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
at the end of their name.
They work the same as their numbered counterparts but will not appear in
the table of contents, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:toc"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Changing the Numbering
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Numbering-depth"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
in the Table of Contents.
Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
class.
Just as certain classes start with
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
and go down to the
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
level.
Others start at
\family sans
Section
\family default
.
Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
Most don't number
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
or
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
.
This is something you can change.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Open the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
dialog.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
Under
\family sans
Numbering
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
TOC
\family default
you will see two counters.
The one named
\family sans
Numbering
\family default
controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy \SpecialChar LyX
numbers a section heading.
The other one controls the appearance of the section headings in the table
of contents.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Short Titles of Headings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Section headings ! Short titles
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Short Titles
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Short-Titles"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long.
This can cause trouble when there is limited horizontal space.
For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section
title, a long title will protrude over the page margins and look awful.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LaTeX
allows you to specify a short title for section headings.
This short title is used in the header and in the actual table of contents,
avoiding the problem mentioned.
To specify a short title, set the cursor behind the title and use the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Short
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Title
\family default
.
This will insert a box labeled
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Short
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Title
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
which you can use to enter the short title text.
This also works for captions inside floats.
There can only be one short title per title.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The title of this section is a good example of using this feature.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Special Information
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The following information applies to all section headings:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot do any nesting with these environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You can only use inline math in these environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Quotes and Poetry
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
They are
\family sans
Quote
\family default
,
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, and
\family sans
Verse
\family default
.
Forget the days of changing line spacing and twiddling with margins.
These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
the text they contain.
They also allow nesting, so you can put a
\family sans
Verse
\family default
in a
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, as well as in some other paragraph environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
\emph on
not
\emph default
reset to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
when you start a new paragraph.
So, you can type in that poem and merrily enter
\family sans
Return
\family default
without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
Of course, that means that, once you are done typing in that poem, you
have to change back to the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment yourself.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Quote and Quotation
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Quote"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Quotation
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
time for the differences.
\family sans
Quote
\family default
and
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
are identical except for one difference:
\family sans
Quote
\family default
uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
\emph on
always
\emph default
indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here's an example of the
\family sans
Quote
\family default
environment:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
This is in the
\family sans
Quote
\family default
environment.
I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
wraps.
See – no indentation!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
the other paragraph.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here's another example, this time in the
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
environment:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
This is in the
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
environment.
If I keep writing, you will see the indentation.
If your country uses a writing style that indicates new paragraphs by indenting
the first line, then
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it
\emph on
if
\emph default
you were quoting other text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
Here's a new paragraph.
I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As the examples show,
\family sans
Quote
\family default
is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
They should put quotes in the
\family sans
Quote
\family default
environment.
Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
paragraph environment for quoted text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Verse
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Verse
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Poetry
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Verse"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Verse
\family default
is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
Here's an example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verse
This is in Verse
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Which I did not rehearse!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verse
It could be much worse.
This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
around.
It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
indented a bit more than the first.
Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
So sue me.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verse
To break a line
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
And make things look fine
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Use
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As you can see,
\family sans
Verse
\family default
does not indent both margins.
Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Lists
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Lists"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
of lists.
In the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
and
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environments, \SpecialChar LyX
labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
In the
\family sans
Description
\family default
and
\family sans
List
\family default
environments, \SpecialChar LyX
lets you provide your own label.
We will present the individual details of each type of list next after
describing some general features of all four of them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
General Features
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
in several ways.
First, \SpecialChar LyX
treats each paragraph as a list item.
Hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
does
\emph on
not
\emph default
reset the environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
The nesting depth is thereby kept.
If you want to keep the paragraph environment but reset the current nesting
depth, you can use
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
.
If you do this at the top level of a list, it returns you to the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
In fact, \SpecialChar LyX
changes the labels on some list items depending on how it is
nested.
If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest
you read all of section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Itemize
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Itemize
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Itemize"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The first type of list we will describe in detail is the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
paragraph environment.
It has the following properties:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\SpecialChar LyX
uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The items can have any length.
\SpecialChar LyX
automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
The offset is always relative to whatever environment the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list may be in.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
If you nest an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment inside another
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\SpecialChar LyX
always shows the same symbol on screen.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"
\end_inset
for a full explanation of nesting.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Of course, that explanation was also an example of an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list.
The
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the first level
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
is a large black dot, or bullet.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the second level is a dash.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the third is an asterisk.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Back out to the third level.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Back to the second level.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Back to the outermost level.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These are the default labels for an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list.
You can customize how these labels are displayed in the output in the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
dialog in the submenu
\family sans
Bullets
\family default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
These customizations are not displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
We will explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Enumerate
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Enumerate
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Enumerate"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment is used to create numbered lists and outlines.
It has these properties:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Each item has a numeral as its label.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The label type depends on the nesting depth.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\SpecialChar LyX
automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Each new
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment resets the counter to one.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Like the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment, the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
Items can have any length.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Allows up to a four-fold nesting.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Unlike the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment,
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
shows the different labels for each item in \SpecialChar LyX
.
Here is how \SpecialChar LyX
labels the four different levels in an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
The first level of an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth
increases.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back to the third level
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back to the second level.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back to the outermost level.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can customize the type of numbering used in the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Customized-Lists"
\end_inset
.
Such customization only shows up in the printed version, not in \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There is more to nesting
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environments than we've stated here.
You should read section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"
\end_inset
to learn more about nesting.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Description
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Description
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Unlike the previous two environments, the
\family sans
Description
\family default
list has no fixed label.
Instead, \SpecialChar LyX
uses the first
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of the first line as the label.
Here's an example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Example: This is an example of the
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
rest of the line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With the first
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
it is meant that the first usage of the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key ends the label if you are at the beginning of the first line of an
item.
If you need to use more than one word in a label use a
\family sans
Protected Space
\family default
.
(Use either
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
\end_inset
or the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Protected-Space"
\end_inset
for more information.) Here is an example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Second
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Example: This one shows how to use a
\family sans
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space
\family default
in the label of a
\family sans
Description
\family default
list item.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Usage: You should use the
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment for things like definitions and theorems.
Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
that describes it.
It's not a good idea to use a
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
You're better off using
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
or
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
and nesting several
\family sans
Standard
\family default
paragraphs into them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Nesting: You can nest
\family sans
Description
\family default
environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
so on.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Notice that after the first line, \SpecialChar LyX
indents subsequent lines, offsetting
them from the first line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Labeling
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Labeling
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
environment is a \SpecialChar LyX
extension to \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Like the
\family sans
Description
\family default
list the
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
list has user-defined labels for each list item but it provides some additional
features.
Here are its properties:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
item
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
labels \SpecialChar LyX
uses the first
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of each line as the item label.
The first
\family sans
Space
\family default
after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected
space as described above.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
margins As you can see, \SpecialChar LyX
uses different margins for the item label and the
body of the item text.
The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
label width plus a little extra space.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
label
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
width \SpecialChar LyX
uses the width of the label, or the default width, whatever is larger.
If the label width is larger, the label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
extends
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
into the first line.
In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
margin of the rest of the item text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
width You can set the default label width to ensure that the text of all
items in a
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
environment has the same left margin.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
To change the default width, select all items in the list.
Now open the
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Settings
\family default
dialog (toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "layout-paragraph"
\end_inset
).
The text in the box
\family sans
Longest
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
label
\family default
determines the default label width.
You can use the text of your largest label here, but you can also use the
letter
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
multiple times instead.
M is the widest character and is a standard unit of widths in \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
By using
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as the unit of width you don't need to keep changing the contents of
\family sans
Longest
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
label
\family default
every time you alter a label in a
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
The predefined default width is the length of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
00.00.0000
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(equal to 6
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
M).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You should use the
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
list the same way as the
\family sans
Description
\family default
list: When you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
it.
The
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
layout.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can nest
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
lists inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and so on.
They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
Read section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"
\end_inset
to learn about nesting.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There is yet another feature of the
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
list: As you can see in the examples, \SpecialChar LyX
left-justifies the item labels by
default.
You can use additional
\family sans
HFills
\family default
to change how \SpecialChar LyX
justifies the item label.
\family sans
Hfills
\family default
are documented in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Horizontal-Space"
\end_inset
.
Here are some examples:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
Left The default for
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
item labels.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
Right One
\family sans
HFill
\family default
at the beginning of the label right justifies it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
Center
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
One
\family sans
HFill
\family default
at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Customized Lists
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Customized-Lists"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Customized
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The features described in this section require that the module
\family sans
Customisable Lists (enumitem)
\family default
is loaded in the document settings.
The module uses the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
enumitem
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! enumitem
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Custom Enumerate Lists
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Enumerate ! Custom
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
The default numbering of numbered lists can be changed by adding an optional
argument (menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Enumerate Options
\family default
) to the first item of each level in the list.
There you add the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
label=
\backslash
roman{enumi}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
in \SpecialChar TeX
Code (shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "ert-insert"
\end_inset
).
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
For more about \SpecialChar TeX
Code, look at section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:TeX-Code"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph on
enumi
\emph default
is hereby the first level counter of the enumeration.
The command
\series bold
\backslash
roman
\series default
outputs the counter as a small Roman numeral.
For capital Roman numerals replace
\series bold
\backslash
roman
\series default
with
\series bold
\backslash
Roman
\series default
in the command above.
For Arabic numerals use
\series bold
\backslash
arabic
\series default
.
To
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
number
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
items with capital or small Latin letters use
\series bold
\backslash
Alph
\series default
or
\series bold
\backslash
alph
\series default
, respectively.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
You can only number 26
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
items with Latin letters, because this numbering is limited to single letters.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To change the numbering for the list sublevels, replace the 'i' in the command
by the small Roman numeral of the level (enumi, enumii, enumiii, enumiv).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is a list with custom numbering:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
label=
\backslash
#
\backslash
Alph{enumi}
\backslash
#
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
Level 1
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
label=
\backslash
Alph{enumi}.
\backslash
arabic{enumii}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
Level 2
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Level 2
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
label=
\backslash
bfseries{
\backslash
arabic{enumiii}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
Level 3
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
label=
\backslash
emph{
\backslash
roman{enumiv})}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
Level 4
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
For this list these commands were used:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\series bold
label=
\backslash
#
\backslash
Alph{enumi}
\backslash
#
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
label=
\backslash
Alph{enumi}.
\backslash
arabic{enumii}
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
label=
\backslash
bfseries{
\backslash
arabic{enumiii}}
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
label=
\backslash
emph{
\backslash
roman{enumiv})}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
where the command
\series bold
\backslash
emph{}
\series default
makes the label emphasized and
\series bold
\backslash
bfseries{}
\series default
makes it bold.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
When you change the label of a list level, it will be used for all following
lists until you change the definition.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Resumed Enumeration
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Enumerate ! Resumed
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Enumerations can be resumed after intermediate paragraphs:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
label=
\backslash
arabic{enumi}.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
first
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
goes back to default numbering
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
second
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
regular text
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate-Resume
resumed
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To resume an enumeration, use the style
\family sans
Enumerate-Resume
\family default
.
Its numbering appears in blue within \SpecialChar LyX
to indicate that it is a resumed
list and that the numbering will not be correct in \SpecialChar LyX
, but in the output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
If there is no previous enumeration to resume, you will get a \SpecialChar LaTeX
error.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Perhaps you might want to resume the list with a different number from the
next one.
Or you want to start a new enumeration with a defined number.
This is possible by adding an optional argument to the first list item
of a normal enumeration.
There, insert the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
start=number
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
where
\emph on
number
\emph default
is the number with which you want to resume the list.
An example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
first item
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
second item
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Enumeration starting at a given value:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
start=4
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
This enumeration starts at 4
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
List Spacing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Spacing
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In some cases you might want less or more vertical space between the items
of a list.
For example if the default space is too much in your opinion in this case:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
A bullet list
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
with standard spacing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can decrease the space by adding an optional argument to the first item
of the list.
Add there the command
\series bold
nolistsep
\series default
to get no additional list space like in this example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
nolistsep
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
A bullet list
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
without additional
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
vertical space
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To add space you can use several other commands provided by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
enumitem
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! enumitem
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
For more information see its documentation,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "enumitem"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are also many commands available to change the horizontal spacing
and indentation.
Here is an example where the indentation was changed to that of the paragraphs
in the document and the label separation was set to 2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
cm so that the number is in the page margin:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
labelindent=
\backslash
parindent, labelsep=2cm
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
An enumeration
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
with negative indentation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Further Customization
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Customization
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also change the style of description lists.
The command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
font=definition
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
changes the description label font, the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
style=definition
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
sets the list style.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
An example where the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
font=
\backslash
itshape, style=nextline
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
is used:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Ionizing
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
radiation:
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
labelindent=0pt, labelsep=1cm, font=
\backslash
itshape, style=nextline
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
Ionizing radiation consists of particles or electromagnetic waves that are
energetic enough to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, therefore
ionizing them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Reference
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
counting: In computer science, reference counting is a technique of storing
the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource such as an
object, block of memory, disk space or other resource.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are many more commands and features provided by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
enumitem
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! enumitem
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
For more information see its documentation
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "enumitem"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Letters
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Letters
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Address and Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Address: An Overview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Although \SpecialChar LyX
has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
environments called
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Address
\family default
.
To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
in a specific order, otherwise \SpecialChar LaTeX
gags on the document.
In contrast, you can use the
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Address
\family default
paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
anything in them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Of course, you're not limited to using
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Address
\family default
for letters only.
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Address
\family default
, in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
some European academic papers.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Usage
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Address-Usage"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Address
\family default
environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
for the opening and signature in some countries.
Similarly, the
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Address
\family default
environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
Here's an example of each:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Right Address
Right Address
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Who I am
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Where I am
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
When is it? What is today?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
That was
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Address
\family default
.
Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which \SpecialChar LyX
sets to fit
the largest block of text on a single line.
Here's an example of the
\family sans
Address
\family default
environment:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Address
Who are you
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Where do I send this
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Your post office and country
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, both
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Address
\family default
add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
If you enter
\family sans
Return
\family default
in either of these environments, \SpecialChar LyX
resets the nesting depth and sets the
environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
This makes sense, since
\family sans
Return
\family default
is the
\family typewriter
paragraph-break
\family default
function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
Thus, you have to use
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
(
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
or
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Ragged
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Break
\family default
) to start a new line in an
\family sans
Address
\family default
or
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Address
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Academic Writing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
or list of references.
\SpecialChar LyX
contains paragraph environments for both of these.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Abstract
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Abstracts
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment is used for the abstract of an article.
Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should
only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
Also, don't bother trying to nest
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
in anything else or vice versa.
It will not work.
The
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment is only useful in the article and report document classes.
The book document classes ignores the
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
completely, and it's utterly silly to use
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
in a letter document class.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment does several things for you.
First, it puts the centered label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Abstract
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
above the text.
The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
space.
Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
the subsequent text.
Well, that's how it will appear on the \SpecialChar LyX
screen.
The actual appearance in the output depends on the document class you are
using.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Starting a new paragraph by entering
\family sans
Return
\family default
does not reset the paragraph environment.
The new paragraph will still be in the
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment.
So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
finish entering the abstract of your document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement document
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/Abstract.pdf
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Paragraph-in-the"
\end_inset
Paragraph in the
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We would love to demonstrate the
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment, but since this document is in the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
book
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
class, we can't do this.
We inserted it therefore as figure
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Paragraph-in-the"
\end_inset
.
If you have never heard of an
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
abstract
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
before, you can safely ignore this environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Bibliography
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bibliography
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Biblio_environment"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment is used to list references.
Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should
only use it at the end of the document.
Nesting
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
in anything else or
\emph on
vice versa
\emph default
will not work.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When you first open a
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment, \SpecialChar LyX
adds a large vertical space, followed by the heading
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Bibliography
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
References,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
depending on the document class.
The heading is in a large boldface font.
Each paragraph of the
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment is a bibliography entry.
Thus, entering
\family sans
Return
\family default
does not reset the paragraph environment.
Each new paragraph is still in the
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There is another, usually better way to include references in your document
by using a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
database.
For more information on that, and for a detailed description of \SpecialChar LyX
's bibliography
handling, have a look at section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Special Environments
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
provides two environments that can be used to emulate the behavior of a
computer console/terminal and a typewriter.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\SpecialChar LyX
\family sans
-Code
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:LyX-Code"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
environment is a \SpecialChar LyX
extension.
It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font.
It also treats the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key as a fixed whitespace.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
In the
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
environment, the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key is treated as a
\family sans
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Blank
\family default
instead of an end-of-word marker.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
,
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
and
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
* are the only environments in which you can type multiple whitespaces in
\SpecialChar LyX
.
If you need to insert blank lines, you will still need to use
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
(the
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
function).
\family sans
Return
\family default
breaks paragraphs.
Note, however, that
\family sans
Return
\family default
does not reset the paragraph environment.
So, when you finish using the
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
environment, you will need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
Also, you can nest the
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
environment inside of others.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are a few quirks with this environment:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot use
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
at the beginning of a new paragraph (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
you can't follow
\family sans
Return
\family default
with a
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot follow a
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
with a
\family sans
Space
\family default
but with a
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
You must put at least one
\family sans
Space
\family default
in any line you want blank.
Otherwise, \SpecialChar LaTeX
generates errors.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing
\family sans
"
\family default
since that will insert
\emph on
real
\emph default
quotes.
You get the typewriter double quotes with
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "self-insert \""
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is an example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
#include <stdio.h>
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
int main(void)
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
{
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
printf("Hello World!
\backslash
n");
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
return 0;
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This is just the standard
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Hello world!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
program.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts
and so on.
Use it only in those very special cases where you need to generate text
as if you used a typewriter.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph environments|)
\end_layout
\end_inset
For longer parts of programming code, use the listings inset that is described
in the chapter
\emph on
Program Code Listings
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Verbatim
\family sans
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Verbatim
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
environment is similar to the
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
environment with the difference that its content will be treated like a
computer console text.
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
does therefore not have paragraphs so that
\family sans
Return
\family default
breaks lines.
Compared to
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key is treated like a normal space in text (not as a protected space) and
you can have empty lines.
In contrary to
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code,
\family default
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
cannot
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
have a certain language and a text style
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
contain hyperlinks, boxes, foot- and margin notes, notes, math, citations,
index- and nomenclature entries, labels, tables, graphics, listings, floats
and \SpecialChar TeX
Code
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Because of these properties
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
works like a typewriter.
Here is an example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verbatim
This is Verbatim.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verbatim
\noindent
\align block
The following 2 lines are empty:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verbatim
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verbatim
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verbatim
Almost everything is allowed in Verbatim:"%&$§#~'`
\backslash
}][{|
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Verbatim*
\family default
environment is identical to
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
with the difference that spaces appear in the output as the character '
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
'.
An example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verbatim*
This is Verbatim*.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Nesting Environments
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nesting ! Environments
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Nesting"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific propertie
s.
This allows you to create blocks that inherit some of the properties of
another block.
For example you have three main points in an outline, but point #2 also
has two subpoints.
In other words, you have a list inside of another list, with the inner
list
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
attached
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to item #2:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
one
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
two
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
sublist – item #1
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
sublist – item #2
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
three
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You put a list inside a list by nesting one list inside the other.
Nesting an environment is quite simple: Select
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Increase
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
List
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Depth
\family default
or
\family sans
Decrease
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
List
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Depth
\family default
to change the nesting depth (the status bar will tell you how far you are
nested).
Instead of the menu, you can also use the toolbar buttons
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "depth-decrement"
\end_inset
or the key bindings
\family sans
Tab
\family default
and
\family sans
Shift+Tab
\family default
or
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-decrement"
\end_inset
.
The change will work on the current selection, if you have made one (allowing
you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current
paragraph.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that \SpecialChar LyX
only changes the nesting depth if it can.
If it is invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Nesting isn't limited to lists.
In \SpecialChar LyX
, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're about
to find out.
This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
What You Can and Can't Nest
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
you a little bit more about how nesting works.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The question of nesting a paragraph environment is a bit more complicated
than a simple yes or no.
There are three types of paragraph environments:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Completely unnestable
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Fully nestable, you can nest them inside things and you can also nest other
things inside them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
A third type, you can nest them into other environments, but you can't nest
anything into them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
environments have them:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Unnestable Can't nest them.
Can't nest into them.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Bibliography
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Abstract
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Title
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Author
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Date
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Fully
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Nestable You can nest them.
You can nest other things into them.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Verse
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Quote
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Quotation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Itemize
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Enumerate
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Description
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
List
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Verbatim
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Verbatim*
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside other things.
You can't nest anything into them.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Part
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Chapter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Section
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsection
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsubsection
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Paragraph
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subparagraph
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Part*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Chapter*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Section*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsection*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsubsection*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Address
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Address
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
Although it is possible, for example, to nest numbered section headings
like
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
,
\family sans
Section
\family default
, etc.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
into lists, it is highly recommended not to do this because the aim is to
create well-structured documents following typesetting guidelines whereas
nested section headings violate this.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nesting ! Tables etc.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
affected by nesting anyhow.
They are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
equations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
tables
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
figures
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
(
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
Figures and tables in
\family sans
Floats
\family default
are not affected by this.
\end_layout
\end_inset
Have a look at section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Floats"
\end_inset
for more information about
\family sans
Floats
\family default
.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
If a figure, table, or an equation is inline, it goes wherever the paragraph
it is in goes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
paragraph
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of its own, it behaves just like a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
nestable-inside
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
paragraph environment.
You can nest it into any environment, but you obviously can't nest anything
into it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here's an example with a table:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Item One
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
a
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
b
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
c
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
d
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (b).
The table is actually nested inside (a).
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Item One
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
a
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
b
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
c
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
d
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (b).
The table is
\emph on
not
\emph default
nested inside (a).
In fact, it's not nested at all.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
item of a new list!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There's another trap you can fall into: Nesting the table, but not going
deep enough.
\SpecialChar LyX
then turns anything after the table into a new sublist.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Item One
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
a
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
b
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
c
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
d
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (b).
The table is actually nested inside Item One, but
\emph on
not
\emph default
inside (a).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
new list
\emph on
inside
\emph default
item 1.
The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
depth!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Usage and General Features
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Speaking of levels, \SpecialChar LyX
can perform up to a six-fold nesting.
In other words,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
level #6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is the innermost possible depth.
Here's an example to illustrate what we mean:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #1 – outermost
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #2
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #3
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #4
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
level #5
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
level #6
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see
both of them in the example.
Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold
nesting with the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
and
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environments.
For example, if we tried to nest another
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
list inside item
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
A.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, we would get errors.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Some Examples
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nesting ! Examples
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
We have several examples of nested environments.
In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example 1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#1-a This is the outermost level.
It's a
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#2-a This is level #2.
We created it by using
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
followed by
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#3-a This is level #3.
This time, we just enter
\family sans
Return
\family default
, then used
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
twice in a row.
We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
by entering
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
followed by
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
This is actually a
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment, nested inside of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
#3-a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
So, it's at level #4.
We did this by entering
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
, then
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
, then changing the paragraph environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph — it also works
for the
\family sans
Description
\family default
,
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
, and
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environments!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here's another
\family sans
Standard
\family default
paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#4-a This is level #4.
We enter
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
and changed the paragraph environment back to
\family sans
List
\family default
.
Remember — we can't nest anything inside a
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
However, we
\emph on
can
\emph default
keep nesting things inside
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
#3-a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar ldots
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#6-a \SpecialChar ldots
and this is level #6.
By now, you should know how we made these two.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#5-b Back to level #5.
Just enter
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
followed by a
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-decrement"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#4-b After another
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
followed by a
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-decrement"
\end_inset
, we're back at level #4.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#3-b Back to level #3.
By now it should be obvious how we did this.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#2-b Back to level #2.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
After this sentence, we will enter
\family sans
Return
\family default
and change the paragraph environment back to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
to end the list.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We could have also used the
\family sans
Description
\family default
,
\family sans
Quote
\family default
,
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, or even the
\family sans
Verse
\family default
environment in place of the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
The example would have worked exactly the same.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example 2: Inheritance
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
level.
Now we will enter
\family sans
Return
\family default
, then
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
, after
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
which, we will change to the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment, at level #2.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Notice how the nested
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
not only inherits its margins from its parent environment (
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
), but also inherits its font and spacing!
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
We ended this example by entering
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
and reset the nesting depth by using
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-decrement"
\end_inset
once.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example 3: Labels, Levels, and the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
and
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
Environments
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #1, in an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
paragraph environment.
We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #2.
We used
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
followed by
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
.
Now, what happens if we nest an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
label be? An asterisk?
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
No! It's a bullet.
This is the
\emph on
first
\emph default
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment, even though it's at level #3.
So, its label is a bullet.
(We got here by using
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
, then
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
, then changing the environment to
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
.)
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Here's level #4, produced using
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
, then
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
.
We will do that again\SpecialChar ldots
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\SpecialChar ldots
to get to level #5.
This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
.
Notice the type of numbering, it is
\emph on
lowercase Roman
\emph default
, because we are in the
\emph on
thirdfold
\emph default
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment (that is, it is an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
inside an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
inside an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
What happens if we
\emph on
don't
\emph default
change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
type of numbering does \SpecialChar LyX
use?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Let's use
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-decrement"
\end_inset
to decrease the depth after the next
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #4.
Look what type of label \SpecialChar LyX
is using!
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #3.
Even though we've changed levels, \SpecialChar LyX
is still using a lowercase Roman numeral
as the label.Why?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is
\emph on
still
\emph default
a thirdfold
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment.
Notice, however, that \SpecialChar LyX
\emph on
did
\emph default
reset the counter for the label.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Another
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-decrement"
\end_inset
sequence, and we're back to level #2.
This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
into the twofold-nested
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The same thing happens if we do another
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-decrement"
\end_inset
sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Lastly, we reset the environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labeling
\SpecialChar LyX
uses for the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
and
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environments.
The number of other
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environments surrounding it determines what kind of label \SpecialChar LyX
uses for an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
item.
The same rule applies for the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment, as well.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example 4: Going Bonkers
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
We're going to go totally nuts now.
We will not nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into
the same detail with how we did it.
(level #1:
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
)
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
(
\family sans
Return,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
\family sans
, Standard
\family default
: level #2) We will stick an encapsulated description of how we created
the example in parentheses someplace.
For example, the two key bindings are how we changed the depth.
The environment name is the name of the current environment.
Either before or after this, we will put in the level.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
(
\family sans
Return, Enumerate
\family default
: level #1) This is the next item in the list.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Verse
Now we will add verse.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
It will get much worse.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
(
\family sans
Return,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
\family sans
, Verse
\family default
: level #2)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verse
Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Bippitey boppitey boo!
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
(
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
\family sans
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verse
Here comes a table:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
one-fish
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
two-fish
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
red-fish
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
blue-fish
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Verse
(
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
\family sans
, Table,
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
3 times,
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
\family sans
, Verse,
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "depth-decrement"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
(
\family sans
Return, Enumerate
\family default
: level #1) This is another item.
Note that selecting a
\family sans
Table
\family default
resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
3 times to put the table inside the
\family sans
Verse
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
We're now ending the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
list and changing to
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
.
We're still at level #1.
We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
The next set of paragraphs is a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
quoted letter.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
We will nest both the
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Address
\family default
environments inside of this one, then use another nested
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
for the letter body.
We will use
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset
to preserve the depth.
Remember that you need to use
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
to create multiple lines inside the
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Address
\family default
environments.
Here it goes:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Right Address
1234 Nowhere Rd.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Moosegroin, MT 00100
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
9-6-96
\end_layout
\begin_layout Address
Dear Mr.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Fizlewitz:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
a backlog in our orders for methane.
We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
as soon as possible.
In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
We do, however, now have a special on beef.
If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
with your order, along with payment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
We thank you again for your patience.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Address
Sincerely,
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Bill Hick
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Quotation
That ends that example!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, nesting environments in \SpecialChar LyX
gives you a lot of power with just
a few keystrokes.
We could have easily nested an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list inside of a
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
or
\family sans
Quote
\family default
, or put a
\family sans
Quote
\family default
inside of an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list.
You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Separate Nestings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nesting ! Separation
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Separate-Nestings"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It is sometimes necessary to have two consecutive environments of the same
type.
For example you need two different enumerations:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Hello
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
this is an
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
enumeration
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Separator plain
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
itemize list
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Separator parbreak
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Hi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
this is another
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
enumeration
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To split an existing list into two lists, set the cursor at the end of a
list item and use the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Separated <Name> Above
\family default
or
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Separated <Name> Below
\family default
.
This inserts a plain separator (red line in \SpecialChar LyX
) and before or behind it the
new list.
Inside nested environments, it is also possible to split the outer environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
By right-clicking on a separator one can change it into a paragraph separator
(red arrow in LyX).
The difference between both separator types is that the plain separator
only splits the list and not the current paragraph.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In general, you get an environment separator when you press
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break"
\end_inset
in a
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment immediately after a non-Standard one.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Spacing, Pagination and Line Breaks
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spacing
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
What is a space? While you might be used to pressing the space key anytime
you want to separate two words in ordinary word processors, \SpecialChar LyX
offers you
more spaces: spaces of different widths and spaces which can or cannot
be broken at the end of a line.
The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are
useful.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Protected Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Protected-Space"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spaces ! Protected
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The protected space: It is used to tell \SpecialChar LyX
(and \SpecialChar LaTeX
) not to break the line at
that point.
This may be necessary to avoid unlucky line breaks, like in:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
Further documentation is given in section
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
A protected space is set with
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space
\family default
(shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Horizontal-Space"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spacing ! Horizontal
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
All horizontal spaces can be inserted with the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Horizontal Space
\family default
.
The length units are listed in Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Units-available-in"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Inter-word Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Inter-word-Space"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spaces ! Inter-word
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With the introduction of typewriters, it became conventional in some countries
to type two spaces after a period to mimic the wider spaces used by typesetters
at the ends of sentences.
There is no need to do this as \SpecialChar LyX
automatically takes care about this.
However, you do not want an end of sentence space after an abbreviation
followed by a period; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Abbreviations"
\end_inset
for examples.
To insert a normal space, select
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Interword
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space
\family default
(shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "space-insert normal"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Thin Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Thin-Space"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spaces ! Thin
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
thin space
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
protected
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of
thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance,
inside abbreviations:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
D.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
E.
Knuth has developed our beloved typesetting program.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
or between values and units.
Compare for example this:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
10
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
kg (thin space)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
10 kg (normal space
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can insert thin spaces with the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space
\family default
(shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "space-insert thin"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
More Spaces
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also insert the following space types:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1593161965
Medium
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
space
\change_unchanged
A line with a
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \medspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset
\change_deleted -712698321 1593161991
negative thin
\change_inserted -712698321 1593161992
medium
\change_unchanged
space between the arrows.
\change_inserted -712698321 1593162006
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_deleted -712698321 1593162010
Medium
\change_inserted -712698321 1593162011
Thick
\change_unchanged
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
space A line with a
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \thickspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset
\change_deleted -712698321 1593162017
medium
\change_inserted -712698321 1593162018
thick
\change_unchanged
space between the arrows.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Negative
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
thin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
space A line with a
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \negthinspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset
negative thin space between the arrows.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Negative
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
medium
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
space A line with a
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \negmedspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset
negative medium space between the arrows.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Negative
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
thick
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
space A line with a
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \negthickspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset
negative thick space between the arrows.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Enspace
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(0.5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em) A line with an
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \enskip{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset
enspace
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(0.5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em) space between the arrows.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Quad
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em) A line with a
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \quad{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset
Quad
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em) space between the arrows.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
QQuad
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em) A line with a
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \qquad{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset
QQuad
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em) space between the arrows.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Custom
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
space A line with
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \hspace{}
\length 2cm
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset
2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
cm space between the arrows.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Width-of-the"
\end_inset
lists the different space sizes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
placement document
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Width-of-the"
\end_inset
Width of the different horizontal spaces.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Space
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Width
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Normal
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1/3
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Protected
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1/3
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Thin
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1/6
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row change="inserted -712698321 1593161917">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1593161917
Medium
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1593161917
4
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
mu
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row change="inserted -712698321 1593161917">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1593161917
Thick
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1593161917
5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
mu
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Negative thin
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-1/6
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em
\begin_inset Formula $\thinspace=\thinspace$
\end_inset
-3
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
mu
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Negative medium
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-4
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
mu
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Negative thick
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
mu
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Enspace (0.5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Quad (1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
QQuad (2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Horizontal Fills
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spacing ! Fills
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Horizontal fills (HFills) are a special \SpecialChar LyX
feature for adding extra space
in a uniform fashion.
An HFill is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals
the remaining space between the left and right margins.
If there is more than one HFill on a line, they divide the available space
equally between themselves.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here are a few examples of what you can do with them:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\noindent
This is on the left side
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
This is on the right
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\noindent
Left
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
Middle
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
Right
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\noindent
Left
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
1/3 Left
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
Right
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
That was an example in the
\family sans
Quote
\family default
environment.
Here
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset
is one in a standard paragraph.
It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it
\emph on
is
\emph default
sitting in-between the two arrows.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
HFills can be made visible when you choose one of the
\family sans
Fill
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Pattern
\family default
s in the space dialog: The following patterns are available:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Dots:
\begin_inset space \dotfill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Rule:
\begin_inset space \hrulefill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Left arrow:
\begin_inset space \leftarrowfill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Right arrow:
\begin_inset space \rightarrowfill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_deleted -712698321 1593242277
Up
\change_inserted -712698321 1593242278
Down
\change_unchanged
brace
\change_inserted -712698321 1593242369
(= opened downwards)
\change_unchanged
:
\begin_inset space \downbracefill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_deleted -712698321 1593242281
Down
\change_inserted -712698321 1593242282
Up
\change_unchanged
brace
\change_inserted -712698321 1593242378
(= opened upwards)
\change_unchanged
:
\begin_inset space \upbracefill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
If an HFill is at the beginning of a line, and
\emph on
not
\emph default
in the first line in a paragraph, \SpecialChar LyX
ignores it.
This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
If you need space in this case anyway, set the
\family sans
Protect
\family default
option in the space dialog.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Phantom Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Phantom-Space"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spacing ! Phantom
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you want to insert space with exactly the length of a phrase.
For example, you want to create the following multiple choice question:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
What is correct English?:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Mr.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Edge would have been jumps the gun.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Mr.
Edge
\end_layout
\end_inset
has to be jumped
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Mr.
Edge
\end_layout
\end_inset
jumps
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
so that the choices appear exactly after the phrase
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Mr.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Edge
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
To get this, you can use the phantom insets available via the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Phantom
\family default
.
In our case insert a horizontal phantom at the beginning of the last two
lines and insert
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Mr.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Edge
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
into the phantom inset (note the space after
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Edge
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
A phantom insets prints only the space of its content (like a placeholder).
That is why it is named
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
phantom
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The normal phantom outputs the width and height of the content as space,
while the horizontal and vertical variant only outputs the corresponding
dimension.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Vertical Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Vertical-Space"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spacing ! Vertical
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use the
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Vertical
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space
\family default
dialog.
There you find the following sizes:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
SmallSkip
\family default
,
\family sans
MedSkip
\family default
and
\family sans
BigSkip
\family default
are \SpecialChar LaTeX
sizes which depend on the font size of the document.
\family sans
DefSkip
\family default
is the skip adjusted in the dialog
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Layout
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
for the paragraph separation.
If you use indentation to separate paragraphs
\family sans
DefSkip
\family default
is equal to
\family sans
MedSkip
\family default
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1593360527
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1593360570
\family sans
Half line height
\family default
and
\family sans
Line height
\family default
equal to the height, or half the height, of a line in the current font
size including line spacing.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
VFill
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spacing ! Fills
\end_layout
\end_inset
is a variable space, set so that the space is maximal within one page.
An example: you have only two short paragraphs on one page with a
\family sans
Vfill
\family default
between them.
Then the first paragraph is placed at the top of the page and the second
one at the bottom, because the space between them is then maximal.
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s work like
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Horizontal-Space"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
If there are several
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
You can therefore use
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Custom
\family default
are custom spaces in units explained in Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Units-available-in"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
\series medium
If the extra vertical space would be in the output at the top/bottom of
a page, the space is only added if you have also checked the option
\family sans
Protect
\family default
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Paragraph Alignment
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Alignment
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can change the paragraph alignment with the
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph Settings
\family default
dialog (toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "layout-paragraph"
\end_inset
).
There are five possibilities:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Justified
\family default
(shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-params \\align block"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Left
\family default
(
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-params \\align left"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Right
\family default
(
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-params \\align right"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Center
\family default
(
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-params \\align center"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Default
\family default
(
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-params \\align default"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word
spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between
the left and right margins.
The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align right
This paragraph is right aligned,
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
this one is centered,
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align left
this one is left aligned.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Forced Page Breaks
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Page breaks ! Forced
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Forced-Page-Breaks"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you don't like the way \SpecialChar LaTeX
does the page breaks in your document, you can
force a page break where you want one.
Normally this will not be necessary, because \SpecialChar LaTeX
is good at page breaking.
Only if you use a lot of
\family sans
Floats
\family default
, \SpecialChar LaTeX
's page breaking algorithm can fail.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We recommend you not to use forced page breaks until the text is finished
and you have checked in the preview to see if you
\emph on
really
\emph default
have to change the page breaking.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are two types of page breaks: One that ends the page without any special
action.
This can be inserted above or below a paragraph via the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
New
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Page
\family default
.
The second type, that is inserted via the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Break
\family default
, ends a page but stretches the content of the page, so that it fills out
the complete page.
This type is useful to avoid whitespace when a page break produces a page
on which only the last few lines are absent.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You might try to use a page break to ensure that a figure or table appears
at the top of a page.
This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
\SpecialChar LyX
gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
appear at the top of a page (or the bottom, or on their own page) without
having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
See chapter
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Floats-and-Notes"
\end_inset
to learn more about
\family sans
Floats
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Clear Page Breaks
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Clear-Page-Breaks"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Page breaks ! Clear
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Rather than forced page breaks where the content behind the break is placed
directly on the next page, you can also clear pages while breaking them.
That means that the current paragraph is terminated and everything, including
unprocessed floats, from the earlier part of the document are placed after
it, if necessary by adding pages.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can insert a clear page break with the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Clear
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Page
\family default
.
When you have a two-sided document like a book, you can use the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Clear
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Double
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Page
\family default
to insert a clear page break that assures that the next page is a right-hand
page (odd-numbered), if necessary by adding a page.
\change_inserted 5863208 1602706231
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\change_inserted 5863208 1602706295
Suppressing Page Breaks
\change_unchanged
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted 5863208 1602706382
Page Breaks !
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted 5863208 1602706335
No Page Break
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
\change_inserted -712698321 1607005685
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Suppressing-Page-Breaks"
\end_inset
\change_inserted 5863208 1602706444
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted 5863208 1602706504
To discourage page break at
\change_inserted -712698321 1607005668
a
\change_inserted 5863208 1602706504
certain point you can use
\family sans
Insert
\change_unchanged
\SpecialChar menuseparator
\change_inserted 5863208 1602706512
Formatting
\change_unchanged
\SpecialChar menuseparator
\change_inserted 5863208 1602706556
No Page Break
\change_unchanged
\family default
.
\change_inserted 5863208 1602707015
This is typically useful for paragraphs which should stay together or when
you want to keep close the description for tables and pictures in case
using floats or boxes is not appropriate.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Forced Line Breaks
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Line breaks
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Forced-Line-Breaks"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Similar to page breaks there are two types of line breaks: one simply breaks
the line.
You can force this line break within a paragraph by selecting
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Ragged
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Break
\family default
or with
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
.
Another type that is inserted via the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Justified
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Break
\family default
or with
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert linebreak"
\end_inset
breaks the line and stretches it so that it fills out the whole space between
the page margins.
This is useful to avoid
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
fringes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in justified paragraphs due to possible whitespace introduced by line breaks.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You shouldn't use forced line breaks to correct \SpecialChar LaTeX
's line breaking, as \SpecialChar LaTeX
is
very good at line breaking.
There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to set
a line break actively, for example, in a poem or for an address (see sections
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Quote"
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Verse"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Address-Usage"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Lines
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Horizontal-Lines"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Horizontal lines
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\begin_inset CommandInset line
LatexCommand rule
offset "0.5ex"
width "100line%"
height "1pt"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
In the dialog
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Horizontal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Line
\family default
you can insert horizontal lines.
The line offset is the vertical distance between the line and the baseline
of the current text line or the paragraph.
The line settings can be changed by left-clicking on the line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\begin_inset CommandInset line
LatexCommand rule
offset "0.5ex"
width "100line%"
height "1pt"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Characters and Symbols
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can directly enter all characters that are available on your keyboard.
You can also use special keyboard maps to be able to enter, for example,
characters needed for French with an English keyboard.
See section
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Keyboard-mapping"
\end_inset
for information on how this is done.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For the case where you need a character that is not on your keyboard, you
can use the
\family sans
Symbols
\family default
dialog via the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
Symbols
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
Maybe not all symbols inserted with the symbols dialog can be displayed
when you are using a special screen font in \SpecialChar LyX
's preferences.
But the inserted symbols will in every case be displayed in the output.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Fonts and Text Styles
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Fonts-and-Text"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Font Types
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Font ! Types
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are two types of fonts:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Vector
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
fonts
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Fonts ! Vector-
\end_layout
\end_inset
are built from outlines of the single glyphs (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
characters) in the font.
This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are
well suited for scaling to any requested size.
This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and the
curve is filled out with pixels according to the size and glyph.
This means that vector fonts will look pretty good in all sizes.
Only at very small sizes where each pixel has to be very carefully computed
to provide a good image might it be hard to provide a good rendering.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
That could mean that one only needs to define one font size and scale them.
But to achieve a better quality, many fonts define several font sizes.
That improves the appearance because you need more details at large font
sizes than at small ones.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
The font types
\family typewriter
TrueType
\family default
,
\family typewriter
OpenType
\family default
, and
\family typewriter
Type
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
1
\family default
are vector fonts.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Bitmap
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
fonts
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Fonts ! Bitmap-
\end_layout
\end_inset
on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the start; so they
will look good at all the sizes they are meant for.
However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each
pixel is enlarged into several pixels.
It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in an
image manipulation program.
In order to mitigate this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in
several fixed sizes typically from around 8
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
pixels high up to 34
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
pixels or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful.
The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary
to display each glyph; so bitmap fonts display therefore more quickly than
scalable fonts.
The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exist as fixed versions have
to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Bitmap fonts are named
\family typewriter
Type
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
3
\family default
in PostScript- and PDF-documents.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The result of all this is that bitmap fonts are best for the size they are
designed for, while scalable fonts are good for nearly all sizes.
So one needs fewer font size definitions for scalable fonts.
That's the reason why nearly all text rendering and typesetting programs
use scalable fonts.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To see which fonts are used in a PDF-document, look at its document properties.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
specifying
\change_deleted -712698321 1525757415
character
\change_inserted 5863208 1598184810
text
\change_unchanged
styles rather than specifying a particular font.
For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
font, to emphasize text you use an
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
emphasized style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
This concept fits in perfectly with \SpecialChar LyX
.
In \SpecialChar LyX
, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
details.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\SpecialChar LaTeX
font support
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:LaTeX-font-support"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Traditionally, \SpecialChar LaTeX
used its own fonts.
That is to say, you cannot directly access the fonts installed on your
operating system, but you have to use specific fonts provided by your \SpecialChar LaTeX
distribution.
The reason is that \SpecialChar LaTeX
needs some extra information about the fonts, which
have to be provided by additional files and packages.
The downside of this is that your font choice is somewhat limited compared
to a word processor.
On the other hand this comes with the advantage that the provided fonts
are generally of very good quality, and that \SpecialChar LaTeX
files are very portable across
different machines.
Also, the range of fonts supported by traditional \SpecialChar LaTeX
has increased a lot
in the meantime; so you can find packages for many free and commercial
fonts.
\SpecialChar LyX
supports the fonts that are under a free license via the user interface
(see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Document-Font"
\end_inset
for details).
Other fonts are available if you enter the relevant \SpecialChar LaTeX
code in the document
preamble (please refer to the documentation of your desired font).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Recent developments brought some new \SpecialChar LaTeX
engines that are also able directly
to access fonts that are installed for your operating system, namely Xe\SpecialChar TeX
and Lua\SpecialChar TeX
.
Both engines are supported by \SpecialChar LyX
.
By using them, you can theoretically use any OpenType or TrueType font
that is installed on your system.
The next section describes how to use these fonts.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
In practice, some fonts might fail due to a legacy (non Unicode) font encoding,
bad metrics, or other font deficiencies; so you might have to experiment.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Document Font and Font size
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Document-Font"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Font ! Size
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Font
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can set the document fonts in the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
dialog.
In the
\family sans
Fonts
\family default
section of the dialog, you can specify which font should be used for the
three different font shapes — roman (serif),
\family sans
sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
serif
\family default
and
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
(monospaced) — and you can specify the base font size and scaling factors
for (some) sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
serif and typewriter fonts if this is necessary to fit with the roman font.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you select
\family sans
Use non-TeX fonts
\family default
, you will have access to the fonts installed on your operating system.
This requires that you use
\family sans
PDF (XeTeX)
\family default
,
\family sans
PDF (LuaTeX)
\family default
or
\family sans
DVI (LuaTeX)
\family default
as the output format, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
you will have to have either Xe\SpecialChar TeX
or Lua\SpecialChar TeX
installed (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-font-support"
\end_inset
).
You will then not have access to \SpecialChar TeX
's own fonts.
Note that \SpecialChar LyX
then lists all available fonts in each of the three lists (roman,
sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
serif, and typewriter), since \SpecialChar LyX
cannot determine the family.
Also note that the output might fail with some of the listed fonts, due
to the encoding of the fonts and\SpecialChar breakableslash
or font failures.
\SpecialChar LyX
cannot determine this in advance, so you might need to experiment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you use \SpecialChar TeX
fonts (which is the default), the possible options for the font
include
\family sans
Default
\family default
and a list of fonts available with your \SpecialChar LaTeX
distribution.
If you select
\family sans
Default,
\family default
the font that is preset by the current document class is used.
With LyX's
\change_deleted -712698321 1524413696
default
\change_inserted -712698321 1524413700
automatic
\change_unchanged
font encoding, this is
\change_inserted -712698321 1524413733
, depending on the document language,
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted -712698321 1524413747
either the standard \SpecialChar TeX
font
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Computer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Modern
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
) or
\change_unchanged
a look-alike of
\change_deleted -712698321 1524413754
the standard \SpecialChar TeX
font
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Computer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Modern
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
)
\change_inserted -712698321 1524413756
this font
\change_unchanged
: either
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
cm-super
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or the bitmap font
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
European Computer Modern
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(
\family typewriter
ec
\family default
).
However, some classes set different default fonts.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As
\family typewriter
ec
\family default
is a bitmap font, it looks pixelated in PDF output, especially when you
read the PDF in a zoomed size.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
This problem is less severe if you read PDFs in
\family typewriter
Adobe
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Reader
\family default
version 6 or later, because this program includes a special bitmap font
renderer.
\end_layout
\end_inset
To get rid of pixelated fonts, you have to use a vector font.
Depending on how your document should look, you can either:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
select the
\family sans
Latin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Modern
\family default
fonts, which is the recommended choice if you want to keep the look of
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
/
\family typewriter
ec
\family default
.
\family sans
Latin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Modern
\family default
was developed for the \SpecialChar LaTeX
community in order to replace
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
as the default font.
It covers a huge range of glyphs and several font shapes.
Except for some details, where the appearance was improved,
\family sans
Latin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Modern
\family default
looks identical to
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
One difference is improved kerning.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
If you do not like the look of
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
/
\family typewriter
ec
\family default
, you can of course select one of the other vector fonts provided, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Times
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Roman
\family default
or
\family typewriter
Palatino
\family default
.
Most roman vector fonts will automatically select matching sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
serif and typewriter fonts,
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
These are sometimes just matching other fonts (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.,
\family sans
Times
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Roman
\family default
selects
\family sans
Helvetica
\family default
for sans serif text), or different shapes of the same font, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
a real font
\emph on
family
\emph default
(e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
in case of
\family sans
Latin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Modern
\family default
oder
\family sans
Computer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Modern
\family default
).
\end_layout
\end_inset
but you can also select your own.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
The differences between roman,
\family sans
sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
serif
\family default
and
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
fonts are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
The font
\family sans
Times
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Roman
\family default
was originally designed for newspapers.
Its glyphs are thus smaller than glyphs from other fonts in order to fit
into the small newspaper columns.
Therefore
\family sans
Times
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Roman
\family default
is not the optimal choice for larger documents like books.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For the font size there are generally four possible values:
\family sans
Default, 10
\family default
,
\family sans
11
\family default
and
\family sans
12
\family default
.
Some classes provide additional sizes.
The size of
\family sans
Default
\family default
depends on the class you are using.
In the standard classes it is equal to the font size 10.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that the font size is the
\emph on
base size
\emph default
.
That means that \SpecialChar LyX
scales all other possible font sizes (such as those used
in footnotes, super-, and subscripts) by this value.
You can fine-tune the font size of text parts via the
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style
\family default
dialog if needed.
The possible font sizes for text parts are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Family
\family default
selection lets you specify whether the base font of your document should
be roman, sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
serif or typewriter.
The
\family sans
Default
\family default
selection uses what is preset by the class, the other selections override
this.
In most cases,
\family sans
Default
\family default
is equal to
\family sans
roman
\family default
, but some classes (such as presentation classes) use other defaults.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family typewriter
\family sans
LaTeX font encoding
\family default
selection is an expert setting which lets you change the value passed to
the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
fontenc
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! fontenc
\end_layout
\end_inset
\change_deleted -712698321 1524413571
(see also section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-settings"
\end_inset
)
\change_unchanged
.
Normally, you do not need to change (or even understand) this.
Unless you have specific reasons, use
\change_deleted -712698321 1524413471
\family sans
Default
\change_inserted -712698321 1524413474
Automatic
\change_unchanged
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With some fonts, the checkboxes
\family sans
Use Old Style Figures
\family default
and
\family sans
Use True Small Caps
\family default
are available.
These are extra features some fonts provide.
If
\family sans
Use Old Style Figures
\family default
is checked, old style figures (also known as medieval or text figures)
are used.
Old style figures are the numerals (0
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
–
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
9) with ascenders and descenders, which makes them fit nicely with lowercase
letters.
\family sans
Use True Small Caps
\family default
determines that real small caps are used instead of faked small caps made
of scaled capitals.
Real small caps are often part of expert font sets; they generally look
better than faked small caps but might have to be purchased separately.
\change_inserted -712698321 1563000270
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1563000448
Furthermore, with some fonts, you can add additional (comma-separated) options
provided by the font package (or the
\family sans
fontspec
\family default
package, if you use non-TeX fonts), into the
\family sans
Options
\family default
field.
This presupposes that you are familiar with the respective \SpecialChar LaTeX
font package.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The field
\family sans
CJK
\family default
allows users of the languages Chinese, Japanese, Korean (CJK) to specify
a font to display the script characters.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
The font will be the argument for the commands of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
CJK
\series default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! CJK
\end_layout
\end_inset
So this has no effect for the document language
\family sans
Japanese
\family default
that does not use
\series bold
CJK
\series default
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The option
\family sans
Enable micro-typographic extensions
\family default
activates extensions such as character protrusion and font expansion via
the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
microtype
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! microtype
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The option
\family sans
Disallow line breaks after dashes
\family default
outputs en- and em-dashes as literal characters
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Or \SpecialChar LaTeX
macro, if the literal character is not supported by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
input encoding.
\end_layout
\end_inset
instead of ligatures (--, ---) (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Dashes-and-line-breaks"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
When you choose a new font or font size, \SpecialChar LyX
does
\emph on
not
\emph default
change the screen font! You will only see a difference in the printed output;
this is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
\SpecialChar LyX
's screen fonts can be adjusted in the
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences
\family default
dialog, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Screen-Fonts"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Math Fonts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In \SpecialChar LaTeX
the font used for characters in equations is different from the document
font.
For the case that you use \SpecialChar TeX
fonts for your document, you can explicitly
choose a math font in the dialog
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
The default setting is that \SpecialChar LyX
automatically selects a math font.
For most cases this will be \SpecialChar LaTeX
's default – the math variant of \SpecialChar LaTeX
's default
font family
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Computer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Modern
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\SpecialChar LyX
will automatically only load another math font if a math variant of the
document font is available.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that the math font will not be used for
\emph on
mathematical text
\emph default
(which is inserted with the shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-default"
\end_inset
or by the insertion of the command
\series bold
\backslash
text
\series default
into a formula).
Also note that some math fonts are sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
serif.
Your document might therefore look strange when the document text has serifs
while the math characters do not.
Sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
serif math fonts make therefore in most cases only sense if you select
\family sans
Sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Serif
\family default
for the
\family sans
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
family
\family default
in the document font settings.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you use non-\SpecialChar TeX
fonts for the document, you can only choose for math to
use either the document's class default \SpecialChar TeX
font (in most cases
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Computer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Modern
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) or to use the non-\SpecialChar TeX
variant of the document's class default font (in most
cases
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Latin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Modern
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Using Different
\change_deleted -712698321 1525757119
Character
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757120
Text
\change_unchanged
Styles
\change_inserted -712698321 1525595783
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:charstyles"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Character Styles
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Text Style
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As we've already seen, \SpecialChar LyX
automatically changes the
\change_deleted -712698321 1525601052
character
\change_unchanged
style for certain paragraph environments.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757169
In this section, we will explain how the style of selected text passages
can by changed.
This is where we meet the concept of
\emph on
text styles
\emph default
.
\change_deleted -712698321 1525601099
\change_inserted -712698321 1525601099
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525595930
By default,
\change_unchanged
\SpecialChar LyX
supports two
\change_deleted -712698321 1525757160
character
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757161
text
\change_unchanged
styles,
\emph on
Emphasized
\emph default
and
\noun on
Noun
\noun default
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757189
These are
\emph on
builtin
\emph default
, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e., available with all document classes.
On top of that, some document classes and modules provide
\emph on
custom text styles
\emph default
for specific purposes.
We describe both types of text styles in a minute.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757201
Before we do that, though, allow us just a few words of what we mean by
\emph on
text styles
\emph default
in contrast to
\emph on
text properties
\emph default
.
Traditional word processors used to focus on so-called
\emph on
formal markup
\emph default
: if you wanted to emphasize a word, you selected it and chose e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
bold style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
— you customized the
\emph on
text properties
\emph default
.
Modern processors, \SpecialChar LyX
among them, encourage the use of
\emph on
semantic
\emph default
(or
\emph on
logical
\emph default
)
\emph on
markup
\emph default
instead (although formal markup is still possible; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
\end_inset
).
Rather than fiddling with
\emph on
text properties
\emph default
, they encourage the use of
\emph on
text styles
\emph default
, who are defined with regard to their function (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.,
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
emphasize
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
), not their form (
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
bold
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
).
There are many advantages of the semantic approach.
To begin with, using functional categories keeps you thinking about why
you are actually marking up, if your markup is consistent and systematic,
and whether this particular markup makes sense.
On a more practical level, it is easy to change the appearance if needed.
Consider the case when you are writing a paper and set all proper names
in
\shape smallcaps
small caps
\shape default
via formal markup.
Now if the publisher requests to have names appear differently (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in normal font, or ALL-CAPS), you would have to change any single occurrence.
With a semantic markup (such as
\noun on
noun
\noun default
; see below), you'd just need to change the definition of
\family sans
Noun
\family default
once and for all.
It's a ten second change (if you know how to change the \SpecialChar LaTeX
definition).
Moreover, semantic markup even allows you to produce different versions
of a document, using different markup semantics.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757213
With that in mind, we now turn to the semantic text styles that are provided
by \SpecialChar LyX
.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757220
Builtin Text Styles
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Builtin-Character-Styles"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757226
The two builtin text styles can be
\change_deleted -712698321 1525596489
You can
\change_unchanged
activate
\change_inserted -712698321 1525596491
d
\change_unchanged
\change_deleted -712698321 1525596494
both of these styles
\change_unchanged
via
\change_inserted -712698321 1525596436
the
\family sans
Text Style
\family default
dialog,
\change_unchanged
key bindings
\change_deleted -712698321 1525596045
, the menus
\change_unchanged
, and the toolbar.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To activate the
\family sans
Noun
\family default
style, do one of the following:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
click on the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "font-noun"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
use the key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-noun"
\end_inset
\change_inserted -712698321 1525596051
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1525596318
use the
\family sans
Text Style
\family default
dialog (
\begin_inset Info
type "menu"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
) as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These commands are all toggles.
That is, if
\family sans
Noun
\family default
style is already active, they deactivate it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
One typically uses the
\family sans
Noun
\family default
style for proper names.
For example:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\noun on
Matthias Ettrich
\noun default
is the original author of \SpecialChar LyX
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598183
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598323
By default,
\family sans
Noun
\family default
is producing text in
\shape smallcaps
Small Caps
\shape default
, but the definition can be changed.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A more widely used
\change_deleted -712698321 1525757229
character
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757229
text
\change_unchanged
style is the
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style.
You can activate (or deactivate — it's also a toggle) the
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style by:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
clicking on the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "font-emph"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
using the keybindings
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-emph"
\end_inset
\change_inserted -712698321 1525596078
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1525596340
use the
\family sans
Text Style
\family default
dialog (
\begin_inset Info
type "menu"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
) as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Normally the
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style is equivalent to an italic font but some document classes or \SpecialChar LaTeX
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598370
\change_deleted -712698321 1525598370
-
\change_unchanged
packages use a different font
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598396
, and you can also customize it yourself by changing the \SpecialChar LaTeX
definition
\change_unchanged
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We've been using the
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style all over the place in this document.
Here's one more example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
\emph on
Do not overuse
\change_deleted -712698321 1525757231
character
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757231
text
\change_unchanged
styles!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It's also a warning in addition to an example.
One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
the common tendency to overuse
\change_deleted -712698321 1525757236
character
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757236
text
\change_unchanged
styles.
\change_deleted 5863208 1598186598
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598419
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757709
In contrast to the custom text styles, the builtin styles are represented
only as font changes and integrated in the
\family sans
Text Properties
\family default
dialog.
\change_unchanged
You can
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598525
therefore
\change_unchanged
always reset to the default font using the key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-default"
\end_inset
or th
\change_deleted -712698321 1525598540
e
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598540
at
\change_unchanged
dialog
\change_deleted -712698321 1525596565
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598544
\family default
(
\begin_inset Info
type "menu"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598549
or
\change_deleted -712698321 1525598549
(
\change_unchanged
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
).
\change_inserted -712698321 1525596575
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\change_inserted -712698321 1525756578
Custom Text Styles
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Custom-Character-Styles"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757241
Custom text styles can be provided by the document class, a module (see
section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Modules"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
), or local layout settings (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Local-Layout"
\end_inset
).
As the two builtin styles, they provide
\emph on
semantic
\emph default
markup for specific functions.
For instance, \SpecialChar LyX
ships a
\emph on
Linguistics
\emph default
module that provides, among other things, some custom text styles to markup
linguistic levels:
\emph on
expressions
\emph default
,
\noun on
concepts
\noun default
, and
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
meanings
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757806
These styles can be found, if available, in the
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text Styles
\family default
menu.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757245
For the purpose of demonstration, we have loaded in this document the optional
module
\family sans
Logical Markup
\family default
that replicates and extends the two builtin styles.
By example of the emphasized style, we can see the differences in look
and feel (although the result in the typeset output is the same): while
the builtin
\emph on
emphasized style
\emph default
appears as normal font change, the custom text style
\begin_inset Flex Emph
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599318
Emph
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
appears as an inset, with a label below that identifies its semantics.
This is the way all custom text styles look and feel like.
For instance, the three others from the module we have loaded are:
\begin_inset Flex Code
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599387
Code
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Flex Strong
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599390
Strong
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
, and
\begin_inset Flex Noun
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599392
Noun
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
Note that custom text styles might (as in the example) or might not emulate
on screen their formal appearance.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599470
Fine-Tuning
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599472
Tweaking
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599462
Text
\change_unchanged
with the
\family sans
Text
\change_deleted -712698321 1525756524
Style
\change_inserted -712698321 1525756526
Properties
\change_unchanged
\family default
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599485
d
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599485
D
\change_unchanged
ialog
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Text Style
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are always occasions when you will need to do some
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599505
formal
\change_unchanged
fine-tuning; so \SpecialChar LyX
gives you a way to
\change_deleted -712698321 1525595143
create a custom
\change_inserted -712698321 1525595144
customize
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted -712698321 1525601741
the properties of text passages
\change_deleted -712698321 1525595163
character style
\change_unchanged
.
For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
from ordinary dialog.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525595231
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757255
If there are no custom text styles provided by the document class or a module
for this purpose (which is, as written above, generally the better way
of handling such issues), you often find yourself wanting to quickly tweak
the properties of the respective text passages.
That's where
\emph on
formal markup
\emph default
comes in as a last resort.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Before we document how to
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599696
use custom character style
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599700
tweak the text properties
\change_unchanged
, we want to issue a warning yet again: Don't overuse
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599715
character styles
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599716
that
\change_unchanged
!
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Documents that overuse different fonts and sizes are not easy to read and
tend to look as if someone has knocked huge holes in them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599736
use custom character styles
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599739
tweak text properties
\change_unchanged
, open the
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599762
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599762
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "menu"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
dialog or press the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
.
There are several
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599782
combo
\change_unchanged
boxes in this dialog, each corresponding to a different
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599798
font
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599796
text
\change_unchanged
property that you can choose.
You can choose an option for one of these properties, or select
\family sans
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
change
\family default
, which keeps the current state of that property.
The item
\change_deleted -712698321 1525677079
\family sans
R
\change_inserted -712698321 1525677076
Default
\change_deleted -712698321 1525677077
eset
\change_unchanged
\family default
will reset the property to whatever is the default.
You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
environments all at once.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599868
font
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599869
text
\change_unchanged
properties, and their options (in addition to
\family sans
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
change
\family default
and
\change_deleted -712698321 1525677094
\family sans
Reset
\change_inserted -712698321 1525677096
Default
\change_unchanged
\family default
) are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Family
\family default
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
overall look
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of the font.
The possible options are:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Roman
\family default
This is the Roman font family.
Normally a serif font.
It's also the default family.
(key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-roman"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Serif
\family default
\family sans
This is the Sans Serif font family.
\family default
(key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-sans"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
\family typewriter
This is the Typewriter font family.
\family default
(key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-typewriter"
\end_inset
\family sans
)
\change_inserted -712698321 1525607448
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525607495
The general differences of these families are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1525607451
\family sans
Serif
\family default
fonts use characters with serifs.
These are the small
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
appendices
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
at the ends of the strokes that form the character.
The following example shows the difference:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
text with serifs
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\family sans
text without serifs
\family default
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Serifs facilitate quick and easy reading.
These fonts are therefore used as default (named
\family sans
roman
\family default
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1525607513
\family sans
Sans serif
\family default
is not recommended for use as a base type.
This font type is therefore often only used for headings and short texts.
We use it in this document to highlight menu names.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1525607513
\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
is a so called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
monospaced
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font, which means every character has the same width; the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
i
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is as wide as the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
m
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
Here is an example
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1525607513
no
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family typewriter
typewriter text
\family default
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1525607513
For more on phantoms see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Phantom-Space"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
no typewriter text
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Series
\family default
This corresponds to the print weight.
Options are:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Medium
\family default
This is the Medium font series.
It's also the default series.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Bold
\family default
\series bold
This is the Bold font series.
\series default
(key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-bold"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Shape
\family default
As the name implies.
Options are:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Upright
\family default
This is the Upright font shape.
It's also the default shape.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Italic
\family default
\shape italic
This
\shape default
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599902
\family sans
\shape italic
i
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599902
\family default
i
\change_unchanged
s the Italic font shape
\shape default
\emph on
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Slanted
\family default
\shape slanted
This is the Slanted font shape
\shape default
(although it might not be visible in \SpecialChar LyX
, this is different from italic).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Small
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Caps
\family default
\shape smallcaps
This is the Small caps font shape
\shape default
\noun on
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Color
\family default
Alters the text color.
Note that not all DVI
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599925
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599925
-
\change_unchanged
viewers are able to display colors.
Besides
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599934
\family sans
(Without)
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599939
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
color
\change_unchanged
\family default
, which means that the document default color set in
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Color
\family default
for
\family sans
Main
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
text
\family default
is used, you can
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599960
choose
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599960
select
\change_unchanged
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599974
between
\change_unchanged
\family sans
Black
\family default
,
\family sans
White
\family default
,
\family sans
Red
\family default
,
\family sans
Green
\family default
,
\family sans
Blue
\family default
,
\family sans
Cyan
\family default
,
\family sans
Magenta
\family default
,
\family sans
Yellow
\family default
,
\family sans
Brown
\family default
,
\family sans
Darkgray
\family default
,
\family sans
Gray
\family default
,
\family sans
Lightgray
\family default
,
\family sans
Lime
\family default
,
\family sans
Orange
\family default
,
\family sans
Olive
\family default
,
\family sans
Pink
\family default
,
\family sans
Purple
\family default
,
\family sans
Teal
\family default
and
\family sans
Violet
\family default
text.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! Text
\end_layout
\end_inset
\change_deleted 5863208 1598186626
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Language
\family default
This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from
the language of the document.
Text marked in this way will be underlined
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600006
in the \SpecialChar LyX
workarea
\change_unchanged
in blue to indicate the change
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600002
(only within \SpecialChar LyX
)
\change_unchanged
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
If you have for example, an extract of German text in a non-German document,
\SpecialChar LaTeX
respects the German hyphenation rules automatically.
When using the spell checking (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Spellchecking"
\end_inset
) the German-marked text will be checked according to the German dictionary.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525677618
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
If you do not want text passages to be spellchecked, activate
\family sans
Exclude from Spellchecking
\family default
.
Passages marked like this will still be hyphenated correctly.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Size
\family default
Alters the size of the font.
You
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600033
will
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600034
won't
\change_unchanged
find
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600037
no
\change_unchanged
numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportional to the
document font size.
Once again, you don't feed \SpecialChar LyX
the details, but a general description of what
you want to do.
The options are:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Tiny
\family default
\size tiny
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Tiny
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\size default
(key bindings
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "font-size tiny"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Smallest
\family default
\size scriptsize
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Smallest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size
\size default
.
(key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-size scriptsize"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Smaller
\family default
\size footnotesize
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Smaller
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\size default
(key bindings
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "font-size footnotesize"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Small
\family default
\size small
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Small
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\size default
(key bindings
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "font-size small"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Normal
\family default
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Normal
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
It's also the default size.
(key bindings
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "font-size normal"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Large
\family default
\size large
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Large
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\size default
(key bindings
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "font-size large"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Larger
\family default
\size larger
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Larger
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\size default
(key bindings
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "font-size larger"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Largest
\family default
\size largest
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\size default
(key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-size largest"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Huge
\family default
\size huge
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Huge
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\size default
(key bindings
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "font-size huge"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Huger
\family default
\size giant
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Huger
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\size default
(key bindings
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "font-size giant"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Increase
\family default
This increases the size by one step (for instance, from
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Huge
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
(key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-size increase"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Decrease
\family default
This decreases the size by one step (for instance, from
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Normal
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Small
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
(key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-size decrease"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
We warn you
\emph on
yet again
\emph default
: don't go crazy with this feature.
You should almost never need to change the font size.
\SpecialChar LyX
automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
— use those instead.
This is here for fine-tuning only!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600062
\family sans
Misc
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600065
Underlining
\change_unchanged
\family default
Here you can
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600102
change a few other things at the character level
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600112
have text passages being underlined
\change_unchanged
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600240
Avoid using underlining if you can! It is a hangover from the typewriter
days, when you could not change fonts.
One no longer needs to emphasize text by underscoring characters.
This is only possible in \SpecialChar LyX
because some people
\emph on
may
\emph default
need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions.
\change_unchanged
Options are:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600074
\family sans
Emph
\family default
\emph on
This is text with emphasize on
\emph default
.
This might seem like the same as
\shape italic
Italic
\shape default
, but it is actually a bit different.
Emphasized is a
\emph on
logical
\emph default
attribute.
That means every document class can define its own font used for emphasized
text.
Normally this font is equal to italic.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600322
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600337
\family sans
(Without)
\family default
Don't use underlining.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600192
\family sans
Underbar
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600193
Single
\change_unchanged
\family default
\bar under
This is text with
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600212
Single underlining
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600209
Underbar
\change_unchanged
on.
\bar default
(key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "font-underline"
\end_inset
\family sans
)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600236
\family default
Avoid using underbar if you can! It is a hangover from the typewriter days,
when you could not change fonts.
One no longer needs to emphasize text by underscoring characters.
This is only possible in \SpecialChar LyX
because some people
\emph on
may
\emph default
need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Double
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600261
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
underbar
\change_unchanged
\family default
\uuline on
This is text with Double under
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600270
bar
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600271
lining
\change_unchanged
on.
\uuline default
(key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-underunderline"
\end_inset
)
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600282
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
As we just warned you against using underbar, you can imagine what we think
about double underbar
\change_unchanged
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Wavy
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600285
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
underbar
\change_unchanged
\family default
\uwave on
This is text with Wavy under
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600294
bar
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600295
lining
\change_unchanged
on.
\uwave default
(key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-underwave"
\end_inset
)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Use this only if a journal absolutely insists on it.
Keep antinausea pills handy.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600130
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600169
\family sans
Strikethrough
\family default
lets you strike-through text passages in two ways:
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600364
\family sans
(Without)
\family default
Don't use strikethrough.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
S
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600378
trike
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
out
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600378
ingle
\change_unchanged
\family default
\strikeout on
This is text with
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600382
Strikeout
\change_inserted -712698321 1525601925
Single strikethrough
\change_unchanged
on.
\strikeout default
(key binding
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-strikeout"
\end_inset
)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
This is frequently used to indicate an older version of text that has been
changed in the meantime.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600394
\family sans
Cross
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
ou
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600397
With
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
/
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600398
t
\change_unchanged
\family default
\xout on
This is text with
\change_inserted -712698321 1525601941
/-strikethrough
\change_deleted -712698321 1525601943
Cross out
\change_unchanged
on.
\xout default
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
This is used to make text hardly readable.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525757268
In addition to all the formal markup described above, the dialog also provides
you access to the two builtin semantic text styles (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Builtin-Character-Styles"
\end_inset
):
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600579
\family sans
Emphasized:
\family default
\emph on
This is text with emphasize on
\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Noun
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600548
:
\change_unchanged
\family default
\noun on
This is text with Noun on.
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600637
\noun default
Like
\family sans
Emph
\family default
, this is a logical attribute.
Normally it's equivalent to
\family sans
Small
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Caps
\family default
.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
So you have a huge number of combinations to
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600660
choose
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600660
select
\change_unchanged
from.
Once you have
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600674
chosen a new character style
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600725
applied a text property
\change_unchanged
via the
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600703
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600703
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "menu"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
(
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
) dialog, the settings are
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600733
temporarily
\change_unchanged
saved.
You can activate the
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600738
m
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600745
last applied properties
\change_unchanged
by using the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "textstyle-apply"
\end_inset
.
The button lets you apply
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600766
your custom character style
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600778
those
\change_unchanged
even when the dialog isn't visible.
\change_inserted -712698321 1545905101
A press on the button will apply the most recent setting again, a press
on the down-arrow will open a menu with the (max.
20) most recently applied settings, from which you can select one.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To completely reset the
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600787
character style
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600823
text properties of a selection
\change_unchanged
to the default, use
\change_inserted -712698321 1545917704
either
\change_deleted -712698321 1545917700
\change_unchanged
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-default"
\end_inset
\change_inserted -712698321 1545917733
or select
\family sans
Reset to default
\family default
from the menu of the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "textstyle-apply"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
.
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600803
If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed (suppose
you just set the shape to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
slanted
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and the series to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
bold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
), set the
\family sans
Toggle
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
all
\family default
switch and press
\family sans
Apply
\family default
.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_deleted -712698321 1525607419
You should also know something about the differences between the three main
font types
\family sans
serif
\family default
,
\family sans
sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
serif
\family default
, and
\family sans
typewriter
\family default
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_deleted -712698321 1525607419
\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
is a so called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
monospaced
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font, which means every character has the same width; the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
i
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is as wide as the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
m
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
Here is an example
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
no
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family typewriter
typewriter text
\family default
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
For more on phantoms see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Phantom-Space"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
no typewriter text
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_deleted -712698321 1525607419
\family sans
Serif
\family default
fonts use characters with serifs.
These are the small
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
appendices
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
at the ends of the strokes that form the character.
The following example shows the difference:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
text with serifs
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\family sans
text without serifs
\family default
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Serifs facilitate quick and easy reading.
These fonts are therefore used as default (named
\family sans
roman
\family default
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_deleted -712698321 1525607419
\family sans
Sans serif
\family default
is not recommended for use as a base type.
This font type is therefore often only used for headings and short texts.
We use it in this document to highlight menu names.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600873
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Toggling
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
refers to applying or removing font properties.
When a property is marked for toggling in the
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style
\family default
dialog, applying the style to text that already has the property will cause
the property to be removed.
If you, for example, apply a style with properties A, B and C to text that
currently has font properties B, C, F and G, and if B is set to toggle
and C is set not to toggle, the text ends up with properties A, C, F and
G.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Never toggled
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
always toggled
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
mean that you do not control the toggling behavior.
For the properties on the left side of the dialog (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Family
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
etc.), toggling behavior is up to you.
If
\family sans
Toggle
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
all
\family default
is checked, all of the left side properties are toggled; by default, none
of them are.
Finally,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Reset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is never toggled.
If you, for example, set
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Series
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Reset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and select
\family sans
Toggle
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
all
\family default
, then apply the style to bold face text, the text will revert to the default
series (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Medium
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
), no matter how many times you apply the style.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We conclude
\change_inserted -712698321 1525607667
this section
\change_unchanged
with the same warning once again: Do not overuse the fonts! They are, more
often than not, a kludge and a bad substitute for good writing.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Printing and Previewing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Overview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now that we have covered some of the basic features of document preparation
using \SpecialChar LyX
, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
Before we tell you that, we want to give you a quick explanation of what
goes on behind-the-scenes.
We cover this information in much greater detail in the
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
manual as well.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
uses the program \SpecialChar LaTeX
as its backend.
\SpecialChar LaTeX
is just a macro package for the \SpecialChar TeX
typesetting system, but to prevent confusion,
we will only refer to \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
\SpecialChar LyX
is what you use to do your actual writing.
Then, \SpecialChar LyX
calls \SpecialChar LaTeX
to turn your writing into printable output.
This happens in two stages:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
First, \SpecialChar LyX
converts your document to a series of text commands for \SpecialChar LaTeX
, generating
a file with the extension,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Next, \SpecialChar LyX
calls \SpecialChar LaTeX
to use the commands in the
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
file to produce printable output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Output file formats
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Output-file-formats"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\change_deleted -131811572 1600337594
Simple
\change_inserted -131811572 1600337596
Plain
\change_unchanged
text
\change_deleted -131811572 1600337574
(ASCII)
\change_unchanged
\begin_inset Index idx
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats !
\change_deleted -131811572 1600337607
ASCII
\change_inserted -131811572 1600337612
Plain text
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.txt
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
It contains your document as plain text
\change_inserted -131811572 1600337643
in UTF-8 encoding
\change_deleted -131811572 1600337647
following the rules of the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(ASCII)
\change_unchanged
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to
\change_deleted -131811572 1600337684
ASCII
\change_inserted -131811572 1600337686
plain text
\change_unchanged
with the menu
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
text
\family default
.
However, this will not export any externally generated material such as
a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
bibliography (section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Bibliography-databases"
\end_inset
).
If your document includes such material, use
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
More
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Formats
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Options
\family default
and then select
\family sans
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ps2ascii)
\family default
.
This will first internally export your document to PostScript (generating
thereby the external material) and then do the conversion to
\change_deleted -131811572 1600337720
ASCII
\change_inserted -131811572 1600337722
plain text
\change_unchanged
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\SpecialChar LaTeX
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats ! \SpecialChar LaTeX
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and contains all commands that are necessary for the \SpecialChar LaTeX
program to process
your document.
If you know \SpecialChar LaTeX
, you can use it to find out \SpecialChar LaTeX
-Errors or to process it manually
with console commands.
The \SpecialChar LaTeX
-file is automatically created in \SpecialChar LyX
's temporary directory whenever you
view or export your document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document as a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-file using the menu
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default
.
The different \SpecialChar LaTeX
export variants are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Export"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
DVI
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats ! DVI
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
It is called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
device-independent
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(DVI), because it is completely portable; you can move them from one machine
to another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
DVIs are used for quick previews and as a pre-stage for other output formats,
like PostScript.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
DVI files do not contain images, they only link to them.
So don't forget to deliver the images together with your DVIs.
Because the DVI-viewer has to convert the images in the background to make
them visible when you scroll the DVI, this can slow down your computer
when you view the DVI.
So we recommend using PDF for files with many images.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to DVI by the menus
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
DVI
\family default
or
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
DVI
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(LuaTeX).
\family default
The latter option uses the program
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
.
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
is an engine that provides direct Unicode support and support for direct
font access (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-font-support"
\end_inset
).
Lua\SpecialChar TeX
is still a work in progress, but it might develop into the next standard
\SpecialChar TeX
processor.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
PostScript
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats ! PostScript
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.ps
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
PostScript was developed by the company
\family typewriter
Adobe
\family default
as a printer language.
The file therefore contains commands that the printer uses to print the
file.
PostScript can be seen as a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
programming language
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
; you can calculate with it and draw diagrams and images.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
If you are interested in learning more about this, have a look at the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
pstricks
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! pstricks
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
As a result of this, the files are often bigger than PDFs.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
PostScript can only contain images in the format
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Encapsulated PostScript
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(EPS, file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.eps
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
As \SpecialChar LyX
allows you to use any known image format in your document, it has to
convert them in the background to EPS.
If, for example, you have 50
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
images in your document, \SpecialChar LyX
has to do 50
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
conversions when you view or export your document the first time.
This might slow down your workflow with \SpecialChar LyX
.
So if you plan to use PostScript, you can insert your images directly as
EPS to avoid this problem.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can export to PostScript using the menu
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
PostScript
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
PDF
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats ! PDF
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
PDF
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.pdf
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Portable Document Format
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(PDF) developed by
\family typewriter
Adobe
\family default
was derived from PostScript.
It is more compressed and it uses fewer commands than PostScript.
As the name
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
portable
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
implies, it can be processed on any computer system and the printed output
looks exactly the same.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
PDF can contain images in its own PDF format and in the formats
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Joint Photographic Experts Group
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(JPG, file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.jpg
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.jpeg
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Portable Network Graphics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(PNG, file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.png
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
You can also use any other image format, because \SpecialChar LyX
converts them in the
background to one of these formats.
But as described in the section about PostScript, the image conversion
will slow down your workflow.
So we recommend using images in one of the three formats mentioned above.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to PDF via the menu
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export
\family default
in different ways:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(pdflatex) This uses the program
\family typewriter
pdftex
\family default
which converts your file directly to PDF.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(Lua
\family sans
TeX
\family default
) This uses the program
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
which converts your file directly to PDF.
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
is a new engine, derived from
\family typewriter
pdflatex
\family default
, that also provides direct Unicode support and support for direct font
access (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-font-support"
\end_inset
).
Lua\SpecialChar TeX
is still a work in progress, but it might develop into the next standard
\SpecialChar TeX
processor.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(Xe
\family sans
TeX
\family default
) This uses the program
\family typewriter
Xe\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
that converts your file directly to PDF.
\family typewriter
Xe\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
is a new engine that provides direct Unicode support and support for direct
font access (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-font-support"
\end_inset
).
It is particularly good at typesetting different scripts, for example,
vertically written Japanese.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(cropped) This is the same as
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(pdflatex)
\family default
but the result is a PDF with cropped page margins.
This is for example useful if you want to use \SpecialChar LyX
to generate good-looking
formulas to use them in other programs like for presentations.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(dvipdfm) This uses the program
\family typewriter
dvipdfm
\family default
that converts your file in the background to DVI and in a second step to
PDF.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ps2pdf) This uses the program
\family typewriter
ps2pdf
\family default
that creates a PDF from a PostScript-version of your file.
The PostScript-version is produced by the program
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
which uses a DVI-version as intermediate step.
So this export variant consists of three conversions.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We recommend using
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(pdflatex)
\family default
because
\family typewriter
pdftex
\family default
supports all the features of actual PDF-versions, is quick, stable, and
works without problems.
If you rely on multiscript support and\SpecialChar breakableslash
or specific OpenType fonts, you might
want to try out
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(XeTeX)
\family default
or
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(LuaTeX)
\family default
instead, bearing in mind that these two programs are not yet as mature
as
\family typewriter
pdflatex
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
XHTML
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
FileFormats ! XHTML
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
HTML
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.xhtml
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
It is a file suitable for viewing in web browsers.
It does not itself contain images and the like but only links to them.
When \SpecialChar LyX
produces XHTML, it also generates corresponding images in formats
suitable for the purpose.
For the math output you can choose in the menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output
\family default
between different formats, which are described in section
\emph on
Math Output in XHTML
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Additional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Features
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
XHTML output remains
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
under development
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, and not all \SpecialChar LyX
features are supported yet.
See the chapter
\emph on
\SpecialChar LyX
and the World Wide Web
\emph default
, in the
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
manual, for more information.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document as an XHTML file using the menu item
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
LyXHTML
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Previewing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Preview
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the page
breaks in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, use the menu
\family sans
Document
\family default
and choose
\family sans
View
\family default
or use the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "buffer-view"
\end_inset
.
A viewing program will pop up showing the output in the defined default
output format, which is globally set in the preferences (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"
\end_inset
) and can also be altered for single documents in the document settings
(see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Doc-Formats"
\end_inset
).
Further output formats can be selected via
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
View (Other Formats)
\family default
or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "view-others"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you have changed your document, you can refresh the output in the same
viewer window using the menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Update
\family default
or
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Update (Other Formats)
\family default
, respectively.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When you preview a file, the output file is only generated in \SpecialChar LyX
's temporary
directory.
To have a real output, export your document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
A few Words about Typography
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Typography
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Hyphens, Dashes and Minus Signs
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Hyphens
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dashes
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In \SpecialChar LyX
, the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
symbol comes in four variants: the
\emph on
hyphen
\emph default
, the
\emph on
en dash
\emph default
, the
\emph on
em dash
\emph default
, and the
\emph on
minus sign
\emph default
:
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 0
width "100col%"
special "none"
height "1in"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row interlinespace="3mm">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
name
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
output
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
inserted with
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="3mm">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
hyphen
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in text
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="3mm">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
en dash
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
–
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
system key combination
\begin_inset Foot
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
On Mac and Linux, the en dash is entered with
\family sans
Opt+
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\family default
and the em dash with
\family sans
Shift-Opt+
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
-
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\family default
(
\family sans
Opt
\family default
is the Mac label for the right
\family sans
Alt
\family default
key).
\end_layout
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
--
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in text
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="3mm">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
em dash
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
—
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
system key combination or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
---
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in text
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
minus sign
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $-$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in math mode
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Dashes can also be inserted with
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
Symbols
\family default
or using the
\family typewriter
unicode-insert
\family default
\SpecialChar LyX
function with the Unicode code point as argument (2013 for the em dash
and 2014 for the en dash).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Hyphen and dashes are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in math
mode and has a length of its own.
Here are some examples:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
line- and page-breaks
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
(
\emph on
hyphen
\emph default
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
A–Z; pages
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
369–378
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
(
\emph on
en dash
\emph default
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
The em dash is used without spaces: Oh—there's a dash.
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
(
\emph on
em dash
\emph default
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
(
\emph on
minus sign
\emph default
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
See also the
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wikipedia entry on dashes"
target "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash"
literal "false"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Dashes and Line Breaks
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Dashes-and-line-breaks"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Whether line breaks before or after dashes are allowed depends on the use
case and locale, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
In English, line breaks are generally allowed after the dash, but no line
break should occur if only a single character follows the dash (as in A–Z).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
In English, dashes used to set off parenthetical statements should not start
a new line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
In French and Spanish, dashes around parenthetical statements are treated
similar to brackets: line breaks are not allowed on the inner side.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
By default, dashes are output by \SpecialChar LyX
to \SpecialChar LaTeX
as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
ligature dashes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(-- and ---).
\SpecialChar LaTeX
allows line breaks after hyphens
\change_deleted -1402925745 1558782973
,
\change_inserted -1402925745 1558782983
and these
\change_unchanged
en-dashes and em-dashes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Line breaks before spaced en dashes
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
– common in British English and generally recommended by
\emph on
The Elements of Typographic Style
\emph default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
– can be prevented using protected spaces.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Unwanted line breaks
\series bold
after
\series default
dashes
\change_inserted -1402925745 1558782702
must
\change_deleted -1402925745 1558782715
can
\change_unchanged
be prevented by wrapping in a makebox
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
See section
\emph on
Prevent Hyphenation
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\end_inset
or preceding with
\series bold
\backslash
nobreakdash
\series default
in \SpecialChar TeX
code
\change_inserted -1402925745 1558782753
, a protected space does not suffice
\change_unchanged
.
Examples
\change_inserted -1402925745 1558782332
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -1402925745 1558782431
It is generally recommended to set the correct language for text parts not
in the document language.
We don't do this here to prevent a dependency on LaTeX support for French
and Spanish.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Pages
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 1
width ""
special "none"
height "1in"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
36–39
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Les incises
\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 1
width ""
special "none"
height "1in"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
–
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
même
\end_layout
\end_inset
si tout le monde ne les aime pas
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
– sont très utiles.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
En una frase
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
nobreakdash
\end_layout
\end_inset
—un inciso con rayas— se escribe así.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
An incorrect line break is easily overlooked because
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
– in contrast to an overfull line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
– it does not trigger a warning in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
log.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you want to globally disable line breaks after dashes, you can select
the option
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Fonts\SpecialChar menuseparator
Disallow line breaks after dashes
\family default
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Line breaks are still allowed after spaced dashes.
They can be prevented using protected spaces (without need for a makebox
or \SpecialChar TeX
code).
Example:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Les incises –
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
même si tout le monde ne les aime pas
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
– sont très utiles.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Line breaks after unspaced dashes can be allowed via the menu
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Optional
\change_deleted 1675569489 1580913043
 
\change_inserted 1675569489 1580913043
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
line
\change_deleted 1675569489 1580913068
 
\change_inserted 1675569489 1580913068
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
break
\family default
:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Em-dashes without spaces—\SpecialChar allowbreak
common in American English—\SpecialChar allowbreak
should be followed by
a line break opportunity.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This also allows hyphenation of the word following the dash (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Hyphenation"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
With this setting, \SpecialChar LaTeX
hyphenates words also if immediately followed by em
or en dashes (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Hyphenation"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Changes and Backwards Compatibility
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Up to \SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.1, consecutive hyphen characters (-- and ---) in the LyX source were merged
to en or em dashes by LaTeX.
These
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
ligature dashes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
retain the line-break properties of hyphens while literal dash characters
are regarded by \SpecialChar LaTeX
as
\emph on
non-breakable
\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Since \SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.2, consecutive hyphens in the LyX source are exported to \SpecialChar LaTeX
in a way that
prevents ligation to dashes.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Ligature dashes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in documents from earlier versions are converted to literal dash characters
(except in
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
font); typed in consecutive hyphens are merged to dash characters immediately
after the input (unless the current text font is
\family typewriter
type
\family default
writer).
\begin_inset Foot
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
The behavior was changed since
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
lyx --help
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
became
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
lyx –help
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in PDF, Postscript, and DVI output.
An unintended consequence of these changes was that all dashes were output
as non-breakable dashes.
This also resulted in changed line breaks in some older documents.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.3 outputs
\emph on
breakable
\emph default
dashes by default.
When opening documents edited with \SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.2 or earlier and containing literal dash characters not followed by whitespace,
the setting
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Fonts\SpecialChar menuseparator
Disallow line breaks after dashes
\family default
is active to prevent changes to the line breaks.
\series bold
Warning:
\series default
If you used both literal and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
ligature
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
dashes in pre-\SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.2 documents, you may need to enable or prevent individual line breaks as
shown above to restore the correct line breaking behavior.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Hyphenation
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Hyphenation
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Hyphenation"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Words are not hyphenated within \SpecialChar LyX
but automatically in the output.
Hyphenation is done by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
babel
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! babel
\end_layout
\end_inset
following the rules of the document language.
\SpecialChar LaTeX
does not hyphenate text in the
\family sans
typewriter
\family default
font and words immediately preceded or followed by hyphens or dashes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LaTeX
hyphenates almost perfectly; it only has problems with text in the
\family sans
typewriter
\family default
font and with unusual constructs, like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
h3knix/m0n0wall
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
If \SpecialChar LaTeX
cannot break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation points manually.
This is done with the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Hyphenation
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Point
\family default
.
These extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
If no hyphenation is necessary, \SpecialChar LaTeX
will ignore them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you want to prevent words or constructs from being hyphenated.
Imagine that you are describing keybindings/shortcuts in your document
in the form
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
A-b c
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\SpecialChar LaTeX
would then see the hyphen
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as a line break possibility.
A line break at this point would look ugly.
To prevent the shortcut from being broken, you can use a protected hyphen
(
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Protected Hyphen
\family default
) or put it into a makebox as described in section
\emph on
Prevent Hyphenation
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Punctuation Marks
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Punctuation marks
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Abbreviations and End of Sentence
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Abbreviations"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When \SpecialChar LyX
calls \SpecialChar LaTeX
to generate the final version of your document, \SpecialChar LaTeX
automatically
distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
\SpecialChar LaTeX
then adds the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
appropriate amount of space.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
That means sentences get a little bit more space between the period and
the next word.
Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period that a word
gets after another word.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation does
not work in all cases.
If a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here are some examples of
\emph on
correct
\emph default
abbreviations and of the end of a sentence:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
M.
Butterfly
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Don't worry.
Be happy.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
And here is an example of the algorithm going wrong:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
this is too much space!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
This is I.
It's okay.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You will not see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To fix this problem, use one of the following:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Use an
\family sans
Inter-word
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space
\family default
after lowercase abbreviations (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Inter-word-Space"
\end_inset
).
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spaces ! inter-word
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Use a
\family sans
Thin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space
\family default
between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Thin-Space"
\end_inset
).
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spaces ! thin
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Use an
\family sans
End
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
of
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
sentence
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
period
\family default
found under the
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Character
\family default
menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
This function is also bound to
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "specialchar-insert end-of-sentence"
\end_inset
for easy access.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
this is too much space!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
This is I\SpecialChar endofsentence
It's okay.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry, because \SpecialChar LaTeX
will take care of this.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
Check out the
\family sans
Check
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
feature described in the section
\emph on
Checking \SpecialChar TeX
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Quotation Marks
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Typography ! Quotation marks
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Quotation marks | see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Typography
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
usually sets quotation marks correctly.
Specifically, it will insert an opening mark at the beginning of quoted
text, and use a closing mark at the end.
For example,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
open close
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The keyboard character,
\family sans
"
\family default
, generates this automatically.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can specify what character the
\family sans
"
\family default
key produces by using the submenu
\family sans
Language
\family default
of the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
dialog and switching the
\family sans
Quote Style
\family default
(note that \SpecialChar LyX
makes a sensible proposal for the selected main language).
There are 1
\change_deleted -712698321 1606924196
4
\change_inserted -712698321 1606924196
5
\change_unchanged
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
choices:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\noindent
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in the US)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes sls
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes srs
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes sls
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes srs
\end_inset
quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in Sweden)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes gls
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes grs
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes gls
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes grs
\end_inset
quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in Germany)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes pls
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes prs
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes pls
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes prs
\end_inset
quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in Poland)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes cld
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes crd
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes cls
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes crs
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes cld
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes crd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes cls
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes crs
\end_inset
quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in Switzerland)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes als
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes ars
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes als
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes ars
\end_inset
quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in Denmark)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes qrd
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes qrd
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes qls
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes qls
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes qrd
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes qrd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes qls
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes qls
\end_inset
quotation marks (so-called plain or non-typographical quotation marks)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes bld
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes brd
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes bls
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes brs
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes bld
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes brd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes bls
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes brs
\end_inset
quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in Great Britain)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes fls
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes frs
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes fls
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes frs
\end_inset
quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in France)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes ild
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes ird
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes ils
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes irs
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes ild
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes ird
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes ils
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes irs
\end_inset
quotation marks (another style common in France)
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Maybe you wonder why one does not simply use only outer marks in this case,
since these look identical to the inner marks.
The answer is that you cannot easily switch to another style then (where
the inner marks differ).
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes rld
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes rrd
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes rls
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes rrs
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes rld
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes rrd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes rls
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes rrs
\end_inset
quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in Russia)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes wld
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes wrd
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes wls
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes wrs
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes wld
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes wrd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes wls
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes wrs
\end_inset
quotation marks (another style common in Sweden)
\change_inserted -712698321 1606924211
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\change_inserted -712698321 1606924279
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset
Outer
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset
\family default
Produces
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset
\family default
these outer
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset
\family default
and
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset
\family default
these inner
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset
\family default
quotation marks (as common in Hungary)
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\begin_inset Quotes jld
\end_inset
\family sans
Outer
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes jrd
\end_inset
\family sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes jls
\end_inset
\family sans
inner
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes jrs
\end_inset
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes jld
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes jrd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes jls
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes jrs
\end_inset
quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in Japan)
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -131811572 1600338376
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fn:cjk-quotes"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
Note that these characters are just emulated with similar-looking math symbols
in many encodings that do not cover these glyphs.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\begin_inset Quotes kld
\end_inset
\family sans
Outer
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes krd
\end_inset
\family sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes kls
\end_inset
\family sans
inner
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes krs
\end_inset
Produces
\begin_inset Quotes kld
\end_inset
these outer
\begin_inset Quotes krd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes kls
\end_inset
these inner
\begin_inset Quotes krs
\end_inset
quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in North Korea and China)
\change_inserted -131811572 1600338410
\begin_inset script superscript
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -131811572 1600338410
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fn:cjk-quotes"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
\change_deleted -131811572 1600338417
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Note that these characters are just emulated with similar-looking math symbols
in many encodings that do not cover these glyphs.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inner quotation marks
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
In many writing cultures, these are single quotation marks.
But as the British and French styles show, this is not necessarily the
case (and specifically the British style shows that
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
outer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
does not necessarily mean
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
double
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
This is why we call them
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
inner
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
as opposed to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
outer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
quotation marks.
\end_layout
\end_inset
for quotations inside quotations (and other tasks in some languages, such
as
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
scare quotes
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
) can be obtained by means of the shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "quote-insert inner"
\end_inset
and via the
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special Characters
\family default
menu.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
By default, the quotation mark styles are persistent.
That is to say, a quotation mark maintains the style that was current when
it was inserted, even if the document-wide style changes.
This allows you to enter marks of different style.
If you check the setting
\family sans
Use dynamic quotation marks
\family default
in
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\family default
, however, special quotation marks will be inserted (in the LyX window,
they appear in a special color).
These marks will automatically adapt to the main style (and its changes).
Such quotation marks make it easy to alter the quotation mark style in
one step (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., if your publisher requests a different style).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Individual quotation marks (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e., their level [inner, outer], side [opening, closing], and style) can be
easily switched by a context menu that pops up if you right-click on a
mark.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Ligatures
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Typography ! Ligatures
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Ligatures | see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Typography
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Ligatures"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
print them as single characters.
These groups are known as
\emph on
ligatures
\emph default
.
Since \SpecialChar LaTeX
knows about ligatures, your documents will contain them too in the
output.
Here are the standard ligatures:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
ff
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
fi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
fl
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
ffi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
ffl
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some languages uses other ligatures if the document font supports them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes, you don't want a ligature in a word.
While a ligature may be okay in the word,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
graffiti,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
it looks really weird in compound words, such as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cufflink
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or the German
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Dorffest.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
To break a ligature, use
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Ligature
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Break.
\family default
This changes
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cufflinks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cuff\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
links
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Dorffest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Dorf\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
fest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\SpecialChar LyX
and \SpecialChar LaTeX
Logos
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LyX
! Proper names
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Via
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special Characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
Logos
\family default
, \SpecialChar LyX
provides the following program logos with special formatting:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\SpecialChar LyX
The name of the game.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\SpecialChar TeX
The typesetting engine used by \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\SpecialChar LaTeX
The \SpecialChar TeX
macro collection used by \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\SpecialChar LaTeX2e
The current version of \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You might wonder why the \SpecialChar LaTeX
version is
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
2
\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
It is an old tradition in the \SpecialChar TeX
world to give programs geek version numbers.
For example the version number of \SpecialChar TeX
converges to the number
\begin_inset Formula $\pi$
\end_inset
: The actual version is
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\SpecialChar TeX
-3.141592
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, the previous one was
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\SpecialChar TeX
-3.14159
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Units
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Typography ! Units
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Generally the space between units and the number is smaller than the normal
space between two words.
As you can see in the example below, it looks better when the space is
smaller.
To get such a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
half space
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
for units use the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space
\family default
(shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "space-insert thin"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is an example to show the differences:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
24
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
kW
\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset
h
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
space between number and unit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
24
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
kW
\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset
h
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
half space between number and unit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Widows and Orphans
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Typography ! Widows and orphans
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
happened to end.
There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
For example the heading for a new section was printed at the very bottom
of the page, the first line of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom
of a page, or the last line of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
These bits of text became known as
\emph on
widows
\emph default
and
\emph on
orphans
\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Clearly, \SpecialChar LyX
can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
built into \SpecialChar LaTeX
governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there specifical
ly to prevent widows and orphans.
If they appear nevertheless and you don't like them, you can add the commands
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
\backslash
widowpenalty=10000
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\backslash
clubpenalty=10000
\series default
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
preamble of your document to avoid them.
Some \SpecialChar LaTeX
books (such as
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion"
literal "true"
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "latexguide"
literal "true"
\end_inset
) have more information about the technical details of \SpecialChar LaTeX
's page break mechanism.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
Notes, Graphics, Tables and Floats
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "chap:Floats-and-Notes"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
There you will also find tips and tricks for special cases.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Notes
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Notes
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Notes"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
offers you a few types of notes to add to your document:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Note This note type is for internal notes that will not appear in the output.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is text in a note box that doesn't appear in the output.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Comment This note also doesn't appear in the output but it does appear as
a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-comment when you export the document to \SpecialChar LaTeX
via the menu
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(xxx)
\family default
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Comment
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is text in a note box that only appears as a comment in \SpecialChar LaTeX
-files.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Greyed
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Out This note will appear in the output as text in a color which you can
set in the document settings under
\family sans
Colors\SpecialChar menuseparator
Greyed-out
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
notes
\family default
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is the text
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is an example footnote within a greyed out note.
In this document the color of this note type is set to blue.
\end_layout
\end_inset
of a comment that appears in the output.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
As you can see in the example, greyed out notes can have footnotes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Notes are inserted with the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "note-insert"
\end_inset
or the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Note
\family default
.
Right-click on the note box that appears to select the note type.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Footnotes
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Footnotes
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Footnotes"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
uses boxes to display footnotes: When you insert a footnote using the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Footnote
\family default
or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "footnote-insert"
\end_inset
,
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
you will see
\family default
\series default
\bar default
a box like this:
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/footnote.png
scale 95
\end_inset
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
This box is \SpecialChar LyX
's representation of your footnote.
If you
\family default
\series default
\bar default
left-click on
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
foot
\family roman
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\family default
\series default
\bar default
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
label, the box will
\family default
\series default
\bar default
be opened and you can enter the footnote text into it.
Clicking on the box label again will close
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
the
\family default
\series default
\bar default
box
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
.
If you want to turn existing text into a footnote, simply highlight it
and click on the footnote
\family default
\series default
\bar default
toolbar
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
button
\family default
\series default
\bar default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is an example footnote:
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
To close a footnote, click on the footnote box label.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The footnote will appear in the output as a superscript number at the text
position where the footnote box is placed.
The footnote text is placed at the bottom of the current page.
The footnote number is calculated by \SpecialChar LyX
according to the document class.
\SpecialChar LyX
does not yet support a particular numbering scheme, but you can get other
schemes using special \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands.
T
\family roman
h
\family default
ey are described in the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Marginal Notes
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Marginal notes
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Marginal-Notes"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Marginal notes look and behave just like footnotes in \SpecialChar LyX
.
When you insert a margin note via the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Marginal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Note
\family default
or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "marginalnote-insert"
\end_inset
, you will see
\family roman
\series medium
a
\family default
\series default
\family roman
\series medium
box with the
\family default
\series default
\family roman
\series medium
label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
appearing within your text.
This box is \SpecialChar LyX
's representation of your margin
\family default
\series default
al
\family roman
\series medium
note.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
At the side of this sentence is an example marginal note.
\family roman
\series medium
\begin_inset Marginal
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align left
This is a marginal note.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Marginal notes appear at the right side in single-sided documents.
In double-sided documents they appear in the outer margin – left on even
pages, right on odd pages.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For further information about marginal notes see the section
\emph on
Margin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Notes
\emph default
in the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Graphics and Images
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Images
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Graphics
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Graphics"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To insert an image in your document, place the cursor at the text position
you want and click on the toolbar icon
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
\end_inset
or select
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Graphics
\family default
from the menu.
Then a dialog will appear to choose the file to load.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This dialog has numerous mostly self-explanatory parameters.
The
\family sans
Graphics
\family default
tab allows you to choose your image file.
The image can be transformed by setting a rotation angle and a scaling
factor.
The scaling units are explained in Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Units-available-in"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the tab
\family sans
Clipping
\family default
it is possible to set image coordinates to adjust the height and width
of the image in the output.
The coordinates can also be calculated automatically by pressing the button
\family sans
Get
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
from
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
file
\family default
.
The option
\family sans
Clip
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
bounding
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
box
\family default
will only print the image region within the given coordinates.
Normally you don't need to take care about image coordinates and can ignore
the tab
\family sans
Clipping
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the
\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
LyX options
\family default
tab \SpecialChar LaTeX
experts can specify additional \SpecialChar LaTeX
options.
In this tab you can also specify the appearance of the image inside \SpecialChar LyX
.
The option
\family sans
Draft
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
mode
\family default
has the effect that the image doesn't appear in the output, only a frame
with the image size is printed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The graphics dialog can be called at any time by clicking on an image.
Images will appear in the output exactly at the position where they are
in the text.
This is an example image within a separate, horizontally centered paragraph:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/2D-intensity-plot.pdf
scale 70
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you need image captions or want to reference images, you have to put
the image into a float, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Figure-Floats"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Image Formats
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Images ! Formats
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Image-Formats"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can insert images in any known file format.
But as we explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Output-file-formats"
\end_inset
, every output document format allows only a few image formats.
\SpecialChar LyX
therefore uses the program
\family typewriter
ImageMagick
\family default
in the background to convert the images to the right format.
To increase your workflow by avoiding these conversions in the background,
use only the image formats listed in the subsections of section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Output-file-formats"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Similar to fonts there are two types of image formats:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Bitmap
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
images consist of pixel values, often in a compressed form.
They are therefore not fully scalable and look pixelated in large zooms.
Well-known bitmap image formats are
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Graphics Interchange Format
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(GIF, file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.gif
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
GIF|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Image formats
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Portable Network Graphics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(PNG, file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.png
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
PNG|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Image formats
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
, and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Joint Photographic Experts Group
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(JPG, file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.jpg
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.jpeg
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
JPG|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Image formats
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Scalable
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
images consist of vectors and can therefore be scaled to any size without
data loss.
The scaling ability is desired if you want to create presentations, because
presentations are always scaled by the beamer.
Scaling is also useful for online documents to let the user zoom into diagrams.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Scalable image formats can be
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Scalable Vector Graphics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(SVG, file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.svg
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
SVG|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Image formats
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Encapsulated PostScript
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(EPS, file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.eps
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
EPS|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Image formats
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
, and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Portable Document Format
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(PDF, file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.pdf
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
PDF
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
We say
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
can be
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, because you can convert any bitmap image format to PDF or EPS and the
result will not be scalable.
In this case only a header with the image properties is added to the original
image.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
In the case of PDF, the original image is additionally compressed.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Normally one cannot convert a bitmap image into a scalable one, only
\emph on
vice versa
\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Grouping of Image Settings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Images ! Settings grouping
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Each image can define a new group of image settings or join an existing
group.
Images within such a group share their settings, so adjusting one image
of the group automatically also adjusts all other images of the group in
the same way.
So you can for example change the size for a bunch of images without the
need to manually change each of them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A new group can be set by pressing the button
\family sans
Open
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
new
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
group
\family default
in the
\family sans
Graphics
\family default
dialog in the
\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
LyX options
\family default
tab.
Joining an existing group can be done using the context menu of the image
and checking the name of the desired group.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Tables
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Tables
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Tables"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can insert a table using either the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "tabular-insert"
\end_inset
or the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Table
\family default
.
A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns
\change_inserted -712698321 1554288358
, and you can select a specific (border) style
\change_unchanged
.
The default table has lines around any cell and the first row appears separated
from the rest of the table.
This separation appears due to a double line: The cells of the first row
have a line below them and the cells of the second row have a line above
them.
Here is an example table:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0in">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
C
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\change_inserted -712698321 1554288479
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1554288540
This corresponds to the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Grid with Head
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
table style listed in the style selection.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1554288387
Other available styles include:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1554288551
A
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
simple grid
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
which looks line the above table, but without the first row being separated
via double line,
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1554288764
a border-less table with no lines at all,
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1554289543
and a so-called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
formal table
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as often used in professional publishing with horizontal lines only and
bold top/bottom lines (see
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
manual, section
\emph on
Formal Tables
\emph default
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1554288823
The default style used in the dialog as well as the style used by the toolbar
button can be changed in
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text Layout
\family default
.
So if the default style above is not the one you need, you should alter
this setting.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Table Dialog
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button and
then choosing
\family sans
More\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
.
This brings up the table dialog.
Here you can adjust the settings of the cell, row and/or column where the
cursor is placed currently.
Most of the dialog options also work on selections.
This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is
done on all of your selection.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In addition to the table dialog, the
\family sans
table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
toolbar
\family default
helps you in setting table properties.
It appears if the cursor is inside a table.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the tab
\family sans
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Settings
\family default
of the table dialog you can set the alignment for the current row.
If you add a row or column, it will be inserted right beside or below the
current cell respectively.
The vertical alignment of a column can only be adjusted when a column width
is given.
A given width will allow the cell to have line breaks and multiple paragraphs
of text, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Table-Cells"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can mark multiple cells of one row/column as a multicolumn/row cell
using the check box
\family sans
Multicolumn
\family default
or
\family sans
Multirow
\family default
.
This will merge the cells to
\emph on
one
\emph default
cell, spread over more than one column/row.
Multicolumn cells are treated as own rows, so that the alignment, width,
and border settings affect only the multicolumn cell.
Here is an example table with a multicolumn cell in the first row and one
in the last row without the upper border:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
<features firstHeadTopDL="true" firstHeadBottomDL="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0in">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
abc
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
def ghi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
jkl
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
C
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
D
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
4
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Adept users can declare special \SpecialChar LaTeX
-arguments for the table.
They are necessary for special table formatting, such as the multirow cells,
explained in the chapter
\emph on
Tables
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
You can also rotate the current cell or the whole table.
These rotations are not visible in \SpecialChar LyX
but are visible in the output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
Most DVI-viewers are
\emph on
not
\emph default
able to display rotations.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Borders
\family default
tab allows you to add and delete border lines for the current row/column.
The button
\family sans
Default
\family default
adds lines for all cell borders.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Multi-page Tables
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Tables ! Multi-page
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Multi-page tables
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If the table is too long to fit on one page, you can use the option
\family sans
Use
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
multi-page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
table
\family default
in the tab
\family sans
Multi-page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
table
\family default
of the table dialog to split the table automatically over more pages.
Doing this enables some check boxes and you can now define:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
Header
\family default
: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
defined, are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable.
Except for the first page, if
\family sans
First
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
header
\family default
is defined.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
First
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
header
\family default
: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
defined, are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
Footer
\family default
: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
defined, are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable,
except for the last page, if
\family sans
Last
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
footer
\family default
is defined.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
Last
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
footer
\family default
: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
defined, are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Caption: The first row is reset as a single column.
You can now insert there the table caption via the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Caption
\family default
.
More about multi-page table captions can be found in the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also specify a row where the table is split.
If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware
that then only the first option is used; the others will be defined as
\emph on
empty
\emph default
.
In this context, first means first in this order:
\family sans
Footer, Last
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
footer,
\family default
\family sans
Header,
\family default
\family sans
First
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
header
\family default
; see the following longtable to see how it works:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="69" columns="3">
<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="5cm">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row endfirsthead="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Example Phone List (ignore the names)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row endfirsthead="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
NAME
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
TEL.
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row endhead="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Example Phone List
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Cinquemani
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Giusi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
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</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Colin
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bernard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
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</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Concli
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Gianfranco
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Dal Bosco
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Carolina
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
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</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Dalpiaz
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Annamaria
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Feliciello
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Domenico
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Focarelli
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paola
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Galletti
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Oreste
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Gasparini
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Franca
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Rizzardi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paola
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Lassini
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Giancarlo
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Malfatti
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Luciano
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
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</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Malfatti
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Valeriano
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Meneguzzo
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Roberto
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Mezzadra
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Roberto
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Pirpamer
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Erich
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Pochiesa
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paolo
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555, 222
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Radina
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Claudio
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Stuffer
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Oskar
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Tacchelli
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Ugo
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Tezzele
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Margit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Unterkalmsteiner
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Frieda
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Vieider
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Hilde
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Vigna
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Jürgen
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
999
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Weber
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Maurizio
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Winkler
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Franz
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
555
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row endlastfoot="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="block" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
End
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Table Cells
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Tables ! Cells
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Table-Cells"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A table cell can contain text, inline equations, a figure, or another table.
All these kinds of objects can be placed in the same cell.
Font sizes and shapes can also be altered.
But you can't put a special environment in a cell (like
\family sans
Section*
\family default
, etc.), nor set spacing options for the cell's paragraph.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To have multi-line entries in table cells, you have to declare a fixed width
for the column in the table dialog.
Your text is then automatically split into multiple lines and the cell
is enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given width.
An example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="3cm">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
4
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
This is a multi-line entry in a table.
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
5
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
6
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
This is longer now.
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
7
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
8
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
This is a multi-line entry in a table.
This is longer now.
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
9
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Cutting and pasting between tables and table cells works reasonably well.
You can even cut and paste more than one row.
\begin_inset Foot
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Note that you cannot paste into a multicell selection because it would not
be clear what to do when pasting a single word in a selected 2×3.
\end_layout
\end_inset
Selection with the mouse or with
\family sans
Shift
\family default
plus the arrow keys works as usual.
You can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting
the selection from outside the table.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Floats
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floats
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Floats"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A float is a block of text associated with some sort of label, which doesn't
have a fixed location.
It can
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
float
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
\family sans
Footnotes
\family default
and
\family sans
Margin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Notes
\family default
are also floats, because they can float to the next page when there are
too many notes on the current page.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Floats make it possible to get a high quality layout.
Images and tables can be distributed evenly over the pages to avoid whitespace
and pages without text.
As the floating often destroys the spatial context between the text and
the image/table, every float can be referenced in the text.
Floats are therefore numbered.
Referencing is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To insert a float, use the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Float
\family default
.
A box with a caption will be inserted into your document.
The label will automatically be translated to the document language in
the output.
After the label you can insert the caption text.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floats ! Captions
\end_layout
\end_inset
The image or table is inserted above or below the caption in a separate
paragraph within the float.
To keep your \SpecialChar LyX
-document readable, you can open and close the float box by
left-clicking on the box label.
A closed float box looks like this:
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/float.png
scale 80
\end_inset
– a gray button with a red label.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You should insert floats in a separate paragraph to avoid possible \SpecialChar LaTeX
-errors
that can occur when the surrounding text is specially formatted.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Figure Floats
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Figure-Floats"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floats ! Figure floats
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Figure
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:A-star-in"
\end_inset
was created using the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar menuseparator
Figure
\family default
(toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "float-insert figure"
\end_inset
).
The image was inserted by setting the cursor above the caption label and
using the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Graphics
\family default
(toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
\end_inset
).
The image in the float was horizontally centered by putting the cursor
to the left or right of the image and using the menu
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Settings
\family default
(toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "layout-paragraph"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement document
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/Star-structure.pdf
lyxscale 60
width 50col%
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:A-star-in"
\end_inset
A star in a float.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This figure float also shows how to set a label and create a cross-reference
to it: Insert a label into the caption using the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Label
\family default
(toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "label-insert"
\end_inset
) and refer to it using the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross-Reference
\family default
(toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
\end_inset
).
It is important to use cross-references to figure floats rather than using
vague references like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
the figure above
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, because, as \SpecialChar LaTeX
will reposition the floats in the final document, it might
not be
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
above
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
at all.
For more about cross-references, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Normally only one image is inserted in a figure float, but sometimes you
might want to use two images with separate subcaptions.
This can be done by inserting image floats into existing image floats.
Note that only the main caption of the float is added to the List of Figures
as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:List-of-Figures"
\end_inset
.
Figure
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Two-images"
\end_inset
is an example of a figure float with two images set side by side.
You can also set the images one below the other.
Figure
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Undefinable"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Star"
\end_inset
are the subfigures.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement document
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Float figure
placement document
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Undefinable"
\end_inset
Undefinable
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/3D-structure-distort.pdf
lyxscale 60
width 45col%
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Float figure
placement document
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Star"
\end_inset
Star
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/Star-structure.pdf
lyxscale 60
width 45col%
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Two-images"
\end_inset
Two images.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Table Floats
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floats ! Table floats
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Table floats can be inserted using the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar menuseparator
Table
\family default
or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "float-insert table"
\end_inset
.
They have the same properties as figure floats except that the table in
the float is normally placed below the caption and not above like for figures
and that the label begins with “tab:”.
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Table-float"
\end_inset
is a table float.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
placement document
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Table-float"
\end_inset
A table float.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Joe
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Mary
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Ted
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
a & b\\
c & d
\end{array}\right]$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
More Information
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floats ! Details
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
offers you further float types as well as rotated floats.
It also allows you to change the float numbering scheme, to control the
float placement and to change the formatting and placement of the float
caption.
All these features are explained in detail with many examples in the chapter
\emph on
Floats
\emph default
in the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Minipages
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Minipages
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LaTeX
provides a mechanism essentially to produce a page within a page, called
a minipage.
Within a minipage, all the usual rules of indentation, line wrapping, etc.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
apply.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Minipages in \SpecialChar LyX
have their own collapsible box inserted via the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Box
\family default
.
Right-clicking on the box label allows you to alter the width of the minipage
and its alignment within the page.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 0
width "30col%"
special "none"
height "1pt"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\shape italic
This is a minipage.
The text is set in an italic style.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\shape italic
Minipages are often used for text in another language or text that needs
another formatting.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
If you place two minipages side-by-side, you can use
\family sans
Horizontal Fills
\family default
as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Horizontal-Space"
\end_inset
:
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 0
width "1.5in"
special "none"
height "1pt"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 0
width "1.5in"
special "none"
height "1pt"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When you right-click on a minipage box, you can transform the box to another
box type.
All box types and their settings are explained in detail in chapter
\emph on
Boxes
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
Mathematical Formulas
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Formulas|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Math
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "chap:Mathematical-Formulas"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
There you will also find tips and tricks for special cases.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Basic Math Editing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Basics
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-mode on"
\end_inset
(shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "math-mode"
\end_inset
).
That will create a little blue rectangle, with purple markers around its
corners.
That blue rectangle is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate
what level of nesting within the formula you are at.
You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\family default
menu.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Editing the parameters of a formula and adding math constructs can be done
with the
\family sans
math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
toolbar
\family default
, that appears if the cursor is in a formula.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are two main types of formulas, inline formulas and display formulas.
Inline formulas appear within a text line, like this one:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This is a line with an inline formula
\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
\end_inset
in it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Displayed formulas appear outside the text like if they were in a separate
paragraph, like this one:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
A=B
\]
\end_inset
You can only number and reference displayed formulas.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
also supports many \SpecialChar LaTeX
math commands.
For example, typing
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\series bold
\backslash
alpha
\series default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, followed by a space, in a formula will create the Greek letter
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset
.
Typing commands might sometimes be faster than using the
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Panel
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Navigating in Formulas
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Navigating
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The best control over the cursor position within an existing formula is
achieved with the arrow keys.
\SpecialChar LyX
uses small rectangles to indicate places where something can be inserted.
The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula.
Pressing
\family sans
Space
\family default
will leave a formula construct (a square root
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$
\end_inset
, or parentheses
\begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$
\end_inset
, or a matrix
\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2\\
3 & 4
\end{array}\right]$
\end_inset
).
Pressing
\family sans
Escape
\family default
will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula.
\family sans
Tab
\family default
can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the
cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Space
\family default
, printed in this document as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, seems to do nothing in a formula, since it does not add a space between
characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
For this reason, you have to be careful about using
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
For example, if you want
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$
\end_inset
, type
\series bold
\backslash
sqrt
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2x+1
\series default
and not
\series bold
\backslash
sqrt
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2x
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+1
\series default
, since in the latter case only the
\family typewriter
\begin_inset Formula $2x$
\end_inset
\family default
will be under the square root sign:
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled
in, such as:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
\lambda_{1}\\
& \ddots\\
& & \lambda_{n}
\end{array}\right)
\]
\end_inset
If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Selecting Text
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can select text within a formula in two different ways.
Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press
\family sans
Shift
\family default
and a cursor movement key to select text.
It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula,
but not in a normal text region in \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Exponents and Subscripts
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Exponents
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Subscripts
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can use the math panel to add super- or subscripts (buttons
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-superscript"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-subscript"
\end_inset
), but it is often much easier to use a command.
To get
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
\end_inset
, type in a formula
\series bold
x^2
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\series default
.
The final
\family sans
Space
\family default
puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression.
If you type
\series bold
x^2y
\series default
, you will get
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$
\end_inset
, to get
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$
\end_inset
, type
\series bold
x^2
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
y
\series default
.
If you use characters in the superscript, that could be accented with the
circumflex
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
^
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, you have to use an extra
\family sans
Space
\family default
to separate the circumflex and the character.
For example, if you want
\begin_inset Formula $x^{a}$
\end_inset
, type
\series bold
x^
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
a
\series default
.
Subscripts are similar: To get
\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
\end_inset
, type
\series bold
a_1
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\series default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Fractions
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Fractions
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Create a fraction either with the command
\series bold
\backslash
frac
\series default
or by using the icon
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-insert \\frac"
\end_inset
in the
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Panel
\family default
.
You will be presented with an empty fraction.
The cursor is above the fraction line.
To move it to the bottom, simply press
\family sans
Down
\family default
.
To move back up, press
\family sans
Up
\family default
.
Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}
2 & 3\\
4 & 5
\end{array}\right)}\right]
\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Roots
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Roots
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Roots can be created using the
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Panel
\family default
buttons
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-insert \\sqrt"
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-insert \\root"
\end_inset
or the commands
\series bold
\backslash
sqrt
\series default
or
\series bold
\backslash
root
\series default
.
With the command
\series bold
\backslash
root
\series default
you can produce roots of higher orders, like cube roots, while
\series bold
\backslash
sqrt
\series default
always produces a square root.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Operators with Limits
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Sums
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Integrals
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Operators-with-Limits"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Sum (
\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
\end_inset
) and integral (
\begin_inset Formula $\int$
\end_inset
) operators are very often decorated with limits.
These limits can be entered in \SpecialChar LyX
by entering them as you would enter a super-
or subscript, directly after the symbol.
The sum operator will automatically place its
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
over and under the symbol in displayed formulas, and to the side in inline
formulas, as in
\begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$
\end_inset
, versus
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e
\]
\end_inset
Integral signs, however, will place the limits to the side in both formula
types.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
All operators with limits will be automatically re-sized when placed in
display mode.
The placement of the limits can be changed by placing the cursor directly
behind the operator and using the menu
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Limits
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Type
\family default
or entering
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "math-limits"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Certain other mathematical expressions also have this
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
moving limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
feature, such as
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Limits
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),
\]
\end_inset
which will place the
\begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$
\end_inset
underneath the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
lim
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in display mode.
In inline formulas it looks like this:
\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that the lim-function was entered as the function macro
\series bold
\backslash
lim
\series default
.
Have a look at section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Functions"
\end_inset
for an explanation of function macros.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Math Symbols
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Symbols
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Most math symbols can be found in the
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Panel
\family default
under one of several categories; including
\family sans
Greek
\family default
,
\family sans
Operators
\family default
,
\family sans
Relations
\family default
,
\family sans
Arrows
\family default
.
There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical
Society (AMS).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you know the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command for a construct or symbol you wish to use, you
don't have to use the
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Panel
\family default
; you can type the command directly into the formula.
\SpecialChar LyX
will convert it to the corresponding symbol or construct.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Altering Spacing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Spaces
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You may want to create spaces that differ from the standard spacing that
\SpecialChar LaTeX
provides.
To do this, press
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
\end_inset
or use the
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Panel
\family default
button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-insert \\space"
\end_inset
.
This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen.
For example, the sequence
\series bold
a Ctrl+Space b
\series default
:
\begin_inset Formula $a\,b$
\end_inset
appears in \SpecialChar LyX
as
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/SpaceMarker.png
\end_inset
.
You can change the space to different sizes when you set the cursor behind
the space marker and enter space again several times.
With every space enter the size will be changed.
Some markers for the space size appear red in \SpecialChar LyX
, because they are negative
spaces.
Here are two examples:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
a Ctrl+Space b
\series default
and 3×
\family sans
Space
\family default
:
\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
a Ctrl+Space b
\series default
and 5×
\family sans
Space
\family default
:
\begin_inset Formula $a\!b$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Functions
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Functions
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Functions"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Panel
\family default
contains under the button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-insert \\functions"
\end_inset
a number of function macros, such as
\begin_inset Formula $\sin$
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula $\lim$
\end_inset
,
\emph on
etc
\emph default
.
(you can also insert them in a formula by typing
\series bold
\backslash
sin
\series default
etc.).
Standard mathematical practice is that functions are printed upright to
avoid confusions, because
\begin_inset Formula $sin$
\end_inset
does normally mean
\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Using the function macros will also produce correct spacing around the function:
\begin_inset Formula $a\sin x$
\end_inset
is different from
\begin_inset Formula $asinx$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For some mathematical objects, like limits, the macro changes where subscripts
are placed, as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Operators-with-Limits"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Accents
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Accents
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text
mode.
This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
You can also use \SpecialChar LaTeX
commands, for example, to enter
\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
\end_inset
even if your keyboard doesn't have the circumflex enabled.
Our example is entered by typing
\series bold
\backslash
hat
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
a
\series default
in a formula.
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Accent-names-and"
\end_inset
shows the equivalences between the accent names and the commands.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
placement document
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Accent-names-and"
\end_inset
Accent names and the corresponding commands.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Name
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
E
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
xample
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
circumflex
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
hat
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
grave
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
grave
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
acute
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
acute
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
umlaut
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
ddot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
tilde
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
tilde
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
dot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
dot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
breve
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
breve
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
caron
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
check
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
macron
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
bar
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
vector
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
vec
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can choose one of the accents by selecting an item from the
\family sans
Frame
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
decorations
\family default
symbol set button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-insert \\hat"
\end_inset
in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have made within
a formula too.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Brackets and Delimiters
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Brackets
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Delimiters
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are several brackets available through \SpecialChar LyX
.
For some purposes, using just the keys
\family typewriter
[]{}()|<>
\family default
should suffice.
But if you want to surround a large structure, like a matrix or a fraction,
or if you have several layers of brackets, it is better to use the math
toolbar delimiter icon
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
\end_inset
.
For example, if you construct the brackets around a matrix in this way:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\left[\begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2\\
3 & 4
\end{array}\right]
\]
\end_inset
it makes it easier to see the layers of parentheses.
Below, the expression on the left was entered using the delimiter icon
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
\end_inset
and the expression on the right was entered using the
\family typewriter
()
\family default
keys.
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\qquad\qquad\frac{1}{(1+(\frac{1}{1+(\frac{1}{1+x})}))}
\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you use the delimiter icon, the parentheses, and other brackets from
that menu will automatically re-size to accommodate the size of what is
inside.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To construct brackets click on the button for the bracket you want on the
left side and right side.
If you use the option
\family sans
Keep
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
matched
\family default
, the selected bracket type will be used for the left and the right side.
The selection will be shown as \SpecialChar TeX
code.
If you want one side not to have a bracket, use
\family sans
(none)
\family default
.
It will appear in \SpecialChar LyX
with a dotted line, but nothing will be printed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you want to place brackets around existing math structures, like a square
root, you can do so by first highlighting (selecting) the structure that
is to go inside the brackets.
Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on
\family sans
Insert
\family default
.
The most common bracket combinations (parentheses, square brackets, and
braces, on both sides) can be entered more quickly using keyboard shortcuts.
For example, to insert a pair of parentheses, select the structure and
enter
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "math-delim ( )"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Arrays and Multi-line Equations
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Arrays
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Matrices
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Multi-line Equations
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Matrices are entered in \SpecialChar LyX
using the
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Panel
\family default
matrix button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show mathmatrix"
\end_inset
.
It will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns.
Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 2 & 3\\
4 & 5 & 6\\
7 & 8 & 9
\end{array}\right)
\]
\end_inset
The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"
\end_inset
.
When you construct the matrix, you can decide whether the column entries
will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
This alignment is set in the box
\family sans
Horizontal
\family default
with the letters
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
l
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
r
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
c
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\SpecialChar LyX
proposes a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
c
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
for every column as default.
For example, the sequence
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
lcr
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be
centered, and the third column will be right-justified, because each letter
corresponds to the relevant column.
The result will look like this:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\begin{array}{lcr}
this & this\,column & this\,column\\
column & has & has\,right\\
has\,left\,alignment & center\,alignment & alignment
\end{array}.
\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can add more rows to an existing matrix by entering
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
while the cursor is in the matrix.
Adding or deleting columns can be done via the menu
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\family default
or the math toolbar.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are other arrays used in formulas, such as distinctions of cases.
It can be created with the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cases
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Environment
\family default
or the command
\series bold
\backslash
cases
\series default
.
Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
f(x)=\begin{cases}
-1 & x<0\\
0 & x=0\\
1 & x>0
\end{cases}
\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
Multi-line formulas are created when you press
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
within a formula.
In an empty formula you can see that three blue boxes appear, one for each
column.
When you press
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
in a non-empty formula, the part before the relation sign (equal sign
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
=
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
etc.) will be inserted automatically in the first column, the relation sign
is in the second column, and the rest in the third column.
A new row is created by every further entry of
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
.
Multi-line formulas are always displayed formulas.
Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{eqnarray}
a^{2} & = & (b^{2}+c^{2})(b^{2}-c^{2})\nonumber \\
a & = & \sqrt{b^{4}-c^{4}}\label{eq:asquared}
\end{eqnarray}
\end_inset
Note that the middle column is designed for relation signs so structures
in this column will be printed in a smaller size:
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B}
\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The multi-line formula type described here is called
\family typewriter
\series medium
eqnarray
\family default
\series default
.
There are other multi-line types more suitable for certain situations,
for example if you want a better inter-line spacing than in formula
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:asquared"
\end_inset
.
The other types are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:AMS-Formula-Types"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Formula Numbering and Referencing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Formula numbering
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Referencing formulas
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To number a formula, set the cursor in the formula and use the menu
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Number
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Whole
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Formula
\family default
or the shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "math-number-toggle"
\end_inset
.
The formula number appears in \SpecialChar LyX
within parentheses.
The number shown is temporary and may be different when the output is generated.
The placement and format of the formula number in the output depends on
the document class.
In this document the number is printed together with the chapter number,
separated by a dot:
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{equation}
1+1=2
\end{equation}
\end_inset
Using
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "math-number-toggle"
\end_inset
in a numbered formula will switch off the numbering.
You can only number displayed formulas.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Multi-line formulas can be numbered line by line: Using the menu
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Number
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
This
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Line
\family default
or the shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "math-number-line-toggle"
\end_inset
will only toggle the numbering of the line where the cursor is:
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{eqnarray}
1 & = & 3-2\\
2 & = & 4-2\nonumber \\
4 & \leq & 7
\end{eqnarray}
\end_inset
To number all lines use the shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "math-number-toggle"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
Every displayed formula can be referenced by its number using a label.
A label is inserted with the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Label
\family default
(toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "label-insert"
\end_inset
) when the cursor is in the formula.
This opens a dialog to enter the label.
It is recommended that you use the suggested
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
eq:
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as the first part of the label, because this helps later to identify the
label type when you have many labels in your document.
We inserted in the following example the label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
eq:tanhExp
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in the second line:
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{eqnarray}
\tanh(x) & = & \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\nonumber \\
& = & \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2x}-1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1}\label{eq:tanhExp}
\end{eqnarray}
\end_inset
Every labeled line is automatically numbered.
Therefore the label is shown behind the formula number.
You can reference a labeled formula using the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Reference
\family default
(toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
\end_inset
).
A dialog appears to choose a label you want to refer to.
The reference appears in \SpecialChar LyX
as a gray cross-reference box and in the output
as the formula number:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This is a cross-reference to equation (
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:tanhExp"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The properties of \SpecialChar LyX
's cross-reference box are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"
\end_inset
.
To delete a label, set the cursor at the end in the labeled formula and
press
\family sans
Del
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
User defined math macros
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Macros
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
allows you to define macros for formulas which is very useful when you
have equations of the same form in a document several times.
Math macros are explained in section
\emph on
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Macros
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Fine-Tuning
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Typefaces
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Typefaces
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The standard font for text is italic, for numbers the standard is roman.
To set a font in a formula, use the
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Panel
\family default
button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-insert \\font"
\end_inset
, or enter its command, listed in table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Typefaces-and-the"
\end_inset
, directly.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
placement document
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Typefaces-and-the"
\end_inset
Typefaces and the corresponding commands.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Font
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\shape up
\size normal
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
mathrm
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
mathbf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
mathit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\shape up
\size normal
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
mathtt
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
mathbb
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row change="inserted 5863344 1592055455">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted 5863344 1592055455
\begin_inset Formula $\mathds{DOUBLESTROKE}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted 5863344 1592055455
\series bold
\backslash
mathds
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
mathfrak
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\shape up
\size normal
\emph on
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
mathcal
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row change="inserted -131811572 1591595416">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -131811572 1591595416
\shape up
\size normal
\emph on
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{SCRIPT}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -131811572 1591595416
\series bold
\backslash
mathscr
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
mathsf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
You can only print capital letters in the typefaces
\family sans
Blackboard
\change_inserted 5863344 1592055666
, Double stroke
\change_deleted -131811572 1591595671
\family default
\change_inserted -131811572 1591595667
,
\family sans
Script
\family default
\change_unchanged
and
\family sans
Calligraphic
\family default
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When you use a typeface, a blue box is inserted in the formula.
Every character in this box will be printed in this typeface.
Pressing
\family sans
Space
\family default
within the box will set the cursor outside, so that you have to use a protected
space when you need a space in the box.
Here is an example where
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
N
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in
\family sans
Blackboard
\family default
denotes the set of numbers:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
f(x)=\sqrt{x}\:;\:x\in\mathbb{N}
\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The typefaces are nestable, which can cause confusion.
You can, for example, put a character in
\family sans
Fraktur
\family default
in a box for
\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
:
\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{abc\mathfrak{d}e}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
So it is better not to use this feature.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The typefaces have no effect on Greek letters:
\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{abc\delta e}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
You can only print them emboldened using the command
\series bold
\backslash
boldsymbol
\series default
, which works like the other typeface commands:
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha\beta\gamma\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
boldsymbol
\series default
works for all symbols, letters, and numbers.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A number of other font options are available as well, in the menu
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Math Text
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Text
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Typefaces are useful for entering some characters in some given font, but
not for text.
For typing longer pieces of text use the math text, which is obtained using
the entry
\family sans
Normal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
mode
\family default
of the
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Panel
\family default
button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-insert \\font"
\end_inset
.
Math text appears in \SpecialChar LyX
in black instead of blue.
You can use spaces and accents in math text as in normal text.
Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
f(x)=\begin{cases}
x & \mbox{if I say so}\\
-x & \mbox{under Umständen}
\end{cases}
\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Font Sizes
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Font sizes
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are four font styles (relative sizes) used in math-mode, which are
automatically chosen in most situations.
These are called
\family sans
textstyle
\family default
,
\family sans
displaystyle
\family default
,
\family sans
scriptstyle
\family default
, and
\family sans
scriptscriptstyle
\family default
.
For most characters,
\family sans
textstyle
\family default
and
\family sans
displaystyle
\family default
are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts,
and certain other structures, are set larger in
\family sans
displaystyle
\family default
.
Except for some operators, which resize themselves to accommodate various
situations, all text will be set in the styles that \SpecialChar LaTeX
thinks are appropriate.
These choices can be overridden by using the math panel button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-insert \\style"
\end_inset
.
A box for the size will be created in which you can insert the math structure.
For example, you can set
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
\end_inset
, which is normally in
\family sans
textstyle
\family default
, larger in
\family sans
displaystyle
\family default
:
\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$
\end_inset
.
The four styles are used in the following example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
All these math-mode font sizes are relative so that if the whole math inset
is set in a particular size with the menu
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style
\family default
, all sizes in the formula will be adjusted relative to this size.
Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
will be adjusted to correspond.
As an example here is a formula in the font size
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\size largest
\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{e}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
AMS-\SpecialChar LaTeX
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
AMS math
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! AMS
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
supports the packages provided by the American Mathematical Society (AMS)
that are in common use.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Enabling AMS-Support
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can make the facilities of the AMS-packages explicitly available in
the document by
\change_inserted -131811572 1600338725
setting
\family sans
Load always
\family default
for
\series bold
amsmath
\series default
and
\series bold
amssymb
\series default
packages
\change_unchanged
\change_deleted -131811572 1600338685
selecting the checkbox
\family sans
Use
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
AMS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
package
\change_unchanged
\family default
in the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
dialog under
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Options
\family default
.
AMS is needed for many math-constructs; so when you get \SpecialChar LaTeX
-errors in formulas,
ensure that you have enabled AMS.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
AMS-Formula Types
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:AMS-Formula-Types"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Multi-line Equations
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
AMS-\SpecialChar LaTeX
provides a selection of different formula types.
\SpecialChar LyX
allows you to choose between
\family typewriter
align
\family default
,
\family typewriter
alignat
\family default
,
\family typewriter
flalign
\family default
,
\family typewriter
gather
\family default
, and
\family typewriter
multline
\family default
.
We refer you to the AMS-documentation,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "AMS"
literal "true"
\end_inset
, for an explanation of these formula types.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
More Tools
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Cross-References
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Cross references
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Cross-References"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
One of \SpecialChar LyX
's strengths is cross-references.
You can reference every section, float, footnote, formula, and list in
the document.
To reference a document part, you have to insert a label into it.
The label is used as an anchor and a name for the reference.
We want for example to refer to the second item of the following list:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
First item
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "enu:Second-item"
\end_inset
Second item
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Third item
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
First we insert a label into the second item with the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Label
\family default
or by pressing the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "label-insert"
\end_inset
.
A gray label box like this:
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/label.png
\end_inset
is inserted and the label window pops up asking for the label text.
\SpecialChar LyX
offers as text the first words of the item with a prefix, in our case
the text
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
enu:Second-item
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The prefix
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
enu:
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
stands for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
enumerate
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The prefix depends on the document part where the label is inserted; for
example, if you insert a label into a section heading, the suggested prefix
will be
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
sec:
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To reference the item, we refer to its label using the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross-Reference
\family default
or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
\end_inset
.
A gray cross-reference box like this:
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/reference.png
\end_inset
is inserted and the cross-reference window appears showing all the labels
in the document.
We can now sort the labels alphabetically and then choose the entry
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
enu:Second-item
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
At the position of the cross-reference box the item number will appear
in the output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As an alternative to
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross-Reference
\family default
, you can right-click on a label and in the popup menu select
\family sans
Copy as Reference
\family default
.
The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be pasted
to the actual cursor position via the menu
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paste
\family default
(shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paste"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is our cross-reference: Item
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "enu:Second-item"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It is recommended to use a protected space
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Protected-Space"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
between the cross-reference name and the cross-reference to avoid ugly
line breaks between them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are eight formats of cross-references:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
<reference>: prints the number, this is the default:
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Two-images"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
(<reference>): prints the number within two parentheses, this is the style
normally used to reference formulas, especially when the reference name
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Equation
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is omitted:
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:tanhExp"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
<page>: prints the page number: Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand pageref
reference "fig:Two-images"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
on
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
<page>: prints the text “on page” and the page number:
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand vpageref
reference "fig:Two-images"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
If the label is on the same page, it prints “on this page”; if the label
is on a facing page in a two-sided document, it prints “on the facing page”;
if it is on the previous page which is not a facing page, it prints “on
the previous page”; if it is on the next page which is not a facing page,
it prints “on the next page”.
The wording of the printed text also depends on the used document class.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
<reference>
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
on
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
<page>: prints the number, the text “on page” and the page number:
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand vref
reference "fig:Two-images"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
If the label is on the same page, this format behaves like
\family sans
\series bold
<reference>
\family default
\series default
; otherwise it behaves like
\family sans
\series bold
on
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
<page>
\family default
\series default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Formatted
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
reference: prints a self defined cross-reference format.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
This feature is only available when you have the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
prettyref
\series default
or
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! prettyref
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! refstyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
installed.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
You can select which \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package should be used for this feature by setting
the option
\family sans
Use refstyle (not prettyref) for cross-references
\family default
in the menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Document Class
\family default
.
The package
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
is the default and preferred because
\series bold
prettyref
\series default
supports only English documents.
The format is specified by using the command
\series bold
\backslash
newref\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
format
\series default
(prettyref) or
\series bold
\backslash
newref
\series default
(refstyle) in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
preamble of the document.
For example redefining all references to figures (which have the label
shortcut
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
fig
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) can be done for
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
with this command:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
\backslash
newref{fig}{refcmd={Image on page
\backslash
pageref{#1}}}
\series default
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Note that neither
\series bold
prettyref
\series default
nor
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
predefines reference formats for all available types.
This is especially true for the wide variety of mathematical `theorem'
environments.
So if you want to make formatted references to, say, Propositions, then
you will need to define the relevant format yourself.
For
\series bold
prettyref
\series default
, you might do so as follows:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
\backslash
newref\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
format{prop}{Proposition
\backslash
ref{#1}}
\series default
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
For more information about defining formatted references, have a look at
the package documentation
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "prettyref,refstyle"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
The options
\family sans
Plural
\family default
and
\family sans
Capitalized
\family default
will be available with formatted references only if you are using the
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
package.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Textual
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
reference: prints the caption or the name of the reference:
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand nameref
reference "fig:Two-images"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Label
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
only: prints only the \SpecialChar LaTeX
label for the reference:
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand labelonly
reference "fig:Two-images"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
This allows for customization, using \SpecialChar TeX
Code, if you want to issue a command
that \SpecialChar LyX
does not support.
If you are using
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
, then you may want to use the
\family sans
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Prefix
\family default
option, which will output only the part of the reference following the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
separator.
This is the form needed for e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
's range commands.The number and current page of the referenced document
part in the output is automatically calculated by \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
The varieties are adjusted in the field
\family sans
Format
\family default
of the cross-reference window, that appears when you click on the cross-referen
ce.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can only use the style
\family sans
<reference>
\family default
to reference numbered document parts, while the reference style
\family sans
<page>
\family default
is always possible.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you want to reference a section, put the label in the section heading;
for floats put the label in the caption; for footnotes put the label in
it.
Referencing formulas is explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Right-clicking on a cross-reference opens a context menu.
The entry
\family sans
Go
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Label
\family default
sets the cursor before the referenced label.
\change_inserted -584632292 1599757593
(Ctrl-clicking on a cross-reference will also take you to its corresponding
label.)
\change_unchanged
This entry will be renamed in the context menu of the label to
\family sans
Go
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Back
\family default
so that you can use it to set the cursor back to the cross-reference.
You can also go back with the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "bookmark-goto 0"
\end_inset
\change_inserted -584632292 1599757706
or, using the menu: Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bookmarks\SpecialChar menuseparator
Navigate Back
\change_unchanged
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can change labels at any time.
References to the changed label will automatically be updated so that you
do not need to
\change_deleted -584632292 1599757720
think about this
\change_inserted -584632292 1599757724
change them all manually
\change_unchanged
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If a cross-reference refers to a non-existent label, you will see in \SpecialChar LyX
“BROKEN”
in the cross-reference label and two question marks in the output instead
of the reference.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
References are described in detail in the section
\emph on
Referencing Floats
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Table of Contents and other Listings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Table of contents
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Navigating ! Outline
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Outline
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:toc"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Table of Contents
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Table-of-Contents"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The Table of Contents (TOC) is inserted with the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List/Contents/References\SpecialChar menuseparator
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
of
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Contents
\family default
.
It is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
as a gray box.
If you click on it, the
\family sans
Outline
\family default
window appears, showing you the TOC entries as outline, which allows you
to move and rearrange sections in your documents.
So this operation is an alternative to the menu
\family sans
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Outline
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Pane
\family default
that is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:The-Outliner"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The TOC in the document output lists every numbered section automatically.
If you have declared a short title for a section heading, as described
in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Short-Titles"
\end_inset
, it will be used in the TOC instead of the section heading.
Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Numbering-depth"
\end_inset
describes how the level is adjusted that defines which section types are
listed in the TOC.
Unnumbered sections are not listed in the TOC.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
List of Figures, Tables, Listings and Algorithms
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:List-of-Figures"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Table, figure, listings and algorithm lists are very much like the table
of contents.
You can insert them via the
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List/Contents/References
\family default
submenus.
The list entries are the float captions and the float number.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
URLs and Hyperlinks
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
URLs
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Hyperlinks
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
URLs
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:URLs"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Links to web pages or email addresses can be inserted via the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
URL
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is an example URL: \SpecialChar LyX
's homepage:
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.lyx.org
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You cannot change the style of the link text, the URL text will always be
in the style
\family typewriter
Typewriter
\family default
.
To be able to format the URL text, use hyperlinks as explained in the next
subsection.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
URLs must not end with a backslash, otherwise you get \SpecialChar LaTeX
errors.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Hyperlinks
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Hyperlinks"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Hyperlinks can be inserted with the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Hyperlink
\family default
or with the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "href-insert"
\end_inset
.
The appearing dialog has two fields:
\family sans
Target
\family default
and
\family sans
Name
\family default
.
The name is the printed text for the hyperlink.
The hyperlink type can be a weblink like this:
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "LyX's homepage"
target "https://www.lyx.org"
literal "false"
\end_inset
, an Email address like this:
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "lyx-docs mailing list"
target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's documentation"
type "mailto:"
literal "false"
\end_inset
, or a link to a file.
The option
\family sans
Literal
\family default
in the hyperlink settings dialog allows to input \SpecialChar TeX
code to the
\family sans
Name
\family default
field.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can start applications via a hyperlink when you insert a weblink by
adding the prefix
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
run:
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to the link target.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Hyperlinks will automatically be hyphenated if necessary in the PDF output,
and become clickable in the DVI and PDF-output.
To set the format of the link text, highlight the hyperlink inset and use
the text style dialog.
This is for example a hyperlink with bold sans serif text:
\family sans
\series bold
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "LyX's homepage"
target "https://www.lyx.org"
literal "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The link text color can be changed, when the option
\family sans
Color links
\family default
is set in the PDF Properties dialog (menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
PDF Properties
\family default
).
The link text is for example set in this document to blue by adding the
option
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
urlcolor=blue
\series default
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
to the field
\family sans
Additional options
\family default
in the PDF Properties dialog.
\change_inserted -584632292 1588303457
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
\change_inserted -584632292 1588303474
Counters
\begin_inset Index idx
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Counters
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Counters"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -584632292 1602541139
One powerful feature of \SpecialChar LaTeX
is its ability to manage counters.
Mostly, this is handled automatically, but there are times one wants to
modify counters directly.
This can be done in LyX using the counter inset, which is accessible from
the Edit menu.
This allows one to set a counter's value; to reset it (to zero);
\begin_inset Foot
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -584632292 1602541231
Note that the section counter, e.g., starts with its value at zero and then
is incremented to one when the first section is created.
So, if you want the next section to be section five, say, then you need
to set the section counter to four.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
to add to the value (or subtract from it, since the value added can be
negative); to save it; to restore the saved value; and to print the value.
These effects can also be limited to LyX itself.
And they will appear in HTML and DocBook output, as well as in LaTeX.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -584632292 1588529162
There are five commands you can use:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\change_inserted -584632292 1588529167
Set counter: Allows you to assign a specific value to a counter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\change_inserted -584632292 1588529177
Increase counter: Allows you to add some specified amount to a counter (or
to subtract, if you choose a negative number)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\change_inserted -584632292 1588529180
Reset to zero: Sets the value of the counter to 0.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\change_inserted -584632292 1588529184
Save value of counter: Saves the value of the counter so that it can later
be restored.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\change_inserted -584632292 1588529187
Restore value of counter: Restores the previously saved value.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -584632292 1588374230
The dialog allows you to choose which counter you wish to modify from all
those that are available in the current document class.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Appendices
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Appendix
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Appendices"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Appendices are created with the menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Start
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Here
\family default
.
This menu sets the document from the current cursor position to the end
as the appendix part of the book.
This part is marked with a red borderline.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Every chapter (or section) within the appendix part is treated as an appendix,
numbered with a capital Latin letter.
The appendix subsections are numbered with this letter followed by a dot
and the subsection number.
All appendix sections can be referenced as if they were normal sections,
here two examples:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Units-available-in"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
; Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Export"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Bibliography
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bibliography
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Bibliography"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are two ways of generating the bibliography in a \SpecialChar LyX
document.
You can include a bibliography database, which is explained in sec.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Bibliography-databases"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
, or you can insert the bibliography manually, using the paragraph environment
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
, which is described in the following section (but see also sec.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Biblio_environment"
\end_inset
).
If you want anything other than the numerical citations that are used in
this document, such as author-year citations, and if you have more than
a handful of references, then you should seriously consider
\emph on
\emph default
using a bibliography database.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In order to demonstrate the difference between these two approaches, we
use two bibliographies in this document, a
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment and a database-generated bibliography.
As you can see, the bibliography that is created from a database lists
only the database entries that are referenced in the document.
In other words, the database approach relieves you, amongst other things,
from the burden to check which entries you have actually cited.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
The Bibliography Environment
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:The-Bibliography-Environment"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Within the
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment, every paragraph begins with a gray bibliography box labeled
with a number.
If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a
\family sans
Key
\family default
and a
\family sans
Label
\family default
.
The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
entry.
Each entry needs to be given a unique key, which is one word consisting
of ASCII characters only.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
ASCII means
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "this set"
target "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#Character_set"
literal "false"
\end_inset
of characters:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Flex URL
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#Character_set
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
For example, our second entry in the bibliography is a book about \SpecialChar LaTeX
and
we used
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
latexcompanion
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, a short form of its title, as the key.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
If you set a
\family sans
Label
\family default
for the entry, references to it will appear with this label instead of
the number of the entry.
The option
\family sans
Literal
\family default
in the bibliography items settings dialog allows to input \SpecialChar TeX
code to the
\family sans
Label
\family default
field.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can cross-reference a bibliography entry using the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Citation
\family default
or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation"
\end_inset
.
A citation reference box is inserted and a citation window will appear
containing the available citations.
Select one or more keys from the list and
\family sans
Add
\family default
them.
Then press
\family sans
OK
\family default
.
The citation reference box will be labeled with the referenced key(s).
If you click on the box, the citation window will appear and you can change
the reference.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Citation references appear in the output as the number or the label of the
bibliography entry with surrounding brackets.
Here are two examples; the first without a label, the second with the label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Credits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Have a look at the
\family sans
\SpecialChar LaTeX
Companion Second Edition
\family default
:
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion"
literal "true"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The \SpecialChar LyX
-Team members are listed in the Credits:
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "lyxcredit"
literal "true"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also produce author-year or author-number citations, using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
package
\series bold
natbib
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! natbib
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
In order to do so,
\change_deleted -712698321 1555659455
the label needs to be given the form
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Author(Year)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Author A and Author B(Year)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\emph on
without
\emph default
a blank between the author(s) and the opening parenthesis that delimits
the year.
Then, if you
\change_unchanged
select
\family sans
Natbib
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(BibTeX)
\family default
in the document settings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
dialog under
\family sans
Bibliography\SpecialChar menuseparator
Style
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
format
\family default
(see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Citation-Format"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
)
\change_inserted -712698321 1555660530
.
Once you have done that, the
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
dialog has three input fields instead of the
\family sans
Label
\family default
field:
\family sans
Author Names
\family default
,
\family sans
Year
\family default
and
\family sans
All Author Names
\family default
.
The first one takes the Author list as it should be displayed in the citation
reference, the second the year (without parentheses).
These two are madatory.
If there are multiple authors and you want to both refer to them as a full
list (
\emph on
Baker, Jones, and Williams
\emph default
) and in abrreviated form (
\emph on
Baker et al.
\emph default
)
\change_unchanged
,
\change_inserted -712698321 1555660544
add the abbreviated form to
\family sans
Author Names
\family default
and the full list to the optional
\family sans
All Author Names
\family default
field.
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted -712698321 1555659886
If specified like this,
\change_unchanged
you can select between different author-year or author-number styles
\change_inserted -712698321 1555660646
in the
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Citation
\family default
dialog, and if
\family sans
All Author Names
\family default
is specified, toggling
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
All authors
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in the citation dialog or the citation context menu will switch between
full and abbreviated list
\change_unchanged
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1555660793
Note that the author and year specified in the dialog are only used for
the citation references.
In the bibliography entry, author and year must be added manually.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To align all entries in the bibliography environment you can set a longest
label via the menu
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Settings
\family default
(toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "layout-paragraph"
\end_inset
).
All entries are then indented in the output by the width of the given label.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Bibliography databases
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bibliography ! Databases
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Bibliography-databases"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Bibliography databases are useful if you use the same references in different
documents.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
They are also useful for keeping a database of articles and notes concerning
them.
Most of the database programs mentioned below allow you to store annotations
and reviews along with bibliographical information.
\end_layout
\end_inset
It also makes it very easy to have a uniform layout for all bibliography
entries.
You can collect the bibliography of all relevant books and articles of
your working field in a database.
This database can be used for different documents, and by default only
the entries cited in a particular document will appear in the bibliography
list for that document.
This relieves you of the need to keep track of which articles and books
you have cited.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The database is a text file with the file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
.bib
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, containing the bibliography in a special format.
The format is explained in
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "BibTeX-2"
literal "true"
\end_inset
and in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
books (
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport"
literal "true"
\end_inset
).
The file can be created using any text editor, but normally one uses a
special program to create and edit the entries in the database.
A list of such programs is maintained on the \SpecialChar LyX
Wiki at
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://wiki.lyx.org/BibTeX/Programs
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
supports two different approaches to use bibliography databases in a document.
Bib\SpecialChar TeX
is the classic technique that has been the only way to use such databases
for a long time.
It is quite established and mature and there is a huge range of existing
styles available.
But it has its drawbacks, especially when it comes to more complex bibliographi
c needs and support for specific languages and scripts.
Those are addressed by
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! biblatex
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
It reads the same database format than Bib\SpecialChar TeX
(although it has been significantly
extended beyond Bib\SpecialChar TeX
's scope)
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Meaning: While
\noun on
Biblatex
\noun default
can handle any classic Bib\SpecialChar TeX
database, Bib\SpecialChar TeX
might conversely fail to correctly
handle databases that use specific
\noun on
Biblatex
\noun default
features.
\end_layout
\end_inset
, but it uses a different framework to generate citations and references
from it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To select if Bib\SpecialChar TeX
or
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
should be used, set in the document settings (menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
under
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
the
\family sans
Style
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
format
\family default
to a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
or a
\family sans
Biblatex
\family default
format.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Bib\SpecialChar TeX
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bibliography ! Bib\SpecialChar TeX
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To access a database via Bib\SpecialChar TeX
, use the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List/Contents/References\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bib(la)TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Bibliography
\family default
.
A window will appear in which you can add one or more databases and select
a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
\family sans
style
\family default
file.
The option
\family sans
Add bibliography to TOC
\family default
adds a table of contents entry for the bibliography.
In the
\family sans
Content
\family default
drop box you can select whether to include all the entries in the database
in the document or just the cited references.
\change_inserted -712698321 1530969762
The
\family sans
Encoding
\family default
drop box lets you specify the encoding of the database(s), should this
differ from the encoding of the document.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The Bib\SpecialChar TeX
style file is a text file with the file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
.bst
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
that controls how the bibliography entries will appear.
Your \SpecialChar LaTeX
distribution should provide several of these, and many publishers
provide their own style files, so that you don't have to take care of the
layout.
It is of course possible to write your own style file, but this is something
for experts.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
For information on how this is done, have a look at
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxhak.pdf"
literal "false"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
In this document we used the Bib\SpecialChar TeX
style
\family sans
alphadin.bst
\family default
, which provides an alpha-numeric style in accordance with the German Standards
Institute (DIN).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserting a citation reference works as described in the previous section.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Biblatex
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bibliography ! Biblatex
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! biblatex
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Accessing a database via
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
is almost identical to Bib\SpecialChar TeX
: Use the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List/Contents/References\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bib(la)TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Bibliography
\family default
.
In contrary to Bib\SpecialChar TeX
you cannot select a
\family sans
style
\family default
file
\change_inserted -712698321 1531045799
at this place
\change_unchanged
.
The other dialog options are the same as with Bib\SpecialChar TeX
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1531045867
As for the styles, note the following.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
has two different style files: a bibliography style file (text file with
the file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
.bbx
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) controls how the bibliography entries will look like and a citation style
file (text file with the file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
.cbx
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) controls the look of the citation references in the text.
Usually such style files come in pairs and it makes sense to use matching
styles.
It is nevertheless possible to mix any citation style with any bibliography
style.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
styles are not set in the
\family sans
Bib(la)TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Bibliography
\family default
dialog, but in the document settings.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
However, in the dialog in the
\family sans
Options
\family default
field, which is only visible if you use
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
, you can enter options that determine how the bibliography is printed (for
example how its heading will appear).
These options are described in detail in the
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
manual,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Biblatex"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserting a citation reference works as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:The-Bibliography-Environment"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Bibliography Processors
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To generate the bibliography from a database, \SpecialChar LyX
uses a bibliography processor,
that is an external program that reads the database, sorts the citations
and processes the data in a way it can be included in the document.
The classic program is called Bib\SpecialChar TeX
.
It has the advantage that it is very mature and widespread, but the disadvantag
e that it has severe limitations, due to its age.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Meanwhile, some alternatives have been developed that address some of these
limitations.
LyX natively supports some of them and lets you select a custom processor.
You can do this on a general level in
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default
or for individual documents in
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bibliography
\family default
.
The following variants are available by default:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
biber a specific, modern processor
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! biber
\end_layout
\end_inset
developed exclusively for
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
(it does not work with Bib\SpecialChar TeX
!).
\series bold
biber
\series default
provides full Unicode support, unlimited memory and many specific features
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
makes use of; if you use the
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
approach, it is strongly recommended to use
\series bold
biber
\series default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
bibtex the standard; does not allow special characters in bibliography entries
that are not possible to encode in a 7-bit encoding, limited memory, works
with all bibliography packages, although it will probably fail with
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
bibliographies due to the limited memory.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
bibtex8 allows all characters that are possible to encode in an 8-bit encoding
(but no Unicode support), larger memory than
\family sans
bibtex
\family default
, works with all bibliography packages, although more complex
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
bibliographies will exceed its limits, and not all
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
features are supported.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
By default (with the
\family sans
Processor
\family default
set in
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bibliography
\family default
and with
\family sans
Automatic
\family default
as setting for the
\family sans
Processor
\family default
in
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default
), \SpecialChar LyX
selects an appropriate (available) processor for the current bibliography
approach (
\series bold
biber
\series default
for
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
,
\family sans
bibtex
\family default
for Bib\SpecialChar TeX
-based bibliography styles).
This should suit most needs.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In Japanese documents, a specific processor is used.
By default this is pBib\SpecialChar TeX
(in \SpecialChar LyX
\family sans
pbibtex
\family default
), a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
variant specifically aimed at Japanese.
You can adjust it in
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Selected bibliography processors can be controlled with options that you
can add below the selection.
Before adding options, it is strongly recommended that you read the manual
of Bib\SpecialChar TeX
or
\series bold
biber
\series default
,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "BibTeX,biber"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Customizing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
supports some specific tasks such as sectioned bibliographies and multiple
bibliographies.
These are explained in detail in section
\emph on
Customizing Bibliographies
\emph default
\emph on
with Bib\SpecialChar TeX
or Biblatex
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
manual.
\change_inserted 5863208 1598273348
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Citation Format
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bibliography ! Citation format
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Citation-Format"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Many different citation formats are common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
numerical citation (as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
like in this document), alpha-numerical citations (as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Mil08
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) or author-year citations (as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Miller (2008a)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
\SpecialChar LyX
supports these formats via specific citation packages and their style
files.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
By default a simple numeric citation style is used.
In
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bibliography
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
you have a range of other options, depending on your preferred bibliography
approach.
With the
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment your only choice besides manual formatting of the bibliography
labels, is there to use
\family sans
Natbib
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(BibTeX)
\family default
\series bold
\series default
as
\family sans
Style
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
format
\family default
which gives you author-year and author-numerical citations (see above
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:The-Bibliography-Environment"
\end_inset
for details).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With a bibliography database (see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Bibliography-databases"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
) one has in contrary to the
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment full access to the formatting styles.
These style formats are available:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Basic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(BibTeX) the default Bib\SpecialChar TeX
-based approached without any additional packages
(simple numeric citations).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Biblatex loads the package
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! biblatex
\end_layout
\end_inset
and lets you select a style in the dropdown boxes
\family sans
Biblatex citation style
\family default
and
\family sans
Biblatex bibliography style
\family default
below.
Options to the package
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
can be entered in the
\family sans
Options
\family default
field.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Biblatex
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(natbib
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
mode) loads the package
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
with the natbib compatibility mode.
This is a specific variant for users who switch an existing document that
uses
\series bold
natbib
\series default
or want to emulate
\family sans
the
\family default
\series bold
natbib
\series default
behavior very closely.
Compared to normal
\family sans
Biblatex
\family default
this option has some additional styles.
All
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
styles are also supported by this variant.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Jurabib
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(BibTeX) loads the package
\series bold
jurabib
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! jurabib
\end_layout
\end_inset
which provides author-year styles particularly suited for law studies.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Natbib
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(BibTeX) loads the package
\series bold
natbib
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! natbib
\end_layout
\end_inset
which provides citation styles particularly suited for the humanities.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Biblatex
\family default
and
\family sans
Natbib
\family default
style formats provide the choice between author-year and author-numerical
citation styles.
You have to select one style in the dropdown box
\family sans
Variant
\family default
.
Note that for the
\family sans
Biblatex
\family default
formats, this only affects the appearance in the \SpecialChar LyX
workarea.
Whether the output uses numerical, author-year or another format such as
alpha-numerical depends only on the selected
\family sans
Biblatex citation style
\family default
.
However, when switching between Author-year and Author-number, a suitable
style is proposed.
With
\family sans
Natbib
\family default
, on the other hand, the dialog selection will ultimately determine the
style.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For any author-year and author-numerical selection, multiple style variants
are available in the
\family sans
Citation
\family default
dialog.
Some selections also provide further options like the option to uppercase
a name prefix such as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
van Beethoven
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Van Beethoven
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) or to expand or reduce the number of displayed others (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
use or don't use
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
et al.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the citation dialog you can also set text to appear after a citation
reference, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
page numbers, which will then be formatted according to the style's needs
(e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
with or without
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
pp.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
The option
\family sans
Literal
\family default
in the citation dialog allows to input \SpecialChar TeX
code to the fields
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
before
\family default
and
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
after
\family default
.
Here is a simple example where the text
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Chapter
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
3
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
appears after the reference:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
Have a look at
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
after "Chapter 3"
key "latexcompanion"
literal "false"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
All styles except for
\family sans
Basic (BibTeX)
\family default
also provide the feature to add text that precedes the reference (such
as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cf.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
This text is then also included in the parentheses, if the style requires
this.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that these pre- and postnotes apply to the whole citation.
So if you refer to multiple references at once, the prenote will precede
the first citation in the list, the postnote will follow the last.
Some
\family sans
Biblatex
\family default
styles allow to add pre- and postnotes to any individual reference in a
multi-citation (so-called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
qualified citation lists
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
\SpecialChar LyX
supports this.
If you use such a style and if the current reference includes multiple
items the
\family sans
Citation
\family default
dialog will display three columns in the field
\family sans
Selected Citations
\family default
:
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
before
\family default
,
\family sans
Cite
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
key
\family default
and
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
after
\family default
.
If you double-click on an item's
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
before
\family default
or
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
after
\family default
field, you can add such individual pre- and postnotes.
In the
\family sans
General text before
\family default
and
\family sans
General text after
\family default
fields you can add pre- and postnotes that apply to the whole list.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\change_inserted -712698321 1598509964
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Opening-cited-documents"
\end_inset
Opening cited documents from within \SpecialChar LyX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1598509000
\SpecialChar LyX
supports opening documents selected citations point to via the
\family sans
Try
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Open
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Citation
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Content\SpecialChar ldots
\family default
context menu if specific conditions are met:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1598526971
If citation entries include any of the fields
\begin_inset Flex Code
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1598508820
url
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Flex Code
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1598508820
doi
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
for BibTeX and BibLaTeX,
\begin_inset Flex Code
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1598508820
eprint
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
for BibLaTeX (covering arXiv, JSTOR, PubMed, HDL, Google Books
\begin_inset Flex Code
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1598508820
eprinttype
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
), the action will launch a web browser with the appropriate link.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1598509157
If citation entries include any of the fields
\begin_inset Flex Code
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1598508820
file
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
(filled by JabRef) or
\begin_inset Flex Code
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1598508820
localfile
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
(filled by KBibTeX) containing an URL that points to a file on your local
drive, the action will launch an appropriate file viewer.
At the moment only absolute paths are accepted.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1598526494
In addition to that, \SpecialChar LyX
also searches your disk for matching files if you
enable
\family sans
Search drive for cited files
\family default
in
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar ldots
\SpecialChar menuseparator
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Control
\family default
.
It uses the tokens supplied at
\family sans
Pattern
\family default
in the same preferences section (by default: year and authors).
Any of the tokens in the pattern must occur in the title of the file (at
arbitrary position).
\SpecialChar LyX
opens the first matching file it finds.
This might or might not be the file you are looking for; the more systematic
your file naming is, and the less ambiguous keywords you use, the greater
the chance this works for you.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1598527586
The pattern syntax uses specific keywords.
These are basically Bib\SpecialChar TeX
fields (such as
\begin_inset Flex Code
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1598527586
title
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
) embraced in
\begin_inset Flex Code
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1598509565
%
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
, but there are also special keys, which are documented in the Customization
manual, sec.
\emph on
Cite format description
\emph default
.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Index
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index generation
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Index"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
An index entry is created if you use the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Index
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Entry
\family default
or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "index-insert"
\end_inset
.
A box is inserted containing the text that appears in the index.
The word where the cursor is in or the currently highlighted text is proposed
by \SpecialChar LyX
as the index entry.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The index list is inserted in the document with the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List/Contents/References\SpecialChar menuseparator
Index
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
List
\family default
.
A light blue box labeled
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
Index
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will show the place where the index is printed in the output.
The index list box is not clickable like other \SpecialChar LyX
-boxes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We give a short overview of the index commands in the next subsections.
For a detailed description of \SpecialChar LaTeX
's index mechanism, have a look at one of
the \SpecialChar LaTeX
books
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Grouping Index Entries
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index ! Grouping
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Index entries are often grouped to offer the reader a fast search in the
index.
We want to group for example the index entries for itemized and enumerated
lists under the entry
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Lists
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
First we create the entry
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Lists
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Lists"
\end_inset
.
In the text field for the itemized list index entry in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Itemize"
\end_inset
, we insert the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Lists ! Itemize
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
and the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Lists ! Enumerate
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
for the enumerated list in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Enumerate"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The exclamation mark
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
marks the grouping levels.
You can have three levels; every index level is indented a bit more.
An index entry for the higher levels is not required.
If we don't have an index entry for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Lists
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, it will be printed anyway, but without a page number.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Page Ranges
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index ! Page ranges
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Normally an index entry will appear with the page number of the indexed
section.
But sometimes you want to index more pages under the same entry.
For example, if we want to index the paragraph environments, we create
an index entry in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments"
\end_inset
with the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Paragraph environments|(
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
and another entry at the end of section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LyX-Code"
\end_inset
with the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Paragraph environments|)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The commands
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\series bold
|(
\series default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\series bold
|)
\series default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
respectively start and end the index range.
You can also add the same index entry at different places in the document.
They appear in the output under one entry with a comma separated list of
the pages of the indexed document parts.
An example is the index entry
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Document ! Settings
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Cross referencing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index ! Cross referencing
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It is also possible to refer to another index entry.
We referred for example in the index entry
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
GIF
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Image-Formats"
\end_inset
) to the index entry
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Image formats
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in the same section using the entry
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
GIF|see{Image formats}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
where the braces have to be inserted as \SpecialChar TeX
Code.
The text within the braces is the referenced entry.
The reference will appear in the output without a page number.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Index Entry Order
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index ! Entry order
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you use accented characters in the index entry the entries might not
follow the rules for the index order.
The index entries are sorted alphabetically but \SpecialChar LaTeX
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
The index generating is done in the background by an extra program, see
section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Index-Program"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
does not know how to sort accents in different languages.
We have created as an example the three dummy index entries
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
maison
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
maïs
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
maître
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dummy entries ! maïs
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dummy entries ! maître
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dummy entries ! maïs@maison
\end_layout
\end_inset
They will be sorted in the order maïs, maître, maison but we want the order
maïs, maison, maître.
To achieve this, we use the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
previous entry@current entry
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In our case we want to have
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
maison
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
after
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
maïs
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and write therefore for the index entry of maison:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
maïs@maison
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The previous entry need not be a real existing entry.
You can also use another word to tell \SpecialChar LaTeX
the entry order.
See the next subsection for an example.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Index Entry Layout
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index ! Entry layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can change the appearance of index entries via the text style dialog.
\begin_inset Index idx
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dummy entries !
\shape italic
This is an italic dummy entry
\end_layout
\end_inset
You can also format the page number using the character
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
|
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
followed by a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command without a backslash.
We can write for example
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
italic page number:|textit
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
to get the page number in italic.
\begin_inset Index idx
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dummy entries ! italic page number:|textit
\end_layout
\end_inset
Normally all \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands begin with a backslash, but in this special case
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\series bold
|command
\series default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means
\series bold
\backslash
command{page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
number}
\series default
.
Have a look at section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-Syntax"
\end_inset
to learn more about the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-syntax.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
Formatting single index entries only works when you use the program
\family sans
makeindex
\family default
to generate the index, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Index-Program"
\end_inset
.
If you use
\family sans
xindy
\family default
, this will not work for anything other than bold or italic text.
This is because
\family sans
xindy
\family default
requires you to define semantic elements before they can be used, see
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
after "p. 678 ff."
key "latexcompanion"
literal "true"
\end_inset
for details.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In general, we encourage you to not format page numbers directly as shown
above.
Instead, you should define a macro in the preamble and use that.
Maybe you want all page references italic that refer to a definition of
the indexed term, so that users can easily find definitions.
If so, put the following in the preamble
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
IndexDef}[1]{
\backslash
textit{#1}}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
and write
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
my entry|IndexDef
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
in the index entry.
\begin_inset Index idx
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dummy entries ! my entry|IndexDef
\end_layout
\end_inset
The advantage is that, if you change your mind later or if your publisher
insists that definitions must not be italic but bold, you just need to
change the macro in the preamble, not every single index entry.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also change the layout for the whole index.
For example, we marked the index list box of this document as bold to get
a bold font for all index entries.
For more advanced tasks you have to set up a so-called
\emph on
Index Style File
\emph default
, see the
\family sans
makeindex
\family default
or
\family sans
xindy
\family default
documentation for details,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "makeindex,xindy"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Index Program
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index ! Program
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Index-Program"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If the index generation program
\family sans
xindy
\family default
is installed, \SpecialChar LyX
uses it for index generation; otherwise the program
\family sans
makeindex
\family default
, the program that is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
distribution, is used.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Makeindex
\family default
is very old, no longer under development and has many pitfalls, notably
that it was developed with only the English language in mind.
So it fails to sort anything other than a monolingual English text correctly.
We have shown above how to fix this sorting.
However, if you are writing in another than the English language, consider
to use
\family sans
xindy
\family default
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
Both programs can be controlled by options that can be set in \SpecialChar LyX
's preferences
dialog, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-settings"
\end_inset
.
The available options are listed and explained in
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "makeindex-man,xindy"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
In this dialog, you can also specify an alternative program to generate
the index.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you need specific options or an alternative index program only for a
given document, you can define the program and\SpecialChar breakableslash
or the options in
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Indexes
\family default
.
This is especially useful if you need to pass language-specific options
to the index program or if you need a specific layout style.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Multiple Indexes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In many fields it is common to have more than one index.
For instance, you might need to set up a separate
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Index of Names
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
next to the standard index.
\SpecialChar LaTeX
does not provide this possibility out of the box, but there are packages
that add this feature.
\SpecialChar LyX
uses the
\series bold
splitidx
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! splitidx
\end_layout
\end_inset
package to generate multiple indexes.
The package is included in all recent \SpecialChar LaTeX
distributions.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
If yours does not ship it, consult the \SpecialChar TeX
catalogue,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "TeXCatalogue"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
Note that the package does not only consist of a \SpecialChar LaTeX
style, but it also includes
specific preprocessor programs that need to be installed as well.
Please consult the package's manual for details.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To set up \SpecialChar LyX
for the use of multiple indexes, go to
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Indexes
\family default
and select the option
\family sans
Use multiple Indexes
\family default
.
Note that the list
\family sans
Available Indexes
\family default
already contains the standard index
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Index
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
To add further indexes, add the name of the index (in the form that should
also appear as a heading) to the
\family sans
New
\family default
input field and press the
\family sans
Add
\family default
button.
The new index now also appears in the list.
If you like, you can attribute an alternative \SpecialChar LyX
label color to the new index.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Once the document changes have been applied, you can find the new index
list in
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List/Contents/References
\family default
and the
\family sans
Insert
\family default
menu has a separate entry for each of the defined indexes.
The workflow is basically the same as for the default index, but there
are additional features:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
If you want to change the attribution of a specific index entry, right-clicking
on the entry's label will open a dialog where you can do that.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
By right-clicking on an index, you can change its type.
Furthermore, you can specify an index to be a
\family sans
Subindex
\family default
.
If you do that, the heading of that list will be decreased by one level.
For example, if you use a book class, where the standard index heading
is defined as a chapter, subindexes will be defined as sections and can
thus be nested to the non-subindexes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The option
\family sans
Literal
\family default
allows to use \SpecialChar TeX
code in the name of the index.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Nomenclature/Glossary
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nomenclature
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Glossary|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Nomenclature
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Nomenclature"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you need to provide a list of technical terms or symbols that
are mentioned in your document with a brief explanation of them – a so
called nomenclature or glossary.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To be able to create nomenclatures or glossaries, you need the \SpecialChar LaTeX
package
\series bold
nomencl
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! nomencl
\end_layout
\end_inset
installed.
You find it in the \SpecialChar TeX
catalogue,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "TeXCatalogue"
literal "true"
\end_inset
or in the package manager of your \SpecialChar LaTeX
-system.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A nomenclature entry is created if you place the cursor after a symbol entry
and then use the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
\family default
N
\family sans
omenclature
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Entry
\family default
or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "nomencl-insert"
\end_inset
.
A gray box labeled
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
Nom
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is inserted and a window pops up asking for the nomenclature entry.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A nomenclature entry consists of two main entries.
The first is the term or
\family sans
Symbol
\family default
that you wish to define.
The second is the
\family sans
Description
\family default
of the term or symbol.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
To use \SpecialChar TeX
code for nomenclature entries the option
\family sans
Literal
\family default
in the nomenclature dialog has to be used.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Nomenclature Definition and Layout
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nomenclature ! Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you have symbols in formulas, you have to define them in the
\family sans
Symbol
\family default
field as \SpecialChar LaTeX
formulas.
For example to get
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, insert this:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
$
\backslash
sigma$
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series default
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
$
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
character starts/ends the formula.
The \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command for the Greek letter is the name of the letter beginning with
a backslash
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\backslash
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
For capital Greek letters, start the command also with a capital letter,
like
\series bold
\backslash
Sigma
\series default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
(A short introduction to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
syntax is given in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-Syntax"
\end_inset
.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You cannot use the
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style
\family default
dialog to format the description text; you have to use \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands.
For example the description of the nomenclature entry for the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in this document is:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
dummy entry for the character
\backslash
textsf{sigma}
\series default
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
The command
\series bold
\backslash
textsf
\series default
sets the fonts to
\family sans
sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
serif
\family default
.
To get
\series bold
bold
\series default
font use the command
\series bold
\backslash
textbf
\series default
, for
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
use
\series bold
\backslash
texttt
\series default
, for
\emph on
emphasized
\emph default
use
\series bold
\backslash
emph
\series default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To customize the appearance of all symbols add e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
the command
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
nomlabel}[1]{
\backslash
textsf{
\backslash
textbf{#1}}}
\series default
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
to the LaTeX preamble in the document settings.
This command will make the font of all symbols
\series bold
bold
\series default
and
\family sans
sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
serif
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If the characters |
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
!
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
, @ and
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
"
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
should appear in nomenclature entries containing \SpecialChar TeX
code they need to be escaped
by adding a
\change_deleted -712698321 1610611122
quote
\change_inserted -712698321 1610611123
percent
\change_unchanged
character in front of them.
\change_inserted -712698321 1610611807
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "%@, %|, %!, %\""
description "The quote sign in TeX code is output by writing ' %\"{}%\"{} '."
literal "true"
\end_inset
\change_deleted -712698321 1610611114
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "\"@, \"|, \"!, \"\""
description "The quote sign in TeX code is output by writing ' \"\" '."
literal "true"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Sort Order of Nomenclature Entries
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nomenclature ! Sort order
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The nomenclature entries are sorted alphabetically by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-code of the symbol
definition.
This leads to undesired results when you, for example, have symbols in
formulas.
Suppose you have nomenclature entries for the symbols
\emph on
a
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "a"
description "dummy entry for the character \"a\""
literal "false"
\end_inset
\emph default
and
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
prefix "sigma"
symbol "$\\sigma$"
description "dummy entry for the character \\textsf{sigma}"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
They will be sorted by
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
a
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
$
\backslash
sigma$
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
– the
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset
will be sorted before the
\emph on
a
\emph default
since the character
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
$
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is considered in sorting.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To control the sort order, you can edit the
\family sans
Sort
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
as
\family default
field of the nomenclature dialog.
Then the nomenclature entry will be sorted by this entry and not the symbol
definition.
For the example given, you can insert
\family typewriter
sigma
\family default
in this field for the
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset
, then
\emph on
a
\emph default
will be located before
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For subgrouping and tips for using sort entries see the
\series bold
nomencl
\series default
documentation,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "nomencl"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Nomenclature Options
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nomenclature ! Options
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Nomenclature-Options"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\series bold
nomencl
\series default
package offers some options to adjust the appearance of the nomenclature.
Here are some of its options; for more have a look at its documentation:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
refeq Appends the phrase
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
, see equation (
\emph on
eq
\emph default
)
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to every nomenclature entry, where
\family sans
\emph on
eq
\family default
\emph default
is the number of the last equation in front of the nomenclature entry
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
refpage Appends the phrase
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
, page (
\emph on
page
\emph default
)
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to every nomenclature entry, where
\family sans
\emph on
page
\family default
\emph default
is the number of the page on which the nomenclature entry appeared
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
intoc Inserts the nomenclature in the Table of Contents
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To use one or more of the options, add them to the comma-separated document
class options list in the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
dialog.
In this document the options
\series bold
refpage, intoc
\series default
are used.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also use the first two options above only for certain nomenclature
entries when you add one of the following commands as last entry to the
\family sans
Description
\family default
field in the nomenclature dialog:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\backslash
nomrefeq Like the
\series bold
refeq
\series default
option
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\backslash
nomrefpage Like the
\series bold
refpage
\series default
option
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\backslash
nomrefeqpage Short notation of
\series bold
\backslash
nomrefeq
\backslash
nomrefpage
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\backslash
nomnorefeq,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\backslash
nomnorefpage,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\backslash
nomnorefeqpage Turns off the corresponding options
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Words like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
page
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
are automatically translated for most document languages.
If not, add these lines in front of the nomenclature list as \SpecialChar TeX
code:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\series bold
\backslash
renewcommand*{
\backslash
eqdeclaration}[1]{
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\size small
\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\size default
\backslash
unskip, see equation
\backslash
nobreakspace(#1)}
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\backslash
renewcommand*{
\backslash
pagedeclaration}[1]{
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\size small
\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\size default
\backslash
unskip, page
\backslash
nobreakspace{}#1}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If the numbers should be hyperlinks, assure that you use
\family sans
Hyperref
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Support
\family default
in the document settings under
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Properties
\family default
and use instead:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
renewcommand*{
\backslash
eqdeclaration}[1]{
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\backslash
unskip, see
\backslash
hyperlink{equation.#1}{equation
\backslash
nobreakspace{}(#1)}}
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\backslash
renewcommand*{
\backslash
pagedeclaration}[1]{
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\backslash
unskip,
\backslash
hyperlink{page.#1}{page
\backslash
nobreakspace{}#1}}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Printing the Nomenclature
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nomenclature ! Printing
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To print the nomenclature, use the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List/Contents/References\SpecialChar menuseparator
Nomenclature
\family default
.
A box labeled
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
Nomenclature
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will show the place where the nomenclature is printed in the output.
By right-clicking on it, the amount of space for symbols can be altered.
You can choose between these settings:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Default a space of 1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
cm is used
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Longest
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
label
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
width the width of the widest symbol of all nomenclature entries is used
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Custom custom space
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the printed output the title of the nomenclature appears as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Nomenclature
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
If you are not happy with the name, you can change it by redefining the
command
\series bold
\backslash
nomname
\series default
in the preamble.
For example, in order to change the name to
\emph on
List of Symbols
\emph default
, add the following line to the preamble:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
AtBeginDocument{
\backslash
addto
\backslash
captionsenglish{
\backslash
def
\backslash
nomname{List of Symbols}}}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When you are using another document language than English, replace
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
\backslash
captionsenglish
\series default
by
\series bold
\backslash
extras***
\series default
, where *** is the name of the language used.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Nomenclature Program
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nomenclature ! Program
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Nomenclature-Program"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
uses the program
\family sans
makeindex
\family default
, that is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
distribution, to generate the nomenclature.
\SpecialChar LyX
's preferences dialog allows you to specify another program or to control
\family sans
makeindex
\family default
by adding options, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-settings"
\end_inset
.
The available options are listed and explained in
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "nomencl,makeindex"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Branches
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Branches
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Branches
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Branches"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes it is useful to hide some document parts in the output.
For example a teacher who is setting an exam obviously doesn't want the
pupils to see the answers, but having questions and answers in the same
document will make the life of the markers of that exam much easier.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For these cases \SpecialChar LyX
allows you to put text into branches.
The text will then only appear in the output when its branch is activated.
To create a branch, either select the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Branch\SpecialChar menuseparator
Insert New Branch
\family default
(if you just want to specify a new branch) or go in the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
dialog to
\family sans
Branches
\family default
, where you can specify and change the name of the branch, its activation
state (whether the content of the branch is shown in the output or not),
its background color inside \SpecialChar LyX
and whether the name of the branch should
be appended to the document file name on export if the branch is active
(see below for an example).
Furthermore, the dialog lets you merge two branches (just rename one branch
to the name of the other) and to add
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
unknown branches
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
branches that were added to the document via copy and paste from other documents
, without having been defined) to the document's branch list.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Text that should be in a branch is set into branch inset boxes.
These boxes are inserted via the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Branch
\family default
where you can choose a branch.
You can later change the activation state of the branch by right-clicking
on them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is an example, where only the question text appears, the answer branch
is deactivated and therefore does not appear in the output:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Branch Question
inverted 0
status open
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Question:
\series default
Who was the first physics Nobel prize winner?
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Branch Answer
inverted 0
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Answer:
\series default
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you activate
\family sans
Filename Suffix
\family default
in
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Branches
\family default
, the name of the active branches will be appended to the file name at export.
Consider for example a file
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Exam.lyx
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
which has the above branches.
If
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Filename Suffix
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is active, the PDF export file would be called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Exam.pdf
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
if both the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Question
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Answer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
branch were inactive,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Exam-Question.pdf
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
if only the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Question
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
branch was active, likewise
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Exam-Answer.pdf
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
if only the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Answer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
branch was active, and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Exam-Question-Answer.pdf
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
if both branches were active.
This helps you to export different versions of your document easily.
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are also inverted branch insets, whose content is output just in case
the branch is
\emph on
not
\emph default
activated.
This make it easy to add alternative text for different versions of a document.
To control whether a particular inset is inverted, right-click on the inset
button and choose
\family sans
Invert
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Inset
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Branch Answer
inverted 1
status open
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
No answer:
\series default
Because the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Answer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
branch is deactivated.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To use conditional output inside places where you cannot insert branch insets,
like inside equations, you can code special \SpecialChar LaTeX
definitions for each branch.
For example you can define for the question branch
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
For an introduction to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-syntax, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-Syntax"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
question}[1]{#1}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
answer}[1]{}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
and for the answer branch
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
question}[1]{}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
answer}[1]{#1}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Branch Question
inverted 0
status open
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
question}[1]{#1}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
answer}[1]{}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Branch Answer
inverted 0
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
question}[1]{}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
answer}[1]{#1}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now it is possible to use the
\series bold
\backslash
question{\SpecialChar ldots
}
\series default
and
\series bold
\backslash
answer{\SpecialChar ldots
}
\series default
commands to obtain conditional output.
Here is an example formula where only the
\series bold
\backslash
question
\series default
part appears:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
x^{2}-2x-2\Rightarrow\question{x_{1}}\answer{x_{2}}=1\question{+\sqrt{3}}\answer{-\sqrt{3}}.
\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inside math, the same effect can be achieved using math macros, see the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Each type of branch is allowed to have its specific style defined in layout
files (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
any branch inset can be automatically wrapped by your own \SpecialChar LaTeX
commands.).
For this advanced usage, see the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual, section
\emph on
Flex insets and InsetLayout
\emph default
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
PDF Properties
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:PDF-Properties"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
PDF properties
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
PDF Properties
\family default
dialog allows you to set up special options for the PDF output of your
document.
All these options are provided by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
hyperref
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! hyperref
\end_layout
\end_inset
which will link all cross-references in the DVI- and PDF-output.
This means that the reader of your document will be able to click on a
table of contents entry or on a reference to move to the cross-referenced
part of the document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The header information in the dialog tab
\family sans
General
\family default
is saved together with the PDF as file properties.
Many programs are able to extract this information, for example, automatically
to recognize who the author is and what the PDF is about.
This is very useful to sort, classify or use PDFs for bibliography issues.
When the option
\family sans
Automatically
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
fill
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
header
\family default
is set, \SpecialChar LyX
tries to extract the header information from your document title
and author entries.
The option
\family sans
Load
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
in
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
fullscreen
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
mode
\family default
will open the PDF in fullscreen mode, which is useful for presentations.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can specify in the dialog tab
\family sans
Hyperlinks
\family default
how the links will look and if links for bibliographical backreferences
are created.
The
\family sans
Break
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
links
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
over
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
lines
\family default
option allows long links to be split;
\family sans
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
frames
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
around
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
links
\family default
and
\family sans
Color
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
links
\family default
both turn off the default behavior of enclosing all links in frames;
\family sans
Color
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
links
\family default
colors the different links.
The default colors are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\color magenta
magenta
\color inherit
for hyperlinks and URLs
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\color red
red
\color inherit
for links
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\color green
green
\color inherit
for citations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
but you can change these in the field
\family sans
Additional options
\family default
.
For example, in this document they were changed with the additional options:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If the option
\family sans
Backreferences
\family default
is set, the hyperlinks will appear in the bibliography after the different
entries, showing, depending on the option selected, the number of the section,
slide or page where the entry is referenced.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the dialog tab
\family sans
Bookmarks
\family default
you can specify if PDF-bookmarks should be created for every section of
your document to make it easier for readers to navigate through the document.
You can decide if the bookmarks should be numbered like your document sections
or not.
With the
\family sans
Open bookmarks
\family default
\family sans
Level
\family default
you can specify what sectioning level should be displayed in the bookmarks
when opening the PDF.
For example level
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2 will display all sections and subsections, while level
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
1 will only display the sections.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
PDF properties are also used in this document.
When you look in its document settings, you can see that some additional
\series bold
hyperref
\series default
options are used.
For an explanation of all them we refer you to the hyperref manual
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "hyperref"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
\SpecialChar TeX
Code and the \SpecialChar LaTeX
Syntax
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:TeX-Code"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\SpecialChar TeX
Code Boxes
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar TeX
Code
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:TeX-Code-Boxes"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As \SpecialChar LyX
uses \SpecialChar LaTeX
in the background, it supports many \SpecialChar LaTeX
commands and constructs,
but not all.
\SpecialChar LaTeX
contains hundreds of packages that provide different commands.
All the time packages are being updated and new ones added.
This has the advantage that you can typeset nearly everything as there
is a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package for every problem, though \SpecialChar LyX
cannot support all packages and
their commands.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
But don't worry, you can use any \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command directly in \SpecialChar LyX
inside the \SpecialChar TeX
Code
box.
A \SpecialChar TeX
Code box is created by the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Code
\family default
or by the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "ert-insert"
\end_inset
(shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "ert-insert"
\end_inset
).
The box can be opened by left-clicking and closed by right-clicking on
it and selecting
\family sans
Close Inset
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can insert complete or incomplete commands as \SpecialChar TeX
Code.
Incomplete means that the command argument can be Standard \SpecialChar LyX
text.
For example, if you want to draw a frame around a word
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
The LyX way would be to use a framed box.
\end_layout
\end_inset
and are therefore using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command
\series bold
\backslash
fbox
\series default
, you can write the command part
\series bold
\backslash
fbox{
\series default
in a \SpecialChar TeX
Code box before the word and the closing brace
\series bold
}
\series default
in a second \SpecialChar TeX
Code box behind the word.
The word between the two \SpecialChar TeX
Code boxes is then the argument as it is in the
following example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/ERT.png
scale 95
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
gives
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This is a line with a
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
fbox{
\end_layout
\end_inset
framed
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
word.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
At the end of \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands without parameters, you have to insert a space
to let \SpecialChar LaTeX
know that the command is finished.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
A Short Introduction to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
Syntax
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
The \SpecialChar LaTeX
Syntax
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
Syntax
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:LaTeX-Syntax"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When you write larger documents or books, you will need to know something
about the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands that \SpecialChar LyX
uses in the background.
Because \SpecialChar LaTeX
is based on commands, you can
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
program
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
your text.
This has the advantage that the layout of the document can be changed at
any time if you know the right commands.
For example, imagine you have to write a manual for a product and the deadline
is the end of the day.
Your boss has just complimented you for your good work but wants to have
all caption labels bold.
But you have over a hundred figure and table captions with non-bold labels
in your manual.
Of course it is impossible to change all caption labels manually in one
day.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now \SpecialChar LaTeX
comes into play.
As mentioned above, for every problem there exists a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package.
First you have to find out which and therefore look in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
package database,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Catalogue"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As result you find that the package
\series bold
caption
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! caption
\end_layout
\end_inset
is what you need.
To use a package, you have to load it in the document preamble (menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
\SpecialChar menuseparator
\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Preamble
\family default
) with the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
usepackage[options]{package name}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
All \SpecialChar LaTeX
commands begin with a backslash, the command argument is set within
two braces and the options are set within two brackets.
Note that not all commands have an argument and options.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In your case the package name is
\series bold
caption
\series default
.
After a look in the documentation of the package, you know that the option
\series bold
labelfont=bf
\series default
will change the font of all caption labels to bold.
So you add the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
usepackage[labelfont=bf]{caption}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
to the preamble and the problem is solved.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
For more commands provided by the
\series bold
caption
\series default
package, have a look at its documentation,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "caption"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that some document classes have built-in solutions for well-known problems
like your case.
For example if you use a
\family sans
KOMA-Script
\family default
class, you don't need the package
\series bold
caption
\series default
, you can instead write
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
setkomafont{captionlabel}{
\backslash
bfseries}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
in the preamble and the problem is solved.
So if you plan to write a large document, you should have a look at the
documentation of the document class you want to use.
(
\series bold
\backslash
setkomafont
\series default
is an example of a command with more than one argument.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Commands in the preamble affect the whole document, while commands in the
text affect only the text after the command or only the text used as command
argument.
To insert a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command in text, use the \SpecialChar TeX
Code box as described in the previous
section.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you want to learn more about \SpecialChar LaTeX
and its syntax, have a look at the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-books
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion,latexguide"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage clearpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
pagestyle{fancy}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
switches temporarily to a page style with custom header and footer line
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Left Header
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
rightmark
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
defines the header line as described below
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Center Header
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Right Header
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
leftmark
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Left Footer
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
thepage
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Center Footer
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\series bold
\color red
\SpecialChar LyX
's user guide
\end_layout
\end_inset
Magic code:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon=\frac{\sqrt[3]{\aleph}}{\spadesuit}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Right Footer
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Roman{page}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Customized Page Headers and Footers
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Customized-Page-Headers"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Header/Footer line
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Header/Footer line
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To define a custom page header and footer line for your document, you need
to set the
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
style
\family default
to
\family sans
Fancy
\family default
in the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
dialog under
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Layout
\family default
.
As a second step add in the menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Modules
\family default
the module
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\emph on
Custom Header/Footerlines
\emph default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
This module offers the following 6
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
environments:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Left
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Header,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Center
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Header,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Header
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Left
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Footer,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Center
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Footer,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Footer
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
for the different positions in the header/footer.
These environments can be selected in the environment pull-down box.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Normally, headers and footers are set up at the beginning of the document.
But you can change them anywhere you want to.
Figure
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Page-layout"
\end_inset
shows the page layout and where the header/footer styles will appear.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement h
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="30line%">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="30line%">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="30line%">
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Left Header
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Center Header
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Right Header
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none" width="90line%">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
The normal text on the page goes here.
The running header is above the text, and the footer is below (including
footnotes).
Headers/footers typically contain things like the page number, title of
the chapter, company logo but you can use almost anything, except of floats.
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Left Footer
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Center Footer
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Right Footer
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Page-layout"
\end_inset
Page layout with custom header and footer line.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note
\series default
: some document classes implement their own customized page headers and
footers if
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
style
\family default
is set to “Default”.
Check what these are before you specify your own customized page headers
and footers.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Definition
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To define your header line, add all three header environments.
The things you add to each environment appear on odd numbered pages, the
things in the optional arguments on even numbered pages.
For single-sided documents, the optional arguments will not be used and
can be omitted.
If you leave a header environment or its argument empty, nothing appears
in the output.
Defining the footer line works similarly.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For the definition, you will need some \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands that are inserted as \SpecialChar TeX
code
(menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Code
\family default
):
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\backslash
thepage prints the current page number
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\backslash
Roman{page} prints the current page number with capital roman numerals
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\backslash
roman{page} prints the current page number with small roman numerals
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\backslash
leftmark prints the current section number and title.
If the document has chapters, it prints the current chapter number and
title instead.
It is called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
leftmark
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset
because it usually goes in a left header.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\backslash
rightmark prints the current subsection number and title.
If the document has chapters, it prints the current section number and
title instead.
It is normally used in the right header.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Default header/footer
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The custom header/footer is not empty by default.
The default header contains the chapter and section title and the center
footer has the page number.
In order to remove unwanted entries from the header/footer, include the
relevant header/footer style in your document, but leave it blank.
So, if you do not want a page number in the footer, include a blank
\family sans
Center
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Footer
\family default
style.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Appearance
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The header and footer will appear on normal pages.
Some pages are different.
The title page has a header/footer environment of its own, and so does
any page that starts a new part or chapter in your book.
Such pages will not have the custom headers/footers, but that is normal.
There is for example no need to print a header with the chapter name on
the chapter page where the chapter heading is in big bold letters anyway.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Header and footer decoration line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
By default, you get a 0.4
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
pt thick line below the header and no footer line.
This can be changed in the document preamble with the commands
\series bold
\backslash
headrulewidth
\series default
and
\series bold
\backslash
footrulewidth
\series default
in the following way:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
headrulewidth}{thickness}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
where thickness is a size in standard units like
\family sans
\emph on
pt
\family default
\emph default
or
\family sans
\emph on
mm
\family default
\emph default
.
If you don't want a line, set the thickness to 0
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
pt.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The lines can also be colored, but this requires more knowledge of \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
If you really need this, have a look at the Internet or in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
4.4 of the book
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Mittelbach"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Several header/footer lines
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In case you need more than one text line as a header/footer, you can do
this by adding a ragged line break in the style definition.
However, the default height of the header/footer is only the height of
one text line.
To expand the height, redefine the \SpecialChar LaTeX
length
\series bold
\backslash
headheight
\series default
or
\series bold
\backslash
footheight
\series default
with this entry in
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Preamble
\family default
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
headheight}{height}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
where
\series bold
height
\series default
is a size in standard units (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
\series bold
1cm
\series default
).
If you don't know how much space is needed for the height, define your
header/footer and preview your document as a PDF.
Then open the \SpecialChar LaTeX
logfile with the menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Log
\family default
and use the button
\family sans
Next
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Warning
\family default
to see if you can find a warning about the package
\series bold
fancyhdr
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! fancyhdr
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
If there is such a warning, it contains the space that you need at least
for your header/footer.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
This example
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This example demonstrates what can be done with custom header/footers.
Don't use it for your document as it is just an example.
This example consists of the following definition:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Left
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Header
\series bold
\backslash
rightmark
\series default
, empty optional argument
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Center
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Header empty, empty optional argument
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Header empty,
\series bold
\backslash
leftmark
\series default
in the optional argument
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Left
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Footer empty,
\series bold
\backslash
thepage
\series default
in the optional argument
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Center
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Footer
\family sans
\series bold
\color red
\SpecialChar LyX
's user guide
\family default
\series default
\color inherit
,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Magic code:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon=\frac{\sqrt[3]{\aleph}}{\spadesuit}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in the optional argument
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Footer
\series bold
\backslash
Roman{page}
\series default
, empty optional argument
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\backslash
headrulewidth set to 2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
pt
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In principle you can use almost everything in headers/footers, except floats.
For more specialized features, for example, thumb-indexes, see the manual
of the
\series bold
fancyhdr
\series default
package,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "fancyhdr"
literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage clearpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
pagestyle{headings}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
switches back to page style with the default headings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Previewing Snippets of your Document
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Instant preview
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Preview
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the fly
so you can see how they will look in the final document without having
to break your train of thought with viewing the output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Prerequisites
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To get previews working, you need the \SpecialChar LaTeX
package
\series bold
preview-latex
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! preview-latex
\end_layout
\end_inset
(on some systems named simply
\series bold
preview
\series default
) installed.
If it is not already installed, you will find it in the \SpecialChar TeX
-catalogue,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "TeXCatalogue"
literal "true"
\end_inset
or in the package manager of your \SpecialChar LaTeX
-system.
You obtain prettier results if you install the program
\family typewriter
pnmcrop
\family default
from the
\family typewriter
netpbm
\family default
package; for \SpecialChar LyX
on Windows this program and also the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package are automatically
installed together with \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Enabling previews
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you would for example like to see in \SpecialChar LyX
your math formulas typeset by \SpecialChar LaTeX
,
activate the option
\family sans
Display
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Graphics
\family default
in the
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences
\family default
dialog under
\family sans
Look
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
feel\SpecialChar menuseparator
Display
\family default
.
Then set
\family sans
Instant
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Preview
\family default
to
\family sans
On
\family default
.
The
\family sans
Preview
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Size
\family default
is the multiplication factor for the size.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you would like to see everything but your math formulas typeset by \SpecialChar LaTeX
,
set
\family sans
Instant
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Preview
\family default
to
\family sans
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
math
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Previews are generated when you load a document into \SpecialChar LyX
and when you finish
editing an inset.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
Previews of an already loaded document are not in every case immediately
generated by activating the option
\family sans
Display
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Graphics
\family default
.
Reopening the document will fix such problems.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Selected document parts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Besides math there are other cases where you might like to see a preview,
for example things that \SpecialChar LyX
cannot render like rotated parts or things that
are not yet supported by \SpecialChar LyX
.
To do this, insert a preview inset via the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preview
\family default
.
Insert or paste the stuff that you want to preview into this inset.
The preview will be generated when the cursor is outside the preview inset.
If you click on the preview, you can edit the previewed stuff.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
An example: To create rotated boxes, you use the \SpecialChar LaTeX
command
\series bold
\backslash
rotatebox
\series default
which is not yet supported by \SpecialChar LyX
.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
rotatebox
\series default
is explained in section
\emph on
Rotated and Scaled Boxes
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\end_inset
Instead of the \SpecialChar TeX
Code boxes you want to see in \SpecialChar LyX
the final rotated boxes,
for example to adjust the rotation angle to fit with the surrounding text.
Therefore you create a preview inset and copy the text with the rotated
boxes into it.
Here is the result:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Preview
\begin_layout Standard
This is a line
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
rotatebox[origin=r]{-60}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Box Doublebox
position "c"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 0
inner_pos "c"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 0
width "1in"
special "width"
height "1in"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
with rotated
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
framed text
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
rotatebox[origin=lb]{60}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=B$
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
and a formula.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Previewing works also for colors.
In this example a special framed, colored box was created using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
command
\series bold
\backslash
fcolorbox
\series default
:
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
fcolorbox
\series default
is explained in section
\emph on
Colored Boxes
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Preview
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
fboxrule 1mm
\backslash
fboxsep 1mm
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
This is text within a colored, framed box.
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If \SpecialChar LyX
does not show a preview, make sure that you enabled previews as described
above and also make sure that \SpecialChar TeX
Code in the preview inset is valid and that
you loaded the \SpecialChar LaTeX
packages in your document preamble that are required by
the \SpecialChar TeX
Code.
If \SpecialChar LyX
cannot create a preview, you will in most cases also not be able to
view your document due to \SpecialChar LaTeX
errors.
So if you have to use some \SpecialChar TeX
Code and don't know if it is correct, the preview
inset is a nice method to check it without the need to view the whole document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\SpecialChar LaTeX
source code
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can preview the \SpecialChar LaTeX
source of the whole document or parts of it.
Use the menu
\family sans
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Source
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Pane
\family default
and a window will be shown where you can see the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-source code.
The window shows the source of the whole paragraph in which the cursor
currently sits.
You can also select document parts in \SpecialChar LyX
's main window, then only this selection
(when it is more than one paragraph) is shown as source code.
To view the whole document as source, enable the corresponding option in
the source view window.
If you check
\family sans
Automatic update
\family default
, you can see the changes as you make them in \SpecialChar LyX
; but note that if you have
several documents open, this will slow things down as \SpecialChar LyX
updates them all,
not just the one which is open at the time.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Advanced Find and Replace
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Advanced-Find-and"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Replace
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Find
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The advanced find and replace feature of \SpecialChar LyX
allows for searching of complex,
format-sensitive text segments and mathematics contents within \SpecialChar LyX
documents.
It is an enhancement of the standard (quick) find and replace feature.
The key-features are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Both searching of text and of mathematical formulas is allowed, where the
latter is done by entering mathematics in the usual way; not only entire
mathematical formulas are found, but also parts occurring within more complex
formulas
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Search may be format-insensitive, so that the searched text is found in
any context/style (standard text, section headings, notes, and even mathematics
), or it may be format-sensitive, so that, for example, a word entered with
a section heading will only be found within section headings
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Search may be restricted to mathematics environments only; this is useful
for remangling math notation where one does not want to match any text
outside of mathematics environments
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Search may be widened to a specific
\emph on
scope
\emph default
, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
a set of files which may be all the children of the document being edited,
all the open files, or all the manuals available from the
\family sans
Help
\family default
menu
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Replace may optionally preserve capitalization, so that the replaced text
capitalization is adapted to the matching text (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
all lowercase, all uppercase, first letter uppercase followed by lowercase)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Basic usage
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The advanced find and replace feature is activated through the menu
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Find & Replace
\noun on
(
\noun default
Advanced
\noun on
)
\family default
\noun default
(shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "dialog-show findreplaceadv"
\end_inset
) or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-toggle findreplaceadv"
\end_inset
.
This opens the
\family sans
Advanced Find and Replace
\family default
dialog.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Searching for text
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Enter into the
\family sans
Find
\family default
\SpecialChar LyX
mini-editor a simple word, and search for occurrences of it by clicking
on the
\family sans
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Next
\family default
button at the bottom of the dialog (or just press the
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break"
\end_inset
key).
The entered word is found both in text mode and in math mode, and in emphasized
, bold or normal face, and in both in section titles and in standard text.
Pressing
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break"
\end_inset
repeatedly keeps searching forward while pressing
\family sans
Shift+Return
\family default
searches backwards.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Case
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
sensitive
\family default
option allows matches to occur only with the same case as entered in the
\family sans
Find
\family default
editor.
The
\family sans
Whole
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
words
\family default
option allows matches to occur only at word boundaries.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Searching for mathematics
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Mathematical formulas, such as
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
\end_inset
or something more complex like
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}$
\end_inset
, may be searched for by typing them in the
\family sans
Find
\family default
editor.
When searching for a formula, it is found both when it is alone and when
it occurs in sub-formulas and nested parts of sub-formulas.
For example the mentioned segments would be found in something like
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{x^{2}}{\sqrt{\frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}}}$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Style-aware search
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It is also possible to search for text with specific styles.
This is done by switching to the
\family sans
Settings
\family default
tab of the dialog and unchecking the
\family sans
Ignore format
\family default
option.
This way, entering in the
\family sans
Find
\family default
editor
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
a normal word and searching for it would not find instances of the word
occurring in emphasized or boldface.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
an emphasized or boldface word and searching for it would find the respective
instances with the same face only, and within the same text style only.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
a normal word in a section heading, and searching for it, would find occurrences
of it only within section headings.
Also, if the text to search is given an emphasized or bold face, in addition
to a section style, then it is found only when occurring with the same
style.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
a displayed formula will only find instances of this formula that are also
displayed formulas (and not inline formulas).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Replace
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The entries made in the
\family sans
Find
\family default
editor can be replaced with entries made in the
\family sans
Replace
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
with
\family default
editor.
In order to find the next occurrence and replace it, click on the
\family sans
Replace
\family default
button or alternatively press
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "paragraph-break"
\end_inset
or
\family sans
Shift+Return
\family default
while the cursor is in the
\family sans
Replace
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
with
\family default
editor.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can replace with fully-featured formatted \SpecialChar LyX
entries.
Typical scenarios in which to use this capability might be (just to mention
two):
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
replacing occurrences of a word with a customized formatted version of the
same word, for example replacing occurrences of a name like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
func()
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
with its typewriter version
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
func()
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
performing a notation rework of mathematical symbols, for example replacing
occurrences of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $R$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{R}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(you may want to enable the
\family sans
Whole
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
words
\family default
and
\family sans
Case
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
sensitive
\family default
options and disable the
\family sans
Ignore format
\family default
option in the
\family sans
Settings
\family default
tab, in order to avoid replacing all
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
R
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
letters occurring in normal text), or occurrences of
\begin_inset Formula $x_{j}^{i}$
\end_inset
with
\begin_inset Formula $x_{i,\,j}$
\end_inset
, or occurrences of
\begin_inset Formula $x[k]$
\end_inset
with
\begin_inset Formula $x_{k}$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Advanced usage
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There is a regular expression (regexp) based searching facility.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A good explanation of regular expressions is given in this Wikipedia entry:
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression"
literal "false"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
You can search for a regular expression by inserting a regexp inset into
the
\family sans
Find
\family default
editor.
This is done with the context menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Insert Regular Expression
\family default
while the cursor is in the
\family sans
Find
\family default
editor.
Characters entered within regexp insets are matched according to the regular
expression matching rules
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Under the constraint that any (sub)expression must match a well-formed \SpecialChar LyX
segment, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
when matching \SpecialChar LaTeX
code, no segments with unbalanced {} braces are allowed to
match expressions.
\end_layout
\end_inset
, while text entered outside regexp insets is matched exactly against the
same text in the document.
You can cut and paste regexp-mode insets.
Examples of using such a feature may be:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Searching for all fractions with a given denominator: for example, entering
in the
\family sans
Find
\family default
editor the fraction
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{.*}{1+x^{2}}$
\end_inset
(where the
\begin_inset Formula $.*$
\end_inset
on the numerator is the match-everything regular expression) finds all
fractions with the given denominator.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Searching for all text with a given style: for example, after unchecking
the
\family sans
Ignore format
\family default
option from the
\family sans
Settings
\family default
tab, entering a
\series bold
\begin_inset Formula $.*$
\end_inset
\series default
regular expression and giving it an emphasized or bold face, finds all
emphasized or bold face text respectively.
Also, by inserting a
\begin_inset Formula $.*$
\end_inset
regular expression in a bullet or enumerated list or a section heading,
you can find all bullet or enumerated lists or section headings.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Finally, references to (sub)expressions in regexp may be used as usual:
Enclosing parts of the expression within round braces
\begin_inset Formula $()$
\end_inset
, and referring back to them through
\begin_inset Formula $\backslash1$
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula $\backslash2$
\end_inset
, etc..
For example, try searching with the regexp
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
[[:space:]]([[:alpha:]]+)[[:space:]]
\backslash
1[[:space:]]
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
in order to find word repetitions, if there are any.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The usage of back references in the replaced text is not (yet) implemented.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
Back references work both when occurring within the same regexp, and when
occurring in multiple different regexps, where the numbering of back-referenced
sub-expressions is absolute.
That is,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\backslash1$
\end_inset
always refers to the first occurrence of
\begin_inset Formula $()$
\end_inset
in all entered regexps.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Spell Checking
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Spellchecking"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spell checking
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
has a built-in spell checker.
The menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Spellchecker
\family default
, the
\family sans
F7
\family default
key or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show spellchecker"
\end_inset
start the spell checking from either the current cursor position or the
beginning of the currently selected text.
A sidebar will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found, allowing
you to edit and replace it in a second line.
Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the text
scrolled so that it is visible.
In the spellchecker sidebar, there is a box showing suggestions for a correctio
n, if any could be found.
Clicking on one of the corrections will copy it to the
\family sans
Replacement
\family default
field, double-clicking directly invokes the replacement.
Unknown but correctly typed words can be added to the personal dictionary.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
By default, the dictionary file used is determined by the document language
that is set in the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
dialog.
You can specify the language of a word in the spellchecker dialog by choosing
a different one at the top of the dialog.
\SpecialChar LyX
can correctly spell check documents containing multiple languages.
This works if you have set the language of the text parts using the
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style
\family default
dialog (
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
) and have the spell checker dictionaries installed.
\SpecialChar LyX
automatically switches to the appropriate dictionary file.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
All spell-checker dictionaries supported by \SpecialChar LyX
can be downloaded from here:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Flex URL
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_deleted 244031559 1606069762
https://sourceforge.net/projects/lyxwininstaller/files/hunspell/
\change_inserted 244031559 1606069762
https://www.lyx.org/trac/export/HEAD/lyxsvn/dictionaries/trunk/dicts/
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\change_deleted 244031559 1606070170
There are
\change_inserted 244031559 1606070176
You should download
\change_unchanged
2
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
files for each language
\change_inserted 244031559 1606070127
(use
\emph on
Original Format
\emph default
link at the end of the opened webpage)
\change_unchanged
.
To install a dictionary on Windows, copy the
\change_inserted 244031559 1606069925
se
\change_unchanged
2
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
files into \SpecialChar LyX
's installation subfolder
\family sans
~
\backslash
Resources
\backslash
dicts
\family default
and restart \SpecialChar LyX
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
With Linux one needs to install the packages for the desired language.
The number of these packages vary depending on the Linux distribution,
but in most cases these are
\family typewriter
aspell-xx
\family default
,
\family typewriter
hunspell-xx
\family default
,
\family typewriter
myspell-xx
\family default
, etc., where
\family sans
xx
\family default
is the language code.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Further Settings
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Spellchecker
\family default
you can set the following things:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Spellchecker
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
engine Select the library \SpecialChar LyX
should use for spell checking.
Depending on your platform,
\family typewriter
hunspell
\family default
or
\family typewriter
enchant
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Enchant itself is a wrapper library having different configurable back-ends.
Please consult the documentation or man-page of it to learn more.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family default
are available.
On Windows only
\family typewriter
hunspell
\family default
is available.
\SpecialChar LyX
on Mac
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
OS can also use Mac's own spellchecker and will use it by default.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Alternative
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
language If this field is not empty, \SpecialChar LyX
will always use the given language
for the spell checking, no matter what the document language is.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Escape
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
characters Allows you to add non-standard characters that the spell checker
should escape, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
German umlauts.
This should normally not be needed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Accept
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
compound
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
words Prevents the spell checker from complaining about compounded words
like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
passthrough
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Spellcheck
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
continuously Checks the spelling of your document as you type it.
Misspelled words get underlined with a dotted red line.
By right-clicking on an underlined word, suggestions from the spellchecker
appear in a context menu.
Choosing one of them will replace the misspelled word with the suggested
word.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Spellcheck
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
notes
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
comments If enabled, the spelling of non-printed document content is checked
as well.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Thesaurus
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Thesaurus
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Thesaurus"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
provides a multilingual thesaurus.
It uses the same thesaurus framework as LibreOffice, OpenOffice and Firefox
(namely the
\family sans
MyThes
\family default
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "https://lingucomponent.openoffice.org/thesaurus.html"
literal "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
thesaurus library, which is included in \SpecialChar LyX
).
Therefore, \SpecialChar LyX
is able to directly access OpenOffice thesaurus dictionaries,
which are available for many languages.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This section describes how new dictionaries are installed and set up for
the use with \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Setting up the thesaurus
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
MyThes
\emph on
/
\emph default
OpenOffice
\family default
thesauri consist of two files per language: A file with the suffix
\emph on
*.dat
\emph default
containing the data and an index file with the suffix
\emph on
*.idx
\emph default
.
The standardized file names include the language code for the given language
(e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\family sans
en_US
\family default
for US English).
For instance, the US English files are named:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
th_en_US_v2.idx
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
th_en_US_v2.dat
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you have
\family sans
LibreOffice
\family default
or
\family sans
OpenOffice
\family default
and its thesaurus installed, these files should be already on your system
and you just need to point \SpecialChar LyX
(in
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paths\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thesaurus
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
dictionaries
\family default
) to the path where they are installed.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
On Linux, depending on your distribution and the way you installed the dictionar
ies, typical locations are
\family typewriter
/usr/share/mythes/
\family default
,
\family typewriter
/usr/share/myspell/dicts/
\family default
,
\family typewriter
/usr/share/ooo/thesaurus/
\family default
,
\family typewriter
~/.config/libreoffice/<version>/user/
\family default
or alike.
On Windows, dictionaries are to be found at
\family typewriter
~
\backslash
Program Files
\backslash
LibreOffice-<Version>
\backslash
share
\backslash
extensions
\family default
or similar.
On the Mac, the default location is
\family typewriter
/Users\SpecialChar breakableslash
<user name>\SpecialChar breakableslash
Library\SpecialChar breakableslash
Application Support\SpecialChar breakableslash
libreoffice\SpecialChar breakableslash
<version>\SpecialChar breakableslash
user
\family default
/.
\end_layout
\end_inset
On Windows, you can alternatively also select dictionaries for installation
during the \SpecialChar LyX
installation process, which will then be installed in the correct
place right away.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you want to install new\SpecialChar breakableslash
\change_deleted 244031559 1606069849
further
\change_inserted 244031559 1606069853
updated
\change_unchanged
thesaurus dictionaries, you can download them from here:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Flex URL
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_deleted 244031559 1606069803
https://sourceforge.net/projects/lyxwininstaller/files/thesaurus/
\change_inserted 244031559 1606069803
https://www.lyx.org/trac/export/HEAD/lyxsvn/dictionaries/trunk/thes/
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To install a new dictionary, download the two files for this dictionary
into the thesaurus path (which is set in
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paths\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thesaurus
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
dictionaries
\family default
) and restart \SpecialChar LyX
.
If this path is not defined yet, you can use a dictionary of your choice
and point \SpecialChar LyX
there.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Alternatively, you can also install new dictionaries via
\family sans
LibreOffice\SpecialChar breakableslash
OpenOffice
\family default
or, on Linux, via your package manager (look for
\emph on
mythes-*
\emph default
or
\emph on
libreoffice-thesaurus-*
\emph default
packages).
If you do this, make sure that \SpecialChar LyX
is able to find the installed dictionaries,
i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e.
that
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paths\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thesaurus
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
dictionaries
\family default
points to the path where you installed these dictionaries.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Using the thesaurus
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To start the thesaurus, use the menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thesaurus
\family default
or the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "thesaurus-entry"
\end_inset
while the cursor is at the word you want to look up or while a word is
selected.
A dialog pops up showing you probably related words that you can use as
a replacement.
The suggestions are grouped into categories.
Note that, for some languages (such as English), the thesaurus does not
only show equivalent words (synonyms), but also generic terms (such as
\emph on
organism
\emph default
for
\emph on
plant
\emph default
), related terms (such as
\emph on
political
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
theory
\emph default
for
\emph on
anarchistic
\emph default
), compounds (such as
\emph on
tree
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
diagram
\emph default
, if you look for
\emph on
tree
\emph default
) and opposites (antonyms) (such as
\emph on
girl
\emph default
for
\emph on
boy
\emph default
).
Generic terms, related terms and antonyms are marked as such.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The language is automatically chosen from the language at the cursor, but
you can also switch it in the dialog, as you can enter new words to look
up directly there.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that the thesaurus cannot handle phrases (only compounds that are in
the dictionary, such as the above
\emph on
tree diagram
\emph default
), and you have to use the so called lemma form, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
the form that is used in the dictionaries (for many languages: first person
singular indicative active for nouns, infinitive for verbs).
For example, looking up the word form
\emph on
reporting
\emph default
yields no results, while results are shown for the word form
\emph on
report
\emph default
.
Your best bet is to highlight only the relevant part of such a word (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
\emph on
report
\emph default
in
\emph on
report
\emph default
s); then you will get suggestions without needing to adjust the query in
the dialog, and also the replacement will probably be correct (as only
the highlighted part will be replaced; thus the ending remains).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Change Tracking
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Change Tracking
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Change Tracking
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Change-Tracking"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When you work on a document collaboratively it is extremely useful to be
able to see changes that others have made highlighted in the document.
You can then decide if you want to accept a change or not.
This can be achieved by turning on change tracking in the menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Track
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Changes
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Changes made in the document will then be highlighted by strokes and colors:
\bar under
\color blue
underlined text
\bar default
\color inherit
is an addition,
\strikeout on
\color blue
canceled text
\strikeout default
\color inherit
is a deletion.
The color depends on the author that made the change.
You can change the color in
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Look
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
feel
\family default
\SpecialChar menuseparator
\family sans
Colors
\family default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! Change tracking
\end_layout
\end_inset
The author and the date of the change are shown in \SpecialChar LyX
's status bar when the
cursor is in changed text.
The same information is shown when you use the toolbar button
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "changes-merge"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When change tracking is activated, you will see the review toolbar in \SpecialChar LyX
:
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar ! Review
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/ChangesToolbar.png
scale 90
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The review toolbar as shown above contains the following buttons:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "changes-track"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Track
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Changes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "changes-output"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Show
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Changes
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
in
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Output
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "change-next"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Jumps to the next change
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "change-accept"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Accept
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Change
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "change-reject"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Reject
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Change
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "changes-merge"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Merge
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Changes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "all-changes-accept"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Accept
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
All
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Changes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "all-changes-reject"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Reject
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
All
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Changes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "note-insert"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Note\SpecialChar menuseparator
LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Note
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "note-next"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Next
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Note
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Not all changes are (yet) visualized, especially no format changes like
from
\emph on
normal
\emph default
to
\emph on
bold
\emph default
font or
\emph on
Standard
\emph default
to
\emph on
Description
\emph default
paragraph.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The review toolbar helps you to accept, reject, or merge changes – highlight
the change and press one of the desired toolbar buttons.
When you merge changes, a window pops up showing you information about
the next change after the current cursor position.
So you don't need to highlight a certain change.
Within the merge window you can decide to accept or reject changes and
step to the next change.
This way you can jump through all the changes in the document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The toolbar has two buttons to handle notes because notes are often important
to describe a change.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_deleted -712698321 1577206802
To show the changes made in the output you need the \SpecialChar LaTeX
package
\series bold
dvipost
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! dvipost
\end_layout
\end_inset
installed.
You will find it in the \SpecialChar TeX
Catalogue,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "TeXCatalogue"
literal "true"
\end_inset
or in the package manager of your \SpecialChar LaTeX
-system.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Comparison of Documents
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Comparison-of-Documents"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Comparison of documents
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can compare two different \SpecialChar LyX
files via the menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Compare
\family default
.
The comparison result is a \SpecialChar LyX
file with change tracking enabled showing the
differences.
In the comparison dialog you can select from which document \SpecialChar LyX
should take
the document settings for the resulting difference file with the option
\family sans
Copy
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Settings
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
from
\family default
.
The option
\family sans
Enable
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
tracking
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
features
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
in
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
the
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
output
\family default
enables the change tracking option
\family sans
Show
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Changes
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
in
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Output
\family default
to visualize the differences also in the PDF output of the difference file.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
International Support
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
International support
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This section describes how to use \SpecialChar LyX
with any language you want.
For some languages there are special Wiki-pages that explain how to set
up \SpecialChar LyX
to use them:
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Arabic,Armenian,Cyrillic,Farsi,Hebrew,Japanese"
literal "true"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Besides languages, \SpecialChar LyX
also supports phonetic symbols, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Special-Character"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Language Options
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Language ! Options
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Language
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\family default
dialog lets you set
\family roman
the language, the quote style and character encoding
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Under
\family sans
Encoding
\family default
you can choose the character encoding map you want to use for \SpecialChar LaTeX
export.
The option
\family sans
Language
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Default
\family default
is the preferred choice and works well in most cases.
For details about the different encoding options see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Language-encodings"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Keyboard mapping configuration
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Keyboard-mapping"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you have for example a U.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
S.-style keyboard and want to write in a language other than English, you
can use an alternate keymap.
For example, if you want to write in Italian, you can configure \SpecialChar LyX
to use
an Italian keymap.
The
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Editing\SpecialChar menuseparator
Keyboard/Mouse
\family default
dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Keyboard-Map"
\end_inset
.
You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
which one you want to use.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
S.-style keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
one to support the characters you want.
This and many other customizations are explained in the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
\start_of_appendix
The User Interface
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "chap:The-User-Interface"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This appendix lists all the available menus and describes their functionality.
It is designed as a quick reference if you are searching for a special
topic inside the user's guide.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
The File Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! File
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Under the
\family sans
File
\family default
menu are the basic operations in addition to some more advanced operations.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
New
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Creates a new document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
New from Template
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This menu entry prompts you for a template to use.
Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
\change_inserted -712698321 1553353209
Furthermore, templates can provide text structures and fragments for recurring
writing tasks.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Open
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Opens a document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Open Recent
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The submenu shows a list of the recently opened files.
Click there on a file to open it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\change_inserted -712698321 1553352812
Open Example
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1553352848
This menu entry gives you quick access to all \SpecialChar LyX
example files.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Close
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Closes the current document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Close All
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Closes all opened documents.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Save
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Saves the actual document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Save As
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Saves the actual document under a new name to create a copy.
\change_inserted -712698321 1553352868
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\change_inserted -712698321 1553352875
Save As Template
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1553352904
Saves the document in the appropriate templates directory for later use
as a template.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Save All
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Saves all opened documents.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Revert to saved
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Reloads the actual document from disk.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Version Control
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This is used when multiple people are working on the same document or when
one person wants to keep a careful archive of changes.
It is described in the section
\emph on
Version Control in \SpecialChar LyX
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Import
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can import files from older \SpecialChar LyX
versions, HTML files, \SpecialChar LaTeX
files, NoWeb
files, plain text files and comma separated, table-like text files (CSV).
The files will be imported as a new \SpecialChar LyX
document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When using the menu entry
\family sans
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
text
\family default
, line breaks in the text will start a new paragraph; when using the menu
entry
\family sans
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Text,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Join
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Lines
\family default
, consecutive lines of text will be imported to one big paragraph.
A new paragraph will begin when there is a blank line in the file.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Export
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Export"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to various file formats.
The resulting files are placed in the directory of your \SpecialChar LyX
file.
The menu entries are not the same on all installations.
They depend on the programs found by \SpecialChar LyX
during its configuration.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is a list of all available entries; some of them are explained in detail
in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Output-file-formats"
\end_inset
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
CJK
\family default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
LyX format of the special \SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
1.4.x versions for Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Since \SpecialChar LyX
1.5.0 CJK support has been fully integrated into \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
DocBook text file with code in the language SGML that is used for the markup
language
\family typewriter
DocBook
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
DocBook
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(XML) text file with code in the language XML that is used for the markup
language
\family typewriter
DocBook
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
DraftDVI \SpecialChar LaTeX
's native DVI-format.
This format is not suitable if you have special characters or spaces in
files paths or file names in your document.
\SpecialChar LyX
use this format internally as a pre-stage to export to
\family sans
DVI
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
DVI DVI-format that also allows the usage of special characters or spaces
in files paths or file names
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
DVI
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(Lua
\family sans
TeX
\family default
) DVI-format using the program
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
; supports Unicode and the usage of non-\SpecialChar TeX
fonts;
\series bold
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
not all DVI-viewers are currently able to display this output format properly.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
EPS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(cropped) the same as
\family sans
PostScript
\family default
but with cropped page margins.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Graphviz
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Dot text file with code in the programming language
\family typewriter
Dot
\family default
which is used to draw visualizations of graphs via the program
\family typewriter
Graphviz
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
HTML HTML-format;
\series bold
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
the exported file will be stored in a subdirectory.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
HTML
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(MS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Word) HTML-format specialized so that the result can be imported to
\family sans
MS Word
\family default
; as a consequence of this formulas will be embedded as bitmap fonts and
not in the format
\family sans
MathML
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(
\family default
Lua
\family sans
TeX)
\family default
text file with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
source that is compilable with the program
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(pdflatex)
\family default
text file with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
source, additionally all images used in the document
will be converted to a format that is readable by the
\family typewriter
pdflatex
\family default
program (GIF, JPG, PDF, PNG)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(plain)
\family default
text file with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
source code, additionally all images used in the document
will be converted to the EPS-format, only this format is readable by the
\family typewriter
latex
\family default
program
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(
\family default
Xe
\family sans
TeX)
\family default
text file with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
source that is compilable with the program
\family typewriter
Xe\SpecialChar TeX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
LilyPond
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
book
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(La
\family sans
TeX
\family default
) text file with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
source and also code in the syntax of the music notation
software
\family typewriter
LilyPond
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
z.y.x \SpecialChar LyX
-Document in a format readable by the \SpecialChar LyX
versions z.y.x (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
"\SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.1.x";
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
z
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
y
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
represent the version number)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Archive
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(zip|tar.gz) creates a zip-archive or a tar.gz-archive file (depending upon
your system) that contains your document and all files that are necessary
to compile it (images, child documents, Bib\SpecialChar TeX
files, etc.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
LyXHTML HTML-format using \SpecialChar LyX
's internal XHTML engine
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
MS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Word
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Office
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Open
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
XML Office Open XML file, to be opened with
\family sans
Microsoft Word
\family default
.
For the conversion the program
\family typewriter
Pandoc
\family default
is used.
\family typewriter
Pandoc
\family default
is a third-party product and may not work in all cases.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
NoWeb text file with code in the format of the literate programming language
\family typewriter
NoWeb
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
OpenDocument
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(Pandoc) OpenDocument file, to be opened with
\family sans
LibreOffice, OpenOffice, KOffice, Abiword
\family default
, etc..
For the conversion the program
\family typewriter
Pandoc
\family default
is used.
\family typewriter
Pandoc
\family default
is a third-party product and may not work in all cases.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
OpenDocument
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(tex4ht) OpenDocument file.
For the conversion the program
\family typewriter
tex4ht
\family default
is used.
\family typewriter
tex4ht
\family default
is a third-party product and may not work in all cases.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(cropped) the same as
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(pdflatex)
\family default
but with cropped page margins
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(dvipdfm)
\family default
PDF-format using the program
\family typewriter
dvipdfm
\family default
, produces internally a DVI-file which is then converted to a PDF-file
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(lower
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
resolution)
\family default
the same as
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(pdflatex)
\family default
but with a reduced pixel resolution of 150
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
dpi (e.g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
useful for e-books to be read on tablet PCs or for large documents as intermedia
te preview)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(LuaTeX)
\family default
PDF-format using the program
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
, produces PDF-files directly
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(pdflatex)
\family default
PDF-format using the program
\family typewriter
pdflatex
\family default
, produces PDF-files directly
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ps2pdf)
\family default
PDF-format using the program
\family typewriter
ps2pdf
\family default
, produces internally a PostScript-file which is then converted to a PDF-file
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(XeTeX)
\family default
PDF-format using the program
\family typewriter
Xe\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
, produces PDF-files directly
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
text
\family default
text format
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ps2ascii)
\family default
text format, the document will first be converted to Postscript format
and then exported as text using the program
\family sans
ps2ascii
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\family sans
Postscript
\family default
PostScript format using the program
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
; for possible
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
options see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:General-output"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Sweave text file with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
source and also code in the statistical programming
language
\family typewriter
R
\family default
.
Using the
\family typewriter
R
\family default
-function
\family typewriter
Sweave
\family default
it is possible to use
\family typewriter
R
\family default
-commands in \SpecialChar LaTeX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If one of the menu entries
\family sans
DVI
\family default
,
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(pdflatex)
\family default
or
\family sans
Postscript
\family default
is missing, you need to update your \SpecialChar LaTeX
installation.
After updating you have to reconfigure \SpecialChar LyX
, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Fax
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This menu entry will only appear if you have a fax program installed (on
Windows you additionally need to register its program path to \SpecialChar LyX
's PATH prefix,
see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Paths"
\end_inset
).
With this menu entry you can send your document to a fax program like
\family typewriter
hylapex
\family default
or
\family typewriter
kdeprintfax
\family default
.
The default format of the sent file is PostScript.
The format can be changed in \SpecialChar LyX
's preferences as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Converters"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
New and Close Window
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Opens or closes a new instance of \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Exit
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Prompts you to save all unsaved documents and then exits.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
The Edit Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! Edit
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Undo and Redo
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Undo-and-Redo"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Cut, Copy, Paste, Paste Recent, Paste Special
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Select Whole Inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Selects the content of the inset in which the cursor currently is.
If the cursor is outside an inset, the whole document will be selected.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Select All
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Selects the whole document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Find & Replace (Quick)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Find & Replace (Advanced)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Advanced-Find-and"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Move Paragraph Up/Down
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This shifts the paragraph in which the cursor currently is one paragraph
up or down.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\change_deleted -712698321 1525756612
Text Style
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_deleted -712698321 1525756612
Described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
\end_inset
.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Paragraph Settings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Enables you to set the paragraph alignment, line spacing and label width.
These settings only affect the paragraph in which the cursor is currently
in.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also prevent the first line of the paragraph being indented if you
have chosen to separate paragraphs with
\family sans
Indentation
\family default
in the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Layout
\family default
dialog.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525756614
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\change_inserted -712698321 1525756624
Text Properties
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525756615
This sub-menu provides several ways to customize the appearance of text
passages.
You can
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\change_inserted -712698321 1525756657
Customize text properties by means of the
\family sans
Text Properties
\family default
dialog (via
\family sans
Customize\SpecialChar ldots
\family default
; this is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\change_inserted -712698321 1525756942
Apply the last settings done in this dialog via
\family sans
Apply last settings
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\change_inserted -712698321 1525756615
Change the casing of selected text (
\family sans
Capitalize
\family default
,
\family sans
Uppercase
\family default
,
\family sans
Lowercase
\family default
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\change_inserted -712698321 1525756641
Custom Text Styles
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1525756787
This sub-menu only appears the document class or a module provides custom
text styles (in the case of this document:
\family sans
Code
\family default
,
\family sans
Emph
\family default
,
\family sans
Noun
\family default
and
\family sans
Strong
\family default
, provided by the
\family sans
Logical Markup
\family default
module).
See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Custom-Character-Styles"
\end_inset
for details.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Table and Rows & Columns
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These menus only appear if the cursor is inside a table.
It allows you to create multicolumn and multirow cells, add or remove borders
of a cell and to set the alignment of the cell.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Dissolve Inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This menu only appears if the cursor is inside an inset.
It will dissolve this inset.
This means that the inset is deleted and its content is left as normal
text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Settings or Math
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This menu is only active if the cursor is inside an inset or a formula.
Here you can change the properties of the inset or the formula.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Increase/Decrease List Depth
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These menus are only active if the cursor is in an environment that can
be nested.
They increase/decrease the environment nesting level as explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Numbering-depth"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
The View Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! View
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
At the bottom of the
\family sans
View
\family default
menu the opened documents are listed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Open/Close all Insets
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Opens/closes all insets in your document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Unfold/Fold Math Macros
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Unfolds/folds the current math macro.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Math macros are described in the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Outline Pane
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Shows the outline window as described in sections
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Navigating"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Table-of-Contents"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Source Pane
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Opens a window showing the source code of the actual document, as described
in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Messages Pane
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Opens a window showing console messages.
This is useful for debugging \SpecialChar LyX
(i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e., hunt for errors in the program) or to see what is going on in the background
while \SpecialChar LaTeX
is processing the document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Toolbars
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Toolbars"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In this menu entry you can set the icon size and the appearance of the different
toolbars.
All toolbars and the
\family sans
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Buffer
\family default
can be turned
\emph on
on
\emph default
and
\emph on
off
\emph default
.
The
\emph on
on
\emph default
state is denoted in the menu with a checkmark.
\change_deleted -712698321 1608195495
\change_inserted -712698321 1608195492
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\change_inserted -712698321 1608195407
\family sans
Phonetic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Symbols
\family default
,
\change_unchanged
\family sans
Table
\family default
,
\family sans
Math,
\family default
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Macros,
\family default
\family sans
Review
\family default
and
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Panels
\family default
toolbars can additionally be set to the state
\emph on
automatic
\change_deleted -712698321 1608195728
\emph default
,
\change_inserted -712698321 1608196033
.
The state of these toolbars is set and indicated in a submenu which lets
you select
\family sans
On
\family default
,
\family sans
Off
\family default
, and
\family sans
Automatic
\family default
.
\change_deleted -712698321 1608195563
denoted in the menu with the suffix
\family sans
(auto)
\family default
.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the
\emph on
on
\emph default
state the toolbar is permanently shown
\change_inserted -712698321 1608195803
, in the
\emph on
off
\emph default
state it is never shown
\change_unchanged
; in the
\emph on
automatic
\emph default
state the toolbar is only shown when the cursor is in a certain environment
or when a certain feature is enabled.
That means that the review toolbar will only be shown if change tracking
is activated, the math and table toolbars are only shown if the cursor
is inside a formula or table respectively
\change_inserted -712698321 1608195857
, the phonetic symbols toolbar only in the phonetic symbols environment
\change_unchanged
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
's toolbars and their buttons are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Toolbars"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Split View
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Split
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
View
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
into
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Left
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Half
\family default
will split \SpecialChar LyX
's main window vertically while
\family sans
Split
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
View
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
into
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Upper
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Lower
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Half
\family default
will split it horizontally.
This allows you to view documents at the same time to compare them, or
to view the same document, but at different positions.
You can even split the main window several times to view, for example,
three or more documents at the same time.
To close a split view, use the menu
\family sans
Close
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Current
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
View
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Close Current View
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Closes a split view.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Fullscreen
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Using this menu entry or pressing F11 removes the menu bar and all toolbars
so that you will see nothing but your text.
It furthermore displays \SpecialChar LyX
's main window fullscreen.
To return from fullscreen to the normal view, press F11, or right-click
and turn off the fullscreen mode in the context menu.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
The Insert Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! Insert
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Math
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts math constructs that are explained in chapter
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Mathematical-Formulas"
\end_inset
and the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Special Character
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Special-Character"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can insert the following characters:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Symbols Opens the
\family sans
Symbols
\family default
dialog which allows you to insert any character that can be output by your
\SpecialChar LaTeX
system.
By default groups of characters are displayed in character categories;
the available characters depend on the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages you have installed.
You can get a complete display by checking
\family sans
Display
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
all
\family default
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
Not all characters will be visible in the
\family sans
Symbols
\family default
dialog because none of the screen fonts that you can set in the preferences
dialog (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Screen-Fonts"
\end_inset
) can display every character.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Ellipsis Inserts an ellipsis: \SpecialChar ldots
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
End
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
of
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Sentence Inserts an end of sentence period as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Abbreviations"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Ordinary
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Quote Inserts this quote: ", no matter what quote style you selected in
the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\family default
dialog.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Single
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Quote Inserts a single quote in the quotation marks style selected in the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\family default
dialog.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Hyphen Inserts a hyphen that is protected from line breaks: \SpecialChar nobreakdash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Breakable
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Slash Inserts a slash where a line break can also occur: \SpecialChar breakableslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Visible
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space
\change_deleted -712698321 1590482504
Inserts a character representing a single space (the one you get when pressing
the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key):
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
Inserts a character to visualize that there is or should be a space.
This is e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
useful if you need to indicate a space in a command sequence.
An example from the \SpecialChar LyX
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
To insert a fraction use the command
\series bold
\backslash
frac
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
B.
\series default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
The visible space is hereby the character before the
\series bold
A
\series default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Menu
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Separator Inserts the menu separator sign: \SpecialChar menuseparator
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Phonetic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Symbols
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Phonetic symbols
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Language ! Phonetic symbols
\end_layout
\end_inset
Inserts a box where you can insert symbols from the International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA) and opens a toolbar which provides a large set of these
symbols.
To use this feature you must have the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
tipa
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! tipa
\end_layout
\end_inset
installed.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
More information about this feature can be found in the
\emph on
Linguistics
\emph default
manual (
\family sans
Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
Specific Manuals
\family default
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Logos Inserts the logos of the programs \SpecialChar LyX
, \SpecialChar TeX
, \SpecialChar LaTeX
and \SpecialChar LaTeX2e
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Formatting
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Opens a submenu with the following options:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Superscript Inserts a superscript: test
\begin_inset script superscript
\begin_layout Plain Layout
a, b
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Subscript Inserts a subscript: test
\begin_inset script subscript
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3x
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space Inserts a protected space as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Protected-Space"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Interword
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space Inserts an inter-word space as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Inter-word-Space"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Thin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space Inserts a thin space as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Thin-Space"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_deleted -712698321 1590482457
Visible
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space Inserts a character to visualize that there is or should be a space.
This is e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
useful if you need to indicate a space in a command sequence.
An example from the \SpecialChar LyX
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
To insert a fraction use the command
\series bold
\backslash
frac
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
B.
\series default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
The visible space is hereby the character before the
\series bold
A
\series default
.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Horizontal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space Inserts horizontal space as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Horizontal-Space"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Horizontal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Line Inserts a horizontal line as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Horizontal-Lines"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Vertical
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space Inserts vertical space as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Vertical-Space"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Phantom Inserts a Phantom space as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Phantom-Space"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Hyphenation
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Point Inserts a hyphenation point as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Hyphenation"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Ligature
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Break Inserts a ligature break as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Ligatures"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Optional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Break Inserts a line break point (zero-width space character) that is invisible
in the output.
See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Dashes-and-line-breaks"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
for a usage example.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Ragged
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Break Inserts a forced line break as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Forced-Line-Breaks"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Justified
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Break Inserts a forced line break that
\change_deleted -712698321 1590482910
right
\change_unchanged
justifies the remaining text as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Forced-Line-Breaks"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
New
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Page Inserts a forced page break as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Forced-Page-Breaks"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Break Inserts a forced page break that shares the extra space among paragraph
breaks instead of leaving it at the bottom of the page, as described in
section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Forced-Page-Breaks"
\end_inset
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1607005731
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1607005924
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Break Instructs \SpecialChar LaTeX
to prevent a page break at the given position.
See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Suppressing-Page-Breaks"
\end_inset
.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Clear
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Page Inserts a clear page break as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Clear-Page-Breaks"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Clear
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Double
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Page Inserts a clear doublepage break as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Clear-Page-Breaks"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\change_inserted -712698321 1533459357
Field
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1533459959
Here you can insert fields holding specific information.
The submenu allows you to insert
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1533460018
Date
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(Current) inserts the current date (which will automatically update itself)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1533460347
Date
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(Last
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Modification) inserts the date of the last file modification (time of last
save)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1533647074
Date
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(Fix) inserts a static date that will not change.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1533647089
Time
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(Current) inserts the current time (which will automatically update itself)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1533647093
Time
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(Last
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Modification) inserts the time of the last file modification (time of last
save)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1533647133
Time
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(Fix) inserts a static time that will not change.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1533647170
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Name
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(Excl.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Extension) inserts the name of the current file (without the extension .lyx)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1533647240
User
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Name inserts the user name as specified in
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Identity
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1533647259
User
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Email inserts the user email address as specified in
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Identity
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1533460561
Other\SpecialChar ldots
opens a dialog that lets you insert alternative formats of the three
date types listed above and insert a range of other information.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\family sans
List/Contents/References
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Various lists can be inserted with this menu entry.
The
\family sans
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
of Contents
\family default
, the
\family sans
List of Algorithms
\family default
,
\family sans
List of Figures,
\family default
\family sans
List of Tables
\family default
and
\family sans
List of Listings
\family default
are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:toc"
\end_inset
.
The
\family sans
Index List
\family default
is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Index"
\end_inset
, the
\family sans
Nomenclature
\family default
is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nomenclature"
\end_inset
and the
\family sans
Bib\SpecialChar TeX
Bibliography
\family default
is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Bibliography-databases"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Float
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To insert floats, as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Floats"
\end_inset
and in detail the chapter
\emph on
Floats
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Note
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To insert notes, described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Notes"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Branch
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a branch inset, if any, and allowing you to create and insert a
new branch.
Branches are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Branches"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Custom Insets
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts document class-specific insets.
Such insets only exist if they are defined in the layout file for a certain
document class.
An example is the document class
\change_deleted -712698321 1553354540
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
article (
\change_unchanged
\emph on
Elsevier
\change_deleted -712698321 1553354543
\emph default
)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
with three custom insets.
The section
\emph on
Flex insets and InsetLayout
\emph default
in
\emph on
Installing New Document Classes, The Layout file format
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual explains how custom insets are defined.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
File
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
External Material
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This menu entry allows you to insert or include the contents of other files
in your document.
For more information see chapter
\emph on
External Document Parts
\emph default
of the Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Box
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Boxes
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a box in a certain style.
Boxes are described in detail in the chapter
\emph on
Boxes
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Citation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Opens the
\family sans
Citation
\family default
dialog as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Cross-Reference
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a
\family sans
cross-reference
\family default
as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Label
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a
\family sans
label
\family default
as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Caption
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Captions
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Tables ! Multi-page ! Caption
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a caption in a float or multi-page table.
Floats are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Floats"
\end_inset
; captions in multi-page tables are described in the section
\emph on
Multi-page
\change_inserted -712698321 1590482693
Table
\change_unchanged
Captions
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Index Entry
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts an index entry as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Index"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Nomenclature Entry
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a nomenclature entry as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nomenclature"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Table
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Opens a dialog allowing you to specify the rows and columns of the table.
Tables are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Tables"
\end_inset
and in detail in the chapter
\emph on
Tables
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Graphics
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Opens the
\family sans
Graphics
\family default
dialog.
Graphics are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Graphics"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
URL
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a URL as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:URLs"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Hyperlink
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a hyperlink as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Hyperlinks"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Footnote
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a footnote as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Footnotes"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Marginal Note
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a marginal note as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Marginal-Notes"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\family sans
Separate <Name> (Above/Below)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These menu items are only visible if it is possible to have two consecutive
environments of the same type.
See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Separate-Nestings"
\end_inset
for an explanation.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Short Title
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Is only visible if the cursor is in front, in or behind a section heading,
title or caption of a float.
Inserts a short title as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Short-Titles"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\SpecialChar TeX
Code
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a \SpecialChar TeX
Code box as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:TeX-Code-Boxes"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Program Listing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Program listings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a program listings box.
Program listings are explained in the chapter
\emph on
Program Code Listings
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\change_deleted -712698321 1533459320
Date
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_deleted -712698321 1533459320
Inserts the actual date.
The format depends on the date format of the language that is used for
\SpecialChar LyX
's menus.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Preview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a preview inset as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
The Navigate Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! Navigate
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This menu lists the existing chapters, sections, figures, tables, etc.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
of the current document.
This allows you to navigate easily through your document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Bookmarks
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With this menu entry you are able to define your own bookmarks.
This is useful when you are working on a large document and often have
to jump, for example, between section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.5 and 6.3.
To create bookmarks for this example, go to section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.5 and use the submenu
\family sans
Save
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Bookmark
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
1
\family default
.
Then go to section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
6.3 and use
\family sans
Save
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Bookmark
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\family default
2.
Now you can jump easily between these sections by using the menu or by
the key bindings
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "bookmark-goto 1"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "bookmark-goto 2"
\end_inset
.You can also use bookmarks to jump between several opened documents.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The saved bookmarks are valid till the document is closed.
The submenu
\family sans
Clear
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Bookmarks
\family default
allows you to clear bookmarks while the submenu
\family sans
Navigate
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Back
\family default
jumps to the position in the document where you recently changed something.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Next Note, Change, Cross-reference
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Jump to the next note, change, or cross-reference after the current cursor
position.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Go to Label
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Only active if the cursor is in front of a cross-reference.
Sets the cursor before the referenced label.
(It is the same as if you right-click on a cross-reference box and use
\family sans
Go
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Label)
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Forward Search
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Allows you to jump directly to the corresponding text part in the output,
see section
\emph on
The \SpecialChar LyX
Server\SpecialChar menuseparator
Forward
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
search
\emph default
in the
\emph on
Additional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Features
\emph default
manual for a detailed description.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
The Document Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! Document
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Change Tracking
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Change Tracking is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Change-Tracking"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
La
\family sans
TeX
\family default
Log
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
After running \SpecialChar LaTeX
by viewing or exporting a document, this menu will be enabled.
It shows the logfile of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-program used.
You can go to the next error or the next warning, search, copy something
to the clipboard or update the view.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
With the help of the logfile, experts can find reasons for \SpecialChar LaTeX
-errors.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With the button
\family sans
Open Containing Directory
\family default
one can open \SpecialChar LyX
's temporary folder for the document.
This folder contains all converted and created files to generate the output.
Some of these files might be of interest for experts to solve problems
or for writers who need to supply intermediate files.
For example some journals require to send the
\family sans
*.bbl
\family default
file (a text file with the used Bib\SpecialChar TeX
references).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Start Appendix Here
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Sets the start of the appendices of the document at the current cursor position
as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Appendices"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
View
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
[<output format>]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This menu entry generates the output in the format you have specified as
default output format for the document (menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Format
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Doc-Formats"
\end_inset
) or in the \SpecialChar LyX
preferences (menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Handling\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Formats\SpecialChar menuseparator
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Format
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"
\end_inset
) and opens it in an appropriate viewer.
The viewer can be set or changed in the preferences (menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Handling\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Formats\SpecialChar menuseparator
Viewer
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"
\end_inset
).
The default viewers are set by \SpecialChar LyX
when it is first configured.
The default output format is
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(pdflatex)
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
View (Other Formats)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With this menu you can view your document in alternative output formats.
The menu contains a list of available formats in which you can view the
actual document with an external program.
The menu entries are not the same on all installations — it depends on
the \SpecialChar LaTeX
programs that are found when \SpecialChar LyX
was configured.
All possible formats are listed in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Export"
\end_inset
.
You should at least see the menu entry
\family sans
DVI
\family default
.
If it is missing, you need to update or repair your \SpecialChar LaTeX
installation.
After updating you have to reconfigure \SpecialChar LyX
(see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX
\end_layout
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Invoking a view menu will start a viewer program.
The viewer can be set or changed in the preferences (menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Handling\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Formats\SpecialChar menuseparator
Viewer
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"
\end_inset
).
The default viewers are set by \SpecialChar LyX
when it is first configured.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Update
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
[<output format>]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This menu entry allows you to update the view with your latest changes (in
the default output format) without opening a new viewer window.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Update (Other Formats)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With this menu you can update the view of alternative output formats of
your document without opening a new viewer window.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
View Master Document
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This menu item is only visible if your document is included to another document,
which is then its
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
master
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(see section
\emph on
Child Documents
\emph default
in the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual for more information on this topic).
This item allows you to view the master document from within its child.
That is, if you are working on a child document which is a chapter of a
book,
\family sans
View
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Master
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Document
\family default
generates the output of the whole book, while
\family sans
View
\family default
will just output the chapter alone.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The format used by this function is the default output format as specified
in the document settings (menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Format
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Doc-Formats"
\end_inset
) or in the preferences (menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Handling\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Formats\SpecialChar menuseparator
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Format
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Update Master Document
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This menu item is only visible if your document is included to another document,
which is then its
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
master
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(see section
\emph on
Child Documents
\emph default
in the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual for more information on this topic).
This item allows you to update the view of a master document from within
its child without the need to switch to the master document itself.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The format used by this function is the default output format as specified
in the document settings (menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Format
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Doc-Formats"
\end_inset
) or in the preferences (menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Handling\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Formats\SpecialChar menuseparator
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Format
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Compressed
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Compressed"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Un/compresses the current document.
For documents under version control it is strongly recommended to disable
compression (see the
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
manual for details).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Disable Editing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Toggles the read-only state for the document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Settings
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The document settings are described in appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:The-Document-Settings"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
The Tools Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! Tools
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Spellchecker
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Spell checking is explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Spellchecking"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Thesaurus
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The thesaurus is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Thesaurus"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Statistics
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Word count
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Character count
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Returns the number of the words and characters in the actual document or
the highlighted document part.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Check
\family sans
TeX
\family default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Chk\SpecialChar TeX
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Generates with the help of the program
\family typewriter
Chk\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
a log of possible \SpecialChar LaTeX
-errors and displays it in a dialog.
This feature is not available on Windows.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\family sans
TeX
\family default
Information
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar TeX
Information
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Shows you a list of the document classes and styles installed in your \SpecialChar LaTeX
-system.
Use the option
\family sans
Show
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
path
\family default
to see the full filename paths.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Compare
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Compare
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Opens a dialog to compare \SpecialChar LyX
files as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Comparison-of-Documents"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Reconfigure
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LyX
! Reconfigure|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Reconfigures \SpecialChar LyX
; that is, \SpecialChar LyX
looks for \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages and programs it needs; see
also section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Preferences
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Opens the
\family sans
Preferences
\family default
dialog as described in detail in appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:The-Preferences-dialog"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
The Help Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! Help
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This menu lists the documentation files of \SpecialChar LyX
in the language of \SpecialChar LyX
's menus.
If a file is not available in this language, the English version will be
listed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The menu
\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Configuration
\family default
shows a \SpecialChar LyX
document with information about the \SpecialChar LaTeX
packages and classes found
by \SpecialChar LyX
(see also section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:LaTeX-Setup"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The menu
\family sans
About
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
LyX
\family default
gives information about the copyright, the credits and the \SpecialChar LyX
version you
are using.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Toolbars
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Toolbars"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
How to show or hide toolbars is explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Toolbars"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It is also possible to define custom toolbars.
This is described in the
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Standard Toolbar
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar ! Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/StandardToolbar.png
width 100col%
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The standard toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
buttons:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
LTleft}{0pt}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is necessary to left align the following longtables.
See the
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
manual for more information.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="1" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
clip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
pull-down box for the environments
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace -10mm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align left
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="24" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "buffer-new"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
New
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "file-open"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Open
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "buffer-write"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Save
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show spellchecker"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Spellchecker
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "spelling-continuously"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spellcheck continuously
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "undo"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Undo
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "redo"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Redo
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "cut"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cut
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "copy"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Copy
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "paste"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paste
\change_inserted -712698321 1545905310
\family default
or
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paste Recent
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show findreplace"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Find
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
&
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
Replace
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
(Quick)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-toggle findreplaceadv"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Find
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
&
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
Replace
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
(Advanced)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "bookmark-goto 0"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bookmarks\SpecialChar menuseparator
Navigate Back
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "font-emph"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Emphasize text, function of the
\change_deleted -712698321 1525758222
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\change_inserted -712698321 1525758222
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "menu"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
dialog
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "font-noun"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Set text to noun style, function of the
\change_deleted -712698321 1525758226
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\change_inserted -712698321 1525758226
\family default
\begin_inset Info
type "menu"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
dialog
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1545900859
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dynamic-char-styles"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1545900930
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Text Styles
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_deleted -712698321 1545899987
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "textstyle-apply"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_deleted -712698321 1545900001
Format text using the current settings in the
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\family default
dialog
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-mode"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Inline
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Formula
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Graphics
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "tabular-insert"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Table
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1545900837
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dynamic-custom-insets"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1545900953
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Insets
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-toggle toc"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle outline window on/off,
\family sans
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Outline
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "toolbar-toggle math"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle math toolbar on/off
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "toolbar-toggle table"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle table toolbar on/off
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Extra Toolbar
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar ! Extra
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/ExtraToolbar.png
width 100col%
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The extra toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
buttons:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="26" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "layout"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Default
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "layout-toggle Enumerate"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Numbered list
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "layout-toggle Itemize"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Itemized list
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "layout-toggle List"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
List
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "layout-toggle Description"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Description list
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "depth-increment"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Increase
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
List
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Depth
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "depth-decrement"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Decrease
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
List
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Depth
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "float-insert figure"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar menuseparator
Figure
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "float-insert table"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar menuseparator
Table
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "label-insert"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Label
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross-Reference
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Citation
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "index-insert"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Index
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Entry
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "nomencl-insert"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Nomenclature
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Entry
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "footnote-insert"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Footnote
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "marginalnote-insert"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Marginal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Note
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "note-insert"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Note\SpecialChar menuseparator
LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Note
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "box-insert Frameless"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Box
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "href-insert"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Hyperlink
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "ert-insert"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Code
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "math-macro newmacroname newcommand"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show-new-inset include"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Child
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Document
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1545899981
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "textstyle-apply"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1545900045
Format text using the recent settings in the
\begin_inset Info
type "menu"
arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
dialog
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "layout-paragraph"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "thesaurus-entry"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thesaurus
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
View/Update Toolbar
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar ! View / Update
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/ViewToolbar.png
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The view/update toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
buttons:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "buffer-view"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
View
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "buffer-update"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Update
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "master-buffer-view"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
\change_inserted -131811572 1600333746
View
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
Master
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Document
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "master-buffer-update"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Update
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Master
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Document
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "buffer-toggle-output-sync"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
\change_deleted -131811572 1600333766
Output
\change_inserted -131811572 1600333762
Formats
\change_unchanged
\SpecialChar menuseparator
Synchronize with Output
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "view-others"
\end_inset
\change_deleted -712698321 1545901299
\family sans
*
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
View (Other Formats)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "update-others"
\end_inset
\change_deleted -712698321 1545901301
*
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Update (Other Formats)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_deleted -712698321 1545901302
* These icons might look different for you if you do not use the default
icon set.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Other Toolbars
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The change tracking toolbar is explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Change-Tracking"
\end_inset
, the table toolbar
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar ! Table
\end_layout
\end_inset
in the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual and the math macro toolbar
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar ! Macro
\end_layout
\end_inset
in the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
The Document Settings
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "chap:The-Document-Settings"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Setting
\family default
s dialog contains submenus to set properties for the whole document and
is called with the menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
.
You can save your document settings as default with the
\family sans
Save as Document Defaults
\family default
button in any dialog.
This will create a template named
\family typewriter
defaults.lyx
\family default
which is automatically loaded by \SpecialChar LyX
when you create a new document without
using a template.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The button
\family sans
Use Class Defaults
\family default
resets the document settings to the default of the document class.
This affects mostly class options, the page layout and Numbering & TOC.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The different submenus of the dialog are explained in the following sections.
There are so many document settings available that it might take a while
to find the one you are looking for.
To find a setting quicker, you can use the search field which is above
the submenus of the dialog.
If you search e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
page
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, you will see that some submenus will be grayed-out and disabled.
Only the submenus with page settings stay enabled.
The found page settings are labeled red in these submenus.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Document Class
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you set the document class, class options, a graphics driver, and a
master document.
Document classes are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Document-Classes"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With the button
\family sans
Local
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Layout
\family default
you can load you own layout-file, that is not in \SpecialChar LyX
's
\emph on
layouts
\emph default
folder and thus not recognized by \SpecialChar LyX
as a layout for a document class.
For more about layout-files, see the chapter
\emph on
Installing New Document Classes, Types of Layout Files
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
Handbook.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some classes use special class options by default.
If this is the case, they are listed in the field
\family sans
Predefined
\family default
and you can decide to use them or not.
If you do not know exactly what the default class options are for, it is
recommended you leave them untouched.
The
\family sans
Graphics driver
\family default
is used for \SpecialChar LaTeX
's graphics, color and page layout packages.
If using
\family sans
Default
\family default
, the default driver for the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages is used.
It is recommended that you use the default unless you know what you are
doing.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
When you want to use one of the following drivers
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\family sans
dvi2ps, dvialw, dvilaser, dvitops, psprint, pubps, ln
\family default
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
you first have to activate them in your \SpecialChar LaTeX
distribution, see section
\emph on
Driver support
\emph default
in
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics/grfguide.pdf"
literal "false"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Specifying a
\family sans
Master
\family default
document is necessary if the current document is a child or subdocument.
The master document will be used by \SpecialChar LyX
in the background if the child document
is opened without its master.
This way child documents are always compilable.
More about master and child documents is explained in the section
\emph on
Child Documents
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There is also an option to suppress the date and one to use the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
instead of
\series bold
prettyref
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! prettyref
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! refstyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
for cross-references, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Child Documents
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This submenu is only visible when your document includes child documents.
Please refer to the section
\emph on
Child
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Documents
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual for details.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Modules
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Modules are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Modules"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Local Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Local-Layout"
\end_inset
for a description.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Fonts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The document font settings are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Fonts-and-Text"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Text Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can specify if paragraphs should be separated by
\family sans
Indentation
\family default
or by
\family sans
Vertical space
\family default
.
The
\family sans
Line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
spacing
\family default
and whether it should be a
\family sans
Two-column
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
document
\family default
can also be specified here.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that \SpecialChar LyX
will not show two columns or the specified line spacing on screen.
That would be impractical, often unreadable, and is not part of the WYSIWYM
concept.
However, it will be as you specified in the output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With the option
\family sans
Use justification in \SpecialChar LyX
work area
\family default
you can decide if \SpecialChar LyX
justifies the text on screen.
This only affects the text inside \SpecialChar LyX
not in the output.
\change_inserted -712698321 1554288869
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1554288904
The
\family sans
Default Style
\family default
setting in
\family sans
Table Style
\family default
lets you select which style newly inserted tables should use by default.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Page Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This dialog is described in sections
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Paper-Size,-Orientation"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Document-Layout"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Page Margins
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can adjust the page margins as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Margins"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Language
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Language-encodings"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Language ! Encoding
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The document language and quote styles are set here.
The encoding specifies how the document content is exported to \SpecialChar LaTeX
(the \SpecialChar LyX
file
is always encoded in utf8).
All characters that cannot be encoded using the specified encoding will
be exported as \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands (this can fail if a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command is not known for
a particular character).
\change_inserted -712698321 1557594829
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1557596095
By default, \SpecialChar LyX
outputs \SpecialChar LaTeX
files in Unicode – or utf8, for that matter (which
is nowadays also \SpecialChar LaTeX
's default encoding).
This should normally fit your needs, since \SpecialChar LaTeX
's Unicode support covers the
characters of most scripts.
Nonetheless it is not yet comprehensive, so there might be cases where
using one of the traditional, or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
legacy
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, encodings is necessary.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1557596136
\SpecialChar LyX
provides support for these traditional encodings.
If you chose
\family sans
Traditional (auto-selected)
\family default
from the
\family sans
Encodings
\family default
dropdown, \SpecialChar LyX
automatically selects the appropriate traditional encoding for
the given language(s).
\change_deleted -712698321 1557595310
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_deleted -712698321 1557595310
If you use the option
\family sans
Language Default
\family default
, \SpecialChar LyX
determines the encoding of a text part from the language of this text.
\change_unchanged
If the document contains text in more than one language you
\change_inserted -712698321 1557595342
thus
\change_unchanged
may get more than one encoding in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
file.
\change_deleted -712698321 1557595350
If you do not use this option then the complete document will always use
exactly one encoding.
Checking this option is the preferred setting.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1557596155
As a third option, \SpecialChar LyX
provides the
\family sans
ASCII
\family default
selection.
If this is chosen, any character outside the 7bit ASCII range will be output
as a \SpecialChar LaTeX
command.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1557645585
Finally, you can also select
\family sans
Custom
\family default
, which lets you specify a specific (single) encoding for the whole document.
Note that this encoding is then used for
\emph on
any
\emph default
language.
The custom list (which is spelled out below) consists of traditional encodings
and some special cases of Unicode for specific purposes (see explanation
below).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1557645268
The
\family sans
Do not load inputenc
\family default
checkbox does what it states: It prevents \SpecialChar LyX
from automatically loading the
\SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
inputenc
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\change_inserted -712698321 1557645185
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! inputenc
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
This option might be useful if you use a class or package that pre-loads
inputenc or if inputenc must not be used for some reason.
When using this, you probably need to load some additional packages manually
in the preamble and specify the used encoding for text parts in foreign
languages in \SpecialChar TeX
code.
Note that this option is only available for the standard
\family sans
Unicode
\family default
and
\family sans
Traditional (auto-selected)
\family default
encodings.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_deleted -712698321 1557596063
\SpecialChar LyX
also supports Unicode output, which is particularly useful if you need
lots of special symbols or non-alphabetic scripts, respectively.
If you want to use this (and your \SpecialChar LaTeX
installation supports Unicode), choose
one of the four utf8 variants from the list below.
Unfortunately the Unicode support of standard \SpecialChar LaTeX
is quite incomplete, so
it is not uncommon that a file with lots of Unicode symbols works fine
with
\family sans
Language Default
\family default
(when \SpecialChar LyX
uses its list of known \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands), but does not work with a fixed
utf8 encoding (when the list of known \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands is not used, because all
Unicode symbols can be encoded in utf8).
The situation is much better with Xe\SpecialChar TeX
and Lua\SpecialChar TeX
, two new alternative engines
to standard \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
Both engines support Unicode natively.
\SpecialChar LyX
now also supports these two engines (via the output formats
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(XeTeX)
\family default
,
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(LuaTeX)
\family default
and
\family sans
DVI
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(LuaTeX)
\family default
, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Output-file-formats"
\end_inset
).
So if you are using many special or accented characters and
\family sans
Language Default
\family default
fails, you might try out one of these new engines.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Language
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
package
\family default
determines the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package that is used for hyphenation and the translation
of strings like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Part
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The possible settings are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Default uses the language package that is selected in
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language Settings
\family default
(see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Prefs-Language"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Automatic selects the most suitable language package for the view/export
format you will use.
In many cases this will be
\series bold
babel
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! babel
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
If the newer package
\series bold
polyglossia
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! polyglossia
\end_layout
\end_inset
is more appropriate (is the case when using Xe\SpecialChar TeX
or Lua\SpecialChar TeX
and non-\SpecialChar TeX
fonts),
this package will be used instead of
\series bold
babel
\series default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Always
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Babel uses
\series bold
babel
\series default
even if
\series bold
polyglossia
\series default
would be more appropriate.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Custom allows you to specify a language package command of your choice.
For example if you want to use a language-specific package like
\series bold
ngerman
\series default
(for German texts), type in
\series bold
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\backslash
usepackage{ngerman}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
None will not use a language package.
This is necessary for some document classes for scientific articles.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is a list with the important encodings:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_deleted -712698321 1557645284
Language
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(no
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
inputenc) Same as
\family sans
Language Default
\family default
, but the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
inputenc
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! inputenc
\end_layout
\end_inset
is not used.
When using this, you probably need to load some additional packages manually
in the preamble and specify the used encoding for text parts in foreign
languages in \SpecialChar TeX
code.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
ASCII the ASCII encoding, covers only plain English (7-bit ASCII).
\SpecialChar LyX
converts all other characters into \SpecialChar LaTeX
commands, which may result in a big
file when lots of \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands are needed.
\change_inserted -712698321 1557596221
This is the same as the
\family sans
ASCII
\family default
option in the main
\family sans
Encoding
\family default
dropdown list.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Arabic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(CP
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
1256) MS Windows code page for Arabic and Farsi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Arabic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-6) for Arabic and Farsi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Armenian
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ArmSCII8) for Armenian
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Baltic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(CP
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
1257) MS Windows code page for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian, the same
as the ISO-8859-13 encoding
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Baltic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-13) for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian, a superset of the ISO-8859-4
encoding
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Baltic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-4) (latin 4) for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian, a subset of the
ISO-8859-13 encoding
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Central
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(CP
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
1250) MS Windows code page for ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-2 (latin2)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Central
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-2) (latin 2) covers Albanian, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish,
Romanian, Slovak and Slovenian
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Chinese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(simplified)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(EUC-CN) for simplified Chinese, used especially on UNIX OSes, since 2001
this encoding is officially replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030
is not available for \SpecialChar LaTeX
you should try to use the encoding Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(utf8)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Chinese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(simplified)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(GBK) for simplified Chinese, is the same as the Windows code page CP 936
except for the Euro currency sign, since 2001 this encoding is officially
replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030 is not available for \SpecialChar LaTeX
you
should try to use the encoding Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(utf8)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Chinese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(traditional)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(EUC-TW) for traditional Chinese
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Cyrillic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(CP
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
1251) MS Windows code page for Cyrillic
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Cyrillic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-5) covers Belorussian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian and Ukrainian
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Cyrillic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(KOI8-R) standard Cyrillic especially for Russian
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Cyrillic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(KOI8-U) Cyrillic for Ukrainian
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Cyrillic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(pt
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
154) Cyrillic for Kazakh
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Greek
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-7) for Greek
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Hebrew
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(CP
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
1255) MS Windows code page for Hebrew, a superset of the ISO-8859-8 encoding
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Hebrew
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-8) for Hebrew
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Japanese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
CJK
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! CJK
\end_layout
\end_inset
, when using this, set the document language to
\family sans
Japanese (CJK)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Japanese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
CJK
\series default
, when using this, set the document language to
\family sans
Japanese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(CJK)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Japanese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(non-CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
japanese
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! japanese
\end_layout
\end_inset
, when using this, set the document language to
\family sans
Japanese
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Japanese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(non-CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
japanese
\series default
, when using this, set the document language to
\family sans
Japanese
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Japanese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(non-CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(SJIS) SJIS encoding for Japanese, uses the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
japanese
\series default
, when using this, set the document language to
\family sans
Japanese
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Korean
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(EUC-KR) for Korean
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Southern
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-3) (latin 3) covers Esperanto, Galician, Maltese and Turkish
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
South-Eastern
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-16) (latin 10) covers Albanian, Croatian, Finnish, French, German,
Hungarian, Irish Gaelic, Italian, Polish, Romanian and Slovenian, is designed
to cover many languages and characters with diacritics
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Thai
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(TIS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
620-0) for Thai
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Turkish
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-9) (latin 5) for Turkish, is like the ISO-8859-1 encoding where the
Icelandic letters are replaced by Turkish ones
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(utf8) Unicode utf8 with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
CJK
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! CJK
\end_layout
\end_inset
(for the languages Chinese, Japanese and Korean)
\change_inserted -712698321 1557596410
.
This encoding is selected by \SpecialChar LyX
with the default encoding (
\family sans
Unicode (utf8) [default]
\family default
in the main
\family sans
Encoding
\family default
dropdown list) with CJK languages.
Normally you do not need to set this encoding manually.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(Xe
\family sans
TeX
\family default
)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(utf8) Unicode utf8 to be used with
\family sans
Xe\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
and
\family sans
Lua\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
, which use Unicode directly, without the help of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
inputenc
\series default
.
\SpecialChar LyX
automatically selects this encoding if you export or preview Xe\SpecialChar TeX
or Lua\SpecialChar TeX
.
Normally you do not need to set this encoding manually.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ucs-extended)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(utf8x) Unicode utf8 based on the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
ucs
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! ucs
\end_layout
\end_inset
(
\change_deleted -712698321 1557596443
comprehensive,
\change_unchanged
including Latin, Greek, Cyrillic and CJK scripts).
\change_inserted -712698321 1557596475
This used to be more comprehensive than
\family sans
Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(utf8)
\family default
, but meanwhile it is rather outdated.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(utf8) Unicode utf8 based on the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
\series bold
inputenc
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! inputenc
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\change_deleted -712698321 1557596266
Currently only a limited range of characters (mainly for Latin scripts)
is supported.
\change_inserted -712698321 1557596400
This encoding is selected by \SpecialChar LyX
with the default encoding (
\family sans
Unicode (utf8) [default]
\family default
in the main
\family sans
Encoding
\family default
dropdown list) with non-CJK languages.
Normally you do not need to set this encoding manually.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Western
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(CP
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
1252) MS Windows code page for ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-1 (latin1)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Western
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-1) (latin 1) covers the languages Albanian, Catalan, Danish, Dutch,
English, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Icelandic, Irish,
Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish; better use the ISO-8859-15
encoding instead
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Western
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
8859-15) (latin 9) like the ISO-8859-1 encoding, but with the Euro currency
sign, the œ-ligature and some characters used for French and Finnish
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Colors
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! main text
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! background
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! Shaded boxes
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! Greyed-out notes
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can alter the font color for the
\family sans
Main text
\family default
(default: black), for
\family sans
Greyed
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
out notes
\family default
(default: light grey)for the background color for the
\family sans
Page
\family default
(default: white) and for
\family sans
Shaded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
boxes
\family default
(default: red).
The button
\family sans
Reset
\family default
sets the color back to the default.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Clicking any button showing
\family sans
Default
\family default
or
\family sans
Change
\family default
opens a dialog enabling you to choose from a selection of colors or from
a color-picker or to specify a color using HSL or RGB values.
In the dialog you can add any color to the custom colors to select them
later more quickly.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note, if you change the
\family sans
Main
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
text
\family default
font color and use the option
\family sans
Color
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
links
\family default
in the document settings under
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
properties
\family default
, you probably also need to change the link font color as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:PDF-Properties"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can adapt the
\family sans
Main
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
text
\family default
font color and the
\family sans
Page
\family default
background for every page in your document if you use these commands as
\SpecialChar TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Code after a forced page break:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
For the page color:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
\backslash
pagecolor{color name}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
For the text color:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
\backslash
color{color name}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You are restricted to one of
\series bold
black
\series default
,
\series bold
blue
\series default
,
\series bold
cyan
\series default
,
\series bold
green
\series default
,
\series bold
magenta
\series default
,
\series bold
red
\series default
,
\series bold
white
\series default
or
\series bold
yellow
\series default
for the
\series bold
color name
\series default
unless you have defined your own color (see the section
\emph on
Colored Tables
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
Manual).
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
If you have changed a text or background color, you can use the following
names to refer to them:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
For the
\family sans
Page
\family default
background color:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
page_backgroundcolor
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
For the
\family sans
Main
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
text
\family default
color:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
document_fontcolor
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
For the
\family sans
Shaded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
boxes
\family default
background color:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
shadecolor
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
For the
\family sans
Greyed
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
out notes
\family default
text color:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
note_fontcolor
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To see how to define and use custom colors, see section
\emph on
Colored
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Cells
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
\change_inserted -712698321 1577206827
Change Tracking
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1577206929
Here you can do some settings related to change tracking (see sec.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Change-Tracking"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
).
Alternatively to the menu or toolbar, you can set here whether changes
are being tracked and whether they are shown in the output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1577207214
Additionally, you can advise LyX to place a change bar in the margin of
the output.
This might be useful to make changed passages more salient.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Numbering & TOC
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can adjust the
\family sans
Numbering
\family default
depth of section headings and the section depth in the
\family sans
Table of Contents
\family default
as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Numbering-depth"
\end_inset
.
\change_inserted 5863208 1558620045
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted 5863208 1558620379
You can typeset lines numbering in the output file by enabling the checkbox
at the bottom.
The functionality is handled by package lineno and additional options of
this package can be used as well.
The most common one are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted 5863208 1558620630
right Line numbers to the right margin
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted 5863208 1558620589
switch Line number to the outer margin (left – even pages, right – odd pages)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted 5863208 1558620637
switch* Line numbers to the inner margin
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted 5863208 1601989692
modulo Print numbers only on multiples of five lines
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted 5863208 1601989752
pagewise Restart numbering for each page
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted 5863208 1558620792
displaymath,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
mathlines Line numbers for math environments (both options needed).
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Bibliography
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can specify if a specific citation style using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
packages
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! biblatex
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\series bold
natbib
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! natbib
\end_layout
\end_inset
or
\series bold
jurabib
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! jurabib
\end_layout
\end_inset
should be used.
If you use Bib\SpecialChar TeX
, you can enable a
\family sans
Sectioned bibliography
\family default
using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
package
\series bold
bibtopic
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! bibtopic
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
If you use
\noun on
Biblatex
\noun default
, you can select the style files and specify further options.
Finally, you can select a document-specific
\family sans
Processor
\family default
for the generation of the bibliography.
For a further description of these possibilities see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Indexes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can define the
\family sans
Processor
\family default
that will generate your index and you can define additional indexes (see
section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Index"
\end_inset
for details).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
PDF Properties
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The PDF properties are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:PDF-Properties"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Math Options
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These options will force \SpecialChar LyX
to use the \SpecialChar LaTeX
packages
\series bold
amsmath
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! amsmath
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\series bold
amssymb
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! amssymb
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\series bold
cancel
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! cancel
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\series bold
esint
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! esint
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\series bold
mathdots
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! mathdots
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\series bold
mathtools
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! mathtools
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\series bold
mhchem
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! mhchem
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\series bold
stackrel
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! stackrel
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\series bold
stmaryrd
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! stmaryrd
\end_layout
\end_inset
and
\series bold
undertilde
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! undertilde
\end_layout
\end_inset
, or to use them automatically when they are needed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
amsmath is needed for many constructs, so when you get \SpecialChar LaTeX
-errors in formulas,
ensure that you have this enabled.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
amssymb is needed for some special math symbols like bold or upright Greek
letters, so when you get \SpecialChar LaTeX
-errors in formulas, ensure that you have this
enabled.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
cancel is used for canceled formulas, see section
\emph on
Canceled
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Formulas
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
esint is used for special integral characters, see section
\emph on
Big
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Operators
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
mathdots is used for special ellipses, see section
\emph on
Ellipses
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
mathtools is used for the math commands
\series bold
\backslash
overbracket
\series default
,
\series bold
\backslash
underbracket
\series default
,
\series bold
\backslash
smashoperator
\series default
,
\series bold
\backslash
adjustlimits
\series default
,
\series bold
\backslash
splitfrac
\series default
,
\series bold
\backslash
shortintertext
\series default
and labeled arrows, see the corresponding sections in the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
mhchem is used for chemical equations, see section
\emph on
Chemical Symbols and Equations
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
stackrel is used for the math command
\series bold
\backslash
stackrel
\series default
, see section
\emph on
Relations
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
stmaryrd is used for a few special math symbols.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
undertilde is used for the math command
\series bold
\backslash
utilde
\series default
, see section
\emph on
Accents for one Character
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Float
\change_deleted -712698321 1526030304
Placement
\change_inserted -712698321 1526030306
Settings
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1526030352
Here you can set global float placement and alignment options.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_deleted -712698321 1526030366
The float placement options
\change_inserted -712698321 1526030367
Details
\change_unchanged
are described in the section
\emph on
Float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\change_deleted -712698321 1526031799
Placement
\change_inserted -712698321 1526031800
Settings
\change_unchanged
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Listings
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The listings settings are explained in the chapter
\emph on
Program Code Listings
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Objects
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Bullets
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can adjust the characters used for the itemize
\family sans
Level
\family default
s, specify the
\family sans
Font
\family default
set to be used and set the
\family sans
Size
\family default
of the bullets.
The itemize environment is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Itemize"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can furthermore specify a
\family sans
Custom
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Bullet
\family default
by inserting in this field the \SpecialChar LaTeX
command of the desired character.
For example to use the € sign, you have to insert the command
\series bold
\backslash
texteuro
\series default
.
For math symbols you additionally need to enclose the command with $ signs.
To use e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
the symbol
\begin_inset Formula $\circlearrowright$
\end_inset
you need to enter
\series bold
$
\backslash
circlearrowright$
\series default
.
To find the command for a math symbol, create a formula and hover the mouse
over the desired symbol in the math toolbar.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
Some characters require to load special \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages in the preamble (menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
\SpecialChar LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Preamble
\family default
).
For example for the € sign one needs to add the line
\series bold
\backslash
usepackage{textcomp}
\series default
to the preamble.
For most math symbols it is sufficient to add the line
\series bold
\backslash
usepackage{amssymb}
\series default
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Branches
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Branches are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Branches"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Formats
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Doc-Formats"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can define some output specifics for the current document:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Format: The format that is used when you enter
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
View
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Update
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
View Master Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Update Master Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in the
\family sans
Document
\family default
menu or the toolbar.
The default is set in
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Handling\SpecialChar menuseparator
File Formats
\family default
, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1578647276
Allow
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
running
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
external
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
programs If this is switched on, \SpecialChar LaTeX
is run with the
\family typewriter
-shell-escape
\family default
option which is needed with some packages.
Note that this comes with security risks, so please use this only when
really necessary and if you know what you are doing.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1578647006
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Options offers settings for the
\family sans
LaTeX
\family default
export.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Synchronize
\change_inserted -712698321 1578646679
\change_deleted -712698321 1578646679
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
with
\change_deleted -712698321 1578646686
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\change_inserted -712698321 1578646686
\change_unchanged
Output
\family default
\change_inserted -712698321 1578646719
enables
\change_deleted -712698321 1578646729
settings for the menu
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
\change_unchanged
Forward
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
search
\change_inserted -712698321 1578646752
\family default
and allows to customize the macro used in this process
\change_deleted -712698321 1578646757
.
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted -712698321 1578646759
(
\change_deleted -712698321 1578646759
F
\change_inserted -712698321 1578646759
f
\change_unchanged
or a detailed description see section
\emph on
Reverse DVI/PDF search
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Additional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Features
\emph default
manual
\change_inserted -712698321 1578646762
)
\change_unchanged
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1578647009
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\change_inserted -712698321 1578647929
\family sans
Put fragile content out of moving arguments
\family default
determines whether so-called
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
fragile
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
\SpecialChar LaTeX
constructs (such as labels or index entries) are placed outside of so-called
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
moving arguments
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
in \SpecialChar LaTeX
(such as sections or captions), even if the corresponding insets are
placed in such context in \SpecialChar LyX
.
This setting is on by default, since it prevents nasty \SpecialChar LaTeX
errors.
If you rely on labels or index entries being kept inside the problematic
macros, you can uncheck this.
If you don't know what we are talking about here, worry not: just leave
it checked.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
XHTML
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Options offers settings for the export format
\family sans
LyXHTML
\family default
.
\family sans
Strict XHTML
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
1.1
\family default
will assure that the output follows exactly version
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
1.1 of the XHTML standard.
The different
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
output
\family default
settings are described in detail in section
\emph on
Math Output in XHTML
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Additional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Features
\emph default
manual.
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
image
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
scaling
\family default
is used for the size of equations in the output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Format The option
\family sans
Save transient properties
\family default
controls whether document settings that are frequently switched or that
are specific to the user are saved with the document.
The properties that are affected by option are currently:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
the activation of change tracking
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
the output of tracked changes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
the recording of the document directory path.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Disabling the option can prevent issues in collaborative work and/or when
using a version control system (for instance unnecessary merge conflicts).
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Section
La
\family sans
TeX
\family default
Preamble
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In this text field you can enter commands to load special \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages or to
define \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands.
The preamble is a thing for \SpecialChar LaTeX
-experts.
You should not enter commands here until you know exactly what you are
doing.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
An introduction to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-syntax is given in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-Syntax"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
The
\family sans
Preferences
\family default
Dialog
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "chap:The-Preferences-dialog"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Preferences
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The preferences dialog is called with the menu
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences
\family default
.
It has the following submenus.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Look and Feel
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
User Interface
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
User Interface File
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Customization ! of toolbars
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Customization ! of menus
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The appearance of the menus and toolbars can be changed by choosing a user
interface (ui) file.
A ui-file is a text file where the toolbars and menus are listed.
The file
\emph on
default.ui
\emph default
loads three files:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
stdmenus.inc
\shape italic
\emph on
specifies the menu entries for the standard menus
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
stdcontext.inc
\shape italic
\emph on
specifies
\shape default
\emph default
the menu entries in popup context menus
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
stdtoolbars.inc
\shape italic
\emph on
specifies the toolbar buttons
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To create your own menu and toolbar layout, start with a copy of these files
and edit the entries.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The syntax of the .inc-files is straightforward: the
\family sans
Menubar
\family default
,
\family sans
Menu
\family default
and
\family sans
Toolbar
\family default
entries must be finished with an explicit
\family sans
End
\family default
.
They may contain
\family sans
Submenu
\family default
,
\family sans
Item
\family default
,
\family sans
OptItem
\family default
,
\family sans
Separator
\family default
,
\family sans
Icon,
\family default
and in the case of the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
file_lastfiles
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
menu a
\family sans
Lastfiles
\family default
entry.
The syntax for the entries is:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
\end_inset
\series bold
Item
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
menu
\series default
or
\series bold
button name
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\SpecialChar LyX
function
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
\end_inset
All the \SpecialChar LyX
-functions are listed in the menu
\family sans
Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Functions
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For example, assuming you use the menu
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bookmarks
\family default
quite often and therefore want six available bookmarks, you can add the
line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
\end_inset
\series bold
Item
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Save Bookmark 6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
bookmark-save 6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
\end_inset
to the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
navigate_bookmarks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
menu in
\emph on
stdmenus.inc
\emph default
to have the sixth bookmark.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Icon
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Set
\family default
allows you to change the appearance of \SpecialChar LyX
's toolbar buttons.
The currently available icon sets are compared in
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "this image"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/uploads/LyX/NewInLyX20/themes.png"
literal "false"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Context help
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The option
\family sans
Enable tool tips in main work area
\family default
enables tool tips showing the content of closed insets like index entries
or footnotes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Menus
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Maximum last files
\family default
is the number of last opened files that \SpecialChar LyX
should display in the menu
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Open
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Recent
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Document Handling
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Session handling
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With the option
\family sans
Restore window layouts and geometries
\family default
\SpecialChar LyX
's main window will be opened with the size and layout that was used in
the last \SpecialChar LyX
session.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The option
\family sans
Restore cursor positions
\family default
sets the cursor to the position in the file where it was at the end of
the last session.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The option
\family sans
Load opened files from last session
\family default
opens all files that were opened in the last \SpecialChar LyX
session.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The button
\family sans
Clear all session information
\family default
deletes all information from previous \SpecialChar LyX
sessions (cursor positions, names
of last opened documents, etc.).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Backup & saving
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Backup documents"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Backup ! Documents
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Backup original documents when saving
\family default
creates a backup copy of the file in the state when it was opened or when
it was saved the last time.
It is stored in the
\family sans
Backup
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
directory
\family default
(see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Paths"
\end_inset
) or in the same folder as your document if no
\family sans
Backup
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
directory
\family default
is specified.
The backup file has the file extension
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
.lyx~
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With the option
\family sans
Backup documents, every
\family default
, you can specify the time between backup saves.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Save documents compressed by default
\family default
always saves files in a compressed format (see also section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Compressed"
\end_inset
).
This applies to newly created documents only.
The compression status of existing documents is not changed when saving.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Windows & work area
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If the option
\family sans
Open documents in tabs
\family default
is not checked, every file will be opened in its own new instance of \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The option
\family sans
Single instance
\family default
is only active if a \SpecialChar LyX
Server pipe
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Paths"
\end_inset
for information about \SpecialChar LyX
Server pipes.
\end_layout
\end_inset
is specified.
If it is checked, \SpecialChar LyX
documents will be opened in the same running instance
of \SpecialChar LyX
.
Otherwise a new \SpecialChar LyX
instance is created for each file.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If the option
\family sans
Single close-tab button
\family default
is checked, there will only be one close button (
\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type "icon"
arg "closetab"
\end_inset
\family default
) at the right side of the tab bar to close tabs.
Otherwise every document tab has its own close button.
Regardless of this option, one can always close a tab by middle-clicking
it in the tab bar.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
For this option you have to restart \SpecialChar LyX
before the change takes effect.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With the setting
\family sans
Closing last view
\family default
you one can decide if a document is closed or hidden when its tab or view
is closed.
Hidden documents are accessible via the menu
\family sans
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Hidden
\family default
.
Not to close documents can be useful if you open files parallel in several
instances of \SpecialChar LyX
and only want to close the view in once instance.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Screen Fonts
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Font ! Screen
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Screen-Fonts"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These fonts are used to display your documents within \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
This section only deals with the fonts
\emph on
inside
\emph default
the \SpecialChar LyX
window.
The fonts that appear in the output are independent of these fonts, and
set in the menu
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Fonts
\family default
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
By default, \SpecialChar LyX
uses
\family typewriter
Times
\family default
as its
\family sans
Roman
\family default
(serif) font,
\family typewriter
Arial
\family default
or
\family typewriter
Helvetica
\family default
(depends on the system) as its
\family sans
Sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Serif
\family default
font and
\family typewriter
Courier
\family default
as its
\family typewriter
Typewriter
\family default
font.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can change the font size with the
\family sans
Zoom
\family default
setting.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Font Sizes
\family default
are calculated as letter height in units of points.
72.27
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
points have the size of 1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
inch, see Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Units-available-in"
\end_inset
.
The default font sizes are the same as if a document font size of 10
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
pt were used.
The sizes are explained in detail in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Document-Font"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Colors
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! \SpecialChar LyX
screen
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Color
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can change the screen colors used by \SpecialChar LyX
by choosing an item in the
list and selecting the
\family sans
Alter
\family default
button.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
By checking the option
\family sans
Use system colors
\family default
the color scheme of your OS or window manager is used.
The colors
\family sans
cursor, selection, table line, text, URL
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
label and URL
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
text
\family default
are then not customizable and thus not listed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Display
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Display
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can specify if graphics are displayed inside \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Instant Preview
\family default
enables previewing snippets of your document.
This feature is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Checking the option
\family sans
Mark
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
end
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
of
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
paragraphs
\family default
displays a pilcrow (¶) at the end of every paragraph.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Editing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Editing
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Control
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Editing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The option
\family sans
Cursor follows scrollbar
\family default
sets the cursor to the top of the currently displayed document part when
scrolling.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can adjust the width of the cursor.
If you set the value to zero, the thickness of the cursor scales relative
to the zoom value you choose for the screen fonts.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Scroll below end of document
\family default
is self-explanatory.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In \SpecialChar LyX
one can jump from word to word by pressing
\family sans
Ctrl+arrow key
\family default
.
With the option
\family sans
Use Mac-style for cursor moving between words
\family default
the cursor jumps from the end of a word to the end of the next word.
Normally it jumps from the beginning to the beginning.
\change_inserted -712698321 1578924606
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1607270592
The option
\family sans
Keep change tracking markup on copy and paste
\family default
is only relevant in documents that
\emph on
do not
\emph default
track changes.
In such documents, change-tracked text will be copied and pasted as is
(keeping
\emph on
addition
\emph default
and
\emph on
deletion
\emph default
markup) with this option selected.
It the option is not selected, pasted text will be inserted without any
markup (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e., as
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
unchanged
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
text).
This also applies to wrapping to\SpecialChar breakableslash
dissolving from insets.
In documents that
\emph on
do
\emph default
track changes, pasted text is
\emph on
always
\emph default
marked as
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
new
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
notwithstanding the state of this option.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The option
\family sans
Sort environments alphabetically
\family default
sorts the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The option
\family sans
Group environments by their category
\family default
groups the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Edit math macros
\family default
options determine the editing style for math macros, see the section
\emph on
Math Macros
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Math
\emph default
manual.
\change_inserted -712698321 1598509726
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1598509987
The option
\family sans
Search drive for cited files
\family default
allows \SpecialChar LyX
to query your disk for cited documents when using the
\family sans
Try
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Open
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Citation
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Content\SpecialChar ldots
\family default
context menu on a citation.
The
\family sans
Patterns
\family default
field determines the search pattern.
See sec.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Opening-cited-documents"
\end_inset
for details.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Fullscreen
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can specify what is hidden in the fullscreen mode.
With the option
\family sans
Limit text width
\family default
you can specify the width of the text in fullscreen mode.
This way you can display the text smaller than the screen; the text then
appears centered.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Shortcuts
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Key Bindings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Shortcuts
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Bind File
\family default
specifies the file to be used to bind a \SpecialChar LyX
function to a key.
Several binding files are available, among them:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
cua.bind a typical set of PC keyboard shortcuts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
(x)emacs.bind a set of bindings similar to those used in the editor programs
\family sans
Emacs
\family default
(
\family sans
XEmacs
\family default
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
mac.bind a set of bindings for
\family sans
Mac
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
OS
\family default
systems.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are also binding files designed for special document classes, like
\shape italic
broadway.bind
\shape default
, and binding files for special languages.
The names of language binding files begin with a language code, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
pt
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
for Portuguese.
If you use \SpecialChar LyX
in a certain language, \SpecialChar LyX
will try to use the appropriate binding
file.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some binding files, like
\shape italic
math.bind
\shape default
, only have a limited scope.
When looking at the end of the file
\shape italic
cua.bind
\shape default
, you can see that they are included to keep the overview in the bind-file.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The field
\family sans
Show
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
key-bindings
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
containing
\family default
allows you to search for the shortcut provided for a particular function
in the selected key binding file.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Editing Shortcuts
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Editing-Shortcuts"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Key Bindings ! Editing
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To add new or modify existing key bindings to your own taste you can use
the table in the dialog that lists all \SpecialChar LyX
functions and the bound shortcuts.
To find functions easily, they are grouped by categories and the dialog
provides the field
\family sans
Show key-bindings containing
\family default
.
In this field you can insert a keyword for a function you want to edit.
Insert there for example as keyword
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
paste
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and you get the four different existing shortcuts for the three different
functions that contain
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
paste
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in their name.
As you can see, one function can have more than one shortcut.
All \SpecialChar LyX
functions are also listed in the file
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
Functions
\family default
that you will find in the
\family sans
Help
\family default
menu.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For example, to add the shortcut
\family sans
Alt+Q
\family default
for the function
\family sans
textstyle-apply
\family default
, select the function and press the
\family sans
Modify
\family default
button.
A dialog pops up where you can add the shortcut by using it.
So press Alt+Q to define the shortcut.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Modifying an existing shortcut is done the same way.
You can also bind multiple functions to one shortcut by starting the \SpecialChar LyX
Function
definition with “
\family typewriter
command
\change_deleted -131811572 1600337868
\change_inserted -131811572 1600337869
-
\change_unchanged
alternatives
\family default
” and following it with the different function names as a semicolon separated
list.
\SpecialChar LyX
will then use the first function that is enabled in the current document
part.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you don't like a particular shortcut, you can remove it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Alternatively you can also edit shortcuts by modifying binding files with
a text editor.
The syntax of the entries is:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
bind
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
key combination
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\SpecialChar LyX
function
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note, though, that the key combination definition uses a specific syntax.
This applies to the designators of specific modifier keys (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.,
\family typewriter
M
\family default
,
\family typewriter
S
\family default
,
\family typewriter
C
\family default
for
\family sans
Meta/Alt
\family default
,
\family sans
Shift
\family default
,
\family sans
Ctrl
\family default
, respectively) as well as to the other keys.
Note particularly that you cannot use non-alphanumeric characters directly
in the definition of the key combination, but must use commands following
the Xlib standard instead (please refer to the existing bind files for
a model).
So if you wanted to bind a command to the key combination
\family sans
Alt+Shift+:
\family default
, you needed to specify it as
\family typewriter
M-S-colon
\family default
.
If you use the dialog to edit key bindings, you don't have to care for
these specifics.
\SpecialChar LyX
transforms your input to the correct syntax.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Keyboard/Mouse
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Keyboard-Map"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Keyboard Map
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Keyboard Map
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Normally keyboard settings are made in a menu of your operating system.
For the case where this is not possible, \SpecialChar LyX
provides keyboard maps.
If, for example, you have a Czech keyboard but want to use it as if it
is a Romanian one, you can enable
\family sans
Use
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
keyboard
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
map
\family default
and select the keyboard map file named
\shape italic
romanian.kmap
\shape default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can specify a
\family sans
First
\family default
and a
\family sans
Second
\family default
keyboard map and, if you use the
\emph on
cua
\emph default
bindings, you can select the first and second with
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "keymap-primary"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "keymap-secondary"
\end_inset
respectively or toggle between them with
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "keymap-toggle"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
Keyboard maps can only provide a makeshift solution and don't work on all
systems.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also specify the mouse
\family sans
Wheel scrolling speed
\family default
.
The standard value is 1.0; higher values speed up the scrolling, lower ones
slow it down.
With the option
\family sans
Middle mouse button pasting
\family default
you can determine if pressing the middle mouse button (or the mouse wheel)
inserts the content of the clipboard.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you
\family sans
Enable
\family default
\family sans
Scroll
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
wheel
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
zoom,
\family default
you can select a key for zooming.
When this key is pressed and the mouse wheel is rotated, the text is zoomed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Input Completion
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Input completion is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Input-Completion"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Paths
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Paths"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paths
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Paths
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The paths to the various resources used by \SpecialChar LyX
are normally determined during
the installation.
But there may be reasons why you might want to modify them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Working
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
directory This is \SpecialChar LyX
's working directory.
It is the default when you
\family sans
Open
\family default
,
\family sans
Save
\family default
or
\family sans
Save
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
As
\family default
files.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
templates This directory
\change_inserted -712698321 1553354019
contains the templates that are shown
\change_deleted -712698321 1553354025
will be opened when you use the menu
\change_inserted -712698321 1553354026
in
\change_unchanged
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
New
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
from
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Template
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Example
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
files This directory
\change_deleted -712698321 1553354035
will be opened when you use the
\change_inserted -712698321 1553354048
contains the example files that are listed in
\change_unchanged
\change_deleted -712698321 1553352959
button
\family sans
Examples
\family default
in the
\change_unchanged
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Open
\change_inserted -712698321 1553352950
Example
\change_deleted -712698321 1553352963
\family default
dialog
\change_unchanged
.
\change_deleted -712698321 1553354004
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
The
\family sans
Examples
\family default
button does not exist when using \SpecialChar LyX
on Mac OS and Windows systems.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Backup
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
directory
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Backup ! Directory
\end_layout
\end_inset
Backup copies will be saved to this directory.
If no directory is given but backups are enabled as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Backup documents"
\end_inset
, the
\family sans
Working directory
\family default
will be used to save the backups.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Backup files have the ending
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
.lyx~
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
LyXServer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
pipe Here you can enter the name of a so-called UNIX-pipe.
This pipe is used to send data from external programs to \SpecialChar LyX
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
Example:
\series default
You add a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
database
\emph on
test.bib
\emph default
to your document.
You can edit this file with the program
\family typewriter
JabRef
\family default
.
In
\family typewriter
JabRef
\family default
you have to use the same Unix-Pipe for \SpecialChar LyX
in its preferences under
\family sans
External
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
programs
\family default
.
If you want to get one entry of the database as citation, select it in
\family typewriter
JabRef
\family default
and click on the \SpecialChar LyX
symbol.
The entry will now be inserted as a citation at the current cursor position
in your \SpecialChar LyX
file.
Of course,
\family typewriter
JabRef
\family default
and \SpecialChar LyX
need to be running the same time.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
The pipe is also used for the
\family sans
Single instance
\family default
feature, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Backup documents"
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
To use the \SpecialChar LyX
Server-Pipe on Windows, you must use this pipe name:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
.
\backslash
pipe
\backslash
lyxpipe
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Temporary
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
directory Temporary files will be saved in this directory.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Thesaurus
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
dictionary Directory where the thesaurus dictionaries are located.
You only need to specify it if the thesaurus does not work or if you want
to use custom/alternative dictionaries.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Hunspell
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
dictionary Directory where the dictionaries of the spell checker program
\family typewriter
Hunspell
\family default
are located.
You only need to specify it if you are using
\family typewriter
Hunspell
\family default
and spell checking does not work or if you want to use custom/alternative
dictionaries.
For \SpecialChar LyX
on Windows
\family typewriter
Hunspell
\family default
is the only available spell checker and should work without specifying
a directory.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
PATH
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
prefix This field contains a list of paths to external programs.
When \SpecialChar LyX
needs to use an external program, it looks in this list to see where
to find it on the system.
The path list is automatically set up on Windows and Mac systems when \SpecialChar LyX
is configured; so you normally don't have to modify it.
On Unix
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
/
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
Linux systems, the path list will need to be set only if there are external
programs you wish to use that are not in your normal system path ($PATH).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
TEXINPUTS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
prefix The TEXINPUTS environment variable allows you to use external files
which are included in a \SpecialChar LyX
document via commands in \SpecialChar TeX
code or in the document
preamble.
This prefix includes by default the document directory (represented by
a single dot '.').
The prefix can contain any list of paths separated by the default separator
of the OS (':' on UNIX like systems and ';' on Windows).
If files are included, the paths listed in the TEXINPUTS prefix will be
scanned for the input files.
Note that any non-absolute path listed in the TEXINPUTS prefix is considered
to be relative to the directory of your \SpecialChar LyX
file.
It is recommended that you always include '.' as one of the paths; otherwise
compilation may fail for some documents.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Identity
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can insert your
\family sans
Name
\family default
and
\family sans
E-mail
\family default
address.
These will be used when you have enabled change tracking, as described
in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Change-Tracking"
\end_inset
, to mark changes you make as yours.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Language Settings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Language ! Settings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Language
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Language
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Prefs-Language"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
User
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
interface
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
language Here you can select the language for \SpecialChar LyX
's menus.
You can find its actual translation status here:
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "https://www.lyx.org/I18n"
literal "false"
\end_inset
\change_inserted -712698321 1563708959
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\change_inserted -712698321 1563708986
LaTeX Language Support
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Language
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
package determines which \SpecialChar LaTeX
package should be loaded to handle language issues.
Language issues that are handled by this package include proper hyphenation
as well as localization of dates and text strings such as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Chapter
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Table
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The most widespread language package is
\series bold
babel
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! babel
\end_layout
\end_inset
; it is the default language package in classic \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
More recent typesetting engines such as Xe\SpecialChar TeX
and Lua\SpecialChar TeX
come with the alternative
language package
\series bold
polyglossia
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! polyglossia
\end_layout
\end_inset
that is more suited to the multi-script support of these engines.
Furthermore, there are also specific language packages for languages not
covered by
\series bold
babel
\series default
.
The available selections are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Language-encodings"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
start
\change_deleted -712698321 1563708374
If a special \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package is needed to write in a certain document language,
you can h
\change_inserted -712698321 1563708374
H
\change_unchanged
ere
\change_inserted -712698321 1563708377
you
\change_unchanged
\change_deleted -712698321 1563708382
specify
\change_inserted -712698321 1563708384
customize
\change_unchanged
the command
\change_inserted -712698321 1563708639
that is used to switch to a different language
\change_deleted -712698321 1563708410
to start the package
\change_unchanged
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1563708611
This might be useful if you want to use a different command with
\series bold
babel
\series default
(which provides several alternative commands with different behavior),
or if you use a custom language package with specific commands, such as
\series bold
Arab\SpecialChar TeX
\series default
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Arabic"
literal "true"
\end_inset
, which needs
\change_deleted -712698321 1563708616
An example is
\change_unchanged
the start command
\family sans
\backslash
begin{arabtext}
\change_deleted -712698321 1563708621
\family default
that is needed to write Arabic using the package
\series bold
Arab\SpecialChar TeX
\series default
, see
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Arabic"
literal "true"
\end_inset
\change_unchanged
.
The default is the
\series bold
babel
\series default
command
\family typewriter
\backslash
selectlanguage{$$lang}
\change_inserted -712698321 1563708571
\family default
, whereby
\family sans
$$lang
\family default
is a placeholder that is substituted with the respective language name
in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
output
\change_unchanged
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1563708571
Note that with
\series bold
polyglossia
\series default
, this setting is ignored.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
end
\change_deleted -712698321 1563857836
Counterpart to
\family sans
Command start
\family default
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1563857869
Use this if the language switch set in
\family sans
Command start
\family default
needs to be explicitly ended, as in
\series bold
babel
\series default
's alternative command
\family typewriter
\backslash
begin{otherlanguage*}\SpecialChar ldots
\SpecialChar allowbreak
\backslash
end{otherlanguage*}
\family default
.
\change_deleted -712698321 1563708866
Some packages, like the default, don't have an end command since the start
command toggles the package on and off
\change_inserted -712698321 1563858041
Empty by default, as
\family typewriter
\backslash
selectlanguage{$$lang}
\family default
does not need to be explicitly ended (the switch remains valid until the
next
\family typewriter
\backslash
selectlanguage{$$lang}
\family default
)
\change_unchanged
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1563857868
Note that with
\series bold
polyglossia
\series default
, this setting is ignored.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_deleted -712698321 1563708996
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
decimal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
separator Defines the default decimal point for use in tables (decimal point
alignment).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_deleted -712698321 1563708996
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
length
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
unit Defines the unit that is used as default for lengths in \SpecialChar LyX
's dialogs.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Set
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
languages
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
globally
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709051
When
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709052
If
\change_unchanged
this option is set, the languages used in the document will be added
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709127
as options
\change_unchanged
to the document class options
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709259
rather than the language package options.
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709186
,
\change_unchanged
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709191
so that they can be used by all \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709305
Since the document class passes all options in gets to all loaded \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages,
all language-aware packages will be informed about the used languages this
way
\change_unchanged
.
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709264
Otherwise they will only be used as options for the
\series bold
babel
\series default
package.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709314
Auto
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
begin
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709328
Set
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
language
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
explicitly
\change_unchanged
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709331
When
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709331
If
\change_unchanged
this option is set,
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709808
the language switch defined in
\family sans
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
start
\family default
is output at the beginning of the document, thereby explicitly switching
to the document language.
This assures that the correct language is used in any case.
This might be needed if you use a non-default
\family sans
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
start
\family default
or if a package resets the document language.
If not set, the language that is active at document start is used (this
usually should be the document language).
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709548
documents start with the chosen document language.
When this option is not set, the
\family sans
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
start
\family default
is explicitly set to the beginning of the document in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-output.
This assures that the correct language is used when you use another
\family sans
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
start
\family default
than the default.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709354
Auto
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
end
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709358
Unset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
language
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
explicitly
\change_unchanged
Counterpart to
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709361
\family sans
Auto
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
begin
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709392
Set document language explicitly
\change_unchanged
\family default
.
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709618
When it is not
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709618
If
\change_unchanged
set, the
\family sans
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
end
\family default
is
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709625
set
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709626
output
\change_unchanged
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709628
at
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709628
to
\change_unchanged
the end of the document.
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709816
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\paragraph_spacing single
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709833
Editor Settings
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Mark
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709847
additional
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709845
foreign
\change_unchanged
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
languages
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709877
If set, all
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709877
T
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709878
t
\change_unchanged
ext
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709882
marked formatted
\change_unchanged
in a language different
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709886
from
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709886
to
\change_unchanged
the document language will be
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709907
marked (by default with a blue
\change_unchanged
underline
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709911
d in blue
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709911
)
\change_unchanged
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709927
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1563711969
Respect
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
OS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
keyboard
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
language If set, \SpecialChar LyX
will switch the input language if the keyboard map is
switched via the operating system.
This is particularly useful if you switch between languages with different
scripts (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., English and Hebrew: in this case, switching the keyboard to Hebrew will
automatically switch the input language to Hebrew as well, and vice versa).
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_deleted -712698321 1563709926
Enable
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
RTL
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
support Enables the use of languages, written from right to left (RTL),
like Arabic, Hebrew or Farsi.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1563710132
Right-to-left
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\change_deleted -712698321 1563710132
C
\change_inserted -712698321 1563710132
c
\change_unchanged
ursor
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
movement
\change_inserted -712698321 1563710265
Here you can define how cursor movement (with the arrow keys) behaves
\change_deleted -712698321 1563710266
W
\change_inserted -712698321 1563710267
w
\change_unchanged
hen writing
\change_deleted -712698321 1563710171
RTL
\change_inserted -712698321 1563710286
scripts with right-to-left direction (e.g., Arabic, Hebrew or Farsi).
\change_deleted -712698321 1563857456
, you can define if the left and right arrow keys move the cursor visually
to the left or right, respectively, or logically.
\change_inserted -712698321 1563859701
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Logical
\family default
means that the cursor
\change_inserted -712698321 1563859940
follows the logic of the text direction, and the arrows' direction relates
to the directionality of the main paragraph language.
E.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., in embedded right-to-left text in a left-to-right paragraph (say, Hebrew
embedded in English), the cursor starts at the right (that is, at the
\emph on
beginning
\emph default
of the embedded passage in the right-to-left logic) when coming from the
left.
The meaning of the key is thus swapped for that part; right arrow in this
specific case always means: move
\emph on
forward
\emph default
in text (even if this means:
\emph on
move left
\emph default
).
\change_deleted -712698321 1563857456
is moved to the left when pressing the right arrow key
\change_inserted -712698321 1563859705
This setting might be useful in texts that mix left-to-right and right-to-left
scripts, since the cursor then follows a coherent
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
text logic
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\change_inserted -712698321 1563860084
\family sans
Visual
\family default
means: always move to the direction towards which the arrows really point.
In this case, in embedded right-to-left text in a left-to-right paragraph,
the cursor starts at the left (in the text logic:
\emph on
from the end
\emph default
) when coming from the left.
The visual meaning of the key is thus maintained in all cases, at the expense
of the text logic.
\change_deleted -712698321 1563857456
and the cursor is inside text in an RTL language.
\change_inserted -712698321 1563858627
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\change_inserted -712698321 1563710235
Local Preferences
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1563776004
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
decimal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
separator Defines the default decimal separator for use in tables (decimal
separator alignment).
By default, the appropriate character for the current language is selected
(e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., dot for English, comma for German), but you can also specify a specific
(static) custom character here.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_inserted -712698321 1563709001
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
length
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
unit Defines the unit that is used as default for lengths in \SpecialChar LyX
's dialogs.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Spellchecker
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The spellchecker settings are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Spellchecking"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Outputs
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
General
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:General-output"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Forward
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
search Commands that will be used for the menu
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Forward
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
search
\family default
.
For a detailed description see section
\emph on
Reverse DVI/PDF search
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Additional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Features
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Dvips
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Options Options for the program
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
that is used for the export format
\family sans
Postscript
\family default
, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Export"
\end_inset
.
Possible options are listed in the
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
manual:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html
\backslash
#Option-details
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
length sets the maximum number of characters printed in one line when using
the menu
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
text
\family default
.
Setting the line length to 0 means all text is printed in one endless line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_deleted -712698321 1534601711
Date
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
format
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Date Format
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Date format
\end_layout
\end_inset
The date format can be one or a mixture of the formats listed here:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
For example the format
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
%d/%m/%y
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
prints the date as day/month/year.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Overwrite
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
on
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
export Setting what \SpecialChar LyX
is allowed to overwrite on export.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
La
\family sans
TeX
\family default
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:LaTeX-settings"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! \SpecialChar LaTeX
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
\change_deleted -712698321 1524413534
Use
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
La
\family sans
TeX
\family default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
font
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
encoding This is the default encoding of the document font.
\family sans
T1
\family default
is the default and covers western languages and symbols.
\family sans
T2A
\family default
,
\family sans
T2B
\family default
,
\family sans
T2C
\family default
,
\family sans
LCY
\family default
and
\family sans
X2
\family default
are used for Cyrillic.
Combinations of the encodings are possible, like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
T1, T2B
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The font encoding is normally automatically loaded by the language packages
\SpecialChar LyX
sets up in the background.
So there is no need to change the default encoding.
\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
DVI
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
viewer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
paper
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
size
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
options They only have an effect when the program
\family sans
xdvi
\family default
is used as DVI-viewer, read its manual to find out more.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you can also specify options and commands with parameters for processors.
But before you change something, it is strongly recommended to read the
manuals of the applications.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Bibliography
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
generation Settings for the generation of the bibliography, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Bibliography-databases"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Index
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
generation Settings for the generation of the index, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Index-Program"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Nomenclature
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
command Command for the program that generates the nomenclature, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Nomenclature-Program"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Check
\family sans
TeX
\family default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
command Command for the program
\family sans
Check\SpecialChar TeX
\family default
that is described in the section
\emph on
Checking \SpecialChar TeX
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are additionally the following options:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Use
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Windows-style
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
paths
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
in
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\SpecialChar LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
files Uses paths in the notation of Windows, that means that
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\backslash
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is used instead of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
/
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to separate folders.
This option is enabled by default when you use \SpecialChar LyX
on Windows.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paths
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Paths
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Reset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
class
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
options
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
when
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
class
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
changes Removes all manually set
\family sans
Class options
\family default
in the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Class
\family default
dialog when changing the document class.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Handling
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
File handling
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Converters
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Converters"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Converters
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you find the list of defined converter commands to convert material
from one format to another.
You can modify converters or create new ones.
To modify a converter, select it, change the entry of the
\family sans
Converter
\family default
and/or
\family sans
Extra
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
flag
\family default
field and press the
\family sans
Modify
\family default
button.
To create a new converter, select an existing one, select a different format
in the
\family sans
To
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
format
\family default
drop-down list, modify the
\family sans
Converter
\family default
field and press the
\family sans
Add
\family default
button.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If the
\family sans
Converter File Cache
\family default
is
\family sans
Enabled
\family default
, conversions will be cached as long as specified in the field
\family sans
Maximum Age (in days
\family default
).
This means that images don't need to be converted again when you reopen
a document; the converted images from the cache will be used instead.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
More about converters, like the flags that can be used in the converter
definition, is described in the section
\emph on
Converters
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
File Formats
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:File-Formats"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Copiers
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here you find the list of defined file formats that \SpecialChar LyX
can handle.
You can modify the
\family sans
Editor
\family default
and
\family sans
Viewer
\family default
programs that should be used for certain formats.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also define the
\family sans
Default output format
\family default
that is used when you use
\family sans
View, Update, View Master Document
\family default
or
\family sans
Update Master Document
\family default
in the
\family sans
Document
\family default
menu or the toolbar.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
More about formats and their options is described in the section
\emph on
Formats
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Since all conversions from one format to another take place in \SpecialChar LyX
's temporary
directory, it is sometimes necessary to modify a file before copying it
to the temporary directory so that the conversion may be performed.
This is done by specifying a
\family sans
Copier
\family default
.
More about this is described in the section
\emph on
Copiers
\emph default
of the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
Units available in \SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Units
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "chap:Units-available-in"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Units"
\end_inset
explains all the units available in \SpecialChar LyX
and used in this documentation.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
placement h
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Units"
\end_inset
Units
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="21" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="50col%">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
unit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
name/description
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
bp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
big point (72
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
bp = 1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
in)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
cc
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
cicero (1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
cc = 12
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
dd)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
cm
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
centimeter
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
dd
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
didot (1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
dd
\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
\end_inset
0.376
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
mm)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
width of letter
\emph on
M
\emph default
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literal "true"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/refstyle/refstyle.pdf"
literal "false"
\end_inset
of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
package
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages ! refstyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/refstyle/refstyle.pdf
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Arabic"
literal "true"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wiki-page"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic"
literal "false"
\end_inset
how to set up \SpecialChar LyX
for Arabic:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Armenian"
literal "true"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wiki-page"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian"
literal "false"
\end_inset
how to set up \SpecialChar LyX
for Armenian:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Cyrillic"
literal "true"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wiki-page"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Cyrillic"
literal "false"
\end_inset
how to set up \SpecialChar LyX
for Cyrillic languages:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Cyrillic
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Farsi"
literal "true"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wiki-page"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi"
literal "false"
\end_inset
how to set up \SpecialChar LyX
for Farsi:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Hebrew"
literal "true"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wiki-page"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew"
literal "false"
\end_inset
how to set up \SpecialChar LyX
for Hebrew:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Japanese"
literal "true"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wiki-page"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese"
literal "false"
\end_inset
how to set up \SpecialChar LyX
for Japanese:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
let
\backslash
mybibname
\backslash
bibname
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
bibname}{
\backslash
mybibname
\backslash
; 2}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
The command
\series bold
\backslash
bibname
\series default
is the name of the bibliography in the current document language.
It is redefined here with the number 2 at the end to state that the following
bibliography is the second one:
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex
LatexCommand bibtex
bibfiles "biblio/LyXDocs"
options "biblio/alphadin"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The above bibliography is created from a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
database.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
renewcommand*{
\backslash
pagedeclaration}[1]{
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
unskip,
\backslash
hyperlink{page.#1}{page
\backslash
nobreakspace{}#1}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
This command makes the page number a clickable hyperlink, see sec.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Nomenclature-Options"
\end_inset
for more info.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset nomencl_print
LatexCommand printnomenclature
set_width "auto"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset index_print
LatexCommand printindex
type "idx"
name "Index"
literal "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_body
\end_document
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