mirror of
https://git.lyx.org/repos/lyx.git
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0b5ce4b5ba
Keyboard bindings are easy. For lfun icons in documentation, both the UserGuide and Tutorial have to be updated. Since this will have to be done again once the documentation is imported from branch, I list them here for reference: For the lib/doc/ directory: find . -name 'Tutorial.lyx' | xargs sed -i 's/"layout List"/"layout Labeling"/g' find . -name 'UserGuide.lyx' | xargs sed -i 's/"layout List"/"layout Labeling"/g' and then find . -name 'Tutorial.lyx' | xargs sed -i 's/"layout \(Itemize\|Description\|Labeling\|Enumerate\|List\)"/"layout-toggle \1"/g' find . -name 'UserGuide.lyx' | xargs sed -i 's/"layout \(Itemize\|Description\|Labeling\|Enumerate\|List\)"/"layout-toggle \1"/g' Related to bug #11770.
5288 lines
101 KiB
Plaintext
5288 lines
101 KiB
Plaintext
#LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
|
||
\lyxformat 544
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||
\begin_document
|
||
\begin_header
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||
\save_transient_properties true
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||
\origin /systemlyxdir/doc/
|
||
\textclass book
|
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\use_default_options false
|
||
\begin_modules
|
||
logicalmkup
|
||
\end_modules
|
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\maintain_unincluded_children false
|
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\language english
|
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\inputencoding utf8
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\fontencoding global
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\font_roman "palatino" "default"
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\font_sans "helvet" "default"
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||
\font_typewriter "courier" "default"
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||
\font_math "auto" "auto"
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\font_default_family default
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\use_non_tex_fonts false
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\font_sc false
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||
\font_osf false
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\font_sf_scale 100 100
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\font_tt_scale 100 100
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\use_microtype false
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\use_dash_ligatures false
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\graphics default
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\default_output_format pdf2
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\output_sync 0
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\bibtex_command default
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||
\index_command default
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||
\paperfontsize 12
|
||
\spacing single
|
||
\use_hyperref true
|
||
\pdf_title "The LyX Tutorial"
|
||
\pdf_author "LyX Team"
|
||
\pdf_subject "LyX-documentation Tutorial"
|
||
\pdf_keywords "LyX, documentation"
|
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|
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\use_package amssymb 1
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\use_package cancel 1
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\use_package esint 1
|
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\use_package mathdots 1
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\use_package mathtools 1
|
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\use_package mhchem 1
|
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\use_package stackrel 1
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\use_package stmaryrd 1
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\use_package undertilde 1
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\cite_engine basic
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\cite_engine_type default
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\index Index
|
||
\shortcut idx
|
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\color #008000
|
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\end_index
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\secnumdepth 3
|
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\tocdepth 2
|
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\paragraph_separation indent
|
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\paragraph_indentation default
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\papersides 2
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\paperpagestyle headings
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\html_math_output 0
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\html_css_as_file 0
|
||
\html_be_strict false
|
||
\author -712698321 "Jürgen Spitzmüller"
|
||
\author -131811572 "Yuriy Skalko"
|
||
\end_header
|
||
|
||
\begin_body
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Title
|
||
The \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Author
|
||
by the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Team
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\noindent
|
||
If you have comments on or corrections to this documentation, please send
|
||
them to the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Documentation mailing list:
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset href
|
||
LatexCommand href
|
||
target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
|
||
type "mailto:"
|
||
literal "false"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset toc
|
||
LatexCommand tableofcontents
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||
Introduction
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Welcome to \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
!
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
This manual is designed for all of you who have never heard of \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, or do not
|
||
know it very well.
|
||
Now, do not panic – you will not need to learn \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
to use \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
That is, after all, the whole point of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG interface
|
||
to \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
.
|
||
There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
effectively.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
|
||
put two spaces after a
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
or tried to put three blank lines between paragraphs.
|
||
You found out you could not and, in fact, you will find out that most of
|
||
the little tricks you are accustomed to use in word processors will not
|
||
work in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
That is because most word processors you have used before allow you manually
|
||
to enter all spacings, font changes, and so on.
|
||
So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you focus
|
||
on the important things, like the content of your writing.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
So read on to learn more about \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
What the Tutorial
|
||
\emph on
|
||
is
|
||
\emph default
|
||
and what it
|
||
\emph on
|
||
is not
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Before we get started with this section, you need to know that this
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\emph default
|
||
uses the notation outlined in the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Introduction
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual.
|
||
If you came to this manual first, please read the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Introduction
|
||
\emph default
|
||
before you continue with the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\emph default
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now that you know which fonts mean what in the documentation, we want to
|
||
talk a bit about what this
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\emph default
|
||
is for.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Getting the most out of the Tutorial
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
|
||
To get the most out of this document, you should read through it, typing
|
||
all the little things we are telling you to type and trying out all of
|
||
the exercises to see if you get them right.
|
||
For convenience, you might want to print out the PDF version of this document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you are familiar with \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, you will probably be able to read the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\emph default
|
||
somewhat faster, since many \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
ideas are just \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
ideas in disguise.
|
||
However, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has features you will want to learn about.
|
||
Even if you do not feel like reading the rest of the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\emph default
|
||
, you should definitely check out Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "sec:latexusers"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, which is specifically written for experienced \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
users.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
What you
|
||
\emph on
|
||
will not
|
||
\emph default
|
||
find
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Detailed explanations of all of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
's features.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_deeper
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Look in the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
when you need this.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_deeper
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Detailed explanations of \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_deeper
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Unnecessary.
|
||
If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, you
|
||
can have a look at the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Embedded
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Objects
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_deeper
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
It is time to move on, time for your first document \SpecialChar ldots
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||
Getting started with \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Your first \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
OK\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
You are ready to start writing.
|
||
Before you do, there are a few things we need to mention, which will hopefully
|
||
make the Tutorial more instructive and useful.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Because there is information we cannot give you in the Tutorial, the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
first
|
||
\emph default
|
||
|
||
\series medium
|
||
thing that you need to do is find the
|
||
\series default
|
||
other
|
||
\series medium
|
||
help files.
|
||
This is very simple:
|
||
\series default
|
||
Start up \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, select the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Help
|
||
\family default
|
||
menu.
|
||
You may want to load the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\emph default
|
||
as well (if you are not reading it within \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
already).
|
||
This way, you can read them while you are writing your own file.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Note that once you have got more than one document open, you can use the
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
View
|
||
\family default
|
||
menu or the document tabs to switch between them.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
In this Tutorial, we are going to assume that you have a fully working version
|
||
of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, as well as a \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
-distribution and a PDF-viewer.
|
||
This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distributions, as well
|
||
as on Windows, where this is setup by the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
installers.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Finally, we have written a file called
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351112
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351120
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
to let you practice your \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
skills.
|
||
Imagine that it was typed by someone who did not know about any of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
's great
|
||
features.
|
||
As you learn new \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
functions, we will suggest that you fix those parts of
|
||
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351165
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351165
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
.
|
||
It also contains
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes els
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
subtle
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes ers
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
hints about how to fix things.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
The hints are located in yellow
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Notes
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
If you want to cheat, or check what you have done, there is also a file
|
||
called
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351273
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_lyxified.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351278
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (LyXified)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
which contains the same text written and typeset by a \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
master.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The example files can be found in
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351405
|
||
the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
General
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
section of
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Open Example\SpecialChar ldots
|
||
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351425
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
the
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
examples
|
||
\family default
|
||
directory of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
's installation folder
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
.
|
||
Open the document
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351441
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351441
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
and use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Save
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
As
|
||
\family default
|
||
to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
|
||
As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect
|
||
the output.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
By the way,
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351473
|
||
the
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
examples
|
||
\family default
|
||
directory
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351473
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Open Example\SpecialChar ldots
|
||
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
contains lots of other examples files.
|
||
They will show you how to do various fancy things with \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
After you have read the Tutorial, or when you are confused about how to
|
||
do something fancy in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, take a look at these files.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Typing, Viewing, and Exporting
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Open a new file with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
New
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Type a sentence like:
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
This is my first \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document!
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Save your document with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Save
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
As\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Create a PDF file, with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
View
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "buffer-view"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will open a PDF-viewer program displaying your document as it will look
|
||
when printed.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Export the ready to print document with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Export
|
||
\family default
|
||
to a format you want
|
||
\family sans
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Congratulations! You have written your first \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document.
|
||
All of the rest is just details.
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
A hint:
|
||
\series default
|
||
You can save time by leaving the PDF viewer running in the background.
|
||
Under MacOS and Linux you can use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Update
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "buffer-update"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and just click on the PDF viewer window afterwards.
|
||
Under Windows still use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
View
|
||
\family default
|
||
or
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "buffer-view"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
respectively.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Another hint:
|
||
\series default
|
||
In case you are using a high-resolution display, the LyX toolbar icons
|
||
are quite small.
|
||
To change their size, right-click into a toolbar.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Simple Operations
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
can of course do most of the things you are used to doing with a word processor.
|
||
It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
|
||
Here is a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Description
|
||
Undo \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything you
|
||
have done since your current editing session started, by selecting
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Undo
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "undo"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) over and over again.
|
||
If you undo too much, just select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Redo
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "redo"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) to get it back.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_deeper
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_deeper
|
||
\begin_layout Description
|
||
Cut/Paste/Copy Use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Cut
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "cut"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
),
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Copy
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "copy"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
), and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Paste
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "paste"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) to cut, copy, and paste.
|
||
Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs)
|
||
with the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
middle mouse button
|
||
\emph default
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Description
|
||
Find/Replace Use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Find
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
&
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Replace
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show findreplace"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) to search.
|
||
In the dialog, search with the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Find
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Next
|
||
\family default
|
||
button, and use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Replace
|
||
\family default
|
||
button to replace a word you have found.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Close the window when you are done or leave it open if you find it more
|
||
convenient.
|
||
Most dialog boxes in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
can operate like this.
|
||
Just be sure you have the right window in focus when you are trying to
|
||
type in the main \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
window or a \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
dialog.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
|
||
or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through
|
||
the document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Description
|
||
Character
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Formatting You can
|
||
\emph on
|
||
emphasize
|
||
\emph default
|
||
text (toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "font-emph"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, which will by default print characters in italics), set it in
|
||
\noun on
|
||
Noun Style
|
||
\noun default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "font-noun"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, usually small caps, used for people's names), or use your own formatting
|
||
by using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Text
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Customized
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog (toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show character"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Description
|
||
Toolbar Other buttons on the toolbar allow you to do some of the more popular
|
||
functions, such as
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
math
|
||
\family default
|
||
,
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
graphics
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
table
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Of course, you have not yet written enough to make most of these functions
|
||
useful.
|
||
As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
WYSIWYM: Whitespace in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
handles whitespace.
|
||
As many times as you hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
, you will only get one blank line.
|
||
As many times as you hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
, you will only get one space.
|
||
On a blank line, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will not let you type even one space.
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Tab
|
||
\family default
|
||
key will not move you forward one tab stop; in fact there
|
||
\emph on
|
||
are
|
||
\emph default
|
||
no tab stops! There is no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs
|
||
or margins, either.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Many word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle:
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
What You See Is What You Get.
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, on the other hand, is based on the principle that
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
What You See Is What You
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Mean
|
||
\emph default
|
||
.
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
You type what you mean and \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will take care of typesetting it for you so
|
||
that the output looks nice.
|
||
A
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
grammatically separates paragraphs and a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
grammatically separates words; so there is no reason to have several of
|
||
them in a row; a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Tab
|
||
\family default
|
||
has no grammatical function at all – so \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
does not support it.
|
||
Using \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, you will spend more of your time worrying about the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
content
|
||
\emph default
|
||
of your document and less time worrying about the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
format.
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
See the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Introduction
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
|
||
After all, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
might not typeset
|
||
\emph on
|
||
exactly
|
||
\emph default
|
||
what you mean.
|
||
The
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
has information about all that.
|
||
It includes horizontal fills and vertical space — which are more powerful
|
||
and versatile than multiple spaces or blank lines — and ways to change
|
||
font sizes, character styles, and paragraph alignments by hand.
|
||
The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on
|
||
content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
|
||
With standard word processors, you will be distracted by document formatting
|
||
throughout the writing process.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Environments
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
|
||
|
||
\emph on
|
||
environments
|
||
\emph default
|
||
.
|
||
Most of a document is made up of regular text.
|
||
Section titles (chapter, subsection, etc.) let the reader know that a new
|
||
topic or subtopic will be discussed.
|
||
Certain types of documents have special environments.
|
||
A journal article will have an abstract and a title.
|
||
A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment
|
||
that gives the writer's address.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Environments are a major part of the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
What You See Is What You Mean
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
philosophy of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting,
|
||
line spacing, and more.
|
||
This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen
|
||
t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for
|
||
section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified
|
||
type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and
|
||
bibliography formats can vary widely.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this:
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Graphics
|
||
filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
|
||
scale 75
|
||
clip
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
It indicates in which environment you are currently writing.
|
||
While you were writing your first document, it said
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Standard,
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
which is the default environment for text.
|
||
Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that
|
||
you can see how they work.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Sections and Subsections
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Type the word
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
Introduction
|
||
\family default
|
||
on the first line of your new \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
file, and select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section
|
||
\family default
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
You do not have to
|
||
\emph on
|
||
select
|
||
\emph default
|
||
the line.
|
||
If nothing is selected, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
changes the paragraph you are currently in to
|
||
the selected environment.
|
||
Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment
|
||
by selecting them before picking an environment.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Be sure to use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\emph on
|
||
not
|
||
\emph default
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section*
|
||
\family default
|
||
, which will be covered below.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
numbers the section
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
1
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
|
||
Now hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
Note that the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box changes from
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Section
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
back to
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Standard
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
Type the document introduction:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
This is an introduction to my first \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
again, and select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box again.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
writes a
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and waits for you to type a title.
|
||
Type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
More
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Stuff
|
||
\family default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, and you will see that \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
again sets it as a section title.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
It gets better.
|
||
Go to the end of Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
1 again (after
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
my first \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document.
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) and hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
again, and select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box again.
|
||
Again, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
writes
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and waits for you to type a title.
|
||
Type
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
About This Document
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
More Stuff
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, which was Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2, has been automatically renumbered to Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
3! In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes
|
||
up the section titles, and \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
takes care of numbering the sections and typesettin
|
||
g them.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
to get back to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Standard
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment, and type the following five lines:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Sections and subsections are described below.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Section Description
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Sections are bigger than subsections.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Subsection description
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Subsections are smaller than sections.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Click on the second line and select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Subsection
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
numbers the subsection
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2.1
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller
|
||
than the section title.
|
||
Change the fourth line to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Subsection
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment as well.
|
||
As you probably expected, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
automatically numbered the section
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2.2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
If you put yet another section before Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2, Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2 will be renumbered as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
3.1
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
3.2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Further levels of sectioning include
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Subsubsection
|
||
\family default
|
||
,
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Paragraph
|
||
\family default
|
||
, and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Subparagraph
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
We will let you play with these on your own.
|
||
You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered
|
||
by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for an explanation and how to change this.
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Chapter
|
||
\family default
|
||
headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section
|
||
\family default
|
||
s, but you are only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes)
|
||
of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
documents (see Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "sec:Document-Classes"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
|
||
There are environments for this as well.
|
||
If you change one of your section headings to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section*
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment (you may have to scroll down in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box to find it), \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will use the same font size for the heading as it uses
|
||
for a regular section, but it will not number that section.
|
||
There are corresponding
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
starred
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
heading environments for
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Subsection
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Subsubsection
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
|
||
and note how the other section numbers are updated.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Fix the section and subsection headings in
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351516
|
||
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351522
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Lists and sublists
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has several different environments for typesetting lists.
|
||
The various list environments free you from hitting
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Tab
|
||
\family default
|
||
a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list
|
||
when you want to add a point in the middle of the list.
|
||
Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
A slide presentation might use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Itemize
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
An outline would use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Enumerate
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
A document describing several software packages could use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Description
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
List
|
||
\family default
|
||
(also named
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Labeling
|
||
\family default
|
||
) environment is a variation on the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Description
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Let us write a list of reasons why \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is better than other word processors.
|
||
Somewhere in your document, type:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is better than other word processors because:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
and hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Now select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Itemize
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box (
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "layout-toggle Itemize"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
writes a
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
bullet
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
on the line.
|
||
Type in your reasons:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Typesetting is done for you.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Math is WYSIWYG
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Lists are very easy to create!
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Instead, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
assumes you are going on to the next item in the list.
|
||
The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
|
||
If you want more than one paragraph within one list
|
||
\emph on
|
||
item
|
||
\emph default
|
||
, one way is to use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Protected
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Break
|
||
\family default
|
||
, which you get by typing
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Ctrl+Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Standard
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment (or just use the key binding
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "shortcut"
|
||
arg "layout Standard"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You now have a beautiful itemized list.
|
||
You might want to run \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
to see how the list looks when printed out.
|
||
But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
|
||
list
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will not let you select the first bullet (or the actual number in a numbered
|
||
section title) unless you also select the paragraph
|
||
\emph on
|
||
before
|
||
\emph default
|
||
it, which you probably do not want to do.
|
||
This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document
|
||
settings or text position, respectively.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and choose
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Enumerate
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box (
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "layout-toggle Enumerate"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will fix the numbering.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
|
||
nts,
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Description
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
List
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
/
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Labeling
|
||
\family default
|
||
(
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "layout-toggle Description"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "layout-toggle List"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
), in order to see what they look like.
|
||
For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which
|
||
is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of
|
||
the paragraph (until you hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
).
|
||
The term is either typeset in boldface (
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Description
|
||
\family default
|
||
) or separated by a
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Tab
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
|
||
term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Tab
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(
|
||
\family sans
|
||
List
|
||
\family default
|
||
) from the rest of the paragraph.
|
||
If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate
|
||
the words with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Protected
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
s.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Typeset the list in
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351539
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351539
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
|
||
An obvious example would be writing outlines.
|
||
Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
|
||
schemes for sublists.
|
||
See the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Other environments: Verses, Quotations, and more
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
|
||
text:
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Quote
|
||
\family default
|
||
for short quotes and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Quotation
|
||
\family default
|
||
for longer ones.
|
||
Computer code (the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
-Code
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) is written in a
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
typewriter
|
||
\family default
|
||
font; this environment is the only place in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
where you are allowed to use
|
||
multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
|
||
You can even write poetry using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Verse
|
||
\family default
|
||
style, using
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
to separate stanzas, and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Ctrl+Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
to separate lines within a stanza.
|
||
See the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for more complete descriptions of all of the available \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
environments.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Correctly typeset the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Quote, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
-Code,
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Verse
|
||
\family default
|
||
in
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351552
|
||
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351554
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||
Writing Documents
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
It introduced you to the basic editing operations in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, as well as the powerful
|
||
method of writing with environments.
|
||
Most people who use \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, though, will want to write documents: papers, articles,
|
||
books, manuals, or letters.
|
||
This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
to writing
|
||
a complete document.
|
||
It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different
|
||
sorts of documents.
|
||
It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
|
||
such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables
|
||
of contents.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Document Classes
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "sec:Document-Classes"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
|
||
For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are
|
||
single-sided.
|
||
In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain
|
||
some environments — such as the sender's address and the signature — which
|
||
do not make sense in a book or article.
|
||
The \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
\emph on
|
||
document class
|
||
\emph default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
for \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
users: this is equivalent to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
document class
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of
|
||
documents.
|
||
This Tutorial, for example, was written in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Book
|
||
\family default
|
||
document class.
|
||
Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they
|
||
tell \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
how to typeset the document, so you do not need to know how.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Your document is probably being written in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Article
|
||
\family default
|
||
document class.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
That is usually the default document class
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Try changing to other document classes (using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Settings
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
|
||
If you change your document to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Book
|
||
\family default
|
||
document class and look at the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box, you will see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
|
||
However, you can now use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Chapter
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given
|
||
document class, just consult the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
|
||
of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
|
||
As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
|
||
electronic submissions, creating \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
style files
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is set up to support this as well.
|
||
For example, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the American
|
||
Mathematics Society journals using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Article
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(AMS)
|
||
\family default
|
||
document class.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes.
|
||
See the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Special Document Classes
|
||
\emph default
|
||
section of the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Additional Features
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual for many more details.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\align center
|
||
\begin_inset Tabular
|
||
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
|
||
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
|
||
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
|
||
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Name
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Notes
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
article
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
one-sided, no chapters
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
article (AMS)
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
layout & environments for American Math Society
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
report
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
longer than article, two-sided
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
book
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
report + front and back matter
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
presentation
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
transparencies
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
letter
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar ldots
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</lyxtabular>
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Templates: Writing a Letter
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
One way to write a letter would be to open a new file, and choose a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Letter
|
||
\family default
|
||
class in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Settings
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog.
|
||
While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra
|
||
work.
|
||
Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address,
|
||
the address to which you are sending it, a body, a signature, etc.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
therefore has a
|
||
\emph on
|
||
template
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template,
|
||
you can just replace a couple of parts of the letter with your text each
|
||
time you write a letter.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Open a new file with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
New
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
from
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Template
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351676
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\SpecialChar ldots
|
||
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
.
|
||
Select
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351662
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
letter.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351666
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Letter (Standard Class)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
as the template.
|
||
Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
When you look at the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box, you will see several environments, like the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
My
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Address
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment, that do not exist in most other document classes.
|
||
Others, like
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Description
|
||
\family default
|
||
, are familiar.
|
||
You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments
|
||
work.
|
||
You will notice for example that the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Signature
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment has the word
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Signature:
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in red before the actual text of the signature.
|
||
This word does not show up in the actual letter, as you will see if you
|
||
view/export the file.
|
||
It is just there to let you know where the signature goes.
|
||
Also, note that it does not matter where in the file the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Signature
|
||
\family default
|
||
line is placed.
|
||
Remember, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is WYSIWYM; you can put the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Signature
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment anywhere you want, but \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
knows that in the printout, the signature
|
||
should be at the end.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
A template is just a regular \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
file.
|
||
This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
|
||
as a new template.
|
||
From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template
|
||
to save time.
|
||
We do not have to suggest an actual
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
exercise
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
here; just write a letter to someone!
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
One warning, if you are writing from a template.
|
||
If you erase all of the text in an environment — for example, if you erase
|
||
the whole
|
||
\family sans
|
||
My
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Address
|
||
\family default
|
||
field so that you can replace it with your own — and then you move the
|
||
cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear.
|
||
This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
|
||
Just reselect the environment from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box to get it back.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
|
||
possible.
|
||
In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
|
||
document classes.
|
||
Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
for a bunch
|
||
of less computer-aware users.
|
||
When they are first learning \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, it will be less intimidating if they have
|
||
a letter template customized for their company, for example.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Document Titles
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
(like \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
) considers the title — which may contain the actual title, the author,
|
||
the date, and even an abstract of a paper — to be a separate part of the
|
||
document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Go back to your first \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document and make sure it is using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Article
|
||
\family default
|
||
document class.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
You should not be using the letter any more, since the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Letter
|
||
\family default
|
||
document class does not allow titles.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Title
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
On the next line, type your name and change it to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Author
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
On the next line, write the date in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Date
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Abstract
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
Notice how the title is presented when it is printed out.
|
||
If you change the document format to Book, you will get a separate title
|
||
page, like the first page of this tutorial.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Fix the title, date, and author in
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351568
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351568
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Labels and Cross-References
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You can label section headings, list items, formulas, footnotes, and floats
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Floats are explained in the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
and the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Embedded Objects
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in your document.
|
||
Once you do so, you can refer to the element in other parts of the document,
|
||
using cross-references.
|
||
You can refer to a section's number, to the page on which the section begins
|
||
or to both.
|
||
As with section numbering, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
also takes care of cross-reference numbering
|
||
for you.
|
||
Automatic management of labels and cross-references is among the most significa
|
||
nt advantages of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
(and \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
) over conventional word processors.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Your first label
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Go to our second section, whose title is
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
About This Document
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Click at the end of the section title line, and select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Label
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "label-insert"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion.
|
||
When you click on
|
||
\family sans
|
||
OK
|
||
\family default
|
||
, the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
So far you have not done anything — the output will look exactly the same,
|
||
since labels do not show up in the printed document.
|
||
However, now that you have added a label, you can refer to that label with
|
||
cross-references.
|
||
We will do that next.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Your first cross-reference
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Place the cursor somewhere in Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2 of your document.
|
||
Type
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
If you want to know more about this document,
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
then see Section .
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now, with the cursor before the final period, select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Cross
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Reference
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
The Cross-reference dialog pops up.
|
||
It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
|
||
At the moment, there should be only one,
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sec:About-This-Document
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
First, select the drop-down menu labeled
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Format
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and select
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
<reference>
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Then select
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sec:About-This-Document
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(it may be selected by default), and a reference marker will appear containing
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Ref: sec:About-This-Document
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(To be really correct, you should put a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Protected
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
(shortcut
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "shortcut"
|
||
arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) in between the word
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Section
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and the reference.) An alternative way to reference a label is to right-click
|
||
the label and select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Copy as Reference
|
||
\family default
|
||
in the pop-up context menu.
|
||
The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied
|
||
to the actual cursor position via the menu
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Paste
|
||
\family default
|
||
(shortcut
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "shortcut"
|
||
arg "paste"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with the
|
||
section number.
|
||
Preview your document and you will see that \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
has been even cleverer than
|
||
that.
|
||
It refers to
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Section 2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Conveniently, a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing
|
||
a document in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
; clicking on it will pop up the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Cross-reference
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog, clicking
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Go
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Label
|
||
\family default
|
||
will move the cursor to the referenced label.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
More fun with labels
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
We told you that \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
takes care of numbering cross-references; now you can
|
||
test this claim.
|
||
Add a new section before Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2.
|
||
Update the preview, and — voilà! — the section cross-reference changed
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
3
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
! Change the section
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
About this Document
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2.1 instead of Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
3.
|
||
The page reference will not change unless you add a whole page of text
|
||
before the label, of course.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label
|
||
where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
|
||
in the document.
|
||
If you will be inserting cross-references often, it may be convenient to
|
||
leave the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Cross-reference
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog open.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you want to confirm that the cross-referencing gets the pages right even
|
||
for larger documents,
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Copy
|
||
\family default
|
||
a couple pages of text from the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
to the clipboard, and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Paste
|
||
\family default
|
||
them into your document.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters
|
||
are not allowed in the article class, see Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "sec:Document-Classes"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Fix the references in
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351573
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351573
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Footnotes and Margin Notes
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "footnote-insert"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
or the menu
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Footnote
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Click at the end of the word
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
somewhere in your document and insert a footnote.
|
||
A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
|
||
Type
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is a typesetting word processor.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now click on the button labeled
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
foot
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
The footnote box is closed, leaving the button showing where the footnote
|
||
marker will be in the printed text; this is called
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
folding
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
the footnote.
|
||
You can unfold the footnote at any time and re-edit its text by clicking
|
||
again on the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
foot
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
button.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
|
||
Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
|
||
You might accidentally open the footnote if you are trying to select the
|
||
marker itself with the mouse.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Cut
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Paste
|
||
\family default
|
||
it.
|
||
In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it
|
||
and hitting the
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "footnote-insert"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
button; change a footnote to regular text by hitting the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Backspace
|
||
\family default
|
||
key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting
|
||
the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Delete
|
||
\family default
|
||
key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Margin notes can be added using the menu
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Marginal
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Note
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "marginalnote-insert"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
Margin notes are like footnotes, except that:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
the on-screen boxes say
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
margin
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
instead of
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
foot
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
margin notes are not numbered
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Change your \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
|
||
note.
|
||
Run \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
again to see what the margin note looks like.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Fix the footnote in
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351579
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351579
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Bibliographies
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "sec:bibliographies"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Bibliographies are similar to cross-references.
|
||
The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
|
||
and they can be referenced from within the document.
|
||
Like section titles, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
and \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
make your job easier by automatically numbering
|
||
the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers change.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Go to the end of the document and switch to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Bibliography
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference.
|
||
Type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
The Lyx Tutorial, by the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Documentation Team
|
||
\family default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
as your first reference.
|
||
Note that \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
|
||
Click on the boxed reference number, and the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Bibliography
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
item
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog box appears.
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Key
|
||
\family default
|
||
is to refer to this reference within the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document, the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Label
|
||
\family default
|
||
appears in output.
|
||
When no
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Label
|
||
\family default
|
||
is set (default), you will see the number of the bibliography in the output.
|
||
Now change the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Key
|
||
\family default
|
||
field to
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
lyxtutorial
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to make it easy to remember.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
|
||
Do so with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Citation
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
A
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Citation
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog appears.
|
||
The left panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and this
|
||
field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
|
||
Select
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
lyxtutorial
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(right now, that is the only item in the bibliography), then use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Add
|
||
\family default
|
||
button in the center to insert it.
|
||
(You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number
|
||
of keys this way.)
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
If one uses label names for references that are easy to remember it is easier
|
||
to find the entry in the list of references.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Click the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
OK
|
||
\family default
|
||
button.
|
||
Now preview your file and you will see that the citation appears in brackets
|
||
in the text, referring to the bibliography at the end of the document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Text
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
after
|
||
\family default
|
||
field in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Citation
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within
|
||
the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
|
||
If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed
|
||
output (for example, some journals would use
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
[Smi95]
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Label
|
||
\family default
|
||
field in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Bibliography
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
item
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog.
|
||
See the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for details.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise:
|
||
\series default
|
||
Fix the bibliography and citation in
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351585
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351585
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Table of Contents
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
makes this easy to do.
|
||
Just hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
after your document title and before your first section title and select
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
List
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
/
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
TOC\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Table
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
of
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Contents
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
The words
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Table of Contents
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
This may not appear to be very useful.
|
||
However, if you look at your preview, you will see that a table of contents
|
||
has been generated, listing the various sections and subsections in your
|
||
document.
|
||
As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those
|
||
changes in the preview when you update it.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document.
|
||
But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking
|
||
on the table of contents button, or by using
|
||
\family sans
|
||
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Outline
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Pane
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-toggle toc"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
This menu will work even if you do not have a table of contents inset in
|
||
your document.
|
||
This is a very useful tool for rearranging your document parts.
|
||
Clicking on a (sub)section title in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Outline
|
||
\family default
|
||
window will highlight that line and move the display (in the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
editing window)
|
||
to that place in the document.
|
||
You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
|
||
You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout
|
||
editing sessions.
|
||
You can get similar functionality from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Navigate
|
||
\family default
|
||
menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
|
||
button just like any other text.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Fix the table of contents in
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351589
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351589
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||
Using Math
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
|
||
avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
|
||
editors.
|
||
Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations
|
||
in \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
is more like programming than writing.
|
||
Happily, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has WYSIWYM support for equations.
|
||
If you are used to \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, you will find that all of the usual \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
math commands
|
||
can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
|
||
If, on the other hand, you have never written in \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, then the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
toolbar will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Math Mode
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Somewhere in your \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document, type:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it is
|
||
\begin_inset Newline linebreak
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
so simple.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now, that equation does not look very good in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
and in the output; there
|
||
is no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you would like
|
||
to write an actual superscript for the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
That bad typesetting happened because we did not tell \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
that we were writing
|
||
a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular old
|
||
text.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
But we can create a formula that will be typeset properly.
|
||
Highlight the equation and click the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-mode"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
or use the menu
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Inline
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Formula
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
If nothing is highlighted \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
inserts a little blue square, which is an empty
|
||
math formula.
|
||
The expression appears in blue and the blue square disappears as soon as
|
||
the formula is not empty.
|
||
Now type
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Esc
|
||
\family default
|
||
to leave the equation.
|
||
The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor to the right of the expression.
|
||
Now, if you type something, it will be regular text.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Looking at the output you will notice that the expression was typeset nicely,
|
||
with spaces between the letters and the equals sign, and a superscript
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics.
|
||
Numbers are just numbers.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
|
||
In \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
|
||
\backslash
|
||
sqrt
|
||
\family default
|
||
; this can be frustrating, because you cannot see what an expression looks
|
||
like until you run the file under \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
and you may have to spend time, for
|
||
example, finding missing brackets.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
does not attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG), but
|
||
it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like.
|
||
\SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
then takes care of the professional typesetting.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Navigating an Equation
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now let us change
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
|
||
Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let
|
||
you know you are editing math.
|
||
Now you can use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Left
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Right
|
||
\family default
|
||
to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
1+
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Again, you can use the arrow keys or
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Esc
|
||
\family default
|
||
to leave the formula\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
|
||
editing regular text.
|
||
Use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Delete
|
||
\family default
|
||
(or
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Backspace
|
||
\family default
|
||
) to delete things.
|
||
Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Undo
|
||
\family default
|
||
works in math mode as well as cut and paste.
|
||
One thing to be careful of: if you are left or right outside a formula
|
||
and you press
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Delete
|
||
\family default
|
||
or
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Backspace
|
||
\family default
|
||
respectively, you delete the whole formula.
|
||
Luckily, you can just use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Undo
|
||
\family default
|
||
to get it back.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
What if you want to change
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
|
||
However, you can also use the arrow keys.
|
||
If the cursor is just after the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
c
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
but before the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, then press
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Up
|
||
\family default
|
||
and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript, just before the
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Add the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.5
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Now, hitting
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Down
|
||
\family default
|
||
will move the cursor back to the regular level.
|
||
If you hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
instead of
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Down
|
||
\family default
|
||
, the cursor will be placed
|
||
\emph on
|
||
after
|
||
\emph default
|
||
the superscript (so that you can then type the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
+1
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Exponents and Indices
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
An exponent can be entered from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
toolbar (see below), but it is actually simpler just to type the caret
|
||
key,
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
^
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever
|
||
you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size.
|
||
Everything you type until you hit a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
(or
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Esc
|
||
\family default
|
||
to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy; start one by typing the underscore
|
||
key
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
_
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like
|
||
this:
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Put equation
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
1 of
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351597
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351597
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
into math mode.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
The Math toolbar
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
toolbar is a convenient way to enter symbols and/or to perform complicated
|
||
formula operations.
|
||
Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
menus (the latter only appears when you are in Math mode).
|
||
However, we are going to concentrate on using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
toolbar, just to let you know what is out there; you can learn keyboard
|
||
shortcuts and commands later from the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Math
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
toolbar is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned
|
||
on manually in the menu
|
||
\family sans
|
||
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Toolbars
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
When you click there on
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "toolbar-toggle math"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Toolbars
|
||
\family default
|
||
menu with a checkmark.
|
||
When you click in this state again on
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Toolbars
|
||
\family default
|
||
menu, the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
toolbar is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is
|
||
visualized by the renaming of the menu entry from
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(auto)
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Greek and symbols
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
toolbar allows you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math:
|
||
operators, arrows, relationships, delimiters, special characters, sums
|
||
and integrals.
|
||
Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper
|
||
limits on sums and integrals.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Roots, decorations, and delimiters
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
To type a square root, just click on the button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-insert \\sqrt"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
|
||
the square root.
|
||
You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
|
||
you want.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will automatically resize the square root to fit what is inside.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Adding a
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
frame decoration
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to a character (
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) or group of characters (
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) is done similarly.
|
||
Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-insert \\hat"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Click on a decoration, and \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will insert that decoration with an insertion
|
||
point under (or over) it.
|
||
Just type what you want in the insertion point.
|
||
There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you
|
||
type, and those that have a fixed size, and are most appropriate for a
|
||
single letter.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
|
||
are a bit more complicated.
|
||
Hit the delimiter button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to pop up the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Delimiter
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog.
|
||
Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
|
||
It is a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces,
|
||
a brace and a parenthesis, or choose the empty square to have something
|
||
like
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, but will not show
|
||
up in the output).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you are lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
|
||
using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Delimiter
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog.
|
||
However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
|
||
will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
|
||
So it is better to use one of the three delimiter buttons that insert them
|
||
directly, for example
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-delim ( )"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
|
||
existing formula parts.
|
||
Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
|
||
on the button you want from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
toolbar.
|
||
Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form
|
||
(
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
Once you have learned about matrices, this is how you will put parentheses
|
||
or brackets around them.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Fractions
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
To create a fraction, click on the fraction button
|
||
\change_deleted -131811572 1566935165
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\change_inserted -131811572 1566935147
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-insert \\frac"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
toolbar.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
writes two insertion points in a fraction.
|
||
As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
|
||
a fraction.
|
||
Click on the top square and type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
1
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Now hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Down
|
||
\family default
|
||
and type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
You have made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of
|
||
the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions,
|
||
whatever.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Put equation
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2 of
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351607
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351607
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
into math mode.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Functions: lim, log, sin and others
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sin
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in math mode, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
thinks you are typing the product of the three variables
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $s$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $i$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, and
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $n$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted
|
||
was the word
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sin
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
typeset in Roman.
|
||
In addition, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will not put a space between the word
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sin
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
x
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(pressing
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
will exit the formula).
|
||
So how do you get
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
instead of
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
?
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Click on the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-insert \\functions"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and then on
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sin
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in the pop-up function list.
|
||
The word
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sin
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
in black, and set in upright roman type.
|
||
The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Backspace
|
||
\family default
|
||
, it will delete the whole word.
|
||
Now type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(x)
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in a formula.
|
||
In the output, the expression will be correctly typeset.
|
||
Try it out.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The function list includes other trigonometric functions and their inverses,
|
||
hyperbolic functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
|
||
These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
or
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Put equation
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
3 of
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351612
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351612
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
into math mode.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Matrices
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Click on the matrix button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show mathmatrix"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\change_inserted -131811572 1566934540
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
toolbar
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
.
|
||
A pop-up dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you want
|
||
in your matrix.
|
||
Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
OK
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
prints 6 insertion points in a
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
matrix.
|
||
As usual, you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root, another
|
||
matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
|
||
You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Tab
|
||
\family default
|
||
can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
|
||
Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Right
|
||
\family default
|
||
at the end of one box will move to the next box,
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Down
|
||
\family default
|
||
will move to the next row, etc.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you need to change the number of rows and columns, use the menu
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Rows
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
&
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Columns
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the math toolbar buttons
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "tabular-feature append-row"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "tabular-feature append-column"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "tabular-feature delete-column"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
See the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
|
||
and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
|
||
Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
's wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Display mode
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
|
||
as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
|
||
expressions.
|
||
This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger
|
||
ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need
|
||
to write them in display mode.
|
||
In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see
|
||
the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
), and multi-line equations must be in display mode.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
While being in a formula, click on the display button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-display"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
toolbar.
|
||
This centers the formula and adds a blank line before and after it.
|
||
Now type in an expression and compile your file to see how it looks.
|
||
The display button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple
|
||
of your expressions to display mode and back.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
The default font is larger for a few symbols, like
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\int$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
|
||
written under and over rather than next to the symbols
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Text is centered
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
|
||
ns are very similar.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset: be careful
|
||
about whether you are putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
|
||
If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then do not
|
||
press
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Doing so will cause the text
|
||
\emph on
|
||
after
|
||
\emph default
|
||
the formula to start a new paragraph.
|
||
That text will be indented or follow a blank line, depending on your document
|
||
paragraph settings, which is probably not what you want.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Put the various equations in
|
||
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351617
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351617
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Example (raw)
|
||
\change_unchanged
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
into display mode, and see how they are typeset differently.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Using various tools you have learned in this section, you should be able
|
||
to write an equation like:
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
After you have done it the hard way, give
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Cases
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
a try.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\[
|
||
f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
|
||
\log_{8}x & x>0\\
|
||
0 & x=0\\
|
||
\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0
|
||
\end{array}\right.
|
||
\]
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
More Math Stuff
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now you are familiar with the basics.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
's math editor can do a lot more.
|
||
You can refer to the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Math
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual for tips on how to:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Label and number expressions.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Create multi-line equations.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Change typefaces, e.
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
g.
|
||
\begin_inset space \space{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to write bold-face text in an expression.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
|
||
(Do not worry about this until your final draft!)
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Write macros.
|
||
These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
|
||
the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Do almost all you can do with math.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||
Miscellaneous
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Other major \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Features
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
We have not gone through all the possible commands in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, and we are not planning
|
||
on it.
|
||
As usual, see the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
and the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Embedded
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Objects
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual for more information.
|
||
We will just mention a couple more major things \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
can do:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has WYSIWYM support for tables.
|
||
Use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Table
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "tabular-insert"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) to get a table.
|
||
Click on the table with the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
right button
|
||
\emph default
|
||
to get a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Table
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Settings
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
|
||
By pressing
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "toolbar-toggle table"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
the table toolbar will appear permanently.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
also supports including pictures in any format within documents.
|
||
(You guessed it:
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Graphics
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
Then browse for the figure file, rotate or scale it, etc.) Tables and figures
|
||
can have captions, and \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will automatically generate lists of figures and/or
|
||
tables.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is heavily configurable.
|
||
Everything from how the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
window looks to how the output comes out can be
|
||
configured in a number of ways.
|
||
Much configuration is done through
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Preferences
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
For more information on this, check out
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Customization\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
|
||
Therefore, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
|
||
German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar ldots
|
||
) than many word processors.
|
||
Even the right-to-left languages Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew and the Asian
|
||
languages Chinese Japanese, and Korean are supported.
|
||
You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
The \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
menus feature keybindings.
|
||
This means that you can do
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Open
|
||
\family default
|
||
by pressing
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Alt+F
|
||
\family default
|
||
followed by
|
||
\family sans
|
||
O
|
||
\family default
|
||
or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "shortcut"
|
||
arg "file-open"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
by default).
|
||
Keybindings are also configurable.
|
||
For information on this, check out
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Customization\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
can read \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
documents.
|
||
See section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "sec:tex2lyx"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Spell-checking, thesaurus, and word count facilities are available.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
for \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
Users
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "sec:latexusers"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you do not know anything about \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, you do not have to read this section.
|
||
Actually, you might want to
|
||
\emph on
|
||
learn
|
||
\emph default
|
||
about \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, and then read this chapter.
|
||
However, some of those who begin to use \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will be familiar with \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
.
|
||
If you are such a person, you may be wondering if \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
can really do everything
|
||
\SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
can do.
|
||
The short answer is that \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
can do pretty much everything \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
can do in one
|
||
form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing a \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
|
||
document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
|
||
new \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
users will most likely be interested in.
|
||
In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short, we will give only minimal
|
||
information here.
|
||
The
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Additional
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Features
|
||
\emph default
|
||
and the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Embedded
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Objects
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manuals have a great deal of information on differences between \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
and \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
,
|
||
and how to do various \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
tricks in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
Mode
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Anything that you enter in \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode will be passed straight to \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, and will be
|
||
displayed in red on the screen.
|
||
You can use \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
commands in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
by choosing
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
TeX
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Code
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "ert-insert"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
In a math formula, \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode is handled a bit differently.
|
||
\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode is entered there by typing a backslash.
|
||
The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
|
||
be in red.
|
||
You exit \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode by typing
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret
|
||
or parenthesis.
|
||
Once you exit \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode, if \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
knows the \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
command you have typed in, it will
|
||
convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
So if you type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
|
||
\backslash
|
||
gamma
|
||
\family default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in a formula and then press
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will change the red
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
gamma
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to a blue
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros.
|
||
This may be faster than using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
, and will be especially convenient for experienced \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
users.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
As a special case, if you type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
|
||
\backslash
|
||
{
|
||
\family default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in a formula, the beginning
|
||
\emph on
|
||
and
|
||
\emph default
|
||
ending braces will be inserted in red while the cursor is placed between
|
||
the braces.
|
||
This makes it more convenient to type those commands that take an argument.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
cannot do absolutely everything that \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
can do.
|
||
Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but are
|
||
not WYSIWYM.
|
||
\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode allows users to get the full flexibility of \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, while having all the
|
||
convenient features of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
could never support every \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
package.
|
||
However, by typing
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
|
||
\backslash
|
||
usepackage{foo}
|
||
\family default
|
||
in the preamble (see Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "sec:preamble"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
), you can use any package you want — although you will not have WYSIWYM
|
||
support for that package's features.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Importing \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
Documents —
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "sec:tex2lyx"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You can import a \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
file into \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
by using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Import\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
LaTeX
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(plain)
|
||
\family default
|
||
menu in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
This will call the program
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
which will create a file foo.lyx from the file foo.tex.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will then open that file.
|
||
If the translation does not work, you can try calling
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the command line, possibly using fancier options.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Even when the translation does work,
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
may not translate everything, though it does handle most legal \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
.
|
||
It will leave things it does not understand in \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode; so, after translating
|
||
a file with
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
, you can look for the red text and manually edit it to get it right.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
has its own documentation (manpage), which Unix/Linux users can access
|
||
via the console command
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
man
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
The manpage describes which \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
commands and environments are not supported,
|
||
what bugs you might run into (and how to get around them), and how to use
|
||
the various options.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
It is important to understand that
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
can only translate files whose document class is
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
known
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, that is, for which there is a corresponding \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
layout file
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
If there is no layout file, then you will get an error saying that the
|
||
conversion could not be performed.
|
||
So, unless you have a layout for the document class of your \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
file,
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
simply will not know how to translate the \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
that it finds there into things
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
understands.
|
||
More about layout files and how they are created is explained in detail
|
||
in Chapter 5 of the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Customization
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Converting \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Documents to \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You might wish to convert a \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Document to a \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
file.
|
||
For example, a co-worker or co-author who does not have \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
might want to
|
||
read it.
|
||
Select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
LaTeX
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
This will create a file
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
whatever.tex
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
whatever.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
file you are editing.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
\SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
Preamble
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsubsection
|
||
Document Class
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Settings
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog takes care of the document-wide options, such as changing the document
|
||
class, default font size and paper size.
|
||
Document class options and also options for \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
packages can be entered there
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Class
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
options
|
||
\family default
|
||
area.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsubsection
|
||
Other Preamble Matter
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "sec:preamble"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
file, you can
|
||
use them in a \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document as well.
|
||
Select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
LaTeX
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Preamble
|
||
\family default
|
||
and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending
|
||
on the frontend).
|
||
Anything you type will (as with \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode) be sent directly to \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has support for Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
, which allows you to build databases of bibliographical
|
||
references to be used in multiple documents.
|
||
Select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
List
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
/
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
TOC\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
BibTeX
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Bibliography
|
||
\family default
|
||
to include a
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
file.
|
||
In the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Database
|
||
\family default
|
||
field you load Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
files, in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Style
|
||
\family default
|
||
field you can load Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
style files.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
After you have done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies
|
||
you have included with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Citation
|
||
\family default
|
||
(see Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "sec:bibliographies"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
The box in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Citation
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog will show a list of all the references in your
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
file.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Errors!
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Sometimes when you try to view a document, there will be errors, things
|
||
that \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
or \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
cannot understand.
|
||
When this happens, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will open a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
\SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Errors
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog.
|
||
Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place
|
||
in the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document where the error occurs and also display the detailed \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
|
||
error message.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_body
|
||
\end_document
|