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238 lines
10 KiB
TeX
238 lines
10 KiB
TeX
% This file is public domain.
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% Originally written 1995, Geoffrey Tobin.
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% The author has expressed the hope that any modification will retain enough content to remain useful. He would also appreciate being acknowledged as the original author in the documentation.
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% This declaration added 2008/11/14 by Clea F. Rees with the permission of Geoffrey Tobin.
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% This is the TeX source file for the "TeXnical Typesetting" document.
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% Notice how you can put in comments? If TeX sees a % it simply ignores
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% the rest of the line.
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% A4 paper is 8.3in wide and 11.7in high; we set the page dimensions so that
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% there are 1in margins all around:
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\hsize 6.3in % page width
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\vsize 9.7in % page height
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\parskip 8pt plus 2pt minus 1pt % glue before a paragraph
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% Define a few extra fonts for later use:
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\font\bigrm=cmr10 scaled\magstep4 % big version of the standard roman font
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\font\ninerm=cmr9 % 9pt roman
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\font\fiverm=cmr5 % 5pt roman
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\font\sm=cmcsc10 % caps and small caps
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\font\ss=cmss10 % sans serif
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% Here's a macro that we'll use to produce all subheadings:
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\def\subhead#1{\bigskip % extra glue before subheading
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\noindent{\bf #1}\par % unindented boldface subheading
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\nobreak} % prevent a page break after subheading
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\centerline{\bigrm \TeX nical Typesetting}
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\vskip 2.5cm % dimensions can be metric
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\subhead{What is \TeX?}
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\TeX\ (pronounced ``teck'') is a computerized typesetting system developed by
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Donald Knuth and others at Stanford University. It is used to create
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high-quality documents, particularly those containing mathematics.
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The name \TeX\ is an uppercase form of the Greek letters $\tau\epsilon\chi$,
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the first three letters of a Greek word meaning {\sl art} as well as
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{\sl technology}.
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The lowering of the ``E'' is a reminder that \TeX\ is about typesetting,
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which can be thought of as the next stage beyond word processing.
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On devices where such lowering is difficult or impossible you may see \TeX\
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written as {\tt TeX}.
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% the above blank line ends the first paragraph
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Most word processors allow you to
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create and modify a document interactively --- what
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you see on the screen is usually what your output will look like.
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\TeX\ does {\it not} work in this way.
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Like other typesetting systems (such as SCRIBE and
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{\sl troff\/}), \TeX\ is known as a ``document compiler''. Using your
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favourite text editor you need to create a file containing the
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text of your manuscript along with the \TeX\ typesetting commands.
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\TeX\ gives you the ability to produce printed matter with a quality
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matching that found in books, depending on the output device.
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Adelaide University has an {\sm imagen} laser printer
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with a resolution of 240 dots per inch.
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This publication shows both the capabilities of \TeX\ and
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the output quality of the laser printer.
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\subhead{Fonts}
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One of the more obvious advantages of \TeX\ is the large range of fonts from
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which you can choose. A font is a collection of characters each having a
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similar size and style. Some of the fonts currently available include:
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$$ % enter display math mode just to get space above and below \line
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\line
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{\hfil % infinitely stretchable glue
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\rm roman\hfil \sl slanted\hfil \it italic\hfil \bf boldface\hfil
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\tt typewriter\hfil \ss sans serif\hfil \sm small caps\hfil
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} % take care to ensure each { has a matching }
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$$
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Many of these also come in a variety of sizes:
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$$
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\centerline{{\bigrm from the very big},~ % extra space after comma
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{\ninerm to the very small},~
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{\fiverm to the ridiculous}.}
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$$
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Apart from a large selection of mathematical symbols,
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many special characters and accents are available:
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$$
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\vbox
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{\tabskip 10pt plus 1fil % glue before and after all columns
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\halign to\hsize
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{& \hfil#\hfil\cr % specify a variable number of centred columns
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\copyright& \it\$& \S& \P& \dag& \ddag&
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$\circ$& $\bigcirc$& % some symbols must be accessed from math mode
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$\leftarrow$& $\rightarrow$& $\triangle$& $\clubsuit$&
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\`a& \'e& \c c& \^o& \"u\cr
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}
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}
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$$
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\TeX\ does a few subtle things automatically.
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Certain sequences of characters in your text will
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be replaced by {\sl ligatures} in the printed output (consider the ``{\tt ffi}''
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in ``difficult''), while other pairs of characters need to be {\sl kerned}
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(e.g., the ``o'' and ``x'' in ``box'' look better if they are moved closer
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together). The range and quality of fonts available will continue to improve.
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\subhead{Mathematics}
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A major design goal of \TeX\ was to simplify the task of typesetting
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mathematics --- and to do it properly. Mathematicians will be pleasantly
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surprised at the ease with which formulae and expressions can be created;
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from simple in-line equations
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such as $e^{i\pi}=-1$ and $f_{n+2}=f_{n+1}+f_n$, to more extravagant displays:
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$$
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\sum_{k\ge1} \sqrt{x_k-\ln k}\quad\ne\quad
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\int_{0}^\infty {e^{-x^3}+\sqrt{x} \over \left(123-x\right)^3} \,dx
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$$
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\TeX\ looks after most of the nitty gritty details, such as spacing things
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correctly and choosing the right sizes for superscripts, parentheses,
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square root signs etc. (The discoverer of the above relation wishes to
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remain anonymous.)
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\subhead{Alignment}
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The preparation of tabular material such as in lists and matrices can be a
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tedious job for a person armed only with a typewriter and a bottle of
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correction fluid. With a little help from \TeX, computers can make it so
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much easier:
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$$
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\vcenter % a vertically centred \vbox
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{\tabskip 0pt % no space before column 1
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\halign to 3.5in % width of table
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{\strut#& % col 1 is a strut
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\vrule#\tabskip .5em plus2em& % col 2 is a vrule; also set col spacing
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#\hfil& % col 3 is left justified
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\vrule#& % col 4 is a vrule
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\hfil#\hfil& % col 5 is centred
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\vrule#& % col 6 is a vrule
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\hfil#& % col 7 is right justified
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\vrule#\tabskip 0pt % col 8 is a vrule; no space after it
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\cr % end of the preamble
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\noalign{\hrule}
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& & \multispan5 \hfil Oldest players to represent\hfil& \cr
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& & \multispan5 \hfil England in a Test Match\hfil& \cr
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\noalign{\hrule}
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& & \omit\hfil Name\hfil& & % \omit ignores template in preamble
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\omit\hfil Age\hfil& &
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\omit\hfil Versus\hfil& \cr
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\noalign{\hrule}
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& & W.Rhodes& & 52y 165d& & West Indies, 1930& \cr
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\noalign{\hrule}
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& & W.G.Grace& & 50y 320d& & Australia, 1899& \cr
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\noalign{\hrule}
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& & G.Gunn& & 50y 303d& & West Indies, 1929& \cr
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\noalign{\hrule}
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& & J.Southerton{\ninerm*}& & 49y 139d& & Australia, 1877& \cr
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\noalign{\hrule\smallskip}
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& \multispan7\ninerm* (This was actually his Test debut.)\hfil \cr
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}
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}
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\hskip .5in % space between table and matrix
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A=\pmatrix % parenthesized matrix
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{a_{11}& a_{12}& \ldots& a_{1n}\cr
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a_{21}& a_{22}& \ldots& a_{2n}\cr
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\vdots& \vdots& \ddots& \vdots\cr
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a_{m1}& a_{m2}& \ldots& a_{mn}\cr
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}
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$$
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\vskip -\the\belowdisplayskip % avoid too much space below display
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\subhead{Other features}
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Space does not permit examples of all the things \TeX\ can do. Here are some
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more features you might like to know about:
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\item{$\bullet$}
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Multi-column output can be generated.
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{\parskip=0pt % temporarily turn off the skipping between paragraphs
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\item{$\bullet$}
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\TeX\ has a very sophisticated paragraph building algorithm and rarely needs
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to resort to hyphenation. Paragraphs can be indented and shaped in many
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different ways.
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\item{$\bullet$}
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Automatic insertion of footnotes,\footnote{\dag}{\ninerm Here is
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a footnote.} running heads, page numbers etc.
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\item{$\bullet$}
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\TeX\ makes provision for generating a table of contents, a bibliography, even
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an index. Automatic section numbering and cross referencing are also possible.
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\item{$\bullet$}
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A powerful macro facility is built into \TeX. This lets you do some very
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useful things, like creating an abbreviation for a commonly used phrase, or
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defining a new command that will have varying effects depending on the
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parameters it is given. A macro package can enhance \TeX\ by making it much
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easier to generate a document in a predefined format.
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\par % end the last paragraph BEFORE ending the group
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} % \parskip will now revert to its previous value
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\subhead{What CAN'T \TeX\ do?}
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Complex graphics such as diagrams and illustrations pose
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a major problem --- at the moment you have to leave an appropriate amount of
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blank space and paste them in later.
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Graphic facilities are the subject of current research.
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\subhead{\TeX\ and VAX/VMS}
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The \TeX\ source file used to generate this document is available for
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inspection on any VAX node that has \TeX ---
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just type `{\tt scroll tex\char'137 inputs:example.tex}'.
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A few steps are needed to print such a file:
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\item{(1)}
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Type `{\tt tex example}' to ``compile'' the file.
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(\TeX\ looks for a {\tt .tex} file by default. If it can't find the given
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file in your current directory it will look in {\tt tex\char'137 inputs}.)
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Two new files will be created in your current directory:
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{\tt example.dvi} and {\tt example.lis}.
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The former is a device independent description of the document;
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the latter is simply a log of the \TeX\ run.
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{\parskip=0pt % temporarily turn off \parskip
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\item{(2)}
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Type `{\tt dvitovdu example}' to preview the document on a terminal screen.
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This program can be used to detect a variety of formatting problems,
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saving both time and paper.
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\item{(3)}
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Type `{\tt imprint example}' to print the document.
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(Note that the DVIto\kern-.15em VDU and IMPRINT commands
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accept a {\tt .dvi} file by default).
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} % restore \parskip
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Detailed help on all these commands is available on-line --- try typing
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`{\tt help tex}' to get started.
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\bye
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