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#LyX 2.2 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
\lyxformat 504
\begin_document
\begin_header
\save_transient_properties true
\origin /systemlyxdir/examples/
\textclass article
\begin_preamble
%% Uncomment the following for Tableaux captions on top:
%\floatstyle{plaintop}
%\restylefloat{tableau}
\end_preamble
\use_default_options false
\begin_modules
linguistics
\end_modules
\maintain_unincluded_children false
\language english
\language_package default
\inputencoding auto
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\font_roman "lmodern" "FreeSerif"
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\index Index
\shortcut idx
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\paragraph_indentation default
\quotes_language english
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\end_header
\begin_body
\begin_layout Title
Writing linguistic papers with \SpecialChar LyX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Author
Jürgen Spitzmüller
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "spitz@lyx.org"
type "mailto:"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Date
21/04/2015
\end_layout
\begin_layout Abstract
This paper describes some features that \SpecialChar LyX
provides to linguists.
It demonstrates how to use some native support in order to produce numbered
examples, glosses, OT tableaux, semantic markup, structure trees, and phonetic
symbols (IPA).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Aims and prerequisites
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Basically, this paper describes the features of the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Linguistics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
module that ships with \SpecialChar LyX
as of version 1.6.0.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Modules
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
are support files (introduced with \SpecialChar LyX
1.6.0) that can easily be selected for
any document.
In order to use the Linguistics module, go to
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Modules
\family default
, select
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Linguistics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
from the list of available modules, and hit the
\family sans
Add
\family default
button to select it for your document (as already done for this document).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You should be able to use the module with any document class (please inform
me, if not).
However, in order to use all the features, you need to have the following
\SpecialChar LaTeX
packages installed:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\emph on
covington.sty
\emph default
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "covington"
\end_inset
: This is the base package used for numbered examples and glosses.
\begin_inset Separator parbreak
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system:
\begin_inset Info
type "package"
arg "covington"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\emph on
enumitem.sty
\emph default
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "enumitem"
\end_inset
: This package is used for the Subexamples style.
It is generally useful to alter the appearance of lists (such as
\emph on
enumerate
\emph default
,
\emph on
itemize
\emph default
,
\emph on
description
\emph default
).
\begin_inset Separator parbreak
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system:
\begin_inset Info
type "package"
arg "enumitem"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\emph on
csquotes.sty
\emph default
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "csquotes"
\end_inset
: Needed for the
\emph on
Meaning
\emph default
character style.
The package provides context sensitive quotation marks, depending on the
language in use.
\begin_inset Separator parbreak
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system:
\begin_inset Info
type "package"
arg "csquotes"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\emph on
float.sty
\emph default
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "float"
\end_inset
: Needed for the OT tableaux floats and list of floats.
This package should be part of any \SpecialChar LaTeX
distribution.
\begin_inset Separator parbreak
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system:
\begin_inset Info
type "package"
arg "float"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\emph on
forest.sty
\emph default
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "forest"
\end_inset
: This package is used to generate structure trees.
\begin_inset Separator parbreak
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system:
\begin_inset Info
type "package"
arg "forest"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Section
Numbered examples
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Numbered examples are inserted via the layout drop-down box in the toolbar.
There are three variants:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
This is a multiline example [Style
\emph on
Numbered Example (multiline)
\emph default
]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
it can have several paragraphs
\end_layout
\begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
This is a single example
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "exa:single-example"
\end_inset
[Style
\emph on
Numbered Example (consecutive)
\emph default
]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
Consecutive single examples get their own numbers
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subexample
This is a subexample
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:subexample"
\end_inset
[Style
\emph on
Subexample
\emph default
]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subexample
And another one
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
References to examples are produced as usual: insert a label to the example
and a cross-reference via
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross references
\family default
.
We refer here, just for the sake of demonstrating this, to
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "exa:single-example"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:subexample"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you want to modify the numbering of an individual example, you can use
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Numbering
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Glosses
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The Linguistics module provides two kinds of glosses, which can be inserted
via
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Insets
\family default
: The standard
\emph on
Glosse
\emph default
provides a gloss that consists of two lines (a gloss pair) and a translation,
the
\emph on
Tri-Glosse
\emph default
insets consists of three lines and a translation (the third line is usually
needed to give morphological or phonological information next to the gloss
pair).
Each translation line might span multiple lines in the output, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e., the paragraphs are automatically broken if they exceed the text width.
The translation line is inserted by means of
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Glosse Translation
\family default
.
It does not matter where you insert the translation, it is always printed
as the last line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is a simple example for a
\emph on
Glosse
\emph default
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Glosse
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
C'est un exemple simple
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is
\end_layout
\end_inset
an example simple
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
This is a simple example
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
Use
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
GroupGlossedWords
\family default
in order to hold together multi-word expressions (or alternatively just
put braces in TeX mode
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
around those words
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
).
Note that you can enter multiple spaces to align the glosses in the \SpecialChar LyX
work
area; this will not affect the output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is a three-line gloss (
\emph on
Tri-Glosse
\emph default
); the procedure is the same:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
C'est un exemple simple
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Das ist
\end_layout
\end_inset
ein Beispiel einfach
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is
\end_layout
\end_inset
an example simple
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
This is a simple example
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
If you want to have numbered glosses, simply insert the gloss inset to a
numbered examples paragraph, as follows:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
\begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
My skeertuig is vol palings
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
My hovercraft is
\begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
full of
\end_layout
\end_inset
eels
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
Do you have matches?
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
Tips & Tricks
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Avoiding Page Breaks within Glosses
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Page breaks might occur within glosses, which is not desirable.
A workaround is to wrap glosses into boxes (via
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Box\SpecialChar menuseparator
Frameless
\family default
).
If you want to automate this for all glosses, you can copy the following
code to
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX Preamble
\family default
:
\begin_inset Separator parbreak
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
% Do not break pages at two-line glosses
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
AtBeginDocument{%
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
renewenvironment{linggloss}[2][]{%
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
def
\backslash
glosstr{
\backslash
glt #1}%
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
begin{minipage}{.7
\backslash
textwidth}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
gll #2}{
\backslash
glosstr
\backslash
glend
\backslash
end{minipage}}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
% Do not break pages at three-line glosses
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
AtBeginDocument{%
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
renewenvironment{lingglosss}[2][]{%
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
def
\backslash
glosstr{
\backslash
glt #1}%
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
begin{minipage}{.7
\backslash
textwidth}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
glll #2}{
\backslash
glosstr
\backslash
glend
\backslash
end{minipage}}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You might have to adapt the minipage width (
\family typewriter
.7
\backslash
textwidth
\family default
in the example code) to fit the glosses to your actual page width.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Footnotes in Glosses
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Although you can insert a footnote in a
\emph on
Glosse
\emph default
inset, LaTeX compilation will not succeed.
If you need footnotes, put
\family typewriter
\backslash
footnotemark
\family default
in TeX mode in the glosse at the point where the footnote number should
appear, and
\family typewriter
\backslash
footnotetext{Actual footnote ...}
\family default
, also in TeX mode, right behind the
\emph on
Glosse
\emph default
inset.
If you need several footnotes, just insert multiple of these constructs.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Using Glosses (and Examples) in a Beamer Presentation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\emph on
covington
\emph default
package and the
\emph on
beamer
\emph default
class do not work together out of the box, since they both try to define
the commands
\family typewriter
\backslash
example
\family default
and
\family typewriter
\backslash
examples
\family default
, which results in a \SpecialChar LaTeX
error.
You can work around the problem by inserting the following code in
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Local Layout
\family default
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily},tabsize=4"
inline false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Provides covington 1
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
AddToPreamble
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
let
\backslash
example
\backslash
relax
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
let
\backslash
endexample
\backslash
relax
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
let
\backslash
examples
\backslash
relax
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
let
\backslash
endexamples
\backslash
relax
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
usepackage{covington}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
EndPreamble
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Press
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
validate
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
OK
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
This effectively defuncts beamer's example(s) environment in favour of
covington's.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Furthermore, if you want to use glosses in
\emph on
beamer
\emph default
, you need to put it in a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
fragile
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
frame.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Optimality Theory Tableaux
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
OT tableaux itself can of course simply be inserted as ordinary tables (for
specific features such as dashed lines and shaded cells, cf.
the
\emph on
EmbeddedObjects
\emph default
manual).
However, you might want to have the tableaux numbered throughout the document,
and you might want to have a
\emph on
List of Tableaux
\emph default
, similar to the
\emph on
List of Tables
\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The Linguistics module provides support for both.
In
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Floats
\family default
, you will find a Tableaux float:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float tableau
placement h
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" special="|c">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
/atikap/
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noun on
Onset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noun on
NoCoda
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noun on
Dep
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noun on
Max
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{☞}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
\end_inset
a.ti.ka
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
a.ti.ka
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
\end_inset
a.ti.kap
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
a.ti.kap
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Example Tableau
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that by default, the caption is always placed below the tableaux in
the output, no matter where you put it in the \SpecialChar LyX
window.
To get the Tableau captions on top, put the following code in
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preamble
\family default
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
floatstyle{plaintop}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
restylefloat{tableau}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you use a KOMA class, use the following code instead:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
floatstyle{komaabove}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
restylefloat{tableau}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A List of Tableaux inset can be found in
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Lists & TOC
\family default
.
It looks like this:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset FloatList tableau
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Semantic Markup (Character Styles)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The Linguistics module comes with some character styles that are common
in linguistics:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Concept (in small caps):
\begin_inset Flex Concepts
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
concept
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Expression (emphasized):
\begin_inset Flex Expression
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
expression
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Meaning (in single quotes):
\begin_inset Flex Meaning
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
meaning
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can insert the character styles via the
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text Style
\family default
submenu.
If you need to change the appearance of these styles later, you can redefine
them in the preamble.
To make expressions bold, for instance, insert:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
renewcommand
\backslash
lingexpr[1]{
\backslash
textbf{#1}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Similarly, concept (
\family typewriter
\backslash
lingconcept
\family default
) and meaning (
\family typewriter
\backslash
lingmeaning
\family default
) can be modified.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Linguistic structure trees
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Meanwhile, many \SpecialChar LaTeX
are available which help producing structure trees.
\SpecialChar LyX
supports the
\family sans
forest
\family default
package, which combines high flexibility and power with a comfortable input
syntax.
The Linguistics module provides a Structure Tree inset, which can be inserted
via
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Insets
\family default
.
Within this inset, you can insert the bracket notation used by
\family sans
forest
\family default
(and also by other similar packages such as
\family sans
qtree
\family default
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is a simple example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
[VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]] ] ]
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
If you view the PDF output, you will see that the input
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\family typewriter
\size small
[VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]]]]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
expands to a real structure tree.
To view the result within the \SpecialChar LyX
workarea, you can simply embed the Structure
Tree inset into a Preview inset (
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preview
\family default
).
If instant preview is correctly installed and activated, you should see
the tree immediately (just click on the image in order to edit):
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Preview
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
[VP [DP[Mary]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[John]] [DP[D[a]][NP[response]]] ] ]
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
Roofs can be easily generated by means of the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
triangle
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
option (note that the comma has special meaning, as it marks options):
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
[VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[another letter, triangle]] ]
]
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
In order to align nodes of the tree more elegantly, use the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
tier
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
option.
All nodes which have the same
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
tier
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
allocated get aligned.
Here is an example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
[VP [DP[John,tier=word]] [V' [V[sent,tier=word]] [DP[Mary,tier=word]] [DP[D[a,ti
er=word]][NP[letter,tier=word]]] ] ]
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
The package supports many additional features, such as movement arrows and
decorations, that cannot documented here (please refer to the detailed
package documentation
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "forest"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Phonetic Symbols (IPA)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You do not need the Linguistics module to insert phonetic symbols, this
is a base functionality of \SpecialChar LyX
.
However, since this is frequently used by linguists, we will describe it
(briefly) in this manual nevertheless.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you use traditional \SpecialChar LaTeX
or PDF\SpecialChar LaTeX
, a prerequisite to use \SpecialChar LyX
's IPA support is
the \SpecialChar LaTeX
package
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "tipa"
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
If you use Xe\SpecialChar TeX
or Lua\SpecialChar TeX
(i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
e., if you have clicked
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Use non-\SpecialChar TeX
fonts
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Fonts
\family default
), no extra package is needed.
\end_layout
\end_inset
Additionally, if you want to have instant preview, you should have the
\emph on
preview-latex
\emph default
package
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "preview"
\end_inset
installed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The recommended way to insert phonetic symbols is via
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
Phonetic symbols.
\family default
This gives you an input box (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in \SpecialChar LyX
speak), where you can insert the symbols.
Note that this box can be used both for the insertion of small snippets
(inline) and multiple paragraphs of phonetic notation.
While the cursor is inside the box, a toolbar opens, which provides the
basic set of phonetic symbols (sorted by the IPA categories).
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Currently, there is one symbol missing: the labiodental flap (added to the
IPA in 2005).
This symbol is not yet supported by the
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
package and thus cannot be supported by LyX.
\end_layout
\end_inset
Each of the toolbar's panels can be torn off the bar by clicking on the
dashed line on its top.
This way, you can insert most symbols quite comfortably:
\begin_inset IPA
\begin_layout Standard
[l
\begin_inset IPADeco bottomtiebar
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
ai
\end_layout
\end_inset
k ðɪs]
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Note that, if you want to insert diacritics, the diacritics are inserted
\emph on
after
\emph default
the base character.
That is to say, for
\begin_inset IPA
\begin_layout Standard
[d̥]
\end_layout
\end_inset
you need to insert
\family typewriter
<d>
\family default
and then the
\family typewriter
<voiceless>
\family default
subring diacritic from the toolbar immediately after the
\family typewriter
<d>
\family default
.
If you need a diacritic alone, you can achieve this by inserting a blank
and then the diacritic, as in
\begin_inset IPA
\begin_layout Standard
̼
\end_layout
\end_inset
(
\family typewriter
=
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
<space>+<Lingolabial from the IPA toolbar>
\family default
).
\end_layout
\end_inset
Given that
\emph on
preview-latex
\emph default
is installed and you have switched on instant preview (in
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Graphi
\family default
cs), you'll get a nice WYSIWYG preview as soon as the cursor leaves the
box.
Alternatively to the toolbar, you can also insert the symbols directly
via the shortcut notation which is described in the
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
manual: here's
\begin_inset IPA
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\strikeout off
\uuline off
\uwave off
\noun off
\color none
[@n Ig"zA:mpl]
\end_layout
\end_inset
(
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
shortcut notation:
\family typewriter
[@n Ig"zA:mpl
\family default
]).
Furthermore, you can insert symbols via
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
Symbols\SpecialChar ldots
\family default
(which might be useful for symbols that are not yet covered by the toolbar),
or you can simply paste unicode-encoded text (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g., from other applications) into the box.
The output should be equal, no matter what input method you chose.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that you can also insert or paste most IPA glyphs outside the specific
IPA input box: [əz ʃəʊn hɪə].
In the output, they will be automatically transformed into the correct
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
macro (if not, please inform us).
However, please note that this method produces inferior output quality,
since it will most likely result in a mix of fonts (the latin characters
are taken from the base document font, the IPA glyphs from the IPA font).
Within the IPA input box, on the other hand, the IPA font is used for all
characters.
So unless you only need to insert single IPA characters, using the IPA
input box is highly recommended.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Further information
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For a detailed description of specific possibilities for linguists, please
refer to the Linguist\SpecialChar LyX
page on the \SpecialChar LyX
wiki
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "linguistlyx"
\end_inset
(feel free to enter your own hints there).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "covington"
\end_inset
The covington package:
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/covington/
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "csquotes"
\end_inset
The csquotes package:
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes/
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "enumitem"
\end_inset
The enumitem package:
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "float"
\end_inset
The float package:
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float/
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "forest"
\end_inset
The forest package:
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/graphics/pgf/contrib/forest
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "linguistlyx"
\end_inset
Maria Gouskova, Stacia Hartleben and Jürgen Spitzmüller: Using \SpecialChar LyX
for Linguistic
Papers.
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "preview"
\end_inset
The preview-latex package:
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/preview/
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "tipa"
\end_inset
The tipa package and fonts:
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_body
\end_document
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