lyx_mirror/lib/doc/Tutorial.lyx

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\pdf_title "The LyX Tutorial"
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\author -712698321 "Jürgen Spitzmüller"
\author -131811572 "Yuriy Skalko"
\end_header

\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
The \SpecialChar LyX
 Tutorial
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
by the \SpecialChar LyX
 Team
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
If you have comments on or corrections to this documentation, please send
 them to the \SpecialChar LyX
 Documentation mailing list: 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
type "mailto:"
literal "false"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset toc
LatexCommand tableofcontents

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Introduction
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Welcome to \SpecialChar LyX
!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This manual is designed for all of you who have never heard of \SpecialChar LaTeX
, or do not
 know it very well.
 Now, do not panic – you will not need to learn \SpecialChar LaTeX
 to use \SpecialChar LyX
.
 That is, after all, the whole point of \SpecialChar LyX
: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG interface
 to \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
 There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use
 \SpecialChar LyX
 effectively.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
 put two spaces after a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or tried to put three blank lines between paragraphs.
 You found out you could not and, in fact, you will find out that most of
 the little tricks you are accustomed to use in word processors will not
 work in \SpecialChar LyX
.
 That is because most word processors you have used before allow you manually
 to enter all spacings, font changes, and so on.
 So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you focus
 on the important things, like the content of your writing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So read on to learn more about \SpecialChar LyX
.
 Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
What the Tutorial 
\emph on
is
\emph default
 and what it 
\emph on
is not
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Before we get started with this section, you need to know that this 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 uses the notation outlined in the 
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
 manual.
 If you came to this manual first, please read the 
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
 before you continue with the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now that you know which fonts mean what in the documentation, we want to
 talk a bit about what this 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 is for.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Getting the most out of the Tutorial
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
 To get the most out of this document, you should read through it, typing
 all the little things we are telling you to type and trying out all of
 the exercises to see if you get them right.
 For convenience, you might want to print out the PDF version of this document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you are familiar with \SpecialChar LaTeX
, you will probably be able to read the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 somewhat faster, since many \SpecialChar LyX
 ideas are just \SpecialChar LaTeX
 ideas in disguise.
 However, \SpecialChar LyX
 has features you will want to learn about.
 Even if you do not feel like reading the rest of the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
, you should definitely check out Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:latexusers"

\end_inset

, which is specifically written for experienced \SpecialChar LaTeX
 users.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
What you 
\emph on
will not
\emph default
 find
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Detailed explanations of all of \SpecialChar LyX
's features.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Look in the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 when you need this.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Detailed explanations of \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Unnecessary.
 If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with \SpecialChar LaTeX
 in \SpecialChar LyX
, you
 can have a look at the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
It is time to move on, time for your first document \SpecialChar ldots

\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Getting started with \SpecialChar LyX

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Your first \SpecialChar LyX
 document
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
OK\SpecialChar endofsentence
 You are ready to start writing.
 Before you do, there are a few things we need to mention, which will hopefully
 make the Tutorial more instructive and useful.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Because there is information we cannot give you in the Tutorial, the 
\emph on
first
\emph default
 
\series medium
thing that you need to do is find the
\series default
 other 
\series medium
help files.
 This is very simple:
\series default
 Start up \SpecialChar LyX
, select the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 from the 
\family sans
Help
\family default
 menu.
 You may want to load the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 as well (if you are not reading it within \SpecialChar LyX
 already).
 This way, you can read them while you are writing your own file.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
 \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Note that once you have got more than one document open, you can use the
 
\family sans
View
\family default
 menu or the document tabs to switch between them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In this Tutorial, we are going to assume that you have a fully working version
 of \SpecialChar LyX
, as well as a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-distribution and a PDF-viewer.
 This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distributions, as well
 as on Windows, where this is setup by the \SpecialChar LyX
 installers.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Finally, we have written a file called 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351112

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351120

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\emph default
 to let you practice your \SpecialChar LyX
 skills.
 Imagine that it was typed by someone who did not know about any of \SpecialChar LyX
's great
 features.
 As you learn new \SpecialChar LyX
 functions, we will suggest that you fix those parts of
 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351165

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351165

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\emph default
.
 It also contains 
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

subtle
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset

 hints about how to fix things.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The hints are located in yellow 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Notes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 If you want to cheat, or check what you have done, there is also a file
 called 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351273

\family typewriter
example_lyxified.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351278

\family default
\emph on
Example (LyXified)
\change_unchanged

\emph default
 which contains the same text written and typeset by a \SpecialChar LyX
 master.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The example files can be found in 
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351405
the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

General
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 section of 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Open Example\SpecialChar ldots

\change_deleted -712698321 1553351425

\family default
the 
\family typewriter
examples
\family default
 directory of \SpecialChar LyX
's installation folder
\change_unchanged
.
 Open the document 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351441

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351441

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\emph default
 and use 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Save
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

As
\family default
 to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
 As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect
 the output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By the way, 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351473
the 
\family typewriter
examples
\family default
 directory
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351473

\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Open Example\SpecialChar ldots

\change_unchanged

\family default
 contains lots of other examples files.
 They will show you how to do various fancy things with \SpecialChar LyX
.
 After you have read the Tutorial, or when you are confused about how to
 do something fancy in \SpecialChar LyX
, take a look at these files.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Typing, Viewing, and Exporting
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Open a new file with 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
New
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Type a sentence like: 
\family typewriter
This is my first \SpecialChar LyX
 document!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Save your document with 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Save
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

As\SpecialChar endofsentence

\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Create a PDF file, with 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
View
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "buffer-view"
\end_inset

.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 will open a PDF-viewer program displaying your document as it will look
 when printed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Export the ready to print document with 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export
\family default
 to a format you want
\family sans
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Congratulations! You have written your first \SpecialChar LyX
 document.
 All of the rest is just details.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
A hint:
\series default
 You can save time by leaving the PDF viewer running in the background.
 Under MacOS and Linux you can use 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Update
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "buffer-update"
\end_inset

 and just click on the PDF viewer window afterwards.
 Under Windows still use 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
View
\family default
 or 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "buffer-view"
\end_inset

 respectively.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Another hint:
\series default
 In case you are using a high-resolution display, the LyX toolbar icons
 are quite small.
 To change their size, right-click into a toolbar.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Simple Operations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 can of course do most of the things you are used to doing with a word processor.
 It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
 Here is a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Undo \SpecialChar LyX
 has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything you
 have done since your current editing session started, by selecting 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Undo
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "undo"
\end_inset

) over and over again.
 If you undo too much, just select 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Redo
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "redo"
\end_inset

) to get it back.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Cut/Paste/Copy Use 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cut
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "cut"
\end_inset

), 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Copy
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "copy"
\end_inset

), and 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paste
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "paste"
\end_inset

) to cut, copy, and paste.
 Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs)
 with the 
\emph on
middle mouse button
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Find/Replace Use 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Replace
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show findreplace"
\end_inset

) to search.
 In the dialog, search with the 
\family sans
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Next
\family default
 button, and use the 
\family sans
Replace
\family default
 button to replace a word you have found.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Close the window when you are done or leave it open if you find it more
 convenient.
 Most dialog boxes in \SpecialChar LyX
 can operate like this.
 Just be sure you have the right window in focus when you are trying to
 type in the main \SpecialChar LyX
 window or a \SpecialChar LyX
 dialog.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
 or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through
 the document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Character
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Formatting You can 
\emph on
emphasize
\emph default
 text (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "font-emph"
\end_inset

, which will by default print characters in italics), set it in 
\noun on
Noun Style
\noun default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "font-noun"
\end_inset

, usually small caps, used for people's names), or use your own formatting
 by using the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\family default
 dialog (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Toolbar Other buttons on the toolbar allow you to do some of the more popular
 functions, such as 
\family sans
Insert
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

math
\family default
, 
\family sans
Insert
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

graphics
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Insert
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

table
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Of course, you have not yet written enough to make most of these functions
 useful.
 As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
WYSIWYM: Whitespace in \SpecialChar LyX

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that \SpecialChar LyX

 handles whitespace.
 As many times as you hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
, you will only get one blank line.
 As many times as you hit 
\family sans
Space
\family default
, you will only get one space.
 On a blank line, \SpecialChar LyX
 will not let you type even one space.
 The 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
 key will not move you forward one tab stop; in fact there 
\emph on
are
\emph default
 no tab stops! There is no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs
 or margins, either.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Many word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

What You See Is What You Get.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 \SpecialChar LyX
, on the other hand, is based on the principle that 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

What You See Is What You 
\emph on
Mean
\emph default
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 You type what you mean and \SpecialChar LyX
 will take care of typesetting it for you so
 that the output looks nice.
 A 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 grammatically separates paragraphs and a 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 grammatically separates words; so there is no reason to have several of
 them in a row; a 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
 has no grammatical function at all – so \SpecialChar LyX
 does not support it.
 Using \SpecialChar LyX
, you will spend more of your time worrying about the 
\emph on
content
\emph default
 of your document and less time worrying about the 
\emph on
format.

\emph default
 See the 
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
 for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
 After all, \SpecialChar LyX
 might not typeset 
\emph on
exactly
\emph default
 what you mean.
 The 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 has information about all that.
 It includes horizontal fills and vertical space — which are more powerful
 and versatile than multiple spaces or blank lines — and ways to change
 font sizes, character styles, and paragraph alignments by hand.
 The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on
 content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
 With standard word processors, you will be distracted by document formatting
 throughout the writing process.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Environments
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
 
\emph on
environments
\emph default
.
 Most of a document is made up of regular text.
 Section titles (chapter, subsection, etc.) let the reader know that a new
 topic or subtopic will be discussed.
 Certain types of documents have special environments.
 A journal article will have an abstract and a title.
 A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment
 that gives the writer's address.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Environments are a major part of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

What You See Is What You Mean
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 philosophy of \SpecialChar LyX
.
 A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting,
 line spacing, and more.
 This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen
t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for
 section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified
 type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and
 bibliography formats can vary widely.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this:
 
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
	scale 75
	clip

\end_inset

.
 It indicates in which environment you are currently writing.
 While you were writing your first document, it said 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Standard,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 which is the default environment for text.
 Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that
 you can see how they work.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Sections and Subsections
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Type the word 
\family typewriter
Introduction
\family default
 on the first line of your new \SpecialChar LyX
 file, and select 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
You do not have to 
\emph on
select
\emph default
 the line.
 If nothing is selected, \SpecialChar LyX
 changes the paragraph you are currently in to
 the selected environment.
 Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment
 by selecting them before picking an environment.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Be sure to use 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 and 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 
\family sans
Section*
\family default
, which will be covered below.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 numbers the section 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
 Now hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
\SpecialChar endofsentence
 Note that the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box changes from 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 back to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Standard
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type
 
\family sans
Return
\family default
\SpecialChar endofsentence
 Type the document introduction: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
This is an introduction to my first \SpecialChar LyX
 document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 again, and select 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 from the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box again.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 writes a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and waits for you to type a title.
 Type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
More
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Stuff
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, and you will see that \SpecialChar LyX
 again sets it as a section title.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It gets better.
 Go to the end of Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1 again (after 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

my first \SpecialChar LyX
 document.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) and hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 again, and select 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 from the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box again.
 Again, \SpecialChar LyX
 writes 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and waits for you to type a title.
 Type 
\family typewriter
About This Document
\family default
.
 Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

More Stuff
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, which was Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2, has been automatically renumbered to Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

3! In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes
 up the section titles, and \SpecialChar LyX
 takes care of numbering the sections and typesettin
g them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 to get back to the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment, and type the following five lines:
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Sections and subsections are described below.
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Section Description
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Sections are bigger than subsections.
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Subsection description
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Subsections are smaller than sections.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Click on the second line and select 
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
 from the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 numbers the subsection 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2.1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller
 than the section title.
 Change the fourth line to the 
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
 environment as well.
 As you probably expected, \SpecialChar LyX
 automatically numbered the section 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2.2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 If you put yet another section before Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2, Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2 will be renumbered as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered
 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

3.1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

3.2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Further levels of sectioning include 
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
, 
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
, and 
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
.
 We will let you play with these on your own.
 You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered
 by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 for an explanation and how to change this.
 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above 
\family sans
Section
\family default
s, but you are only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes)
 of \SpecialChar LyX
 documents (see Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Document-Classes"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
 There are environments for this as well.
 If you change one of your section headings to the 
\family sans
Section*
\family default
 environment (you may have to scroll down in the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box to find it), \SpecialChar LyX
 will use the same font size for the heading as it uses
 for a regular section, but it will not number that section.
 There are corresponding 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

starred
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 heading environments for 
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
.
 Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
 and note how the other section numbers are updated.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Fix the section and subsection headings in
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351516
 
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351522

\emph default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\family default
.
 
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Lists and sublists
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 has several different environments for typesetting lists.
 The various list environments free you from hitting 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
 a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list
 when you want to add a point in the middle of the list.
 Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
A slide presentation might use the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
An outline would use the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
A document describing several software packages could use the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The 
\family sans
List
\family default
 (also named 
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
) environment is a variation on the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Let us write a list of reasons why \SpecialChar LyX
 is better than other word processors.
 Somewhere in your document, type:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
\SpecialChar LyX
 is better than other word processors because:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
and hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
 Now select 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 from the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box (
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout-toggle Itemize"
\end_inset

).
 \SpecialChar LyX
 writes a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

bullet
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 on the line.
 Type in your reasons:
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Typesetting is done for you.
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Math is WYSIWYG
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Lists are very easy to create!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type 
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
 Instead, \SpecialChar LyX
 assumes you are going on to the next item in the list.
 The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
 If you want more than one paragraph within one list 
\emph on
item
\emph default
, one way is to use the 
\family sans
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Break
\family default
, which you get by typing 
\family sans
Ctrl+Return
\family default
.
 In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment (or just use the key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "layout Standard"
\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You now have a beautiful itemized list.
 You might want to run \SpecialChar LaTeX
 to see how the list looks when printed out.
 But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
 list
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LyX
 will not let you select the first bullet (or the actual number in a numbered
 section title) unless you also select the paragraph 
\emph on
before
\emph default
 it, which you probably do not want to do.
 This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document
 settings or text position, respectively.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 and choose 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 from the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box (
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout-toggle Enumerate"
\end_inset

).
 Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, \SpecialChar LyX
 will fix the numbering.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
nts, 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 and 
\family sans
List
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset


\family default
/
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset


\family sans
Labeling
\family default
 (
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout-toggle Description"
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout-toggle List"
\end_inset

), in order to see what they look like.
 For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which
 is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of
 the paragraph (until you hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
).
 The term is either typeset in boldface (
\family sans
Description
\family default
) or separated by a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Tab
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
 term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 (
\family sans
List
\family default
) from the rest of the paragraph.
 If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate
 the words with 
\family sans
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space
\family default
s.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Typeset the list in 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351539

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351539

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
 An obvious example would be writing outlines.
 Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
 schemes for sublists.
 See the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Other environments: Verses, Quotations, and more
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
 text: 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 for short quotes and 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 for longer ones.
 Computer code (the 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
 environment 
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples
\end_layout

\end_inset

) is written in a 
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
 font; this environment is the only place in \SpecialChar LyX
 where you are allowed to use
 multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
 You can even write poetry using the 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
 style, using 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 to separate stanzas, and 
\family sans
Ctrl+Return
\family default
 to separate lines within a stanza.
 See the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 for more complete descriptions of all of the available \SpecialChar LyX
 environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Correctly typeset the 
\family sans
Quote, \SpecialChar LyX
-Code,
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
 in
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351552
 
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351554

\emph default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Writing Documents
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in \SpecialChar LyX
.
 It introduced you to the basic editing operations in \SpecialChar LyX
, as well as the powerful
 method of writing with environments.
 Most people who use \SpecialChar LyX
, though, will want to write documents: papers, articles,
 books, manuals, or letters.
 This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with \SpecialChar LyX
 to writing
 a complete document.
 It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different
 sorts of documents.
 It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
 such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables
 of contents.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Document Classes
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Document-Classes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
 For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are
 single-sided.
 In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain
 some environments — such as the sender's address and the signature — which
 do not make sense in a book or article.
 The \SpecialChar LyX
 
\emph on
document class
\emph default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
for \SpecialChar LaTeX
 users: this is equivalent to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 document class
\end_layout

\end_inset

 takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of
 documents.
 This Tutorial, for example, was written in the 
\family sans
Book
\family default
 document class.
 Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they
 tell \SpecialChar LyX
 how to typeset the document, so you do not need to know how.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Your document is probably being written in the 
\family sans
Article
\family default
 document class.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
That is usually the default document class
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Try changing to other document classes (using the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
 If you change your document to the 
\family sans
Book
\family default
 document class and look at the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box, you will see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
 However, you can now use the 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 environment.
 If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given
 document class, just consult the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
 of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
 As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
 electronic submissions, creating \SpecialChar LaTeX
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

style files
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 is set up to support this as well.
 For example, \SpecialChar LyX
 supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the American
 Mathematics Society journals using the 
\family sans
Article
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(AMS)
\family default
 document class.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes.
 See the 
\emph on
Special Document Classes
\emph default
 section of the 
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
 manual for many more details.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Name
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Notes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
article
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
one-sided, no chapters
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
article (AMS)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
layout & environments for American Math Society
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
report
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
longer than article, two-sided
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
book
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
report + front and back matter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
presentation
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
transparencies
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
letter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar ldots

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Templates: Writing a Letter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One way to write a letter would be to open a new file, and choose a 
\family sans
Letter
\family default
 class in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog.
 While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra
 work.
 Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address,
 the address to which you are sending it, a body, a signature, etc.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 therefore has a 
\emph on
template
\emph default
 for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template,
 you can just replace a couple of parts of the letter with your text each
 time you write a letter.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Open a new file with 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
New
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

from
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Template
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351676

\family default
\SpecialChar ldots

\change_unchanged
.
 Select 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351662

\family typewriter
letter.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351666

\family default
\emph on
Letter (Standard Class)
\change_unchanged

\emph default
 as the template.
 Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you look at the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box, you will see several environments, like the 
\family sans
My
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\family default
 environment, that do not exist in most other document classes.
 Others, like 
\family sans
Description
\family default
, are familiar.
 You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments
 work.
 You will notice for example that the 
\family sans
Signature
\family default
 environment has the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Signature:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in red before the actual text of the signature.
 This word does not show up in the actual letter, as you will see if you
 view/export the file.
 It is just there to let you know where the signature goes.
 Also, note that it does not matter where in the file the 
\family sans
Signature
\family default
 line is placed.
 Remember, \SpecialChar LyX
 is WYSIWYM; you can put the 
\family sans
Signature
\family default
 environment anywhere you want, but \SpecialChar LyX
 knows that in the printout, the signature
 should be at the end.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A template is just a regular \SpecialChar LyX
 file.
 This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
 as a new template.
 From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template
 to save time.
 We do not have to suggest an actual 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

exercise
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 here; just write a letter to someone!
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
One warning, if you are writing from a template.
 If you erase all of the text in an environment — for example, if you erase
 the whole 
\family sans
My
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\family default
 field so that you can replace it with your own — and then you move the
 cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear.
 This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
 Just reselect the environment from the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box to get it back.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
 possible.
 In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
 document classes.
 Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring \SpecialChar LyX
 for a bunch
 of less computer-aware users.
 When they are first learning \SpecialChar LyX
, it will be less intimidating if they have
 a letter template customized for their company, for example.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Document Titles
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 (like \SpecialChar LaTeX
) considers the title — which may contain the actual title, the author,
 the date, and even an abstract of a paper — to be a separate part of the
 document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Go back to your first \SpecialChar LyX
 document and make sure it is using the 
\family sans
Article
\family default
 document class.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
You should not be using the letter any more, since the 
\family sans
Letter
\family default
 document class does not allow titles.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the 
\family sans
Title
\family default
 environment.
 On the next line, type your name and change it to the 
\family sans
Author
\family default
 environment.
 On the next line, write the date in the 
\family sans
Date
\family default
 environment.
 Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment.
 Notice how the title is presented when it is printed out.
 If you change the document format to Book, you will get a separate title
 page, like the first page of this tutorial.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Fix the title, date, and author in 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351568

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351568

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Labels and Cross-References
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can label section headings, list items, formulas, footnotes, and floats
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floats are explained in the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 and the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 in your document.
 Once you do so, you can refer to the element in other parts of the document,
 using cross-references.
 You can refer to a section's number, to the page on which the section begins
 or to both.
 As with section numbering, \SpecialChar LyX
 also takes care of cross-reference numbering
 for you.
 Automatic management of labels and cross-references is among the most significa
nt advantages of \SpecialChar LyX
 (and \SpecialChar LaTeX
) over conventional word processors.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Your first label
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Go to our second section, whose title is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

About This Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Click at the end of the section title line, and select 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Label
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "label-insert"
\end_inset

.
 A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion.
 When you click on 
\family sans
OK
\family default
, the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So far you have not done anything — the output will look exactly the same,
 since labels do not show up in the printed document.
 However, now that you have added a label, you can refer to that label with
 cross-references.
 We will do that next.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Your first cross-reference
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Place the cursor somewhere in Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2 of your document.
 Type 
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
If you want to know more about this document,
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

then see Section .
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now, with the cursor before the final period, select 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Reference
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
\end_inset

.
 The Cross-reference dialog pops up.
 It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
 At the moment, there should be only one, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sec:About-This-Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 First, select the drop-down menu labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Format
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and select 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

<reference>
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Then select 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sec:About-This-Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (it may be selected by default), and a reference marker will appear containing
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Ref: sec:About-This-Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (To be really correct, you should put a 
\family sans
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space
\family default
 (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
\end_inset

) in between the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and the reference.) An alternative way to reference a label is to right-click
 the label and select 
\family sans
Copy as Reference
\family default
 in the pop-up context menu.
 The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied
 to the actual cursor position via the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paste
\family default
 (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paste"
\end_inset

).
 In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with the
 section number.
 Preview your document and you will see that \SpecialChar LaTeX
 has been even cleverer than
 that.
 It refers to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Section 2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Conveniently, a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing
 a document in \SpecialChar LyX
; clicking on it will pop up the 
\family sans
Cross-reference
\family default
 dialog, clicking 
\family sans
Go
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Label
\family default
 will move the cursor to the referenced label.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
More fun with labels
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We told you that \SpecialChar LyX
 takes care of numbering cross-references; now you can
 test this claim.
 Add a new section before Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.
 Update the preview, and — voilà! — the section cross-reference changed
 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

3
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

! Change the section 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

About this Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.1 instead of Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

3.
 The page reference will not change unless you add a whole page of text
 before the label, of course.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label
 where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
 in the document.
 If you will be inserting cross-references often, it may be convenient to
 leave the 
\family sans
Cross-reference
\family default
 dialog open.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want to confirm that the cross-referencing gets the pages right even
 for larger documents, 
\family sans
Copy
\family default
 a couple pages of text from the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 to the clipboard, and 
\family sans
Paste
\family default
 them into your document.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters
 are not allowed in the article class, see Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Document-Classes"

\end_inset

.
 If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Fix the references in 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351573

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351573

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Footnotes and Margin Notes
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "footnote-insert"
\end_inset

 or the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Footnote
\family default
.
 Click at the end of the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

\SpecialChar LyX

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 somewhere in your document and insert a footnote.
 A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
 Type
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
\SpecialChar LyX
 is a typesetting word processor.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now click on the button labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

foot
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The footnote box is closed, leaving the button showing where the footnote
 marker will be in the printed text; this is called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

folding
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 the footnote.
 You can unfold the footnote at any time and re-edit its text by clicking
 again on the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

foot
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 button.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
 Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
 You might accidentally open the footnote if you are trying to select the
 marker itself with the mouse.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 and 
\family sans
Cut
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Paste
\family default
 it.
 In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it
 and hitting the 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "footnote-insert"
\end_inset

 button; change a footnote to regular text by hitting the 
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
 key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting
 the 
\family sans
Delete
\family default
 key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Margin notes can be added using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Marginal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Note
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "marginalnote-insert"
\end_inset

\SpecialChar endofsentence
 Margin notes are like footnotes, except that: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
the on-screen boxes say 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 instead of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

foot
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
margin notes are not numbered
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Change your \SpecialChar LyX
 footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
 note.
 Run \SpecialChar LaTeX
 again to see what the margin note looks like.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Fix the footnote in 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351579

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351579

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Bibliographies
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:bibliographies"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Bibliographies are similar to cross-references.
 The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
 and they can be referenced from within the document.
 Like section titles, \SpecialChar LyX
 and \SpecialChar LaTeX
 make your job easier by automatically numbering
 the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers change.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Go to the end of the document and switch to the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment.
 Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference.
 Type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
The Lyx Tutorial, by the \SpecialChar LyX
 Documentation Team
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 as your first reference.
 Note that \SpecialChar LyX
 automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
 Click on the boxed reference number, and the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

item
\family default
 dialog box appears.
 The 
\family sans
Key
\family default
 is to refer to this reference within the \SpecialChar LyX
 document, the 
\family sans
Label
\family default
 appears in output.
 When no 
\family sans
Label
\family default
 is set (default), you will see the number of the bibliography in the output.
 Now change the 
\family sans
Key
\family default
 field to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

lyxtutorial
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to make it easy to remember.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
 Do so with 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Citation
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset citation"
\end_inset

.
 A 
\family sans
Citation
\family default
 dialog appears.
 The left panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and this
 field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
 Select 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

lyxtutorial
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (right now, that is the only item in the bibliography), then use the 
\family sans
Add
\family default
 button in the center to insert it.
 (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number
 of keys this way.)
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
If one uses label names for references that are easy to remember it is easier
 to find the entry in the list of references.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Click the 
\family sans
OK
\family default
 button.
 Now preview your file and you will see that the citation appears in brackets
 in the text, referring to the bibliography at the end of the document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

after
\family default
 field in the 
\family sans
Citation
\family default
 dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within
 the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
 If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed
 output (for example, some journals would use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

[Smi95]
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the 
\family sans
Label
\family default
 field in the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

item
\family default
 dialog.
 See the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 for details.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise:
\series default
 Fix the bibliography and citation in 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351585

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351585

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Table of Contents
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 makes this easy to do.
 Just hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 after your document title and before your first section title and select
 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

/
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

TOC
\change_inserted -712698321 1590305779

\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

/
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

References
\change_unchanged
\SpecialChar menuseparator
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

of
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Contents
\family default
.
 The words 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Table of Contents
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This may not appear to be very useful.
 However, if you look at your preview, you will see that a table of contents
 has been generated, listing the various sections and subsections in your
 document.
 As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those
 changes in the preview when you update it.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document.
 But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking
 on the table of contents button, or by using 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Outline
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Pane
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-toggle toc"
\end_inset

.
 This menu will work even if you do not have a table of contents inset in
 your document.
 This is a very useful tool for rearranging your document parts.
 Clicking on a (sub)section title in the 
\family sans
Outline
\family default
 window will highlight that line and move the display (in the \SpecialChar LyX
 editing window)
 to that place in the document.
 You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
 You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout
 editing sessions.
 You can get similar functionality from the 
\family sans
Navigate
\family default
 menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
 button just like any other text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Fix the table of contents in 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351589

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351589

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Using Math
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
 avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
 editors.
 Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations
 in \SpecialChar LaTeX
 is more like programming than writing.
 Happily, \SpecialChar LyX
 has WYSIWYM support for equations.
 If you are used to \SpecialChar LaTeX
, you will find that all of the usual \SpecialChar LaTeX
 math commands
 can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
 If, on the other hand, you have never written in \SpecialChar LaTeX
, then the 
\family sans
Math
\family default
 toolbar will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Math Mode
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Somewhere in your \SpecialChar LyX
 document, type: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it is
\begin_inset Newline linebreak
\end_inset

so simple.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now, that equation does not look very good in \SpecialChar LyX
 and in the output; there
 is no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you would like
 to write an actual superscript for the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 That bad typesetting happened because we did not tell \SpecialChar LyX
 that we were writing
 a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular old
 text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
But we can create a formula that will be typeset properly.
 Highlight the equation and click the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-mode"
\end_inset

 or use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Inline
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Formula
\family default
.
 If nothing is highlighted \SpecialChar LyX
 inserts a little blue square, which is an empty
 math formula.
 The expression appears in blue and the blue square disappears as soon as
 the formula is not empty.
 Now type 
\family sans
Esc
\family default
 to leave the equation.
 The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor to the right of the expression.
 Now, if you type something, it will be regular text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Looking at the output you will notice that the expression was typeset nicely,
 with spaces between the letters and the equals sign, and a superscript
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics.
 Numbers are just numbers.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
 In \SpecialChar LaTeX
, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like 
\family typewriter

\backslash
sqrt
\family default
; this can be frustrating, because you cannot see what an expression looks
 like until you run the file under \SpecialChar LaTeX
 and you may have to spend time, for
 example, finding missing brackets.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 does not attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG), but
 it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like.
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 then takes care of the professional typesetting.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Navigating an Equation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now let us change 
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
\end_inset

.
 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
 Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let
 you know you are editing math.
 Now you can use 
\family sans
Left
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right
\family default
 to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

1+
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Again, you can use the arrow keys or 
\family sans
Esc
\family default
 to leave the formula\SpecialChar endofsentence

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
 editing regular text.
 Use 
\family sans
Delete
\family default
 (or 
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
) to delete things.
 Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Undo
\family default
 works in math mode as well as cut and paste.
 One thing to be careful of: if you are left or right outside a formula
 and you press 
\family sans
Delete
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
 respectively, you delete the whole formula.
 Luckily, you can just use 
\family sans
Undo
\family default
 to get it back.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
What if you want to change 
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
\end_inset

? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
 However, you can also use the arrow keys.
 If the cursor is just after the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

c
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 but before the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, then press 
\family sans
Up
\family default
 and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript, just before the
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Add the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

.5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Now, hitting 
\family sans
Down
\family default
 will move the cursor back to the regular level.
 If you hit 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 instead of 
\family sans
Down
\family default
, the cursor will be placed 
\emph on
after
\emph default
 the superscript (so that you can then type the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

+1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Exponents and Indices
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
An exponent can be entered from the 
\family sans
Math
\family default
 toolbar (see below), but it is actually simpler just to type the caret
 key, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

^
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever
 you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size.
 Everything you type until you hit a 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 (or 
\family sans
Esc
\family default
 to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy; start one by typing the underscore
 key 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

_
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like
 this: 
\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Put equation
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1 of 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351597

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351597

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\emph default
 into math mode.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Math toolbar
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Math
\family default
 toolbar is a convenient way to enter symbols and/or to perform complicated
 formula operations.
 Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\family default
 or the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\family default
 menus (the latter only appears when you are in Math mode).
 However, we are going to concentrate on using the 
\family sans
Math
\family default
 toolbar, just to let you know what is out there; you can learn keyboard
 shortcuts and commands later from the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Math
\family default
 toolbar is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned
 on manually in the menu 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Toolbars
\family default
.
 When you click there on 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Math
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "toolbar-toggle math"
\end_inset

) the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized
 in the 
\family sans
Toolbars
\family default
 menu with a checkmark.
 When you click in this state again on 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Math
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in the 
\family sans
Toolbars
\family default
 menu, the 
\family sans
Math
\family default
 toolbar is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is
 visualized by the renaming of the menu entry from 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Math
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(auto)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Greek and symbols
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Math
\family default
 toolbar allows you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math:
 operators, arrows, relationships, delimiters, special characters, sums
 and integrals.
 Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper
 limits on sums and integrals.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Roots, decorations, and delimiters
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To type a square root, just click on the button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\sqrt"
\end_inset

.
 The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
 the square root.
 You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
 you want.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 will automatically resize the square root to fit what is inside.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Adding a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

frame decoration
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to a character (
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a}$
\end_inset

) or group of characters (
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
\end_inset

) is done similarly.
 Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\hat"
\end_inset

.
 Click on a decoration, and \SpecialChar LyX
 will insert that decoration with an insertion
 point under (or over) it.
 Just type what you want in the insertion point.
 There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you
 type, and those that have a fixed size, and are most appropriate for a
 single letter.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
 are a bit more complicated.
 Hit the delimiter button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
\end_inset

 to pop up the 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Delimiter
\family default
 dialog.
 Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
 It is a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces,
 a brace and a parenthesis, or choose the empty square to have something
 like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in \SpecialChar LyX
, but will not show
 up in the output).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you are lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
 using the 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Delimiter
\family default
 dialog.
 However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
 will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
 So it is better to use one of the three delimiter buttons that insert them
 directly, for example 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-delim ( )"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
 existing formula parts.
 Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
 on the button you want from the 
\family sans
Math
\family default
 toolbar.
 Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form
 (
\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
\end_inset

).
 Once you have learned about matrices, this is how you will put parentheses
 or brackets around them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Fractions
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To create a fraction, click on the fraction button 
\change_deleted -131811572 1566935165

\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\frac-square"
\end_inset


\change_inserted -131811572 1566935147

\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\frac"
\end_inset


\change_unchanged
 in the 
\family sans
Math
\family default
 toolbar.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 writes two insertion points in a fraction.
 As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
 a fraction.
 Click on the top square and type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Now hit 
\family sans
Down
\family default
 and type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 You have made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of
 the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions,
 whatever.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Put equation
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2 of 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351607

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351607

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\emph default
 into math mode.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Functions: lim, log, sin and others
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in math mode, \SpecialChar LyX
 thinks you are typing the product of the three variables
 
\begin_inset Formula $s$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula $i$
\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Formula $n$
\end_inset

.
 The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted
 was the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 typeset in Roman.
 In addition, \SpecialChar LyX
 will not put a space between the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

x
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (pressing 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 will exit the formula).
 So how do you get 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 instead of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Click on the 
\family sans
Math
\family default
 toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\functions"
\end_inset

 and then on 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in the pop-up function list.
 The word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
 in black, and set in upright roman type.
 The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type 
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
, it will delete the whole word.
 Now type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

(x)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in a formula.
 In the output, the expression will be correctly typeset.
 Try it out.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The function list includes other trigonometric functions and their inverses,
 hyperbolic functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
 These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Put equation
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

3 of 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351612

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351612

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\emph default
 into math mode.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Matrices
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Click on the matrix button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show mathmatrix"
\end_inset

 in the 
\family sans
Math
\change_inserted -131811572 1566934540

\family default
 toolbar
\change_unchanged
.
 A pop-up dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you want
 in your matrix.
 Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit 
\family sans
OK
\family default
.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 prints 6 insertion points in a 
\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
\end_inset

 matrix.
 As usual, you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root, another
 matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
 You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Tab
\family default
 can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
 Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting 
\family sans
Right
\family default
 at the end of one box will move to the next box, 
\family sans
Down
\family default
 will move to the next row, etc.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you need to change the number of rows and columns, use the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Rows
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

Columns
\family default
 or the math toolbar buttons 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "tabular-feature append-row"
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "tabular-feature delete-row"
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "tabular-feature append-column"
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "tabular-feature delete-column"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
See the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
 and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
 Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
 \SpecialChar LyX
's wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Display mode
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
 as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
 expressions.
 This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger
 ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need
 to write them in display mode.
 In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see
 the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
), and multi-line equations must be in display mode.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
While being in a formula, click on the display button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-display"
\end_inset

 in the 
\family sans
Math
\family default
 toolbar.
 This centers the formula and adds a blank line before and after it.
 Now type in an expression and compile your file to see how it looks.
 The display button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple
 of your expressions to display mode and back.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The default font is larger for a few symbols, like 
\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Formula $\int$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
 written under and over rather than next to the symbols
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Text is centered
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
ns are very similar.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset: be careful
 about whether you are putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
 If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then do not
 press 
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
 Doing so will cause the text 
\emph on
after
\emph default
 the formula to start a new paragraph.
 That text will be indented or follow a blank line, depending on your document
 paragraph settings, which is probably not what you want.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Put the various equations in 
\change_deleted -712698321 1553351617

\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\change_inserted -712698321 1553351617

\family default
\emph on
Example (raw)
\change_unchanged

\emph default
 into display mode, and see how they are typeset differently.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Using various tools you have learned in this section, you should be able
 to write an equation like:
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
After you have  done it the hard way, give 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cases
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Environment
\family default
 a try.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
\log_{8}x & x>0\\
0 & x=0\\
\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0
\end{array}\right.
\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
More Math Stuff
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now you are familiar with the basics.
 \SpecialChar LyX
's math editor can do a lot more.
 You can refer to the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual for tips on how to:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Label and number expressions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Create multi-line equations.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Change typefaces, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

to write bold-face text in an expression.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
 (Do not worry about this until your final draft!)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Write macros.
 These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
 the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Do almost all you can do with math.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Miscellaneous
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Other major \SpecialChar LyX
 Features
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We have not gone through all the possible commands in \SpecialChar LyX
, and we are not planning
 on it.
 As usual, see the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 and the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual for more information.
 We will just mention a couple more major things \SpecialChar LyX
 can do:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\SpecialChar LyX
 has WYSIWYM support for tables.
 Use the 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Table
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "tabular-insert"
\end_inset

) to get a table.
 Click on the table with the 
\emph on
right button
\emph default
 to get a 
\family sans
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Settings
\family default
 dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
 By pressing 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "toolbar-toggle table"
\end_inset

 the table toolbar will appear permanently.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\SpecialChar LyX
 also supports including pictures in any format within documents.
 (You guessed it: 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Graphics
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
\end_inset

).
 Then browse for the figure file, rotate or scale it, etc.) Tables and figures
 can have captions, and \SpecialChar LyX
 will automatically generate lists of figures and/or
 tables.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\SpecialChar LyX
 is heavily configurable.
 Everything from how the \SpecialChar LyX
 window looks to how the output comes out can be
 configured in a number of ways.
 Much configuration is done through 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences
\family default
.
 For more information on this, check out 
\family sans
Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customization\SpecialChar endofsentence

\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\SpecialChar LyX
 is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
 Therefore, \SpecialChar LyX
 has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
 German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar ldots
) than many word processors.
 Even the right-to-left languages Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew and the Asian
 languages Chinese Japanese, and Korean are supported.
 You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure \SpecialChar LyX

 to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The \SpecialChar LyX
 menus feature keybindings.
 This means that you can do 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Open
\family default
 by pressing 
\family sans
Alt+F
\family default
 followed by 
\family sans
O
\family default
 or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "file-open"
\end_inset

 by default).
 Keybindings are also configurable.
 For information on this, check out 
\family sans
Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customization\SpecialChar endofsentence

\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\SpecialChar LyX
 can read \SpecialChar LaTeX
 documents.
 See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:tex2lyx"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Spell-checking, thesaurus, and word count facilities are available.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
\SpecialChar LyX
 for \SpecialChar LaTeX
 Users
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:latexusers"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you do not know anything about \SpecialChar LaTeX
, you do not have to read this section.
 Actually, you might want to 
\emph on
learn
\emph default
 about \SpecialChar LaTeX
, and then read this chapter.
 However, some of those who begin to use \SpecialChar LyX
 will be familiar with \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
 If you are such a person, you may be wondering if \SpecialChar LyX
 can really do everything
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 can do.
 The short answer is that \SpecialChar LyX
 can do pretty much everything \SpecialChar LaTeX
 can do in one
 form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing a \SpecialChar LaTeX

 document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
 new \SpecialChar LyX
 users will most likely be interested in.
 In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short, we will give only minimal
 information here.
 The 
\emph on
Additional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Features
\emph default
 and the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manuals have a great deal of information on differences between \SpecialChar LyX
 and \SpecialChar LaTeX
,
 and how to do various \SpecialChar LaTeX
 tricks in \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
\SpecialChar TeX
 Mode 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Anything that you enter in \SpecialChar TeX
 mode will be passed straight to \SpecialChar LaTeX
, and will be
 displayed in red on the screen.
 You can use \SpecialChar TeX
 commands in \SpecialChar LyX
 by choosing 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Code
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "ert-insert"
\end_inset

).
 This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In a math formula, \SpecialChar TeX
 mode is handled a bit differently.
 \SpecialChar TeX
 mode is entered there by typing a backslash.
 The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
 be in red.
 You exit \SpecialChar TeX
 mode by typing 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret
 or parenthesis.
 Once you exit \SpecialChar TeX
 mode, if \SpecialChar LyX
 knows the \SpecialChar TeX
 command you have typed in, it will
 convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar endofsentence
 So if you type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter

\backslash
gamma
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in a formula and then press 
\family sans
Space
\family default
, \SpecialChar LyX
 will change the red 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

gamma
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to a blue 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros.
 This may be faster than using the 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Toolbar
\family default
, and will be especially convenient for experienced \SpecialChar LaTeX
 users.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As a special case, if you type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter

\backslash
{
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in a formula, the beginning 
\emph on
and
\emph default
 ending braces will be inserted in red while the cursor is placed between
 the braces.
 This makes it more convenient to type those commands that take an argument.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 cannot do absolutely everything that \SpecialChar LaTeX
 can do.
 Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but are
 not WYSIWYM.
 \SpecialChar TeX
 mode allows users to get the full flexibility of \SpecialChar LaTeX
, while having all the
 convenient features of \SpecialChar LyX
, like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 could never support every \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package.
 However, by typing 
\family typewriter

\backslash
usepackage{foo}
\family default
 in the preamble (see Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:preamble"

\end_inset

), you can use any package you want — although you will not have WYSIWYM
 support for that package's features.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Importing \SpecialChar LaTeX
 Documents — 
\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default

\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:tex2lyx"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can import a \SpecialChar LaTeX
 file into \SpecialChar LyX
 by using the 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Import\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(plain)
\family default
 menu in \SpecialChar LyX
.
 This will call the program 
\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default
 which will create a file foo.lyx from the file foo.tex.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 will then open that file.
 If the translation does not work, you can try calling 
\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default
 from the command line, possibly using fancier options.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Even when the translation does work, 
\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default
 may not translate everything, though it does handle most legal \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
 It will leave things it does not understand in \SpecialChar TeX
 mode; so, after translating
 a file with 
\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default
, you can look for the red text and manually edit it to get it right.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default
 has its own documentation (manpage), which Unix/Linux users can access
 via the console command 
\family typewriter
man
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

tex2lyx
\family default
.
 The manpage describes which \SpecialChar LaTeX
 commands and environments are not supported,
 what bugs you might run into (and how to get around them), and how to use
 the various options.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is important to understand that 
\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default
 can only translate files whose document class is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

known
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to \SpecialChar LyX
, that is, for which there is a corresponding \SpecialChar LyX
 
\family sans
layout file
\family default
.
 If there is no layout file, then you will get an error saying that the
 conversion could not be performed.
 So, unless you have a layout for the document class of your \SpecialChar LaTeX
 file, 
\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default
 simply will not know how to translate the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 that it finds there into things
 \SpecialChar LyX
 understands.
 More about layout files and how they are created is explained in detail
 in Chapter 5 of the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Converting \SpecialChar LyX
 Documents to \SpecialChar LaTeX

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You might wish to convert a \SpecialChar LyX
 Document to a \SpecialChar LaTeX
 file.
 For example, a co-worker or co-author who does not have \SpecialChar LyX
 might want to
 read it.
 Select 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default
.
 This will create a file 
\family typewriter
whatever.tex
\family default
 from the 
\family typewriter
whatever.lyx
\family default
 file you are editing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 Preamble
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Document Class
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog takes care of the document-wide options, such as changing the document
 class, default font size and paper size.
 Document class options and also options for \SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages can be entered there
 in the 
\family sans
Class
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

options
\family default
 area.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Other Preamble Matter
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:preamble"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a \SpecialChar LaTeX
 file, you can
 use them in a \SpecialChar LyX
 document as well.
 Select 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Preamble
\family default
 and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending
 on the frontend).
 Anything you type will (as with \SpecialChar TeX
 mode) be sent directly to \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Bib\SpecialChar TeX

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 has support for Bib\SpecialChar TeX

\change_inserted -712698321 1590301994
 and Biblatex
\change_unchanged
, which allows you to build databases of bibliographical references to be
 used in multiple documents.
 Select 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

/
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

TOC
\change_inserted -712698321 1590301964

\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

/
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

References
\change_unchanged
\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bib
\change_inserted -712698321 1590301973
(la)
\change_unchanged
TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Bibliography
\family default
 to include a 
\family typewriter
Bib\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
 file.
 In the 
\family sans
Database
\change_inserted -712698321 1590302046
s
\change_unchanged

\family default
 
\change_deleted -712698321 1590302066
field
\change_inserted -712698321 1590302067
widget
\change_unchanged
 you 
\change_deleted -712698321 1590302057
load
\change_inserted -712698321 1590302058
select
\change_unchanged
 Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 files
\change_inserted -712698321 1590302061
 to load
\change_unchanged
, in the 
\family sans
Style
\family default
 field you can 
\change_deleted -712698321 1590302077
load
\change_inserted -712698321 1590302078
select a
\change_unchanged
 Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 style file
\change_deleted -712698321 1590302081
s
\change_unchanged
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After you have done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies
 you have included with 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Citation
\family default
 (see Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:bibliographies"

\end_inset

).
 The box in the 
\family sans
Citation
\family default
 dialog will show a list of all the references in your 
\family typewriter
Bib\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
 file.

\change_inserted -712698321 1590302176
 If you want to use Biblatex rather than classic Bib\SpecialChar TeX
, please refer to the
 User Guide for instructions.
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Errors!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes when you try to view a document, there will be errors, things
 that \SpecialChar LyX
 or \SpecialChar LaTeX
 cannot understand.
 When this happens, \SpecialChar LyX
 will open a 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LaTeX

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Errors
\family default
 dialog.
 Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place
 in the \SpecialChar LyX
 document where the error occurs and also display the detailed \SpecialChar LaTeX

 error message.
\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document