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lyx_mirror/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx
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#LyX 1.4.0cvs created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
\lyxformat 245
\begin_document
\begin_header
\textclass scrbook
\begin_preamble
% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
%
% I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints
% out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
% parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you
% have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
% the documentation team
% email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
% provides missing characters,
% see note in chapter 'Character Tables'
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\end_header
\begin_body
\begin_layout Title
The LyX User's Guide
\end_layout
\begin_layout Author
by the LyX Team
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta
tion mailing list:
\family typewriter
lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
\begin_layout Standard
To export this document as pdf, ps or dvi, the LaTeX-package
\series bold
hyperref
\series default
has to be installed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This package should be part of all popular LaTeX-distributions.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
Introduction
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
What is LyX?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX is a document preparation system.
It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts, publishable books, business
letters and proposals, and even poetry.
It is unlike most other
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
word processors
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core
editing style.
That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, not
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Bold, 17 pt type, left justified, 5 mm space below
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
LyX takes care of the typesetting for you, so you deal only with concepts,
not the mechanics.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This philosophy is explained in much greater detail in the
\emph on
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Introduction
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\emph default
.
If you haven't read it yet, you need to.
Yes, we mean now.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most importantly,
the format of all of the manuals.
If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual.
You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead
of this one.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
describes that, too.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Getting Started
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Invoking LyX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Similar to other Linux [and other brands of Unix] programs, you start LyX
by simply typing
\family typewriter
lyx
\family default
at the command line.
You can, of course, include several command-line options, including file
names.
We're not going to repeat all of the command-line options here, since we've
already done that in the
\family typewriter
man
\family default
page for LyX.
Check there for more info.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are one or two things we'd like to comment on:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Please note that if you include more than one file name on the command line,
LyX will load them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously.
More on that in a bit.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
How LyX Looks
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of
its window.
Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons.
There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing
documents.
Near the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line
of text.
This is the
\emph on
minibuffer
\emph default
(a term which we've swiped, lock, stock, and barrel, from GNU Emacs), which
really means
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
command buffer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
Type
\family sans
M-x
\family default
when you need to type a command in the minibuffer.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar.
This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional.
When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the
next line.
Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for
only a vertical scrollbar.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar.
The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@.
This, however, is due
to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a
WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just
as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page.
The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than
the LyX window.
You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but
this doesn't work for equations yet.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
HELP!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough as that in many
commercial applications.
Patience.
We're working on it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now the good news: the help system consists of the LyX manuals.
You can read
\emph on
all
\emph default
of the manuals from inside LyX.
Just select the manual you want read from the
\family sans
\bar under
H
\bar default
elp
\family default
menu.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
While we're at it, we'd like to make a comment about the manuals.
They're not idiot-proof, not in the least.
Here's what one of our authors,
\noun on
John Weiss
\noun default
, once said about manuals:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
I hate manuals.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals.
They are aggravating.
I find, however, that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating.
First, they spend about half their time carefully explaining to the user
how to operate a mouse, what a menu is, et cetera, ad nauseum.
Please, if someone doesn't know how to use their own computer, or a GUI,
then they should sit down and learn
\emph on
before
\emph default
they start up a major piece of software.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
Second, what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is
stupid.
Utter nonsense! Most users, in my experience, are some combination of clueless
and intimidated, not stupid.
Besides, if someone is truly slow on the uptake, they need help that a
manual for a piece of computer software can't give.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
Editor's Note: With this in mind, I've instructed all of the other authors
to avoid patronizing you, the reader, and to be more pedagogical than pedantic.
As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals --- well,
as we say here in America, there's no such thing as a free lunch.
- jw
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
The LyX Interface
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Basic File Operations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Under the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor in addition to some
more advanced operations:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
N
\bar default
ew
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
New\InsetSpace ~
from
\bar under
\InsetSpace ~
T
\bar default
emplate
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
O
\bar default
pen
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
lose
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
ave
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Save\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
A
\bar default
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
evert
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
rint
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
E
\bar under
x
\bar default
it
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with
a few minor differences.
The
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
New\InsetSpace ~
from
\bar under
\InsetSpace ~
T
\bar default
emplate
\family default
command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts
you for a template to use.
Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters
[see sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:doc-classes}
\end_inset
]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note: There is no
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
default file
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or document named
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Untitled
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
scratch.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank
space is just that --- a big, blank space.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
evert
\family default
command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same
time
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature
in LyX also.
Read
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
\SpecialChar \@.
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
It will simply reload the document from disk.
You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document
and want to restore it to the last save.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The second matter of note concerns the commands
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
C
\bar default
lose
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
E
\bar under
x
\bar default
it
\family default
.
They both feature a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
nag box
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to save us all from our own stupidity.
That is, if you try to close a file with changes [or exit LyX], you'll
be informed that there are unsaved files.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Basic Editing Features
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations
on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and
can delete whole words as well as individual characters.
The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to
access them.
We'll start with cut and paste.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As you might expect, the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit
\family default
menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features.
Some of these are special and covered in later sections.
The basic ones are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Cut
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Copy
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Paste
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ind\InsetSpace ~
&\InsetSpace ~
Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The first three are self-explanatory.
One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected,
it's automatically placed in the clipboard.
That is, the
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
keys also functions as the
\family sans
Cut
\family default
command.
Also, if you've selected text, be careful.
If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace
it with what you just typed.
You'll have to do an
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
to get back the lost text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
F
\bar default
ind\InsetSpace ~
&\InsetSpace ~
Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\family default
item opens the
\family sans
Find\InsetSpace ~
&\InsetSpace ~
Replace
\family default
dialog.
The text you want to find goes in the
\family sans
Fi
\bar under
n
\bar default
d
\family default
box.
Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it.
Hitting the
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
eplace
\family default
button replaces the selected text with the contents of the
\family sans
Replace\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
w
\bar default
ith
\family default
box.
You can click to search again to skip the current word.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Hit
\family sans
Replace
\bar under
A
\bar default
ll
\family default
to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Ca
\bar under
s
\bar default
e\InsetSpace ~
sensitive
\family default
toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of
the search word.
If the toggle is set, searching for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Match
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will not match the word
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
match
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
M
\bar default
atch\InsetSpace ~
Word
\family default
toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words.
I.e., searching for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
match
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will not match
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
matches
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
matchbox
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, etc.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Undo and Redo
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it.
LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer.
Select
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
to undo some mistake.
If you accidently undo too much, use
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
undo the undo.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 steps to minimise memory
overhead.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as
it was last saved, the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
changed
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
status of the document is unfortunately not reset.
This is a consequence of the 100 step undo limit, above.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
work on almost everything in LyX.
They have some quirks, too.
They won't
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
or
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
text character by character, but by blocks of text.
That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll
hopefully appreciate how it works.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Basic Mouse Bindings
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We're not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here.
Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you
can do with the mouse.
Instead, we're going to cover the most basic mouse operations.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Motion
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Click the
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
once anywhere in the edit window.
The cursor moves to the text under the mouse.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Selecting Text
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Hold down the
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
and drag the mouse.
LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions.
Use
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Copy
\family default
to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Paste
\family default
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
Single click
\emph default
the
\emph on
\emph default
left mouse button to open or close any of these.
Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Tables
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
Single click
\emph default
the right mouse button
\emph on
\emph default
to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate the table.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Basic Key Bindings
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: key bindings}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Again, we're not going to cover all of the keybindings.
Be aware that there are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA
and Emacs.
I guarantee you will cuss when you press Control-d to delete a character,
and it starts up a DVI previewer instead (or vice versa).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some keys, like
\family sans
Page\InsetSpace ~
Up
\family default
,
\family sans
Page\InsetSpace ~
Down
\family default
,
\family sans
Left
\family default
,
\family sans
Right
\family default
,
\family sans
Up
\family default
, and
\family sans
Down
\family default
, do exactly what you expect them to do.
Other keys don't:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Tab
\family default
There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX.
If you don't understand this, go read Sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:par-environments}
\end_inset
, especially Section\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvlists}
\end_inset
, right now.
Yes, right now.
If you're still confused, look in the
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Esc
\family default
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cancel key.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
It's used, generically, to cancel operations.
Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Home
\family default
\InsetSpace ~
and\InsetSpace ~
\family sans
End
\family default
These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line,
unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning
or end of the file.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
\InsetSpace ~
and\InsetSpace ~
\family sans
Delete
\family default
\emph on
If
\emph default
you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Windows System,
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
works as expected and
\family sans
Delete
\family default
deletes the character under the cursor [if no text is selected].
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
If you haven't set up your keyboard under X, or have no idea what we mean
by that, go read section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:x-win-keys}
\end_inset
immediately.
You'll save yourself a lot of headaches.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Then there are the modifier keys:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Control-
\family default
This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used
in combination with:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
With
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
or
\family sans
Delete
\family default
, it deletes an entire word instead of a single character.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
With
\family sans
Left
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\family default
, it moves by words instead of characters.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
With
\family sans
Home
\family default
and
\family sans
End
\family default
, it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Shift-
\family default
Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old
and new cursor positions.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Meta-
\family default
This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless your keyboard has a distinct
Meta key.
Unfortunately, X sometimes has their functionality swapped, so if you have
both keys, you will need to do a little trial and error to find out which
one actually performs the
\family sans
Meta-
\family default
function.
This key does many different things, but it also activates the
\emph on
menu accelerator keys
\emph default
.
If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a
menu or menu item, it selects that menu item.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
For example, the sequence
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
M-e\InsetSpace ~
s
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
brings up the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Text Style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
menu.
Typing
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
M-f
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
opens the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are also other things bound to the
\family sans
Meta-
\family default
key, but you'll have to check in the
\emph on
Reference
\emph default
\emph on
manual
\emph default
for more info.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as
you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in
the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered,
and any existing keybindings for that action.
The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in
this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it.
However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M-p S-A
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means
\family sans
Meta-p
\family default
followed by a capital
\family sans
A
\family default
.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
S-C-S
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means
\family sans
Shift-Control-s
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Using LyX with Other Programs
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Importing ASCII files
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can import text from an ASCII file using the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
I
\bar default
mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
A
\bar default
scii\InsetSpace ~
text\InsetSpace ~
as\InsetSpace ~
lines
\family default
or
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
I
\bar default
mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
A
\bar default
scii\InsetSpace ~
text\InsetSpace ~
as\InsetSpace ~
paragraphs
\family default
options.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
I
\bar default
mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
A
\bar default
scii\InsetSpace ~
text\InsetSpace ~
as_lines
\family default
puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph.
This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it.
However, if your text file contains paragraphs in it, LyX will mangle the
paragraphs if you use this form of import.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
I
\bar default
mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
A
\bar default
scii\InsetSpace ~
text\InsetSpace ~
as\InsetSpace ~
paragraphs
\family default
preserves paragraphs in text files.
Often in a text file, you didn't put the contents of an entire paragraph
on one line.
You used
\family sans
Return
\family default
to break up the paragraph into separate lines.
Using the
\family sans
as\InsetSpace ~
paragraphs
\family default
, LyX won't mangle such paragraphs.
Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph.
Remember: you must make sure there is a
\emph on
completely blank
\emph default
line between each and every paragraph in your text file.
If not, LyX might end up merging two paragraphs.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Cut
\family default
,
\family sans
Copy
\family default
, and
\family sans
Paste
\family default
operations will transfer text to and from LyX.
You can copy text from LyX to another window in this way: Select the text
that you want to copy, then go to the destination window and paste the
text with the middle mouse button.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Pasting text into LyX also works much the same way as in X.
Select the text with the mouse in another X window.
Go to the Lyx window and paste the text with the middle mouse button.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
LyX Setup and Supporting Applications
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Introduction
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you're using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you, then you
can safely skip this chapter.
It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files
distributed with it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you're installing LyX on your system,
\emph on
you should read the README's that came with the LyX distribution and then
\family sans
\emph default
\bar under
H
\bar default
elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
L
\bar default
aTeX\InsetSpace ~
Configuration
\family default
\emph on
.
\emph default
Do that first.
This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary
[Well, not everything\SpecialChar \ldots{}
].
It does describe all of the things you'll need to use LyX to its fullest.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running
LyX, including what other programs you'll need to make LyX useful.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Basic LyX Setup
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are two ways to run LyX.
The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system.
Of course, you need root (administrator) privileges to do that.
The second way to run LyX doesn't require root access, letting you
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
install
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
LyX somewhere in your own account.
LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories
are put in the correct places.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX,
without resorting to configuration files.
First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document
classes and LaTeX packages are available.
It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several
\family typewriter
preferences
\family sans
\family default
variables.
Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed
on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally and
which are not seen by LyX.
To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
R
\bar default
econfigure
\family default
.
You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account.
As far as LaTeX classes and packages are concerned, you will find information
about what has been found under
\family sans
\bar under
H
\bar default
elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
L
\bar default
aTeX\InsetSpace ~
Configuration
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the
document-level setting that you can change via the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog.
To do this, open a scrap document, set all these options according to your
taste and save them with the
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
ave\InsetSpace ~
as\InsetSpace ~
Document\InsetSpace ~
Defaults
\family default
button in the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument
\family default
dialog.
This will create a template named
\family typewriter
default.lyx
\family default
which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template
such that the settings are automatically set-up as you defined them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are many other user-configurable options that you can feed to LyX.
Upon startup, LyX reads a global options file called
\family typewriter
lyxrc.defaults
\family default
.
It will then attempt to read a file called
\family typewriter
preferences
\family default
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family typewriter
preferences
\family default
file is found in different directories on different systems.
This directory is called LyX's
\emph on
user directory
\emph default
.
\emph on
\emph default
To find out where it is, use
\family sans
\bar under
H
\bar default
elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
About Ly
\bar under
X
\family default
\bar default
.
(You may set up an alternative user directory from the command line, using
the switch
\family typewriter
-userdir
\family default
.)
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
P
\bar default
references
\family default
dialog can be used to change these options; the document
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
contains more information about the preferences dialog and these configuration
files.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Setting Up the X Keyboard [obsolescent]
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To use LyX properly, X
\emph on
must
\emph default
be set up correctly.
This is especially vital if you're using the international support features
of LyX and want to use non-English keyboard mappings.
On modern distributions, this likely has been taken care of, but if not,
you must do this yourself.
Administrators of large systems often neglect this, so don't assume that
you're safe if you're using a large system.
Also ordinary users can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
xmodmap and xkeycaps
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
First of all read the man pages for these two programs.
They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping
correctly.
If you don't have them, install them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
xmodmap
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This document contains no information on how to use
\family typewriter
xmodmap
\family default
.
There is a sample
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file in
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
.
To load the new X keyboard mappings, place the command
\family typewriter
xmodmap\InsetSpace ~
.Xmodmap
\family default
somewhere in your startup scripts [e.g.
\family typewriter
.cshrc
\family default
,
\family typewriter
.profile
\family default
,
\family typewriter
.login
\family default
or
\family typewriter
.xinitrc
\family default
are possible].
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
xkeycaps
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This program brings up a graphical version of your keyboard, allows you
to make modifications, and then spits those modifications out to the standard
output in a form readable by
\family typewriter
xmodmap
\family default
.
It is very useful when you're trying to design a new
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file, though it will require you to do a bit of cut-and-pasting.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Modifiers and Mode_switch
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX supports three modifiers: Shift [
\family sans
S-
\family default
], Control [
\family sans
C-
\family default
], and Meta [
\family sans
M-
\family default
].
Moreover, if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a
\family sans
Compose
\family default
key, then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your
keyboard.
This compose key can be used either as a modifier (like
\family sans
Shift
\family default
or
\family sans
Control
\family default
) or as a prefix key.
Here are some examples of what you can do with a
\family sans
Compose
\family default
key:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Compose+e+'
\family default
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset
<20>
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Compose+O+R
\family default
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset
<20>
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Compose+1+2
\family default
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset
<20>
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Compose+<+<
\family default
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset
<20>
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters
only from time to time.
It works by default for latin1 characters, but other input methods will
be used if you setup your locale correctly.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Helpful Hints and Tips
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
First, open up two xterminals.
Use one to edit a new
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file and run
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
from the other.
Using
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
, remap your keyboard the way you want it.
There's a button in
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
to output the new keymap.
Once you hit it,
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from.
Just copy and paste all of that into your
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file, and you're done.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
You could also save yourself some typing by executing
\family typewriter
xkeycaps > .Xmodmap
\family default
.
This will create a usable map file.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Also, there are some things you can do to help you get oriented.
Try executing the command
\family typewriter
xmodmap -v -pm
\family default
.
This will show you all of the currently active modifiers.
Also try
\family typewriter
xmodmap -v -pke | more
\family default
to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names.
It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There's one thing you'll need to check.
Make sure that your
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
BackSpace
\family default
keys are
\emph on
not
\emph default
defined as the same key symbol by X! Note that giving these two keys unique
symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs.
Some programs bind
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
BackSpace
\family default
to the same operation.
Emacs is one.
Other programs, however, use
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
BackSpace
\family default
for different operations.
LyX is one of these programs, and if you have
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
BackSpace
\family default
labeled with the same key symbol name, you'll have trouble using LyX.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
LaTeX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
files, you'll need LaTeX.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In case you were wondering, LaTeX is a markup language front end for TeX,
a document preparation system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
A note about pronunciation: TeX originated from the Greek letters,
\begin_inset Formula $\tau\epsilon\chi$
\end_inset
, which rhymes with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
blech.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
That's how you pronounce
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
TeX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
LaTeX.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
[If you're American, just pronounce the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
X
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
k
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and you've got it.]
\end_layout
\end_inset
TeX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
device-independent
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
format, or Dvi, for short.
The Dvi file can then be sent to printers.
TeX is programmable, and LaTeX is nothing but a [really huge] set of TeX
macros.
LaTeX will typically come as part of a TeX distribution, so all you need
is a TeX package.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that on some old systems you may find that only LaTeX 2.09 is installed
(as opposed to the more current LaTeX2e).
LyX cannot be used with LaTeX 2.09.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you're using Linux, LaTeX2e should have come with your distribution.
For other systems, you might need to install LaTeX yourself.You can obtain
a LaTeX distribution (and anything and everything related to TeX and LaTeX)
from a Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) mirror.
A complete list of mirrors may be found at
\newline
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ctan.org}
\end_inset
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ctan}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Dvips and Ghostscript
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
What You Need
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There's one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents.
Obviously, you'll need to make sure your printer is configured [see next
section].
You'll also need to install these programs (or compatibles), if you don't
have them already:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family typewriter
dvips
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family typewriter
xdvi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family typewriter
ghostview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScript<70>
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
PostScript<EFBFBD> is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated, and
is the main page description language in the UN*X world.
\end_layout
\end_inset
format.
If you don't know what a DVI file is, you've probably also never worked
with LaTeX and should read the
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
document before proceeding further.
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
converts DVI files into PostScript, which is the format most printers use
nowadays.
For those of you using dot-matrix and inkjet printers, you'll want to filter
the PostScript through
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
, which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers.
The following section on printer setup describes how to do this automatically
every time you print.
For now, we'll concentrate on
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Dvips
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Whether you'll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home,
you should configure
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
will either
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
print
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
into a file, or send output directly to the printer, depending on how it's
configured.
If it is set up to print to a file, and if no filename is specified, it
will simply turn
\family typewriter
foo.dvi
\family default
into
\family typewriter
foo.ps
\family default
.
Most systems have
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
set up to send output to the default printer.
For LyX, you'll want the flexibility to do both.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you are not a mood to configure
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
to adapt its output to your printer, you can safely skip this section.
Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could
expect from your printer.
At least, it will print.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you are using teTeX (a TeX distribution which is particularly popular
on Linux), you should run the program
\family typewriter
texconfig
\family default
.
To make the name of a new printer recognized by
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
you should then select menu entry
\family sans
Dvips
\family default
, then add.
Enter the required parameters and, before exiting, remember to select the
function
\family sans
Rehash
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Let's turn now to manual configuration: in order to inform
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
how to automagically convert a
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file into a
\family typewriter
.ps
\family default
file adapted to printer
\family typewriter
foo
\family default
, you need to have a config-file,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
config.foo
\family default
,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
lying around somewhere.
Typically, the
\family typewriter
config.*
\family default
files for
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
will be in
\family typewriter
/usr/lib/texmf/dvips
\family default
in most TeX distributions.
Your system will probably be different, of course, so just look under the
main TeX directory for a subdirectory called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
It'll be there somewhere.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Typically, there will be at least one config-file:
\family typewriter
config.ps
\family default
.
This file is the default configuration file, which is
\emph on
always
\emph default
read by dvips
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
In particular, this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of
a file named
\family typewriter
ps
\family default
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particula
r printer.
Then create a file
\family typewriter
config.foo
\family default
containing only the relevant lines.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There's at least one thing you need to do to the config-file.
There may exist a line that looks like,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
o | lpr
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
[without the quotes, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{}
].
Change it to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
o | lpr -Pfoo
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, so that the output is sent by default to printer
\family typewriter
foo
\family default
.
However, you should probably investigate the entries
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
M
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
D
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the
printer.
If you do not know what a Metafont mode is, you can see it as a printer
driver: it adapts the design of TeX fonts to ensure that they give the
best possible result on your printer.
Be warned however that, if you define different Metafont modes for different
printers,
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
will generate several copies of your TeX fonts on disk, and these take
valuable space.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured, you
should tell LyX to make use of this configuration.
To do this, you should launch the
\family sans
Preferences
\family default
dialog (
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
P
\bar default
references
\family default
), select the
\family sans
Printer
\family default
tab, and set the entries
\family sans
Adapt\InsetSpace ~
output
\family default
and
\family sans
Spool\InsetSpace ~
command
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can use as many configuration files as you like, one for each of your
printers.
The default printer for LyX can be specified from the
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
references
\family default
dialog or with the
\family typewriter
PRINTER
\family default
environment variable.
You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX, as described in
a later section.
Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript printer
or file from LyX.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If your printer doesn't understand PostScript<70>, you'll need to use
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
as a filter for your print spooler.
That's covered in numerous HOWTO's and manuals.
We also have a section that covers a little bit of this.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some people don't seem to like using the
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
plus
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
combination.
As alternative, you can use a program that converts the DVI file directly
into your printer language.
You can specify this program in the
\family sans
Preferences
\family default
dialog, too.
There is a major disadvantage to this method.
You can't include any PostScript files, such as graphics, in your documents,
since the printer-specific conversion programs don't understand PostScript<70>.
For that reason, the LyX team highly recommends using
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
and
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
for printing.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
Xdvi
\family default
and
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
are viewers.
The former handles
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
files, while the later interfaces with
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
to allow you to view PostScript files.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A quick note on both of these programs.
Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
That means the
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
or
\family typewriter
.ps
\family default
file, not the files used to make these.
\end_layout
\end_inset
changes.
You can also force an update.
So, once you've opened one of these two viewers, there's no reason to close
it.
Also, both programs are functionally the same, providing all of the same
features.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The LyX team recommends using
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
for fine tuning documents.
Why? It's faster; there's one less layer of processing you need to do before
you can view the changes.
Here's an example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Use
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
to preview a document from LyX, and leave it running.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Make changes to the document using LyX.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
To view those changes, just choose
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
U
\bar default
pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
D
\bar default
VI
\family default
.
When LaTeX's all done, click on the
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
window, and voil<69>!
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
will update itself.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now, this doesn't mean
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
is useless.
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
is better suited to those occasions where you
\emph on
must
\emph default
view the PostScript version of the document.
For repeated changes that aren't PostScript<70> dependent, you're better off
previewing with
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
.
There is an alternative to
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
which sports a much better interface:
\family typewriter
gv
\family default
.
LyX will automatically use it instead of
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
if it is available.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
The Printer
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\size normal
Anyone working on a large system shouldn't have any problems here.
Your sysadmin [or you, if you are the sysadmin] should already have the
printers set up for your system.
All you need to do is find out the name of the printer you want to use,
and configure you
\size default
r setup
\size normal
as described in the last section.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\size normal
Those of you using Linux, however, may have a bit more work to do.
Many people now install Linux from an ISO image of one of the popular distribut
ions.
They follow the install instructions, get Linux up and running, but never
realize that they need to set up their printer.
\size default
The more desktop friendly distributions may do this for you automatically.
However, if you find that you need to do this by hand, we've written a
little something to help you out with that; check out the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\emph on
A Printer Tutorial
\emph default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
chapter in the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual for help.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
LyX Basics
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Document Types
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
need to decide what
\emph on
type
\emph default
of document you want to edit.
Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
numbering schemes, and so on.
Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
and format the title of your document differently.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A
\emph on
document class
\emph default
describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties,
making it easier to create the type of document you want.
If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default.
So, it behooves you to change the class of your document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and
how to fine-tune some of their properties.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes}
\end_inset
The Various Document Classes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Overview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are five standard document classes in LyX.
They are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Article for basic articles
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Report for basic reports
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Book for writing a book
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Letter for US-style letters
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Slides is used to make transparencies
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have
a LaTeX setup that supports them:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American
Mathematical Society].
There are three amsart layouts available.
The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems,
\emph on
etc.
\emph default
, that prepends the section number to the number of the result.
All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
sequential numbering
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
them throughout the article in a single sequence.
Each type of result gets its own sequence.
There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Amsbook Books in the style and format used by the AMS.
Only the standard numbering scheme is provided, under the assumption that
you would not want to number results consecutively throughout a book, and
that you would need to number results.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Dinbrief f<>r Briefe nach deutscher Art
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Foils is used to make transparencies, but is better than
\family sans
slides
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Linuxdoc Used with the SGML-tools package (formerly known as LinuxDoc).
It allows LyX to produce SGML output.
SGML is a markup language and is the predecessor to HTML\SpecialChar \@.
The SGML-tools
package allows you to convert SGML to HTML or to the format used by
\family typewriter
man
\family default
pages.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Paper for use with the
\family typewriter
paper
\family default
LaTeX document class [not in all LaTeX distributions]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Revtex is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
of America (OSA).
This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes
here.
You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in the
\emph on
Extended Editing
\emph default
manual.
Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all
of the document classes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Selecting a Class
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can select a class using the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument
\bar under
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog.
Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options
you may need.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Properties
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Each class has a default set of options.
Here's a quick table describing them:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="5">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
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\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Pagestyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
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\emph off
\bar no
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\color none
Sides
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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Columns
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
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\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Max.
sectioning level
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
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\emph off
\bar no
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\color none
article
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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Plain
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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One
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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\color none
One
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
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\emph off
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\color none
Section
\end_layout
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</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
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report
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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Plain
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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One
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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One
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
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\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Chapter
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
book
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
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\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Headings
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
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\emph off
\bar no
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\color none
Two
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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One
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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Chapter
\end_layout
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</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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letter
\end_layout
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Plain
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none
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</row>
<row topline="true">
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\begin_inset Text
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linuxdoc
\end_layout
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Plain
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One
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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One
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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\emph off
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Section
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
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\emph off
\bar no
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aapaper
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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\emph off
\bar no
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\color none
Plain
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
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\emph off
\bar no
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Two
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
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\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Two
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
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\emph off
\bar no
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\color none
Section
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
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\bar no
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amsart
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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Headings
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Standard
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One
\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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\bar no
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One
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
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\emph off
\bar no
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Section
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
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\emph off
\bar no
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\color none
dinbrief
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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\series medium
\shape up
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\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Plain
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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\shape up
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\emph off
\bar no
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\color none
One
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\emph off
\bar no
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\color none
One
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\emph off
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\color none
none
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
paper
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Headings
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Section
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There is no default value of
\family sans
E
\bar under
x
\bar default
tra\InsetSpace ~
Options
\family default
for any of these classes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You're probably also wondering what
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Max.
sectioning level
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means.
There are several paragraph environment used to create section headings.
Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
Only two use the
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the
\family sans
Section
\family default
heading.
Some document classes, such as the three for letters, don't use any section
headings.
In addition to
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
and
\family sans
Section
\family default
headings, there are also
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
headings,
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
headings, and so on.
We'll describe these headings fully in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvheadings}
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Fine-tuning the Defaults
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Okay, we know we never told you what most of these
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
default options
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
set by the
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
lass
\family default
button do.
That's what this section is for.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
agestyle
\family default
This is another list, containing five options.
It controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page:
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
LaTeX does this part.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Default
\family default
Use default pagestyle of current class.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Empty
\family default
No page numbers or headings.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Plain
\family default
Page numbers only.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Headings
\family default
Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on
which is the maximum sectioning level.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Fancy
\family default
This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you
have the
\family sans
fancyhdr
\family default
package installed.
At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting.
To use the full power of this package, you have to resort to magic codes
in your preamble.
Check the documentation for the
\family sans
fancyhdr
\family default
package for more details.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Sides
\family default
No, LyX can't make your printer print on both sides of a sheet of paper!
However, it can use a different format for odd-numbered pages than even-numbere
d pages.
This way, if you
\emph on
do
\emph default
have a printer that duplexes
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
i.e.
prints on both sides of a sheet of paper
\end_layout
\end_inset
, your page number will always be in the upper right corner of the page
and the left margin will have extra room for a binding.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
There are two radio buttons here:
\family sans
One
\family default
for single-sided documents,
\family sans
Two
\family default
for double-sided documents.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Columns
\family default
Yes, this does control how many columns each page has.
You can choose, using the toggle buttons,
\family sans
One
\family default
or
\family sans
Two
\family default
for the number of columns.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Note that LyX won't show two columns on screen.
That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept.
However, there
\emph on
will
\emph default
be two columns in the generated output.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
E
\bar under
x
\bar default
tra\InsetSpace ~
Options
\family default
The LaTeX command
\family typewriter
\backslash
documentclass
\family default
takes several options.
LyX sets some of these automatically for you.
This text box allows you to enter in others.
Just type in a comma-separated list of options.
See a good LaTeX book to find out what kinds of additional options you
can use.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Separation
\family default
This has its own section.
See sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
\end_inset
for a description of what this does.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Paper Size, Orientation, and Margins
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are several other options to set in the
\family sans
Document\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\family default
dialog.
All of them are global options, but they have special purposes and only
affect certain features.
We describe what these options do in the same section that describes the
features they affect.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are two options that affect the overall layout of the document, so
we'll describe them here.
You'll find them in the
\family sans
Paper
\family default
dialog under the
\family sans
Layout
\family default
menu:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Orientation
\family default
Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
andscape
\family default
or as
\family sans
Po
\bar under
r
\bar default
trait
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Papersi
\bar under
z
\bar default
e
\family default
What size paper to print on.
The choices are
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
A3, A4,
\family default
\family sans
A5
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
B3, B4, B5
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
US Letter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
US legal
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
US executive
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Custom
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Some of these settings require you to have the
\family sans
geometry
\family default
package installed.
This package will also allow you to set the margins in the
\family sans
Paper
\family default
dialog.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Important Note:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you change a document's class, LyX has to convert
\emph on
everything
\emph default
into the new class.
That includes the paragraph environments.
Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have
them.
Some classes have special paragraph environments, however.
If this is the case, and you change document classes, LyX sets the missing
paragraph environments to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph.
Just click on them and you'll get a message dialog that tells you about
the conversion and why it failed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Paragraph Indentation and Separation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parindentintro}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
LyX uses the same convention you find among typographers.
The
\emph on
first
\emph default
paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
etc., is
\emph on
not
\emph default
indented.
Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
Some people don't like this convention, but if you want to use indented
paragraphs, you'll have to live with it.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
There is a way to force LaTeX to indent all paragraphs.
LyX won't show this, of course, but LaTeX
\emph on
will
\emph default
print it that way.
You'll need to get a special package and insert an appropriate command
in the preamble.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
and text --- in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are
pre-coded into LyX.
As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
LyX takes care of that.
In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
range.
That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure
figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom
of a page, and so on.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
Actually, LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file.
\end_layout
\end_inset
However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
LyX gives you the ability to globally change
\emph on
all
\emph default
of these pre-coded spacings.
We'll explain more later.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Global Indentation Method
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To select the default method of separating paragraphs, select
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
ndent
\family default
or
\family sans
S
\bar under
k
\bar default
ip
\family default
to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Fine-Tuning
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
Open the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraph\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\family default
dialog and toggle the
\family sans
\bar under
N
\bar default
o Indent
\family default
button to change the state of the current paragraph.
If paragraphs indent by default, this button will be inactive at first.
If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
button will be completely ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph
by toggling this).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
if you need to do some fine-tuning.
Typically, you'll select
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
ndent
\family default
or
\family sans
S
\bar under
k
\bar default
ip
\family default
for the entire document and edit away.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Changing Line Spacing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog you can choose your line spacing provided you have the
\family sans
setspace
\family default
package installed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Paragraph Environments
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:par-environments}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Overview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The paragraph environments correspond to the various
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\backslash
begin{
\family default
\emph on
environment
\family typewriter
\emph default
} ...
\backslash
end{
\family default
\emph on
environment
\family typewriter
\emph default
}
\family default
\newline
command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file.
If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
alien to you, we urge you to read the
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
The
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
also contains many more examples than this section does.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A paragraph environment is simply a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
container
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
scheme, labels, and so on.
Additionally, you can
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
nest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
to inherit some of the properties of another.
The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the
days of typewriters.
There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular
document type.
We'll only be covering the most common ones here.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box on the left
end of the toolbar.
LyX will change the environment of the
\emph on
entire
\emph default
paragraph in which the cursor sits.
You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
you select them before choosing the new environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
will
\emph on
typically
\emph default
create a new paragraph using the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
paragraph environment.
We say
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
typically
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
because this isn't always the case.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
If you are in one of these environments:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
vspace{-2ex}
\backslash
parbox[t]{3cm}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Quote
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Quotation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
}
\backslash
parbox[t]{3cm}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Verse
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Itemize
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
}
\backslash
parbox[t]{3cm}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Enumerate
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Description
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
}
\backslash
parbox[t]{3cm}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
List
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit
\family sans
Return
\family default
, rather than resetting it to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however.
\end_layout
\end_inset
Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment
and the nesting depth [more on nesting in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
].
At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting
\family sans
Return
\family default
to reset the paragraph environment and depth.
If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth,
use
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
instead.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The default paragraph environment is
\family sans
Standard
\family default
for most classes.
It creates a plain paragraph.
If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now [and most of the ones in
this manual] are in the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can nest a paragraph using the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
in a
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Document Titles
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name[s] of the
author[s] and a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
footnote
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
for thanks or contact information.
For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate
page along with today's date.
For other types of documents, the title
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
page
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
goes at the top of the first page of the document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
environments
\family sans
Title
\family default
,
\family sans
Author
\family default
, and
\family sans
Date
\family default
.
Here's how you use them:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Put the title of your document in the
\family sans
Title
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Put the author name in the
\family sans
Author
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
the
\family sans
Date
\family default
environment.
Note that using this environment is optional.
If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Be sure to do this at the top of the document.
You can use footnotes to insert
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
thanks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or contact information.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Headings
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvheadings}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings.
LyX takes care of the numbering for you.
All you need to do is decide what you're going to call section 3 of chapter
9.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Numbered Headings
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are 6 numbered types of section headings.
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
\begin_layout Standard
Why no mention of Part ?
\end_layout
\end_inset
They are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Chapter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Section
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subsection
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subsubsection
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Paragraph
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subparagraph
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
The numbers describe where in the document you are.
These headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
For example, suppose you're writing a book.
You group the book into chapters.
LyX does similar grouping:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Either
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
or
\family sans
Section
\family default
is the maximum sectioning level.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Section
\family default
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Section
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
s
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
Note:
\emph default
not all document types use the
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
heading as the maximum sectioning level.
In that case, the
\family sans
Section
\family default
is the top-level heading.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
So, if you use the
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number,
along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter
that it's in.
For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
2.5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Unnumbered Headings
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are 3 types of unnumbered section headings.
They are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Section*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subsection*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subsubsection*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
*
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
after each name means that these headings are not numbered.
They work the same as their numbered counterparts.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Changing the Numbering
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:section-depth}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
in the Table of Contents.
Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
class.
Certain classes start with
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
and go down to the
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
level.
Others start at
\family sans
Section
\family default
.
Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
Most don't number
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
or
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
.
This is something you can change.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Open the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog.
You should see a counter labelled
\family sans
Section\InsetSpace ~
number\InsetSpace ~
depth
\family default
under the
\family sans
Extra
\family default
tab.
This counter controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers
a section heading.
Unfortunately, the number you choose with the slider is really goofy, so
here's a table of values and what they do:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Sec.
Num.
Depth
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
LyX numbers these
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
value:
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
section headings:
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
-2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
no numbering of any kind
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
-1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
add
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Parts
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
-0 and 0
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
add Chapters
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
add Sections
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
add Subsections
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
add
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Subsubsections
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
4
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
add
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Paragraphs
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
5
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
add
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Subparagraphs
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The increasing numbers are cumulative: a setting of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
0
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will number parts and chapters, while
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will number parts, chapters, sections, and subsections.
Of course, if you're using a document class that doesn't use part or chapter
headings (
\emph on
e.g.
\emph default
the default article class), then the numbering begins at the
\family sans
Section
\family default
heading, and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
0
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
also corresponds to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
no numbering.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There's another counter in the dialog, called
\family sans
Table\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
contents\InsetSpace ~
depth
\family default
.
It works the same way as
\family sans
Section\InsetSpace ~
numbering\InsetSpace ~
depth
\family default
, only it controls which sectioning levels appear in, you guessed it, the
Table of Contents.
This is a great control to have.
Suppose you wanted to number
\emph on
all
\emph default
sectioning heading, but you only wanted
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
s,
\family sans
Section
\family default
s, and
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
s in the Table of Contents.
You'd just set
\family sans
Section\InsetSpace ~
numbering\InsetSpace ~
depth
\family default
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\family sans
Table of contents\InsetSpace ~
depth
\family default
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and voil<69>! You're all set.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Special Information
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The following information applies to
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
,
\family sans
Section
\family default
,
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
,
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
,
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
,
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
as well as
\family sans
Section*
\family default
,
\family sans
Subsection*
\family default
, and
\family sans
Subsubsection*
\family default
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You can only use inlined math in these environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot nest other environments into these environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As for examples of these paragraph environments - look around you! We're
using them everywhere in the manuals.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Creating an Appendix
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To create an appendix, simply start by adding a new chapter or section heading.
Move the cursor back to the beginning of the heading and select
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\newline
Start\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
A
\bar default
ppendix\InsetSpace ~
Here
\family default
.
A red/brown box will be drawn around the remainder of the file to indicate
there is something special about it, and the numerical chapter or section
label(s) will be changed to a letter.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Quotes and Poetry
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
They are
\family sans
Quote
\family default
,
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, and
\family sans
Verse
\family default
.
Forget the days of changing linespacing and twiddling with margins.
These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
the text they contain.
They also allow nesting, so you can put a
\family sans
Verse
\family default
in a
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, as well as in some other paragraph environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
\emph on
not
\emph default
reset to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
when you start a new paragraph.
So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit
\family sans
Return
\family default
without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have
to change back to the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment yourself.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Quote
\family default
and
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quote}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
time for the differences.
\family sans
Quote
\family default
and
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
are identical except for one difference:
\family sans
Quote
\family default
uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
\emph on
always
\emph default
indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here's an example of the
\family sans
Quote
\family default
environment:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
This is in the
\family sans
Quote
\family default
environment.
I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
wraps.
See - no indentation!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
the other paragraph.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
That ends that example.
Here's another example, this time in the
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
environment:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
This is in the
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
environment.
If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation.
If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting
the first line, then
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it
\emph on
if
\emph default
you were quoting other text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
Here's a new paragraph.
I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
That was our other example.
As the example notes,
\family sans
Quote
\family default
is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
They should put quotes in the
\family sans
Quote
\family default
environment.
Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
paragraph environment for quoted text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Verse
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:verse}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Verse
\family default
is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
Here's an example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verse
This is in Verse
\newline
Which I did not rehearse!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verse
It could be much worse.
This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
around.
It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
indented a bit more than the first.
Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
So sue me.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verse
To break a line
\newline
And make things look fine
\newline
Use
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As you can see,
\family sans
Verse
\family default
does not indent both margins.
Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
function,
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Lists
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvlists}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
of lists.
In the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
and
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
In the
\family sans
Description
\family default
and
\family sans
List
\family default
environments, LyX lets you provide your own label.
We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing
some general features of all four of them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
General Features
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
in several ways.
First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item.
Hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
does
\emph on
not
\emph default
reset the environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
The nesting depth is typically reset, however.
If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment,
you should use
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
to break paragraphs.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how its
nested.
If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest
you read all of section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:itemize}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
paragraph environment.
It has the following properties:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The items can be any length.
LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
The offset is always relative to whatever environment the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list may be in.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
If you nest an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment inside another
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
LyX always shows the same symbol, an asterisk, on screen.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
See section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
for a full explanation of nesting.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Of course, that explanation was also an example of an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list.
The
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
Note that those of you reading this manual online won't see any difference.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the first level
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
is a large black dot, or bullet.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the second level is a dash.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the third is an asterisk.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Back out to the third level.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Back to the second level.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Back to the outermost level.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These are the default labels for an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list.
You can customize these labels in the
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
linebreak
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog in the
\family sans
Bullets
\family default
tab.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
.
Be sure to read it!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enumerate}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment is the tool to use to create numbered lists and outlines.
It has these properties:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Each item has a numeral as its label.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Each new
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment resets the counter to one.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Like the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment, the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
Items can be any length.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Allows up to a four-fold nesting.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Unlike the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment,
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
\emph on
does
\emph default
show the different labels for each item.
Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
The first level of an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth
increases.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back to the third level
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back to the second level.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back to the outermost level.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment.
It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
manual), however.
As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version,
not on the LyX screen.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There is more to nesting
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environments than we've stated here.
You
\emph on
really
\emph default
should read section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
to learn more about nesting.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Description
\family default
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:descrlist}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Unlike the previous two environments, the
\family sans
Description
\family default
list has no fixed label.
Instead, LyX uses the first
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of the first line as the label.
Here's an example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Example: This is an example of the
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
rest of the line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now, you're probably wondering what we mean by,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
uses the first 'word'.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
The
\family sans
Space
\family default
key does not add a whitespace character, but separates words from one another.
Inside of a
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment, the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key tells LyX to end the label if we're at the beginning of the first line
of an item.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
However, what if you want or need to use more than one word in the label
of a
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment? Simple: use a
\family sans
Protected Blank
\family default
.
[Use either
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
or
\family sans
Special\InsetSpace ~
F
\bar under
o
\bar default
rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
P
\bar under
r
\bar default
otected\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\family default
menu.
See sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}
\end_inset
for more info.] Here's an example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Second\InsetSpace ~
Example: This one shows how to use a
\family sans
Protected\InsetSpace ~
Blank
\family default
in the label of a
\family sans
Description
\family default
list item.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Usage: You should use the
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment for things like definitions and theorems.
Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
that describes it.
It's not a good idea to use a
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
You're better off using
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
or
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
and nesting several
\family sans
Standard
\family default
paragraphs into them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Nesting: You can, of course, nest
\family sans
Description
\family default
environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
so on.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting
them from the first line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
The LyX
\family sans
List
\family default
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxlist}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
List
\family default
environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now, if you jumped here without reading sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:itemize}
\end_inset
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:descrlist}
\end_inset
, you've goofed.
The
\family sans
List
\family default
environment does
\emph on
not
\emph default
create numbered lists.
That's what
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
does, and it's documented in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:enumerate}
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Like the
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment has user-defined labels for each list item.
There are some key differences between this list environment and the other
three:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
item\InsetSpace ~
labels LyX uses the first
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of each line as the item label.
The first
\family sans
Space
\family default
after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected
blank as described above.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and
the body of the item text.
The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
label width plus a little extra space.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
label\InsetSpace ~
width LyX uses one of two things for the label width: the actual width
of the label, or the default width, whichever is larger.
If the actual width is larger, then the label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
extends
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
into the first line.
In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
margin of the rest of the item text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
default\InsetSpace ~
width You can very easily set this default width.
It's quite painless, actually.
So, you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a
\family sans
List
\family default
environment have the same left margin.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
uses You should use the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment the same way you'd use as
\family sans
Description
\family default
list: when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
it.
The
\family sans
List
\family default
environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
layout.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
nesting You can nest
\family sans
List
\family default
environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
so on.
They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
Read section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
to learn about nesting.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, this is a feature-packed paragraph environment!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To change the default width of the label, select the items in the list to
change.
You can also simply move the cursor into a
\family sans
List
\family default
item if you want to change only its label width.
Now open the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraph\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\family default
dialog and find the
\family sans
Label\InsetSpace ~
width
\family default
text box.
The text in the
\family sans
Label\InsetSpace ~
width
\family default
box determines the default label width.
If you really, really want to, you can use the text of your largest label
here, but you don't need to.
We recommend using the letter
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
multiple times.
It's the widest character and is a standard unit of width in LaTeX.
The default label width in the example
\family sans
List
\family default
is 6
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
s wide.
Using
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as your unit of width in the
\family sans
Label\InsetSpace ~
Width
\family default
box has one more advantage: you don't need to keep changing the contents
of
\family sans
Label\InsetSpace ~
Width
\family default
every time you alter a label in a
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There's yet another feature of the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment we need to tell you about.
As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels by default.
You can use additional
\family sans
HFills
\family default
to change how LyX justifies the item label.
We'll document
\family sans
HFills
\family default
later in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}
\end_inset
.
Here are some examples:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
Left The default for
\family sans
List
\family default
item labels.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
\hfill
Right One
\family sans
HFill
\family default
at the beginning of the label right justifies it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
\hfill
Center
\hfill
One
\family sans
HFill
\family default
at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Don't worry if you have no idea what
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s are yet.
Just remember that you can use them to customize the look of the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
That does it for the four paragraph environments for making lists.
Oh - did we mention that you should read about nesting environments in
section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
if you want to use any of these list environments?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Letters
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
: An Overview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
environments called
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
.
To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document.
In contrast, you can use the
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
anything in them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Of course, you're not limited to using
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
for letters only.
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
, in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
some European academic papers.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Usage
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:adress_usage}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Address
\family default
environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
for the opening and signature in some countries.
Similarly, the
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
Here's an example of each:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Right Address
Right Address
\newline
WhoAmI
\newline
WhereAmI
\newline
When is it? What is today?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
That was
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
.
Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to
fit the largest block of text on a single line.
Here's an example of the
\family sans
Address
\family default
environment:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Address
WhoAreYou
\newline
Where do I send this
\newline
Your post office and country
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, both
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
Speaking of which, if you hit
\family sans
Return
\family default
in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets
the environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
This makes sense, however, since
\family sans
Return
\family default
is the
\family typewriter
break-paragraph
\family default
function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
Thus, you'd use
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
[
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
or
\family sans
Special\InsetSpace ~
F
\bar under
o
\bar default
rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
L
\bar default
inebreak
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\family default
menu] to start a new line in an
\family sans
Address
\family default
or
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Academic Writing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
or list of references.
LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Abstract
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment is used for the abstract of an article.
Technically, you
\emph on
could
\emph default
use this environment anywhere, but you really
\emph on
should
\emph default
only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
The
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment is only useful in the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
article
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
report
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
document classes [as well as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
amsart,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
which is just a specialized version of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
article
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
].
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
book
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
document class ignores the
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
completely, and it's utterly silly to use
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
in the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
letter
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
document class.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment does several things for you.
First, it puts the centered label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Abstract
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
above the text.
The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
space.
Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
the subsequent text.
Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen.
If your document is in the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
report
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
class, the abstract actually appears on a separate page in the printed
version of the file.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Starting a new paragraph by hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
does
\emph on
not
\emph default
reset the paragraph environment.
The new paragraph will still be in the
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment.
So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
finish entering the abstract of your document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We'd love to give you an example of the
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment, but we can't, since this document is in the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
book
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
class.
If you've never heard of an
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
abstract
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
before, you can safely ignore this environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliography}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment is used to list references.
Technically, you
\emph on
could
\emph default
use this environment anywhere, but you really
\emph on
should
\emph default
only use it at the end of the document.
Also, don't bother trying to nest
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
in anything else or vice versa.
It won't work.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When you first open a
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment, LyX add a large vertical space, followed by the heading
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Bibliography
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
References,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
depending on the document class.
The heading is in a large boldface font.
Each paragraph of the
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment is a bibliography entry.
Thus, hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
does
\emph on
not
\emph default
reset the paragraph environment.
Each new paragraph is still in the
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
At the
\emph on
beginning
\emph default
of the
\emph on
first line
\emph default
of each paragraph, you will see a gray button showing a number.
If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a
\family sans
key
\family default
and a
\family sans
label
\family default
.
The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
entry.
For example, suppose your first entry in the bibliography was a book about
LaTeX.
We could choose the key
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
latexguide
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
for that entry.
You can also give a label, which will be displayed in the gray inset box.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
key
\family default
field isn't useless.
You can refer to your bibliography entries using the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
C
\bar default
itation
\family default
command.
Just choose the key inside in the available keys list, then add a reference
by clicking on the left arrow, which will add it to the selected keys list.
Multiple references can be placed by selecting more than one key.
An example of the
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
appears at the end of this document.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
See
\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Chapter 3]{latexcompanion}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is an example of how to cite two of the entries in it.
In the second one, we used the
\family sans
T
\bar under
e
\bar default
xt\InsetSpace ~
after
\family default
field of the citation dialog to add the text
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Chapter 3
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The texts
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
latexguide
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
latexcompanion
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
that you see on screen will be replaced in print by the number or the label
of the bibliography entry.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The more advanced LaTeX bibliography package BibTeX is also supported by
LyX.
For a description of how to use it, please refer to the
\emph on
Extended LyX Features
\emph default
document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Special Purpose
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are three standard paragraph environments that simply don't fit any
category, as they are very specialized for a particular purpose.
We'll point out the highlights and uses of each.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Caption
\family default
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:captionlayout}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Caption
\family default
environment is the default paragraph environment for
\family sans
Figure\InsetSpace ~
Floats
\family default
and
\family sans
Table\InsetSpace ~
Floats
\family default
.
On the LyX screen, you'll see either the label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Figure #:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Table #:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, depending on which type of
\family sans
Float
\family default
it's in.
The actual reference number is substituted in this label in the printed
output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can't really nest things into a
\family sans
Caption
\family default
environment.
Additionally, hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
resets the paragraph environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
, so a
\family sans
Caption
\family default
can only be a single paragraph.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You cannot use a
\family sans
Caption
\family default
environment outside of a
\family sans
Figure\InsetSpace ~
Float
\family default
or a
\family sans
Table\InsetSpace ~
Float
\family default
.
See sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
\end_inset
for more information on
\family sans
Figure\InsetSpace ~
Floats
\family default
and
\family sans
Table\InsetSpace ~
Floats
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
LyX
\family sans
-Code
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
environment is another LyX extension.
It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font.
It also treats the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key as a fixed whitespace;
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
In the
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
environment, the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key is treated as a
\family sans
Protected\InsetSpace ~
Blank
\family default
instead of an end-of-word marker.
\end_layout
\end_inset
this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX.
If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
[the
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
function].
\family sans
Return
\family default
breaks paragraphs.
Note, however, that
\family sans
Return
\family default
does
\emph on
not
\emph default
reset the paragraph environment.
So, when you finish using the
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
Also, you
\emph on
can
\emph default
nest the
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
environment inside of others.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are a few quirks with this environment:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot use
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
at the beginning of a new paragraph [i.e.
you can't follow
\family sans
Return
\family default
with a
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
].
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You can't follow a
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
with a
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Use a
\family sans
Return
\family default
to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Or: use
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
instead.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
You must put at least one
\family sans
Space
\family default
in any line you want blank.
Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing
\family sans
"
\family default
since that will insert
\emph on
real
\emph default
quotes.
You get the typewriter double quotes with
\family sans
C-"
\family default
(or
\family sans
C-q
\family default
if you use Emacs-like key bindings).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here's an example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
#include <stdio.h>
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
int main(void)
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
{
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
printf("Hello World
\backslash
n");
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
return 0;
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This is just the standard
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Hello world!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
program.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts,
rc-files, and so on.
Use it only in those very, very special cases where you need to generate
text as if you used a typewriter.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Comment
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The comment paragraph environment can be used to write comments about your
document that will not appear in the final output.
In order to make this clear, LyX will present the comment environment in
a different color than the rest of the text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Nesting Environments
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:nest}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
The Big Deal
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Throughout the previous sections, we've been nagging you to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
go read Section\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
So, you're probably wondering what the big deal is.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The big deal is that LyX differs rather strongly from the traditional
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
word\SpecialChar \-
processor-as-overglorified-typewriter
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
concept.
With a typewriter, text is merely ink on a page.
Most word processors aren't much better, treating text as pixels on the
screen and bytes in memory.
In contrast, LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context
and specific properties.
However, what if you wanted one
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
block
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to inherit some of the properties of another
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
block
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here's a more specific example: outlines.
You have three main points in your outline, but point #2 also has two subpoints.
In other words, you have a list
\emph on
inside
\emph default
of another list, with the inner list
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
attached
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to item #2:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
one
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
two
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
sublist - item #1
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
sublist - item #2
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
three
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
How do you put a list inside of a list? By now, the answer should be obvious:
you nest one list inside the other.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
How to nest an environment is quite simple.
Select
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
ncrease\InsetSpace ~
Environment\InsetSpace ~
Depth
\family default
or
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ecrease\InsetSpace ~
Environment\InsetSpace ~
Depth
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit
\family default
menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar
will tell you how far you are nested).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also use the convenient key bindings
\family sans
S-M-Left
\family default
and
\family sans
S-M-Right
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Left
\family default
and
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Right
\family default
are alternatives, if you prefer those bindings
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family default
to change the nesting level.
The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing
you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current
paragraph.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can.
If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
It's hard to describe what exactly LyX does in this case.
That depends specifically on what your text looks like.
Your best bet is to simply play with changing the nesting depth and see
what happens.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Nesting isn't just limited to lists.
In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're
about to find out.
This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
What You Can and Can't Nest
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
you a little bit more about how nesting works.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The question of nesting is a bit more complicated than a simple yes or no,
can you or can't you.
There's also the question of how.
Can you nest this environment into anything else? Can you nest another
environment into it? A
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
yes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to one of these doesn't guarantee a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
yes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to the other.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The paragraph environments in LyX can do one of three things when it comes
to nesting.
First, an environment may be completely unnestable.
Second, there are environments that are fully nestable.
You can nest them inside of things and you can also nest other things inside
of them.
There is one last type of environment.
You can nest them into other environments, but that's it.
You can't nest anything into them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
environments have them:
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
For some odd reason, LyX allows you to fully nest both
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
and
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
.
Also, LyX allows you to nest
\family sans
Title
\family default
,
\family sans
Author
\family default
, and
\family sans
Date
\family default
into other environments.
We urge you not to.
LaTeX may barf if you try it.
Then again, it may not.
We don't know for certain.
However, it makes no sense contextually to perform any nesting with these
environments, so why would you ever want to?
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Unnestable Can't nest them.
Can't nest into them.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Bibliography
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Title
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Author
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Date
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Fully\InsetSpace ~
Nestable You can nest them.
You can nest other things into them.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Abstract
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Verse
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Quote
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Quotation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Itemize
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Enumerate
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Description
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
List
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
LyX-Code
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things.
You can't nest anything into them.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Part
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Chapter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Section
\family default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsection
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsubsection
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subparagraph
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Part*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Chapter*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Section*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsection*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsubsection*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Address
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
Caption
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table-and-fig-nesting}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
affected by nesting anyhow.
They are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
equations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
tables
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
figures
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
[Note: if you put a figure or a table in a
\family sans
Float
\family default
, this is no longer true.
See below or look in sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
\end_inset
for more info.]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
Well, you can't inline a table, but you can inline math and figures.
If a figure or an equation is inlined, it goes wherever the paragraph it's
in goes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
paragraph
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of its own, it behaves just like a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
nestable-inside
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
paragraph environment.
You can nest it into any environment, but you [obviously] can't nest anything
into it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here's an example with a table:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Item One
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
a
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
b
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
c
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
d
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (b).
The table is actually nested inside (a).
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Item One
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
a
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
b
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
c
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
d
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (b).
The table is
\emph on
not
\emph default
nested inside (a).
In fact, it's not nested at all.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
item of a new list!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There's another trap you can fall into: nesting the table, but not going
deep enough.
LyX turns anything after the table into a new [sub]list.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Item One
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
a
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
b
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
c
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
d
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (b).
The table is actually nested inside Item One, but
\emph on
not
\emph default
inside (a).
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
new list
\emph on
inside
\emph default
item 1.
The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
depth!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Then there are the so-called
\family sans
Floats
\family default
.
A
\family sans
Float
\family default
is a block of text associated with some sort of label, but which doesn't
have a fixed location.
It can
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
float
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
\family sans
Footnotes
\family default
and
\family sans
Margin\InsetSpace ~
Notes
\family default
are floats, as are
\family sans
Table\InsetSpace ~
Floats
\family default
and
\family sans
Figure\InsetSpace ~
Floats
\family default
.
When you're editing a document in LyX, a closed
\family sans
Float
\family default
looks like a gray button with a red label and goes wherever the paragraph
it's in goes.
However, because a
\family sans
Float
\family default
has no fixed location in the final text, nesting has no effect on its actual
location after you feed your document to LaTeX.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Usage and General Features
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting.
In other words,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
level #6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is the innermost possible depth.
Here's an example to display what we mean:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #1 - outermost
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #2
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #3
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #4
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
level #5
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
level #6
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Once again, LyX has a maximum of 6 levels, regardless of which specific
paragraph environments you're using at a given level.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
Unfortunately, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
to produce output for your document.
\end_layout
\end_inset
That means that you can perform a six-fold nesting of a
\family sans
Description
\family default
list, or a
\family sans
Verse
\family default
environment, and so on.
You can also mix environments, as we shall see later.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see
both of them in the example.
Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold
nesting with the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
and
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environments.
For example, if we tried to nest another
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
list inside of item
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
A.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, we'd get errors.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
Once again, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
to produce output for your document.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Some Examples
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
We have several examples of nested environments.
In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example #1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#1-a This is the outermost level.
It's a
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#2-a This is level #2.
We created it by using
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
followed by
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Right
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#3-a This is level #3.
This time, we just hit
\family sans
Return
\family default
, then used
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Right
\family default
twice in a row.
We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
by hitting
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
followed by
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Right
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
This is actually a
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment, nested inside of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
#3-a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
So, it's at level #4.
We did this by hitting
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
, then
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Right
\family default
, then changing the paragraph environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph - it also works
for the
\family sans
Description
\family default
,
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
, and
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environments!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here's another
\family sans
Standard
\family default
paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#4-a This is level #4.
We hit
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
and changed the paragraph environment back to
\family sans
List
\family default
.
Remember - we can't nest anything inside of a
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
However, we
\emph on
can
\emph default
keep nesting things inside of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
#3-a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{}
and this is level #6.
By now, you should know how we made these two.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#5-b Back to level #5.
Just hit
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
followed by a
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Left
\family default
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#4-b After another
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
followed by a
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Left
\family default
, we're back at level #4.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#3-b Back to level #3.
By now it should be obvious how we did this.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#2-b Back to level #2.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
After this sentence, we'll hit
\family sans
Return
\family default
and change the paragraph environment back to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
to end the list.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There you have it! Oh --- we could have also used the
\family sans
Description
\family default
,
\family sans
Quote
\family default
,
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, or even the
\family sans
Verse
\family default
environment in place of the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
The example would have worked exactly the same.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example #2: Inheritance
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
level.
Now we'll hit
\family sans
Return
\family default
, then
\family sans
M-p Right
\family default
, after which, we'll change to the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment, at level #2.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Notice how the nested
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
not only inherits its margins from its parent environment [
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
], but also inherits its font and spacing!
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
We ended this example by hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
and resetting the nesting depth by using
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Left
\family default
once.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example #3: Labels, Levels, and the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
and
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
Environments
\begin_inset OptArg
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #1, in an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
paragraph environment.
We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #2.
We used
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
followed by
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Right
\family default
.
Now, what happens if we nest an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
label be? An asterisk?
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
No! It's a bullet.
This is the
\emph on
first
\emph default
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment, even though it's at level #3.
So, its label is a bullet.
[Note: we got here by using
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
, then
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Right
\family default
, then changing the environment to
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
.]
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Here's level #4, produced using
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
, then
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Right
\family default
.
We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\SpecialChar \ldots{}
to get to level #5.
This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
.
Notice the type of numbering! It's
\emph on
lowercase Roman
\emph default
, because we're the
\emph on
thirdfold
\emph default
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment [i.e.
we're an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
inside an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
inside an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
].
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
What happens if we
\emph on
don't
\emph default
change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
type of numbering does LyX use?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Let's use
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Left
\family default
to decrease the depth after the next
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #4.
Look what type of label LyX is using!
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #3.
Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman
numeral as the label.
Why?!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is
\emph on
still
\emph default
a thirdfold
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment.
Notice, however, that LyX
\emph on
did
\emph default
reset the counter for the label.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Another
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Left
\family default
sequence, and we're back to level #2.
This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
into the twofold-nested
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The same thing happens if we do another
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
Left
\family default
sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Lastly, we reset the environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labelling
LyX uses for the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
and
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environments.
The number of
\emph on
other
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environments
\emph default
surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
item.
The same rule applies for the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment, as well.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example #4: Going Bonkers
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
We're going to go totally nuts now.
We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the
same detail with how we did it.
[level #1:
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
]
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[
\family sans
Return, M-p\InsetSpace ~
Right, Standard
\family default
: level #2] We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the
example in brackets someplace.
For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth.
The environment name is, obviously, the name of the current environment.
Either before or after this, we'll put in the level.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
[
\family sans
Return, Enumerate
\family default
: level #1] This is the next item in the list.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Verse
Now we'll add verse.
\newline
It will get much worse.
\newline
[
\family sans
Return, M-p\InsetSpace ~
Right, Verse
\family default
: level #2]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verse
Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
\newline
Bippitey boppitey boo!
\newline
[
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verse
Here comes a table for you:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
one-fish
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
two-fish
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
red-fish
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
blue-fish
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Verse
[
\family sans
M-Return, Table, M-p\InsetSpace ~
Right
\family default
3 times,
\family sans
M-Return, Verse, M-p\InsetSpace ~
Left
\family default
]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
[
\family sans
Return, Enumerate
\family default
: level #1] This is another item.
Note that selecting a
\family sans
Table
\family default
resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
3 times to put the table inside the
\family sans
Verse
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
We're now ending the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
list and changing to
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
.
We're still at level #1.
We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
The next set of paragraphs is a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
quoted letter.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
We'll nest both the
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
environments inside of this one, then use another nested
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
for the letter body.
We'll use
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
to preserve the depth.
Remember that you need to use
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
to create multiple lines inside the
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
environments.
Here it goes:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Right Address
1234 Nowhere Rd.
\newline
Moosegroin, MT 00100
\newline
9-6-96
\end_layout
\begin_layout Address
Dear Mr.\InsetSpace ~
Fizlewitz:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50L of compressed
methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
a backlog in our orders for methane.
We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
as soon as possible.
In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
We do, however, now have a special on beef.
If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
with your order, along with payment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
We thank you again for your patience.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Address
Sincerely,
\newline
Bill Hick
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Quotation
That ends that example!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with
just a few keystrokes.
We could have easily nested an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list inside of a
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
or
\family sans
Quote
\family default
, or put a
\family sans
Quote
\family default
inside of an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list.
You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Fonts and Text Styles
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Overview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
font to emphasize text, you use an
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
emphasized style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
instead.
This concept fits in perfectly with LyX.
In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
details.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Right now, LyX allows you to specify a global default font, and has two
character styles,
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
and
\family sans
Noun
\family default
.
The
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style corresponds to an italics font.
The
\family sans
Noun
\family default
style corresponds to a font in smallcaps, which some languages and writing
styles use to typeset proper names.
The LyX Team has at last (as of LyX version\InsetSpace ~
1.4) introduced true character
styles, but currently these must be defined explicitly in the document
layout file.
There's currently no GUI support to define new, or tweak existing, character
styles to allow you, the user, to customize which font changes correspond
to what styles.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Global Options
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can set the default font from the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog.
There are two options of interest here,
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
onts
\family default
and
\family sans
Font\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
S
\bar default
ize
\family default
.
The possible options under
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
onts
\family default
include
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
default
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and a list of fonts available on your system.
The option
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
default
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
uses the standard TeX fonts, known as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
computer modern
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(cm) or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
European modern
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(ec).
Most systems will typically have some version of a Times and Helvetica
font, with other variants.
You'll have to examine this for yourself.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As for the
\family sans
Font\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
S
\bar default
ize
\family default
option, there are three possible values:
\family sans
10
\family default
,
\family sans
11
\family default
, and
\family sans
12
\family default
.
Remember, this is the
\emph on
base
\emph default
font size.
LyX actually scales all of the other possible font sizes (such as those
used in footnotes, superscripts, and subscripts) by this value.
You can always fine-tune the font size from within the document if you
need to.
It's also rather silly to use an 8pt or 24pt font as the default font size,
as this typically renders your document unreadable.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that once you choose a new value for
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
onts
\family default
or
\family sans
Font\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
S
\bar default
ize
\family default
, LyX does
\emph on
not
\emph default
change the screen.
You'll only see a difference once you generate the final output.
This is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
Besides, you have certainly noticed that "Roman" text on the LyX screen
corresponds to the default font.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Using Different Character Styles
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for
certain paragraph environments.
We also mentioned two other character styles,
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
and
\family sans
Noun
\family default
.
You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the
toolbar.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To activate the
\family sans
Noun
\family default
style, do one of the following:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
click on the toolbar button with the person-shaped icon
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
use the keybinding
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
c
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These commands are all toggles.
That is, if
\family sans
Noun
\family default
style is already active, they deactivate it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
One typically uses the
\family sans
Noun
\family default
style for proper names.
For example:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\noun on
Matthias Ettrich
\noun default
is the original author of LyX.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A more widely used character style is the
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style.
You can activate [or deactivate - it's also a toggle] the
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style by:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
clicking on the toolbar button with the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
character on it
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
using the keybindings
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
e
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
At the moment, the
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style is equivalent to an italicized font.
We have plans to make that association more user-configurable in the future.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We've been using the
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style all over the place in this document.
Here's one more example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
\emph on
Don't overuse character styles!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It's also a warning in addition to an example.
One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
the common tendency to overuse character style.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Oh --- one last note: You can always reset to the default font using the
keybinding
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Fine-Tuning with the
\family sans
Character Layout
\family default
dialog
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX
gives you a way to create custom character style.
For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
Note from
\noun on
John Weiss
\noun default
: There is, in fact, such a style sheet for the LyX Documentation, since
manuals need a certain amount of consistency.
\end_layout
\end_inset
Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
from ordinary dialogue.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a
warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles.
Many modern word processors have a vast array of fonts available to them,
providing you with the power of a printing press.
Unfortunately, there is a tendency to overuse that power.
The phrase,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Using a sledgehammer to swat a fly,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
comes to mind.
And, as the old saying implies, documents that overuse different fonts
and sizes tend to look like someone's knocked huge holes in them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Enough complaining.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To use custom fonts, open the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
S
\bar default
tyle
\family default
dialog.
There are seven buttons on this dialog, each corresponding to a different
font property which you can choose.
You can choose an option for one of these seven properties, or select
\family sans
No\InsetSpace ~
change
\family default
, which keeps the current state of that property.
The item
\family sans
Reset
\family default
will reset the property to whatever is the default for the hosting paragraph
environment.
You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
environments in a snap.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The seven font properties, and their options [in addition to
\family sans
No\InsetSpace ~
change
\family default
and
\family sans
Reset
\family default
] are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
amily
\family default
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
overall look
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of the font.
The possible options are:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Roman
\family default
This is the Roman font family.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
It's also the default family.
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
r
\family default
]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Sans\InsetSpace ~
Serif
\family default
\family sans
This is the Sans Serif font family.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
s
\family default
]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
\family typewriter
This is the Typewriter font family.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
p
\family default
]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
eries
\family default
This corresponds to the print weight.
Options are:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Medium
\family default
This is the Medium font series.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
It's also the default series.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Bold
\family default
\series bold
This is the Bold font series.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
You can toggle this series on or off with the keybinding
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
b
\family default
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
S
\bar under
h
\bar default
ape
\family default
As the name implies.
Options are:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Upright
\family default
This is the Upright font shape.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
It's also the default shape.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Italic
\family default
\shape italic
This
\family sans
i
\family default
s the Italic font shape
\shape default
\emph on
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Slanted
\family default
\shape slanted
This is the Slanted font shape
\family sans
\family default
\shape default
(although it might not be visible on screen, this is different from italic).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Small\InsetSpace ~
Caps
\family default
\shape smallcaps
This is the Small caps font shape
\shape default
\noun on
.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
Si
\bar under
z
\bar default
e
\family default
Alters the size of the font.
You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio
nal to the default font size.
Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of
what you want to do.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
The options [and their keybindings] are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Tiny
\family default
\size tiny
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Tiny
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
t
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
1
\family default
]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Smallest
\family default
\size scriptsize
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Smallest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
\family default
2]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Smaller
\family default
\size footnotesize
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Smaller
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
S
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
\family default
3]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Small
\family default
\size small
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Small
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
s
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
\family default
4]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Normal
\family default
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Normal
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
It's also the default size.
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
n
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
\family default
5]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Large
\family default
\size large
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Large
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
l
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
\family default
6]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Larger
\family default
\size larger
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Larger
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
S-L
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
\family default
7]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Largest
\family default
\size largest
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
\family default
8]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Huge
\family default
\size huge
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Huge
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
h
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
\family default
9]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Huger
\family default
\size giant
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Huger
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
H
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
\family default
0]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
We'll warn you
\emph on
yet again
\emph default
: don't go crazy with this feature.
You should almost never need to change the font size.
LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
- use that instead.
This is here for fine-tuning
\emph on
only!
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\bar under
M
\bar default
isc
\family default
Here you can change a few other things at the character level.
Options are:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Emph
\family default
\emph on
This is text with emphasize on
\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
This might seem like the same as
\shape italic
Italic
\shape default
, but it is actually a bit different.
If you use emphasize on italicized text, it will make it upright.
In future versions of LyX, we hope to let you customize the exact behavior
of this
\emph on
logical
\emph default
property.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Underbar
\family default
\bar under
This is text with Underbar on.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
u
\family default
]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Noun
\family default
\noun on
This is text with Noun on.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Like
\family sans
Emph
\family default
, this is a logical attribute.
For the moment, it is equivalent to
\family sans
Small\InsetSpace ~
Caps
\family default
, but that is bound to change some day.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days,
when you couldn't change fonts.
We no longer need to resort to emphasizing text by overstriking it with
an underscore character.
It's only included in LyX because it's also in LaTeX, and because some
people
\emph on
may
\emph default
need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions (and in
fact we use it in these manuals to indicate keyboard shortcuts for menu
items).
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Color
\family default
You can adjust the color of the text with this control.
Of course, you need to have a color printer to exploit this, but you also
need to have the
\family sans
color
\family default
LaTeX package installed.
Notice that
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
is not able to display these colors.
Besides
\family sans
No\InsetSpace ~
color
\family default
, which
\family sans
\family default
is the standard
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
color
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, you can choose between
\family sans
Black
\family default
,
\family sans
White
\family default
,
\family sans
Red
\family default
,
\family sans
Green
\family default
,
\family sans
Blue
\family default
,
\family sans
Cyan
\family default
,
\family sans
Magenta
\family default
and
\family sans
Yellow
\family default
text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Language
\family default
This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from
the language of the document.
Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You have a huge number of combinations to choose from.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Once you've chosen a new character style via the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
S
\bar default
tyle
\family default
dialog, you can activate it using the toolbar button labelled
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Font
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, or select
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
.
The toolbar button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style
even when the dialog isn't visible.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As we stated earlier, to completely reset the character style to the default,
use
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
.
If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed
(suppose you just sent the shape to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
slanted
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and the series to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
bold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
), set the
\family sans
Toggle on all these
\family default
switch and press
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We conclude with the same warning we've been spewing: Don't overuse the
fonts.
They are, more often than not, a kludge and a horrible substitute for good
writing.
Your writing should speak for itself --- and will.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Printing and Previewing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Overview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation
using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
Before we tell you that, however, we want to give you a quickie explanation
of what goes on behind-the-scenes.
We cover this information in much greater detail in the
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
manual as well.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX uses a program called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
LaTeX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as its backend.
(Actually, LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system,
but to prevent confusion, we'll just refer to the whole magilla as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
LaTeX.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) Think of it this way: LyX is what you use to do your actual writing.
Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output.
This happens in a couple of stages:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX,
generating a file with the extension,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
file to produce printable output.
It doesn't know anything about your printer, however.
Instead, LaTeX produces what's known as a
\emph on
device-independent
\emph default
file, or DVI for short.
The actual output is in a file with the extension,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
DVI files are completely portable; you can move them from one machine to
another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Description
NOTE: The DVI file only contains what was in the LaTeX file itself.
If you have included PostScript pictures in your document, there will only
be a link to these files.
So don't forget these files if you move your
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file to another computer.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Consider the
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file to be the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
final output.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
Once you have it, you can view it, print it, or convert it to other formats.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
You can view
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
files using a program called
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Some printers and Unix systems understand DVI, and can print your
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file directly.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Nowadays, most printers understand the PostScript format.
LyX automatically converts the
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file to a PostScript file for you when you go to print out your document.
LyX will also let you preview a PostScript version of your document using
the program
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
One advantage of using PostScript<70> is that the converter program [called
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
] takes any PostScript graphics you may have included in your document and
puts it into the resulting PostScript version of your document.
It also includes any special fonts you may have used.
That makes the PostScript version much, much more portable than the DVI
version.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
LyX does all of these steps automagically for you.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As you have seen, a lot of things happen before you get a hardcopy or a
preview of your document.
So, don't worry if printing requires a bit more time than with other word
processors.
The printed result is worth the wait.
Quality always has its price.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Quick Viewing with xdvi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks
in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, select
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
D
\bar default
VI
\family default
.
Then wait a while.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When all of the behind-the-scenes action is done, LyX calls the program
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
.
You can now look at the results.
[If you want more info on the
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
program, see the
\family typewriter
man
\family default
-pages.]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Helpful-Tip: Keep the
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
window open, maybe moving it to another desktop.
Then, after you make changes to your document, just use
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
U
\bar default
pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
D
\bar default
VI
\family default
.
Now click on the
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
window.
The
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
program will automatically reread the
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file and give you an updated view.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Viewing the PostScript Version with ghostview
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In general, using
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
to view your document is the easiest and fastest way.
There may be times, however, when you want to look at the PostScript version.
One reason is fonts.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
Note from
\noun on
John Weiss
\noun default
: Another reason is paranoia.
I always like to look at the PostScript file before I print it, just so
I see exactly what went to the printer\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\end_layout
\end_inset
You can use PostScript fonts in a LaTeX document, but
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
won't show this.
You'll need to use
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
or some other PostScript file viewer to see the actual results.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To view the PostScript version of your document, select
\family sans
Pos
\bar under
t
\bar default
Script
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew
\family default
menu.
When all of the magic behind-the-scenes is done, LyX calls the program
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
.
You can now look at the results.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You've guessed what the
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Pos
\bar under
t
\bar default
script
\family default
command from the
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew
\family default
menu does, haven't you? Remember to click once in the
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
window after this command to update the view.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Printing the File
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To print a file, select
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
rint
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu, or click on the toolbar button with the printer on it.
This opens the
\family sans
Print
\family default
dialog.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can choose to only print even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this
is useful for printing on two sides: you can re-insert the pages after
printing one set of pages, to print on the other side.
Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down.
By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack
of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can set the parameters in the
\family sans
Destination
\family default
box as follows :
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMM
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
rinter
\family default
This is the name of the printer to print to.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
Note that this printer name isn't for the
\family typewriter
lpr
\family default
command but for
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
That means
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
has to be configured for this printer name.
See the section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:dvipsconfig}
\end_inset
or the
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
documentation for details.
The default printer can also be set in
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
The printer should understand PostScript files.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMM
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
The name of a file to print to.
The output will be in Post\SpecialChar \-
Script format.
The file will generally be written in the current directory, unless you
specify the full path.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that printing may need little time, since LaTeX,
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
and, if you don't have a PostScript printer,
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
have to process your document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
A Few Words about Typography
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Hyphens and Hyphenation
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hyphens}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In LyX, the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
character comes in three lengths, often called the
\emph on
hyphen
\emph default
, the
\emph on
en dash
\emph default
, and the
\emph on
em dash
\emph default
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
hyphen
\hfill
-
\hfill
made with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
en dash
\hfill
--
\hfill
made with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
em dash
\hfill
---
\hfill
made with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
minus sign
\hfill
\begin_inset Formula $-$
\end_inset
\hfill
a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in math mode
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You generate these by using the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
character multiple times in a row.
LyX automatically converts them to the appropriate length dash in the final
output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The three types of dash are distinct from the minus sign, which appears
in math mode and has a length of its own.
Here are some examples of the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in use:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
line- and page-breaks
\hfill
(
\emph on
hyphen
\emph default
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
From A--Z
\hfill
(
\emph on
en dash
\emph default
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Oh --- there's a dash.
\hfill
(
\emph on
em dash
\emph default
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$
\end_inset
\hfill
(
\emph on
minus sign
\emph default
)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Those of you reading this from within LyX will see no difference, though
there is one in the printed version.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
One more note about hyphenation --- LyX automatically breaks up words and
inserts hyphens in English text.
The words won't be hyphenated until you generate the final output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Actually, it's LaTeX that does this, and it will also hyphenate words in
\emph on
some
\emph default
other languages.
To know whether (PDF)LaTeX hyphenates for
\emph on
your
\emph default
language, look at any log file produced by a LaTeX run: it will say
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\family typewriter
Babel <v3.7h> and hyphenation patterns for american, french, german, ngerman,
nohyphenation, loaded.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This tells you that, e.g., if you write in Finnish, you're out of luck.
Study (for the teTeX distribution of LaTeX) the utilities
\family typewriter
texconfig
\family default
and
\family typewriter
fmtutil
\family default
in order to switch hyphenation on for your language by
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
uncommenting
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
the relevant line in a file typically named
\family typewriter
language.dat
\family default
.
Sorry for the inconvenience.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If, for whatever reason, LaTeX
\emph on
still
\emph default
can't break a word correctly (e.g., a compound word), you can set hyphenation
points manually.
This is done with the menu item
\family sans
Hyphenation\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
P
\bar default
oint
\family default
under
\family sans
Special\InsetSpace ~
F
\bar under
o
\bar default
rmatting
\family default
in the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\family default
menu.
Note that these extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX.
If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will totally ignore them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Punctuation Marks
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Abbreviations and End of Sentence
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:abbrev}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX
automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
LaTeX then adds the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
appropriate amount of space
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
: sentences get a little bit more space between the period and the next
word.
Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation and
what's the end of a sentence is really quite brain-dead.
If a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here are some examples of
\emph on
correct
\emph default
abbreviations and the end of a sentence:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
M.
Butterfly
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Don't worry.
Be happy.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar \ldots{}
and here's an example of the algorithm going wrong:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
e.
g.
this is too much space!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
This is I.
It's okay.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To fix this problem, use one of the following:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Use an
\family sans
Inter-word\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
after lowercase abbreviations (see section\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:normblank-lbreak-horline}
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Use a
\family sans
Thin\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:thinblank-lbreak-horline}
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Use an
\family sans
End\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
sentence\InsetSpace ~
period
\family default
found under the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
pecial\InsetSpace ~
Character
\family default
menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
This function is also bound to
\family sans
C-period
\family default
for easy access.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
g.\InsetSpace \space{}
this is too much space!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
This is I\SpecialChar \@.
It's okay.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry about all
of this.
For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
check out the
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
C
\bar under
h
\bar default
eck\InsetSpace ~
TeX
\family default
feature described in
\emph on
Extended Editing
\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Quotes
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quotes}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX usually sets quotes correctly.
Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text,
and use a closing quote at the end.
For example,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
open close
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The keyboard character,
\family sans
"
\family default
, generates this automatically.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
New in version 1.4:
\series default
To get single quotation marks, you have to press
\family sans
C-"
\family default
.
This produces quotation marks like this:
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
'.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also select quotes for different languages via the
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
ype
\family default
option.
There are six choices:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Text
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\family default
Use quotes like this
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
double
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
single
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
Text
\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
\family default
Use quotes like
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
or 'this
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset
Text
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset
\family default
Use quotes like
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes gls
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes grs
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset
Text
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset
\family default
Use quotes like
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes pls
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes prs
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset
Text
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset
\family default
Use quotes like
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes fls
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes frs
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset
Text
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset
\family default
Use quotes like
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes als
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes ars
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Again, this affects what character the
\family sans
"
\family default
key produces.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
On the other hand, if you want to produce a bona-fide quote character, type
\family sans
M-"
\family default
.
This produces:
\family typewriter
"
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Ligatures
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ligatures}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
print them as single characters.
These groups are known as
\emph on
ligatures
\emph default
.
Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your LyX documents will contain them,
too.
Here are the possible ligatures:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
ff
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
fi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
fl
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
ffi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
ffl
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Once in a while, though, you don't want a ligature in a word.
While a ligature may be okay in the word,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
graffiti,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
it looks really weird in compound words, such as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cufflink
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or the German
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Dorffest.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
To break a ligature, use
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special\InsetSpace ~
F
\bar under
o
\bar default
rmatting
\family default
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\family sans
Ligature\InsetSpace ~
Break.
\family default
This changes
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cufflinks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
links
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Dorffest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
fest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Widows and Orphans
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:widows}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
happened to end.
There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading
for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line
of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line
of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
These dangly-bits of text became known as
\emph on
widows
\emph default
and
\emph on
orphans
\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there
to specifically prevent widows and orphans.
This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page,
or how you can tweak that behavior.
Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexcompanion}
\end_inset
or\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}
\end_inset
] may have more information.
You will almost never need to worry about this, however.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
Floats: Tables, Figures, Footnotes and Margin Notes
\begin_inset OptArg
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
Tables, Figures, and Notes
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Footnotes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Unlike other typesetting programs, LyX uses
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
foldable
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
boxes instead of displaying its footnotes at the bottom of the screen or
somewhere else in your text.
When you insert a footnote with
\family sans
\series medium
\bar under
I
\bar no
nsert
\series default
\bar default
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\series medium
\bar under
F
\bar no
ootnote,
\family roman
you'll first see a
\family default
\series default
\bar default
grey
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
box with a
\family default
\series default
\bar default
red
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
foot
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
appearing within your text.
This box is LyX's representation of your footnote.
You can enter your text into this box.
If you click the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
foot
\family roman
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\family default
\series default
\bar default
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
label, the box will
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
fold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\family default
\series default
\bar default
Clicking on the button again will
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
unfold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
the footnote.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
To close this footnote, click on the red box at the top left.
\end_layout
\end_inset
You will not see any numbers within LyX.
You don't need to worry about those, anyhow, because LyX does the numbering
for you, as well as putting the footnote at the bottom of the correct page,
when it processes your file.
If you want to turn already existing text into a footnote, simply mark
it and click on the footnote button (a picture of text with an arrow pointing
to stuff in the bottom margin).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
What LyX cannot do, yet, is take care of special needs like setting the
footnote numbering back to 1 after each section in the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
article
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\family roman
document class or changing the counter
\family default
\family roman
style.
You'll need to insert LaTeX commands like th
\family default
os
\family roman
e
\family default
described in the
\emph on
Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars
\emph default
section of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\emph on
Extended
\emph default
\emph on
Features
\emph default
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
NOTE: A float in LaTeX and LyX isn't a simple paragraph as with usual word
processors.
It is a complex text structure that may contain everything except floats.
That means you can use all the layouts inside a float, even figures and
tables.
You may not need this too often, but if you do occasionally need it, it's
a neat feature.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Margin Notes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Margin notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX.
When you insert a margin note via
\family sans
\series medium
\bar under
I
\bar no
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
M
\bar no
argin
\series default
\bar default
\InsetSpace ~
N
\series medium
\bar no
ote
\family default
\series default
\bar default
or the toolbar button (which contains a picture of text in a margin with
an arrow pointing to it), you'll see
\family roman
\series medium
a
\family default
\series default
grey
\family roman
\series medium
box with a
\family default
\series default
red
\family roman
\series medium
label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
appearing within your text.
\begin_inset Marginal
status open
\begin_layout Standard
This is a margin note.
\end_layout
\end_inset
This box is LyX's representation of your margin note.
You can enter your text into this box.
If you click the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\family default
\series default
\family roman
\series medium
label, the box will
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
fold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
You can access it at a later time by clicking on the
\family default
\series default
label again
\family roman
\series medium
, thereby
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
unfolding
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
the margin note.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As a default, LyX uses 1.9 cm (0.75 inches) as the margin width to allow room
for margin notes.
This might not be what you're looking for, but as with footnotes, LyX cannot
yet do everything LaTeX has to offer.
You might want to consult your LaTeX handbook for additional commands.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Figures and Imported Graphics
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
No document preparation system is complete without the ability to import
graphics from other utilities into the document.
In LyX, these are referred to as ``figures'' whether they are actually
figures in the traditional sense or simply some kind of imported image.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that figures referred to here are do not have captions and sit wherever
in the document you place them.
If you need one of these features, see sec.\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
\end_inset
below.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To place a figure in your document, click on the second right-most icon
on the toolbar, or select
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
G
\bar default
raphics...
\family default
from the menu.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A dialog will appear for you to choose the file to load.
You can also change any settings you need to in this dialog.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename mobius.eps
display color
scale 70
rotateOrigin center
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This dialog has numerous parameters, though most should be self-explanatory.
The
\family sans
File
\family default
tab allows you to choose your image file (note that a wide variety of image
formats are supported automatically).
The figure can be transformed by setting a rotation angle, using a bounding
box, and scaling.
Table\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cap:Units-for-image}
\end_inset
describes all available units.
It is possible to set a bounding box automatically for some image formats
(see the
\family sans
Bounding\InsetSpace ~
Box
\family default
tab).
Note that it is possible to control the display of the figure in LyX and
the display in the final document separately, which can be very useful
for large figures.
LaTeX wizards can specify additional LaTeX options in the
\family sans
Extras
\family default
tab.
You can also set the
\family sans
Subfigure
\family default
option here, for use in figure floats (see Section\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
How it works
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX has the ability to handle literally any graphics format in the known
universe so long as a conversion path from this graphics format to the
target output format can be created.
If that sounds a little obtuse, consider how LyX handles Encapsulated PostScrip
t<EFBFBD> figures.
LaTeX provides native support for this format, so LyX needs do nothing
other than use the
\family typewriter
\backslash
includegraphics
\family default
LaTeX command to insert the figure in the final document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
placement t
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed
\begin_layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cap:Units-for-image}
\end_inset
Units for setting the image size
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="20" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
unit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
name/description
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
mm
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
millimetre
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
cm
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
centimetre
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
in
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
inch
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
pt
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
point (72.27 pt = 1 in)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
pc
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
pica (1 pc = 12 pt)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
sp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
scaled point (65536 sp = 1 pt)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
bp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
big point (72 bp = 1 in)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
dd
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
didot (72 dd
\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
\end_inset
37.6
\begin_inset Formula $\,$
\end_inset
mm)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
cc
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
cicero (1cc = 12 dd)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
Scale%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
% of original image width
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
text%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
% of text width
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
col%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
% of column width
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
page%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
% of paper width
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
line%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
% of line width
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
theight%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
% of text height
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
pheight%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
% of paper height
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
ex
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
height of letter
\emph on
x
\emph default
in current font
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
width of letter
\emph on
M
\emph default
in current font
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
mu
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
math unit (1 mu = 1/18 em)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To view the figure on the LyX screen, however, some additional work is required
because neither the XForms nor the Qt GUI libraries can load PostScript<70>
figures themselves.
The XForms library can load figures in the following, widely used graphics
formats:
\family typewriter
bmp
\family default
,
\family typewriter
gif
\family default
,
\family typewriter
jpeg
\family default
,
\family typewriter
pbm
\family default
,
\family typewriter
pgm
\family default
,
\family typewriter
ppm
\family default
,
\family typewriter
tif
\family default
and
\family typewriter
xbm
\family default
whilst the Qt library can also handle
\family typewriter
mng
\family default
,
\family typewriter
png
\family default
and
\family typewriter
xpm
\family default
format figures.
Thus, LyX must initiate a conversion from Encapsulated PostScript<70> to a
loadable graphics format.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It does this using the powerful, configurable converters mechanism exposed
in the
\family sans
Converters
\family default
section of the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit
\family default
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
references
\family default
dialog.
If LyX cannot create a conversion path (which might have many steps) from
Encapsulated PostScript<70> to one of the loadable formats listed above, then
it defaults to the use of ImageMagick's
\family typewriter
convert
\family default
utility.
If, after all that, LyX
\emph on
still
\emph default
cannot load the figure, then it'll tell you so with a message
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Error converting to loadable format
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in place of an on-screen view of your figure.
If you're presented with such a message, then you'll need to augment the
list of known converters.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This strategy is used both to generate on-screen views of your image and
when generating the final document.
In the latter case, the LaTeX compiler must be supplied with graphics files
in PostScript<70> format.
Similarly the PDFLaTeX compiler requires files in
\family typewriter
pdf
\family default
,
\family typewriter
png
\family default
or
\family typewriter
jpeg
\family default
format.
LyX will handle the necessary conversions behind the scenes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Figure Floats
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Using Figure Floats
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figurefloats}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The problem with inserting figures straight into your text is that they
might make the pagination of your document extremely awkward.
To suit the LyX mentality of automating such processes, you might find
it preferable to use
\family sans
Figure\InsetSpace ~
Floats
\family default
, which LyX (actually, LaTeX) is free to move about your document as it
deems necessary for a good fit.
In return, LyX automates the listing of these figures and allows you to
place a caption on them, using the
\family sans
Caption
\family default
environment explained in Section\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:captionlayout}
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To place a
\family sans
Figure\InsetSpace ~
Float
\family default
simply select
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Flo
\bar under
a
\bar default
t\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Figure
\family default
from the menu bar.
You will get a float without a figure in it; use the toolbar icon described
above to insert the actual figure.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement htbp
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:escher}
\end_inset
M.C.
Escher on acid.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename escher-lsd.eps
display color
rotateOrigin center
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement htbp
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename platypus.eps
display color
rotateOrigin center
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:kill-plat}
\end_inset
A severely distorted platypus in a float.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It seems simple, but there is subtlety involved in the placement of the
caption.
If you prefer your caption to appear below the figure, then you must press
return when the cursor is at the very start of the caption, and insert
the figure in the new paragraph created above the caption; or you can delete
the caption and recreate it by selecting the
\family sans
Caption
\family default
environment after the figure has been inserted.
This is what we did for figure
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:kill-plat}
\end_inset
.
If the cursor is in a paragraph after the caption when you insert the
\family sans
Figure
\family default
then it will be inserted after the caption, as was the case for
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:escher}
\end_inset
.
It is preferred to use one
\family sans
Figure
\family default
per
\family sans
Float
\family default
.
This allows LyX [actually LaTeX] to best position each figure.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Right-clicking on a float opens a dialog where you can alter the placement
options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float (see
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}
\end_inset
).
\family sans
Span\InsetSpace ~
columns
\family default
is only useful for two-column documents: if you select it, the float will
span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just
one.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This figure also shows how we place a label and create a cross-reference
to it; as you would expect from reading section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
\end_inset
you can simply insert a
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
abel
\family default
in the caption and refer to it using a
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
ross\InsetSpace ~
Reference
\family default
as normal.
It is especially important to use these with figure floats, rather than
using vague references to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
the above figure,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as LaTeX will reposition your floats for you in the final document; it
might not be
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
above
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
at all.
If it is not possible to fit the floats neatly on the same page as the
text which refers to it, the figures will be placed on a separate page
by themselves.
Rest assured that the overall effect is usually quite nice.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that the caption is used in a
\family sans
List\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
F
\bar default
igures
\family default
(as described in Section\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ListsOf}
\end_inset
) automatically, should you choose to include one in your document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Float Placement
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:float-locn}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now, the whole idea behind
\family sans
Figure\InsetSpace ~
Floats
\family default
[as well as
\family sans
Table\InsetSpace ~
Floats
\family default
, which we introduce later] is to allow LyX to place a figure [or table]
on a page in a consistent, sensible fashion.
The rules LaTeX uses are rather arcane; refer to the LaTeX documentation
for the exact details.
You can use check boxes in the float dialog to set placement for a particular
float.
By default, each float uses the document's default placement rules.
You can change these, if you wish, in the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog.
The
\family sans
Float\InsetSpace ~
placement
\family default
box takes a LaTeX-style placement specification.
You can place any combination of four letters in the
\family sans
Float\InsetSpace ~
placement
\family default
box, in any order:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
h
\family default
for
\emph on
here
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
t
\family default
for
\emph on
top
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
b
\family default
for
\emph on
bottom
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
p
\family default
for
\emph on
page
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The letters correspond to the following behaviour:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Here: LyX tries to put the
\family sans
Float
\family default
at the same point in the text where you put it.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
If there isn't enough room, LyX tries one of the other three location types.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Top: LyX tries to put the
\family sans
Float
\family default
at the top of the current page.
If the figure won't fit on the current page, it goes to the next page.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Bottom: LyX tries to put the
\family sans
Float
\family default
at the bottom of the current page.
If there isn't room, it goes to the next page.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
Page: LyX tries to put the
\family sans
Float
\family default
(or a number of
\family sans
Float
\family default
s) on a page of its own.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There is some subtlety to how this all works.
The order specifies what location LyX should try first.
If that one fails, it tries the next one, and so on, though
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
h
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will always take precedence if it appears in the list.
The default placement list is
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
tbp
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
: try the top of a text page first, then the bottom of a text page, then
on a page by itself.
If you want LyX to try
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
really hard
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to place the figure where you command it, precede the list with an exclamation
point; for example
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
!htbp
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
Here are some example entries and what they do:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
hbp
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Try putting the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
If that doesn't work, put it on the bottom of the page.
If that fails, put it on a separate page.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
!hbp
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Try really hard to put the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
Then the bottom of the page, then on a separate page.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
tp
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Put the figure/table at the top of each page.
If it's too long, put it on a separate page.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
p
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Always put figures and tables on their own page.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
XFig and LyX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
One obvious question is
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
how would I create the figures?
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
Fortunately, the answer is included in most Linux and/or LaTeX distributions.
\family typewriter
XFig
\family default
is a powerful though slightly awkward drawing tool.
If you want to include figures that you have created with
\family typewriter
XFig
\family default
there are several ways.
We recommend the following:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Export the figure as Encapsulated PostScript.
This could be very easy included into LyX as described in the previous
sections.
The great advantage of this way is, that you have the full power of PostScript<70>
available.
That means Bezier curves, colors, all line thicknesses and many more.
If you have inserted text into your fig-document this will be printed with
PostScript fonts, which is OK\SpecialChar \@.
The figure can be manipulated like any other
EPS figure, as described above.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
The only disadvantage is that you cannot create formulas as PostScript text
except by hand.
If you also need formulas or simple exponents or indices in your figure,
the next way is recommended.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Export the figure as LaTeX.
This is just as easy to include into LyX, with the advantage that you may
use all LaTeX commands within the text inside XFig.
Therefore you have to set the
\emph on
special flag
\emph default
for text in XFig.
This is automatic if you invoke XFig with
\family typewriter
xfig\InsetSpace ~
-specialtext
\family default
.
If this is done and you have also chosen a LaTeX font you may simply write
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
$H_2$
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in
\family typewriter
XFig\SpecialChar \@.
\family default
If you export this figure as LaTeX and include it in LyX with
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Chil
\bar under
d
\bar default
\InsetSpace ~
Document
\family default
(see description in
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
) this text will appear as
\begin_inset Formula $H_{2}$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
The disadvantage of this way is that the graphical power of LaTeX isn't
as strong as PostScript<70>\SpecialChar \@.
You cannot use all thicknesses of lines and, more
annoyingly, not all slopes.
This is why we recommend the third way for more complex figures.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Export the figure as LaTeX/PostScript combined.
Then
\family typewriter
XFig
\family default
[
\family typewriter
transfig
\family default
, really] will generate two files:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
the PostScript part
\family typewriter
foo.pstex
\family default
, that contains all painting.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
the LaTeX part
\family typewriter
foo.pstex_t
\family default
, that contains all text and a link to the PostScript part.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Then you just have to include the LaTeX part as described above.
This will automatically include the PostScript part, too.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
If you get an error like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
unknown graphics extension pstex
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
you have to declare these graphic extensions.
I think this is a
\family typewriter
transfig
\family default
bug that occurs with LaTeX2e.
Simply add a line like
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\backslash
@namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
in the file
\family typewriter
/usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def
\family default
.
Then add
\family typewriter
pstex
\family default
to the extension:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
def
\backslash
Gin@extensions{eps, ps, pstex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This should fix the whole thing.
Alternatively you may export the postscript part as
\family typewriter
foo.eps
\family default
and change the LaTeX part
\family typewriter
foo.pstex_t
\family default
manually.
But this is annoying.
\end_layout
\end_inset
This way you have the full PostScript<70> and LaTeX power combined except
for the possibility to scale the figure after creating.
So if you want scalable pictures, the PostScript format is your only choice.
Another little advantage of letting LaTeX typeset the font is that the
same font will appear in your figures as in your text, which looks a little
nicer.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Tables
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tables}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX has powerful table support, but LaTeX can do many more things with tables
than LyX is currently capable of, so you might want to look at a good LaTeX
book if the features described here should turn out to be inadequate.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can insert a table using either the table toolbar button or
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
T
\bar default
able
\family default
.
A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
The default table has lines at the top and to the left of every cell, a
line to the right of the rightmost column and a line at the bottom of the
lowest row, forming a box around the table.
Additionally, the topmost row also has a line at the bottom, which causes
this row to appear separated from the rest of the table.
Here's an example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
12
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
45
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
98
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
multi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
C
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
The Table dialog
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which
brings up a settings dialog.
Among these options are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Adding/removing border lines from a row or column.
If you remove the top line from one of the rows, you'll get a dotted line
in LyX, but no line will appear in the printout.
If you set the bottom line of one row and the top line of the row below,
then the rows are separated by a small space, as you can see with the top
row in the example above.
You can do the same vertically if you set the right line of a column and
the left line of the column to the right.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Text alignment in a column
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Appending rows and columns
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Deleting rows, columns, or the entire table
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Multicolumn
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Setting a fixed width for a column
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Longtable options - this is useful if your table is higher than the paper.
Then the table is split on the bottom of the page and continued on the
next one, instead of running of the end of the page.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Rotate the whole table or a single cell sideways, by 90 degrees
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also use the menu to perform these operations.
Try
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\family default
\bar under
T
\family sans
\bar default
able
\family default
or
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Rows&
\bar under
C
\bar default
ols
\family default
when the cursor is inside a table.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Most of these options also work on selections.
This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is
done on all of your selection.
Note that there is a difference between selecting the
\emph on
contents
\emph default
of the cell, and the cell itself.
If you can see a red border inside a cell, then a selection will select
the contents.
If you press
\family sans
Escape
\family default
or click outside of the box, then the selection will select cells (whether
you use the mouse or the normal cursor-movement keys).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When you append a row, it is added
\emph on
below
\emph default
the row containing the cursor.
Similarly, columns are appended to the
\emph on
right
\emph default
of the cursor.
This makes it difficult to add columns on the left edge of a table without
a lot of cutting and pasting.
Deletion is always performed on the row or column containing the cursor.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The multicolumn option merges two or more adjacent cells on a given row.
For example, in the above table, row
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
B
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
has had multicolumn applied to the columns labelled
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
45
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
98.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
To use it, you must first select the cells, then choose
\family sans
Multicolumn
\family default
from the menu.
This will not work vertically - see the Table Examples document for how
to do this.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also use
\family sans
Multicolumn
\family default
if you need to have a special handling for a single table cell's top and
bottom border lines and text alignment.
Here an example of this special handling of a cell:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series bold
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series bold
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
x
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series bold
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
y
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series bold
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
point a & b
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
103
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
9
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series bold
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
point b & a
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
599
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
340
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series bold
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
point abc
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1009
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
52
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series bold
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
point abcd
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
96
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
11
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You see here that the header line cells are aligned to the center, whereas
the left column is aligned to the left, and the other columns are aligned
to the right.
Also the bottom and top line of two cells have been removed.
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
\begin_layout Standard
I can make nothing of this explanation.
An improvement would be nice :) - jbl
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you want your column to have a fixed width, then you can insert a width
in the
\family sans
Width
\family default
\emph on
\emph default
input-field of the
\family sans
Table
\family default
dialog.
This will then allow the cell to have multiple paragraphs of text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If your table becomes too large to fit on a portrait document layout, you
can select the
\family sans
Rotate\InsetSpace ~
90<EFBFBD>
\family default
button, and the table will appear sideways (this means landscape in a portrait
document style).
You might also like to rotate single table cells to give them more horizontal
space.
The example below demonstrates why it is useful to rotate single cells.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
Note:
\emph default
This
\family sans
Rotate\InsetSpace ~
90<EFBFBD>
\family default
option will
\emph on
not
\emph default
display on screen, and works
\emph on
only
\emph default
for PostScript output.
So, if you want to preview them, use
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Pos
\bar under
t
\bar default
script
\family default
, as
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew
\bar under
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
D
\bar default
VI
\family default
will not show the table properly.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="12">
<features>
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Description
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Flag 1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Flag 2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Flag 3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Flag 4
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Flag 5
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Flag 6
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Flag 7
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Flag 8
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Flag 9
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Flag 10
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Total
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Desc.\InsetSpace ~
1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
7
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Desc.\InsetSpace ~
2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
9
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Desc.\InsetSpace ~
3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
8
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Desc.\InsetSpace ~
4
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
6
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Total
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
30
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
What can be placed inside a table cell?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Many objects can be placed inside a table cell.
Any single line of text, an equation (not a displayed or multilined equation,
though), or a figure can be in a cell; in fact, all three kinds of objects
can be placed in the same cell.
Font sizes and shapes can be altered, and the table will adjust to display
them properly.
However, you can't put a special environment in a cell (like
\family sans
Section*
\family default
, etc.), nor set spacing options etc.
for the cell's paragraph.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Cut & Paste in Tables
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Cutting and pasting between tables works reasonably well.
You can cut and paste even more than one row.
Selection with the mouse or with
\family sans
Shift
\family default
plus the arrow keys works as usual.
The values in the second table below were cut and pasted from the first,
using the mouse to select and paste.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
4
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
5
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
6
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
7
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
8
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
9
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
4
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
5
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
6
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
7
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that you can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit
by starting the selection from outside the table.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Multiple lines in cells
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It is possible to have multi-line entries in tables, but not in a completely
WYSIWYM manner.
Define a fixed length for the column in the
\family sans
Table
\family default
dialog.
After this, your text is automatically split into more lines and the cell
enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given fixed
length.
An example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="3cm">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
4
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
This is a multiline entry in a table.
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
5
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
6
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
This is longer now.
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
7
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
8
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
This is a multiline entry in a table.
This is longer now.
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
9
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Text within a cell will not normally wrap to fit the page, so if a line
of text in a table is too long, the table will extend beyond the right
margin of the page.
Similarly, tables will not split themselves at the bottom of a page, and
so might extend below the bottom margin.
You have these options to resolve this problem:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Split it into two tables.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Select the
\family sans
Longtable
\family default
button in the
\family sans
Table
\family default
dialog.
This automatically splits the table over more pages, if it is too tall.
After doing this, the list of
\family sans
Longtable
\family default
buttons activate themselves and you may now define:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
First\InsetSpace ~
header
\family default
: The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
defined are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Header
\family default
: The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
defined are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable;
except for the first page, if
\family sans
First\InsetSpace ~
header
\family default
is defined.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Footer
\family default
: The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options
defined are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable;
except for the last page, if
\family sans
Last\InsetSpace ~
footer
\family default
is defined.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
\family sans
Last\InsetSpace ~
footer
\family default
: The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options
defined are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware
of the fact that only the first flag is used in the given table rows.
The others will then be defined as
\emph on
empty
\emph default
.
In this context, first means first in this order:
\family sans
Footer, Last\InsetSpace ~
footer,
\family default
\family sans
Header,
\family default
\family sans
First\InsetSpace ~
header.
\family default
\emph on
\emph default
See the
\family typewriter
TableExamples.lyx
\family default
example file to see how this works.
\emph on
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The check box in the long table options can be used to specify specific
rows to break the page on as well.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
A table can also be placed in a float, as described below, which will allow
TeX to place it as well as it can within the page.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Table Floats
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table float}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Outside of a float, the table will be positioned exactly where it is placed
in the document.
Using a
\family sans
\shape up
Tabl
\bar under
e
\bar default
\InsetSpace ~
Float
\family default
\shape default
from the
\family sans
\shape up
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Flo
\shape default
\bar under
a
\shape up
\bar default
t
\family default
\shape default
menu will enable LaTeX to place the table where it fits best, rather than
exactly where you insert it.
Float placement for table floats is similar to that for figure floats
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
\end_inset
, and is described in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}
\end_inset
.
Captions also work the same way as with figure floats, as described in
section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
\end_inset
.
Table
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float}
\end_inset
is an example of a table float.
\begin_inset Float table
placement htbp
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed
\begin_layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float}
\end_inset
A table float.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Joe
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Mary
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Ted
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
a & b\\
c & d\end{array}\right]$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Table of Contents and other Listings
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:toc}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
One of the really nice features of LaTeX is the ease with which it lets
you create various
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Lists,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
such as a Table of Contents.
All you need to do is to use certain environments and insert a reference
at the place where you want the list to appear.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
The Table of Contents
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In order to get a Table of Contents, you need to do four things:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Use a document class that includes support (all but
\family typewriter
letter
\family default
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Set paragraph environments appropriately:
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
,
\family sans
(Sub...) Section
\family default
,
\family sans
(Sub...), Paragraph
\family default
.
Note that styles with a
\family sans
*
\family default
, like
\family sans
Section*
\family default
, will
\emph on
not
\emph default
appear in the Table of Contents.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Make sure you set the
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
ection\InsetSpace ~
number\InsetSpace ~
depth
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
able\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
contents
\family default
.
\family sans
\InsetSpace ~
depth
\family default
in the
\family sans
Document\InsetSpace ~
Layout
\family default
dialog to the appropriate value as described in
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:section-depth}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Insert the ToC command at some place in the document.
You'll find it under
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
List\InsetSpace ~
/\InsetSpace ~
T
\bar under
O
\bar default
C\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
T
\bar default
able\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
Contents
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also bring up a dialog for navigating through your document with
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
T
\bar default
able\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
Contents
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ListsOf}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents.
You can insert them from the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
List\InsetSpace ~
/\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
T
\bar default
OC
\family default
submenu.
If you want figures, tables, or algorithms to appear in the list, you must
place them inside a float of the relevant type and add a caption.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
Mathematical Formulae
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Basic Math Editing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon with
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$
\end_inset
on it.
That will open a little blue square, with purple markers around it, on
the corners.
That blue square is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate what
level of nesting within the formula you are at.
You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\bar under
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
M
\bar default
ath
\family default
menu; or you can use a keyboard macro,
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
m
\family default
,
\family sans
M-m\InsetSpace ~
m
\family default
, or
\family sans
C-m
\family default
(CUA binding only).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you simply need to type a single Greek letter, such as
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset
, there is a special shortcut.
Just type
\family sans
M-m\InsetSpace ~
g\InsetSpace ~
a
\family default
to get
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset
,
\family sans
M-m\InsetSpace ~
g\InsetSpace ~
b
\family default
to get
\begin_inset Formula $\beta$
\end_inset
, etc.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Editing the parameters of a formula may be done from the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math\InsetSpace ~
Pane
\bar under
l
\family default
\bar default
dialog, by
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math
\family default
, or by clicking the right mouse button on the formula.
The math panel is very useful, so you may want to open it and leave it
somewhere on the screen.
If you're not already in a formula, selecting anything from the math panel
will insert a formula for you.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Navigating a Formula
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The best control over cursor position within an existing formula is achieved
with the arrow keys.
Mathed uses small squares to indicate places where something can be inserted.
The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula.
Pressing
\family sans
Space
\family default
will leave a fraction or other formula construct (a square root
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$
\end_inset
, or parentheses
\begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$
\end_inset
, or a matrix
\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2\\
3 & 4\end{array}\right]$
\end_inset
).
Pressing
\family sans
Escape
\family default
will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula.
\family sans
Tab
\family default
can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the
cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
Space
\family default
seems to do nothing in Mathed, since it does not in fact add a space between
characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
For this reason, you have to be careful about using
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
For example, if you want
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$
\end_inset
, type
\family typewriter
\backslash
sqrt
\family sans
\InsetSpace ~
\family default
then
\family sans
Space
\family default
, then
\family sans
\InsetSpace ~
\family typewriter
2x+1
\family default
, not
\family typewriter
\backslash
sqrt
\family sans
\InsetSpace ~
Space\InsetSpace ~
\family typewriter
2x
\family sans
\InsetSpace ~
Space\InsetSpace ~
\family typewriter
+
\family sans
\InsetSpace ~
Space\InsetSpace ~
\family typewriter
1
\family default
, since in the latter case only the
\family typewriter
\begin_inset Formula $2x$
\end_inset
\family default
will be under the square root sign,
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$
\end_inset
.
For those who learned to space out expressions in this way, it takes a
little unlearning.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled
in, such as:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
\lambda_{1}\\
& \ddots\\
& & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right).\]
\end_inset
If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Selecting Text
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can select text within a formula in two different ways.
Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press
\family sans
Shift
\family default
and a cursor movement key to select text.
It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula
(not in a plain text region in LyX, though).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Exponents and Subscripts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can use the math panel to add superscripts or subscripts, but the much
easier way is to use the standard TeX method.
To get
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
\end_inset
, type (in Mathed)
\family typewriter
x^2
\family default
then
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
The final
\family sans
Space
\family default
puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression, instead of
in the superscript.
If you type
\family typewriter
x^2y
\family default
, you will get
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$
\end_inset
, to get
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$
\end_inset
, type
\family typewriter
x^2
\family sans
\family default
then
\family sans
Space
\family default
then
\family sans
\InsetSpace ~
\family typewriter
y
\family default
.
Subscripts are similar, to get
\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
\end_inset
, type (in Mathed)
\family typewriter
a_1
\family sans
\InsetSpace ~
\family default
then
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
Note that by default, the superscript or subscript is only for the single
symbol to the left, which changes the spacing and alignment; you should
read section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping}
\end_inset
if you need to alter this.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Fractions
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Create a fraction with either
\family typewriter
\backslash
frac
\family sans
\family default
(in Mathed) or using the fraction icon in the
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
dialog or the
\family sans
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath
\family default
menu item
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
raction
\family default
.
You will be presented with an empty fraction, with two Mathed insertion
squares top and bottom.
The cursor moves immediately to the top of the fraction.
To move to the bottom, simply press
\family sans
Down
\family default
.
To move back up, press
\family sans
Up
\family default
.
Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}
2 & 3\\
4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Sums and Integrals
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Sum (
\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
\end_inset
) and integral (
\begin_inset Formula $\int$
\end_inset
) signs are very often decorated with one or more sets of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter
a superscript or subscript, directly after the symbol.
Sum will automatically place its
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
over and under the symbol in display style, but will move them to the side
when inlined, such as
\begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$
\end_inset
, versus
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
\begin_layout Standard
We haven't yet explained what display vs.
inline means...
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula \[
\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln\left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right).\]
\end_inset
Integral signs, however, will not by default move the limits to directly
over and under the integral sign in display style, as in
\begin_inset Formula $\int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt:=F(x)$
\end_inset
, versus
\begin_inset Formula \[
\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi.\]
\end_inset
Both symbols will be automatically re-sized when placed in display mode.
In display mode, the placement of the limits (directly above and below,
or offset to the right from the sign) can be changed by placing the cursor
in front of the sign and hitting
\family sans
M-m l
\family default
.
Exactly what change occurs depends on the sign.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Certain other mathematical expressions have this
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
moving limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
feature as addition, such as
\begin_inset Formula \[
\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\]
\end_inset
which will place the
\begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$
\end_inset
underneath the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
lim
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in display mode, but not in inlined mode,
\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$
\end_inset
.
Note that the
\begin_inset Formula $\lim$
\end_inset
was entered as a function - you get it in LyX by typing
\family typewriter
\backslash
lim
\family default
in math-mode, or choosing from the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
functions
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
menu in the math panel; see
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-functions}
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
The Math Panel
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-panel}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
P
\bar default
anel
\family default
dialog (accessible via
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath
\family default
) has a more extensive list of symbols and structures.
As stated earlier, you can keep the math panel open when writing mathematics.
The use of the panel should be fairly obvious; we'll describe some of the
details in later sections.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that right-clicking on a formula opens the panel as well.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Other Math Symbols
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Most math symbols can be found in the math panel under one of several categories
; including
\family sans
Greek
\family default
\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$
\end_inset
,
\family sans
operators
\family default
\begin_inset Formula $\pm\times$
\end_inset
,
\family sans
relations
\family default
\begin_inset Formula $\leq\cong$
\end_inset
,
\family sans
arrows
\family default
\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow\Leftrightarrow$
\end_inset
,
\family sans
large\InsetSpace ~
operators
\family default
\begin_inset Formula $\sum\int$
\end_inset
, and the dreaded
\family sans
miscellaneous
\family default
.
There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical
Society (AMS).
If you know the standard LaTeX macro for a particular symbol you which
to use, you do not have to use these dialogs, but they will help for those
symbols whose LaTeX name you do not know.
Note that the AMS symbols will not be displayed as symbols in LyX unless
you install the right fonts as described in the relevant manual.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It is possible to get an nth root symbol.
In the minibuffer, type
\family typewriter
math-insert root
\family default
.
This generates a root symbol with an extra box above the root sign.
Use
\family sans
Up
\family default
and
\family sans
Down
\family default
to move between the two boxes.
You can also use the key binding
\family sans
M-m-r
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Altering spacing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You may want to create blank spaces that differs from the standard spacing
that LaTeX provides.
We don't recommend this as a matter of course, since the whole idea of
WYSIWYM is that you don't think about the typesetting, but the content.
However, there are situations where you will want to add spaces.
The first thing to do is to type
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
.
This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen within
LyX:
\begin_inset Formula $a\, b$
\end_inset
.
The next trick is to change that space to different sizes.
\emph on
Before
\emph default
you move the cursor, after typing
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
, if you hit
\family sans
Space
\family default
again, you will change the size of the space, through a number of variable
sizes.
The last ones in the list are red, and are a negative space.
For example:
\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$
\end_inset
, or
\begin_inset Formula $a\! b$
\end_inset
.
You can also insert these spaces via the math panel.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Math functions
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-functions}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The math panel contains a number of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
functions
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, such as
\begin_inset Formula $\sin$
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula $\lim$
\end_inset
,
\emph on
etc
\emph default
.
(you can type them in a formula by typing
\family typewriter
\backslash
sin
\family default
etc).
Standard mathematical practice is that functions which are names, like
\begin_inset Formula $\sin$
\end_inset
, should not be italicized.
Entering just the letters
\begin_inset Formula $sin$
\end_inset
within Mathed will give italics, of course, so these special macros are
available.
They do more to the final output than just change the typeface, however.
For example, the expression
\begin_inset Formula $\sin t$
\end_inset
will typeset with a little extra space between the n and the t.
For words which are more sophisticated mathematical objects, like
\begin_inset Formula $\lim$
\end_inset
, the macro changes the way that subscripts are placed, depending on whether
the math-inset is inlined or displayed:
\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L$
\end_inset
versus
\begin_inset Formula \[
\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L.\]
\end_inset
These two expressions were typed the same way, but using the macro
\family typewriter
\backslash
lim
\family default
alters the appearance (actually, it is the inlined version that is altered,
to improve linespacing).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Accents
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text
mode.
This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
You can also use TeX macro equivalents, as macros.
That is, you can enter
\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
\end_inset
to get the same effect if your keyboard does not have accents enabled.
This is entered by typing
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
\backslash
hat a
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in Mathed.
These are the equivalences between the text names and the macro names for
the various accents:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
text
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
math
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
example
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
circumflex
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
hat
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
grave
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
grave
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
acute
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
acute
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
umlaut
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
ddot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
tilde
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
tilde
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
dot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
dot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
breve
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
breve
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
caron
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
check
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
macron
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
bar
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
---
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
vec
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Finally, you can choose one of these accents by selecting an item from the
\family sans
Decorations
\family default
symbol set in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have
made within a formula too.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
The math editor for LaTeX users
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Editing mathematical expressions in LyX can be done in one of two ways.
You can use the native LyX support for rendering the formulae in a WYSIWYM
fashion.
LaTeX users might like to be able to use the keyboard to enter things like
\family typewriter
$
\backslash
alpha$
\family default
(this gets, in ordinary TeX, an
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset
in the final document), believing that it is faster than chasing around
menus for a symbol.
Here's a testimonial of one of those old LaTeX users,
\noun on
David Johnson:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
I was finally convinced that the math editor was the way to go when I found
that, with a few modifications, I could use it the same way I was accustomed
to writing TeX.
As an example, I created this
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset
by typing the following keys: First type
\family typewriter
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
m
\family typewriter
\family default
to enter
\family typewriter
math-mode
\family default
, then type
\family typewriter
\backslash
alpha
\family sans
\family default
, then
\family sans
Space
\family default
and
\family sans
Esc
\family default
.
As soon as I typed that
\family sans
Space
\family default
the
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset
was right there on the screen.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
m
\family default
sequence inserts a formula (you may also use
\family sans
C-m
\family default
or
\family sans
M-m\InsetSpace ~
m
\family default
), the
\family typewriter
\backslash
alpha
\family default
is of course the standard TeX command for a Greek alpha letter, and the
\family sans
Esc
\family default
leaves the formula.
Some of the advantages of this approach are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You have immediate visual feedback to be sure your TeX was correct
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You have the real mathematical expression on the screen, correctly displayed,
to make sure your mathematics is correct (correctly written, at least)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
All the new LaTeX fuss with special environments and such are taken care
of by LyX, not you
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
You won't have to chase through the code trying to find that missing
\family sans
$
\family default
or extra
\family sans
{
\family default
any more
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
If you don't remember the LaTeX name of a particular symbol, like
\begin_inset Formula $\wp$
\end_inset
, you can find it in the dialogs
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Brackets and decorations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are several brackets available through LyX.
For most purposes, using just the keys
\family typewriter
[{]}()|
\backslash
<>
\family default
should suffice, but the effect, especially if you want to surround a large
structure, such as a matrix or a fraction, or if you have several layers
of brackets, is better using the math panel's
\family sans
Delimiter
\family default
dialog [see sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-panel}
\end_inset
].
For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard
matrix such as :
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left[\begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2\\
3 & 4\end{array}\right],\]
\end_inset
and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses of an abomination
such as:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\]
\end_inset
or:
\begin_inset Formula \[
f\left(g\left(h\left(k\left(l\left(x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right).\]
\end_inset
The parentheses, and other brackets, from that menu will automatically re-size
to accommodate the size of what is inside (This is done in straight LaTeX
by
\family typewriter
\backslash
left( blah
\backslash
right)
\family default
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It is very easy to construct the braces you want to use.
Click on the brace you want on the left side with the left mouse button,
the right side with the right button, and place them in the document by
clicking on the button.
If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button.
It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will print.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you decide after the fact to place parentheses (or other math structure,
like a square root, or other decoration) around some math structure, you
can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go inside
the parentheses (that is done by holding the
\family sans
Shift
\family default
key down and moving the cursor with the arrow keys, or selecting with the
mouse).
Then, choose the appropriate brackets for left and right, and click on
\family sans
Apply
\family default
.
The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you're trying to enter a LaTeX
\family typewriter
{
\family default
for grouping, you should read
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping}
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Grouping
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Grouping}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You may need to group a set of symbols.
In LaTeX, for example, the typesetting of
\family typewriter
{x^y}^z
\family default
is different from
\family typewriter
x^{y^z}
\family default
:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula \[
{x^{y}}^{z}\quad\mathrm{differs\; from}\quad x^{{y^{z}}}\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
However, trying to type the
\family typewriter
}
\family default
in LyX gives an actual closing brace in the output.
To create this grouping, you need to use the key sequence
\family typewriter
\backslash
{
\family default
then type space.
Inside LyX, you will see red braces indicating the grouping.
The example directly above shows how this works.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Arrays and Multi-line Equations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Arrays, such as matrices, are easily entered in LyX.
In the
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
there is a matrix button, which will open a dialog for you to choose the
number of rows/columns.
Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 2 & 3\\
4 & 5 & 6\\
7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right).\]
\end_inset
The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as usual.
Remember that you can add this after the fact, by highlighting the matrix
inside Mathed (Position the mouse on one side of the matrix, hold the
\family sans
Shift
\family default
key down, and hit the appropriate arrow key to move the cursor across the
matrix).
You can, when you construct the matrix, decide whether the columns (or
some of them) will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
The specification is
\family typewriter
ccc
\family default
by default.
Each letter corresponds to the relevant column.
For example,
\family typewriter
lcr
\family default
means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be
centered, and the third column will be right-justified..
It will look like this:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\begin{array}{lcr}
this & this\, column & this\, column\\
column & has & has\, right\\
has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment\end{array}.\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting
\family sans
C-Enter
\family default
while in the matrix, and you can add columns, or delete either, via the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Rows&
\bar under
C
\bar default
ols
\family default
menus.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are numerous other arrays used in LaTeX math-mode, particularly with
the AMS-LaTeX packages included, such as
\family typewriter
\backslash
cases
\family default
and commutative diagrams.
Not all of these are supported in LyX but some are, see
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Mat
\bar under
h
\family default
\bar default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Multi-line equations are very easy to construct in LyX.
A formula will automatically switch to an
\family typewriter
\series medium
eqnarray
\family default
\series default
format (LaTeX's multi-line displayed equation format) if you hit
\family sans
\series medium
C-E
\series default
nter
\family default
.
The best way to do this, if you decide you want a multi-line displayed
equation, is to insert a new line (with
\family sans
\series medium
C-Enter
\family default
\series default
) immediately.
Each line then has three regions, left, center, and right, which you can
move through using either the arrow keys, the mouse, or the
\family sans
\series medium
Tab
\family default
\series default
key.
Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
3 & = & 1+2\\
4+5 & = & 9.\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
You can also turn an existing displayed formula into a multi-line formula
by hitting
\family sans
\series medium
C-Enter
\family default
\series default
while the cursor is anywhere on the original formula.
However, LyX will
\emph on
not
\emph default
try to decide where to break the formula up into three parts, but places
everything in the left side of the line.
To change the alignment points of the equation, place the cursor where
you want to start the middle part of the line, and hit
\family sans
C-Tab.
\family default
It then puts everything to the right of the cursor in the middle region
of the equation (which, by the way, is not typeset by LaTeX in display-math
size, so you should not put large expressions like fractions there).
Move to where you want the right side of the line to begin, and hit
\family sans
C-Tab
\family default
again.
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
extra
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
insertion points in the line will disappear.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Equation Numbering and Labels
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-label}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Equation numbering is very easy in LyX.
All it takes to change a displayed equation like:
\begin_inset Formula \[
1+2=3\]
\end_inset
into the numbered equation :
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
1+2=3\label{mathed:first-eqn}\end{equation}
\end_inset
is to go to the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\family default
menu, and select the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
abel...
\family default
option.
This opens a dialog in which you must enter some string as the label.
There is no need to call it by a specific number, since LaTeX will take
care of re-numbering the equation.
Labels will not appear as such on the final output.
LaTeX will insert appropriate numbers for the equations.
The labels are used internally for cross-referencing.
You can turn on numbering without a specific label with the menu option
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Toggle\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
N
\bar default
umbering
\family default
while the cursor is in the equation, such as:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
1+1=2.\end{equation}
\end_inset
You can toggle it on or off with this menu item.
You can reference a labelled (not just numbered) equation, (cf.
(
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:first-eqn}
\end_inset
)) by using the
\family sans
Cross-Reference
\family default
dialog, which you open using
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
C
\bar default
ross-Reference...
\family default
\InsetSpace ~
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For numbered (or labelled) multi-line formulas, the default is that all
lines are numbered separately.
Once you attach a label to make the equation numbered, all subsequent lines
receive a label of #.
That label can be changed to another so that you can refer to that line,
like (
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:third-eqn}
\end_inset
) below.
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
1 & = & 3-2\label{mathed:second-equation}\\
2 & = & 4-2\label{mathed:third-eqn}\\
4 & \leq & 7.\end{eqnarray}
\end_inset
You can turn off numbering of a specific line with
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Toggle\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
n
\bar default
umbering\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
line
\family default
while the cursor is on that line of a multi-line numbered equation.
This also toggles.
For example :
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
1 & = & 4-3\label{mathed:fourth-eqn}\\
2 & = & 7-5\\
1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\nonumber \\
16 & \equiv & 2\,(mod\,7)\label{mathed:fifth-eqn}\end{eqnarray}
\end_inset
Note that the first equation in this set (
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fourth-eqn}
\end_inset
) is labelled, the next is numbered but unlabelled, the third is unnumbered,
and the last (
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fifth-eqn}
\end_inset
) is again labelled.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
User defined macros in math mode
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX allows the user to define macros for use in math mode.
A macro definition box appears on screen as purple box with the name of
the macro in blue (math color).
It contains two cells initially marked empty by blue rectangles that can
be edited as if it were ordinary math.
Just try it:
\begin_inset FormulaMacro
\newcommand{\macro}{a+b}
\end_inset
The contents of the first cell will be used when the macro definition is
written during export as LaTeX.
The contents of the second cell, however, will be used for drawing the
macro's expansion on screen.
In the common case where both export and drawing use the same representation,
the second cell can be left empty and LyX will use the contents of the
first cell will be used for export and drawing automatically.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now, to use this macro in other math boxes just type the name in TeX mode,
in this case
\family typewriter
\backslash
macro
\family default
, and it will be automatically expanded:
\begin_inset Formula $c=\macro$
\end_inset
.
As you can verify, the cursor can't go inside the macro, the whole macro
is like a single character, and the TeX generated code of this expression
is
\family typewriter
c =
\backslash
macro.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
However the cursor could go inside of some kind of macros, those that have
\emph on
arguments
\emph default
.
In a macro definition box an argument looks like a
\family typewriter
#
\family default
followed by the argument number:
\begin_inset FormulaMacro
\newcommand{\macrowarg}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1}}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Once expanded, this macro includes the usual empty rectangle to indicate
that you can insert there whatever you want:
\family typewriter
\backslash
macrowarg =
\begin_inset Formula $\macrowarg{}$
\end_inset
\family default
.
Example:
\begin_inset Formula $b=\macrowarg{x-2}$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When exported to LaTeX, a macro definition will produce the command
\newline
\family typewriter
\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
macrowarg}[1]{2+
\backslash
sqrt{#1}}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
How to create macros
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To create a macro definition box use this syntax in the minibuffer:
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
Macro names mustn't contain numbers!
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
math-macro <macro name> [number of arguments]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For example,
\family typewriter
\backslash
macro
\family default
was created with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
math-macro macro
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, and
\family typewriter
\backslash
macrowarg
\family default
was created with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
math-macro macrowarg 1
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To insert an argument mark (only inside a macro definition box) simply type
\newline
\family typewriter
#<number>
\family default
or use
\family typewriter
math-macro-arg <number>
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The argument mark in
\family typewriter
\backslash
macrowarg
\family default
was introduced with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
math-macro-arg 1
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can use no more than 9 arguments, numbered from 1 to 9.
An argument can be repeated inside the macro definition box, but of course
can be edited only once.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
How to navigate in macros
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
With\InsetSpace ~
the\InsetSpace ~
arrow\InsetSpace ~
keys: Opening a macro from the left side will put the cursor
in the first argument, to move to the second argument use the TAB key.
Remember that pressing the Space bar will get the cursor out and at the
right side of the macro.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
With\InsetSpace ~
the\InsetSpace ~
mouse: As usual, click on the desired argument box.
Sometimes this fails if the box is empty or too small.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Currently it is only possible to define command macros, but not environment
macros.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Fine-Tuning
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Typefaces
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can use various typefaces in a formula.
The standard font for text is italic,
\begin_inset Formula $text$
\end_inset
, but for numbers the standard is Roman.
To set a font in a formula, choose it from the math panel, or by entering
the LaTeX command for it directly, as follows:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
Font
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
LaTeX Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\shape up
\size normal
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\backslash
mathrm
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\backslash
mathbf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\backslash
mathit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\shape up
\size normal
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\backslash
mathtt
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\backslash
mathbb
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\backslash
mathfrak
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\shape up
\size normal
\emph on
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\backslash
mathcal
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
\family typewriter
mathsf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LaTeX's math mode does not support all characters in all fonts, and only
letters will be supported with these font styles; some only support capital
letters.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For any of these fonts, you have to be careful how you enter the text.
If there is text to the right of the entry point, the font reverts to that
style after one character.
To be able to type a string in a particular font, make sure there is a
protected-space to the right of the cursor.
Also, entering a protected-space will revert subsequent text to standard
font.
The font styles are nestable, as LaTeX does.
This can be a little confusing, as selecting a different font on a selection
will
\emph on
not
\emph default
change the selection, but insert a new nested level with the new typeface.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It is possible (in AMS-LaTeX) to embolden (not italicize) numbers and special
symbols.
However, LyX does not yet support this in WYSIWYM manner\SpecialChar \@.
It will print
correctly, though.
To get emboldened symbols, for example a bold
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset
, enter
\family typewriter
\backslash
boldsymbol{
\backslash
alpha}
\family default
in Mathed.
The closing brace appears (in red) automatically when you type the opening
brace.
This works for all symbols, as well as numbers.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A number of other options are available as well, via
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Mat
\bar under
h
\bar default
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Font\InsetSpace ~
Change
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Math Text Mode
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Typefaces are useful for entering variable names in some given font, but
certainly not for anything else, and in particular not text.
For typing longer pieces of text, use math text mode, which is obtained
by typing
\family sans
M-m m
\family default
while already in math mode.
(The same command will get out of math text mode, too.) Math text mode appears
on the screen in black instead of blue.
You cannot enter punctuation or font changes in your text
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
Moreover, math text mode outputs its contents inside a
\family typewriter
\backslash
textrm{}
\family default
, whereas and
\family typewriter
\backslash
mbox
\family default
(or AMS-LaTeX's
\backslash
\family typewriter
text
\family default
) might have been a better choice
\end_layout
\end_inset
, but it works for simple text.
Here's an example:
\begin_inset Formula \[
f(x)=\begin{array}{cc}
x & \textrm{if I say so}\\
-x & \textrm{otherwise}\end{array}\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Font Sizes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are four (relative) font sizes (or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
styles
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) used in math-mode, which are automatically chosen in most situations.
These are called
\emph on
textstyle
\emph default
,
\emph on
displaystyle
\emph default
,
\emph on
scriptstyle
\emph default
, and
\emph on
scriptscriptstyle
\emph default
.
For most characters,
\emph on
textstyle
\emph default
and
\emph on
displaystyle
\emph default
are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts,
and certain other effects, are set larger or placed differently in
\emph on
displaystyle
\emph default
.
Except for some operators, which re-size themselves to accommodate various
situations, all text will be set in these various sizes as LaTeX thinks
is appropriate.
These choices can be over-ridden by using the
\family typewriter
math-size
\family default
function in the minibuffer.
For example, you can set
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
\end_inset
normally (
\emph on
textstyle
\emph default
), or you can make it larger, which also changes the line-spacing, by entering
\family typewriter
math-size displaystyle
\family default
in the minibuffer while the cursor is in the main line of the math-inset,
\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$
\end_inset
.
Careful, though, if the cursor is on the denominator of that fraction,
only the numerator will be enlarged, e.g.
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
\end_inset
! This reflects a LaTeX
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
unintended feature
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
That is, a bug.
\end_layout
\end_inset
, not a LyX one.
These font-size changes are not as apparent in LyX as they are in the output.
Here are some text in the various styles:
\begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that is, if the whole math
inset and surrounding text are set in a particular size, all these sizes
will be adjusted.
Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
will be adjusted to correspond.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\size largest
Here is a paragraph in
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font, with symbols:
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This applies to math fonts in titles, etc.
as well.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
AMS-LaTeX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The American Mathematical Society (AMS) provide a LaTeX packages that are
in common use.
LyX includes some support for these packages.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Enabling AMS-Support
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog there is a checkbox,
\family sans
Use\InsetSpace ~
AMS\InsetSpace ~
Math
\family default
.
If selected, this will include the AMS-package in the document, and make
the facilities available.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
AMS-Symbols
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The AMS-LaTeX packages add support for some mathematical symbols that are
not accessible from plain LaTeX (or LyX), but are fairly common in mathematical
typesetting, such as the old-German Fraktur font and the stylized
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
blackboard bold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
fonts commonly used to denote the real or complex numbers, or the integers.
Once activated, all AMS-LaTeX symbols and environments are available.
You will run into trouble if you include these packages from the preamble,
since LyX now defines a few of the macros used in these packages on its
own.
The AMS-layouts include these packages automatically.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
AMS-Formula Types
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types.
LyX allows you to choose between
\family typewriter
align
\family default
,
\family typewriter
alignat
\family default
,
\family typewriter
flalign
\family default
,
\family typewriter
gather
\family default
, and
\family typewriter
multline
\family default
.
Refer to the AMS-documenta\SpecialChar \-
tion for the differences between these formula
types.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
More Tools
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Cross-References
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:crossref}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Those of you reading this manual online will see a grey box with text in
it, right before the beginning of this sentence.
This is a
\family sans
Label
\family default
.
Properly speaking, it is one half of a cross-reference.
The other half is the
\family sans
Reference
\family default
proper, and it looks like this:
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
\end_inset
.
Again, those of you reading the manual online will see a gray box with
text in it.
Those reading printed versions, however, will see a number --- in this
case, the number of this section.
There are also other varieties of cross-reference: for example,
\begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{sec:crossref}
\end_inset
.
This is the page number containing the location of the label.
That's what cross-references do: they let you reference other parts of
your document.
You don't need to remember which section number was what anymore --- LyX
will do that for you! All you need to do is use a
\family sans
Label
\family default
to mark a section, figure, table, formula, etc., and then refer to it via
a
\family sans
Reference
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To insert a label, use
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\bar under
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
L
\bar default
abel
\family default
.
A box will appear where you can enter your label.
You can change the name of the label at a later time by simply clicking
on the gray box and reopening the label dialog.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To insert a reference, select
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\bar under
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
C
\bar default
ross\InsetSpace ~
Reference
\family default
.
The
\family sans
Insert\InsetSpace ~
Cross-Reference
\family default
dialog appears with a list of labels.
Selecting a list item, then clicking
\family sans
OK
\family default
inserts a reference into the text; changing the
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
eference type
\family default
allows you to insert a page number or other reference variant instead.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that if you cut & paste text from another document that contains a
\family sans
Label
\family default
or
\family sans
Reference
\family default
, or if you delete a label in your text, LaTeX will complain:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\family typewriter
LaTeX Warning:
\family default
\family typewriter
Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z
\newline
LaTeX Warning:
\family default
\family typewriter
There were undefined references
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You'll also see two question marks in the output instead of the reference.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are a few more comments we need to make about the
\family sans
Labels
\family default
.
They always print the number of the section heading closest to them.
So --- if you want to put a label on a
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
, but a
\family sans
Section
\family default
heading immediately follows it, you need to put the
\family sans
Label
\family default
\emph on
into
\emph default
the
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
environment.
It doesn't matter where, and it will look weird on the LyX screen.
However, you need to do this if you want to label the
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
separately from the
\family sans
Section
\family default
.
The same goes for all other section headings.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Also, a
\family sans
Label
\family default
\emph on
only
\emph default
makes sense in
\emph on
numbered
\emph default
section headings and table and figure floats.
Bare figures and tables aren't numbered, so, like unnumbered section headings,
you can't really use a
\family sans
Label
\family default
on it.
\begin_inset Foot
status open
\begin_layout Standard
Well, you
\emph on
can
\emph default
, but only if you use the
\family sans
Page\InsetSpace ~
number
\family default
reference.
The regular
\family sans
Reference
\family default
--- the one that refers to a section/table/figure number --- won't work,
because there's no numbered thingy to refer to! You could also use bare
\family sans
Label
\family default
s as page markers, then refer back to them using the
\family sans
Page\InsetSpace ~
number
\family default
reference.
Once again, the regular
\family sans
Reference
\family default
won't work very well.
It will refer to something, but that something will typically be the number
of the previous numbered section heading.
\end_layout
\end_inset
See sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:table float}
\end_inset
, and
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-label}
\end_inset
for details on using a
\family sans
Label
\family default
with figures, tables, and equations, respectively.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
It is often desirable to include long
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
verbatim
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
items in a document such as Web site URLs, e-mail addresses, etc.; these
things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult to typeset
properly.
Such items will often fall on a line boundary if they cannot be split,
resulting in an overfull or underfull line depending on the circumstances.
You can use
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
U
\bar default
RL
\family default
within LyX to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully (if necessary)
along automatically determined boundaries.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
At the point in the document where you want to enter the URL (or other address-l
ike entity) simply select
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
U
\bar default
RL
\family default
; a dialog will appear where you can enter the full URL (in the
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
rl:
\family default
field).
In its simplest usage, that's all you need to do.
Click on the following gray box to see how LyX's homepage would be entered:
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org}
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Foot
status open
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Important note
\series default
: When you use the following characters: "%", "#", "^", you have to write
them with a backslash before, e.g.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\backslash
#
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
URLs mustn't end with a backslash!
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you would like to associate some definite phrase with the URL, enter
it into the
\family sans
\bar under
N
\bar default
ame
\family default
field of the dialog; it will be typeset as plain text immediately before
the URL.
For example, I might say that you can find all things related to LaTeX
at
\newline
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[CTAN]{http://ctan.tug.org}
\end_inset
.
On the printed page, the last sentence ends as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
all things related to LaTeX at CTAN
\family typewriter
http://ctan.tug.org
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
[
\emph on
Author's Note: somebody needs to document the
\family sans
\emph default
\bar under
H
\bar default
TML Type
\family default
\emph on
button
\emph default
]
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Specifying Short Titles with Optional Arguments
\begin_inset OptArg
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
Short Titles
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long.
This can cause over-runs when there is limited horizontal space.
For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section
title, a long title will over-run past the edges, and look awful.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LaTeX allows you to specify an optional argument to the section commands
that specifies a shorter version of the title
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
For those who don't know LaTeX, commands look like this:
\family typewriter
\backslash
command[optionalargument]{the content}
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
This shorter version is used in the header and in the actual Table of Contents,
avoiding the problem mentioned.
LyX allows you to specify this optional argument by selecting
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Short\InsetSpace ~
Title
\family default
.
This will insert a box (labelled
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
opt
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, which stands for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
optional
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) which you can use to enter the short title text.
This also works for captions inside floats.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The title of this section is a good example of using this feature.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Branches
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you wish to be able to output to paper multiple versions of the
same document.
The most extreme version of this is, when you want to prepare a single
document in two or more different languages, but as a single document file,
with corresponding pieces of text adjacent in the file and on-screen.
This can be achieved with
\emph on
branches
\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
First, you have to
\emph on
define
\emph default
the branches available within a particular document.
This is done in the
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Branches
\family default
tab.
You can also associate a background colour with each branch, e.g., red for
the English language, blue for the German language branch.
Then, you create a branch inset from the
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Branch
\family default
menu item.
The inset will contain the text that you want to be output when this branch
is activated.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
Activation
\emph default
or
\emph on
deactivation
\emph default
of a branch is done from the document settings menu.
All insets belonging to deactivated branches will be automatically closed,
those belonging to activated branches automatically opened.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Other possible applications of the Branches paradigm include a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
teacher's version
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of a textbook containing the answers to questions, etc.
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
Once this doc is updated to 1.4, include branch examples here!
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Previewing snippets of your document
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the
fly so you can see how they'll look in the final document without having
to break your train of thought with
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
D
\bar default
VI
\family default
.
If you'd like to see your math formulae typeset by LaTeX then install the
necessary software (see below) and select the
\family sans
Instant
\bar under
p
\bar default
review
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
On
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
pulldown item in the
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
P
\bar default
references
\family default
dialog.
(It can be found in the
\family sans
Look\InsetSpace ~
and\InsetSpace ~
feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Graphics
\family default
pane in the Qt frontend and the
\family sans
Look\InsetSpace ~
&\InsetSpace ~
Feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Misc
\family default
tab in the XForms frontend.) Previews are generated when you load a document
into LyX and when you finish editing an inset.
Previews of an already loaded document are
\emph on
not
\emph default
generated just by selecting the
\family sans
Instant
\bar under
p
\bar default
review
\family default
check box.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX will generate previews of math insets.
It will also generate previews of include insets or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
child documents
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
if you select the
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
how\InsetSpace ~
preview
\family default
check box in the inset's dialog.
This latter is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a LaTeX figure,
for example.
Coming in version 1.4 are previews of the external inset also.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To get previews working, you'll need some additional software.
First, you'll need the preview.sty LaTeX package.
Find it on your local CTAN mirror at
\newline
\family typewriter
CTAN/support/preview-latex/
\family default
.
Thereafter, you'll need the usual tools:
\family typewriter
latex
\family default
,
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
and
\family typewriter
gs
\family default
.Finally, you'll obtain prettier results if you install
\family typewriter
pnmcrop
\family default
from the
\family typewriter
netpbm
\family default
package.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Spacing, pagination and line breaks
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Extra Horizontal Space
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hspace}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s are a special LyX feature for adding extra space in a uniform fashion.
An
\family sans
HFill
\family default
is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals the remaining
space between the left and right margins.
If there is more than one
\family sans
HFill
\family default
on a line, they divide the available space equally between themselves.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note: if an
\family sans
HFill
\family default
is at the beginning of a line, and it's
\emph on
not
\emph default
the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it.
This prevents
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
HFill
\family roman
s
\family default
can be inserted with
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special\InsetSpace ~
F
\bar under
o
\bar default
rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
H
\bar default
orizontal\InsetSpace ~
Fill
\family default
.
Here a few examples what you can do with them:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\noindent
This is on the left side
\hfill
This is on the right
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\noindent
Left
\hfill
Middle
\hfill
Right
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
\noindent
Left
\hfill
1/3 Left
\hfill
\hfill
Right
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
That was an example in the
\family sans
Quote
\family default
environment.
Here:
\hfill
:is one in a standard paragraph.
It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it
\emph on
is
\emph default
sitting in-between the two
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Remember that we said that an
\family sans
HFill
\family default
always fills the remaining space between the margins? There may be more
than one set of margins on a line.
Here's an example with the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
one
\hfill
two :three
\hfill
four
\hfill
five
\hfill
six
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
marks the beginning of the item.
(There is actually a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
hidden
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\family sans
HFill
\family default
inside of the label of the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment; it's put at the end of the label automatically.)
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s work similarly in other
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
multi-margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
situations, like two-column mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Extra Vertical Space
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:vertspace}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraph\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\family default
to open the
\family sans
Paragraph\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\family default
dialog.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We will not provide an example of a
\family sans
VFill
\family default
, as it would waste paper.
They work the same as any other type of filler, including
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
If there are several
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
You can therefore use
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page, or 1/4,
and so on.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that for paragraphs at the top/bottom of a page, the extra space is
only added if you have also checked the option
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraph\InsetSpace ~
Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
pacing\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
K
\bar default
eep\InsetSpace ~
space
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Changing Paragraph Alignment
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also change the paragraph alignment with the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraph\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\family default
dialog.
There are four possibilities:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
J
\bar default
ustified
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
eft
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
ight
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
enter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word
spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between
the left and right margins.
The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align right
This paragraph is right aligned,
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
this one is centered,
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align left
this one is left aligned.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
In some paragraph environments, the default is something other than justified
alignment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Forcing Page Breaks
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pagebreak}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you
can force a pagebreak where you want one.
In general, this will
\emph on
not
\emph default
be necessary because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking, as was already mentioned
in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:widows}
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
So in general there is no need to use the option described below, and we
recommend not using it until the text is
\emph on
\emph default
finished, and until you have checked in the preview to see if you
\emph on
really
\emph default
have to change the pagebreaking.You can force a pagebreak above or below
a paragraph in the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraph\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\family default
dialog by selecting the checkboxes to add a pagebreak above or below the
paragraph.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears
at the top of a page.
This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
appear at the top of a page [or the bottom, or on their own page] without
having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
See sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
\end_inset
and read about
\family sans
Floats
\family default
to learn more.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Blanks/Spaces
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A blank is a blank? Not in good typography.
While you might be used to press the space key anytime you want to separate
two words in ordinary word processors, LyX offers you more spaces: Spaces
of different width and spaces which can or cannot be broken at the end
of a line.
The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are
useful.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Inter-word Space
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:normblank-lbreak-horline}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some languages (e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
g.\InsetSpace \space{}
English) have the typographical convention to add extra
space after an end-of-sentence punctuation mark, and LyX honors those conventio
ns (see section\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:abbrev}
\end_inset
).
Sometimes, you want a normal space nevertheless.
In this case, insert one with
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special\InsetSpace ~
F
\bar under
o
\bar default
rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Inter-
\bar under
w
\bar default
ord\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
or with
\family sans
C-M-Space.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Protected Space
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}
\end_inset
The protected space: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the
line at that point.
This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
A good documentation should weight no more than 1
\newline
kg.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
kg
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
A protected space is set with
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special\InsetSpace ~
F
\bar under
o
\bar default
rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Protected
\bar under
\InsetSpace ~
S
\bar default
pace
\family default
or with
\family sans
C-Space.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Thin Space
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:thinblank-lbreak-horline}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
thin space
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
protected
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of
thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance
inside abbreviations:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
D.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
E.
Knuth has developped our beloved typesetting program, i.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e.\InsetSpace \space{}
TeX.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can insert a thin space with
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special\InsetSpace ~
F
\bar under
o
\bar default
rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
T
\bar default
hin\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
or with
\family sans
C-S-Space.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
More Spaces
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Apart from the ones described, there are still some more spaces.
Although LyX supports them natively, they can only be reached via the
\emph on
minibuffer
\emph default
.
To get them, just type
\family typewriter
space-insert <command>
\family default
into the minibuffer, where
\family typewriter
<command>
\family default
is one of the following:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
width
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
protected?
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
normal
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
1/3\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
no
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
protected
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
1/3\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
yes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
thin
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
1/6\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
yes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
enspace
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
0.5\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
yes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
enskip
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
0.5\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
no
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
quad
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
1\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
no
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
qquad
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
2\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
no
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
negthinspace
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-1/6\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
yes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Line breaking
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can force line breaks within a paragraph by selecting
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special\InsetSpace ~
F
\bar under
o
\bar default
rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
L
\bar default
inebreak
\family default
or with
\family sans
C-Return.
\family default
You should, however, not use this to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as LaTeX
is
\emph on
very
\emph default
good at linebreaking\SpecialChar \ldots{}
(see section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:pagebreak}
\end_inset
).
There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively
set a linebreak, e.g.
in a poem or for an Address (see sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quote}
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:verse}
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:adress_usage}
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Spellchecking
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spellchecking}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LyX itself has no built-in spellchecker.
Rather it uses the external
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
program as a backend or the newer and generally better
\family typewriter
aspell
\family default
.
This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these
programs.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The spellchecker can be started with the menu entry
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
ools
\bar under
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\shape up
S
\bar default
pellchecker
\family default
\shape default
.
Checking will start just after the current cursor position.
A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found,
allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line.
Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the view
in your text buffer is updated to make the word visible.
In the
\family sans
Spellchecker
\family default
dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any
could be found.
Clicking on one of the corrections will copy the near miss into the replace
input field (double-click to invoke replace).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Spellchecker Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spell_opt}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The following options can be set in the
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
P
\bar default
references
\family default
dialog.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Dictionary
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
By default, the dictionary file to use is determined by the language of
the text you're checking, which is set in the
\family sans
\shape up
\shape default
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog.
If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, the spellchecker
will not work.
In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by
specifying a different
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
alternative language
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you're using
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
, you may need to make a link from say
\family typewriter
deutsch.(aff|hash)
\family default
to
\family typewriter
german.(aff|hash)
\family default
or whatever applies for your language.
This is because these
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
files normally have the native language name (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
deutsch
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) whereas
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
, when started from LyX, searches for the English version of the name used
with the LaTeX babel package (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
german
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You may also have problems the font encoding is not correct for that dictionary.
If you use a language with
\family typewriter
latin1
\family default
encoding and set the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
ncoding
\family default
option in the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog to
\family sans
latin1
\family default
(or other than
\family sans
default
\family default
), you must have this option in your language dictionary as well.
If your dictionary doesn't support the
\family sans
Encoding
\family default
you chose, you'll have an error like this on stderr:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1'
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The spellchecker gives you an error that it couldn't start the
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
process and that you probably have some problems with your dictionary file.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are four solutions to this problem.
The easiest is to try the
\family sans
Use\InsetSpace ~
Input\InsetSpace ~
Encoding
\family default
option.
If that does not help, you can set
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
ncoding
\family default
to
\family sans
default
\family default
when calling the spellchecker (which is probably annoying).
The third is to add the
\family typewriter
latin1
\family default
option to your dictionary
\family typewriter
\emph on
<
\family default
language
\family typewriter
>
\emph default
.aff
\family default
file and recompile the dictionary (which probably isn't easy if you installed
the whole stuff with some distribution and don't have the language directory
of the
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
sources).
Read the
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
documentation for this task! The fourth is to send a message to your package-ma
intainer, or better yet to the maintainer of the dictionary file in question
and ask him to solve your problem.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Personal dictionary
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you want to use a different file from the spellchecker's default choice
as your personal dictionary, you can set this in the dialog.
Specifying a filename which does not already exist will result in an error
message on stderr which you can ignore (
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
will create the file when you finish checking your spelling).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Further Options
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
pellchecker\InsetSpace ~
Options
\family default
dialog has some additional options which are self-explanatory:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
ccept compound words
\family default
\newline
Prevent the spellchecker from complaining about compounded words like
\newline
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
passthrough
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
scape characters
\family default
\newline
Allows you to add nonstandard characters to what the spellchecker considers
words, e.g.
German umlauts.
This should not normally be needed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Limitations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some users have expressed a wish to be able to globally change the spelling
of a particular word, rather than having to change the spelling separately
for each occurrence of the word.
Per-document word lists would also be useful.
Neither of these features are present as of this writing.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Unless you're using the
\family typewriter
pspell
\family default
spellchecker, LyX cannot correctly spellcheck documents containing multiple
languages.
This, does, however, work with
\family typewriter
pspell
\family default
, assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
International Support
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want.
LyX comes with a default configuration which supports the English language
on a U.S.-style keyboard, with a standard U.S.
paper size and the spellchecker set to U.S.
English.
You can change any or all of these settings as desired, and you can make
the changes apply to the current session only, or use them as your new
default configuration.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you have a keyboard suited to the language you are using (for example,
a German keyboard for writing in German), and you have correctly configured
your X environment, all you need to do for LyX is tell it your language,
the character encoding, and desired paper size.
Refer to
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:langlay}
\end_inset
for more information.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If, however, you have a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a different
language than English, you can use an alternate keymap.
For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian,
you can configure LyX to use an Italian keymap.
Refer to
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:optkey}
\end_inset
for details.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S.
keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
one to support the characters you want.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The details of how to customize LyX to your own language are
\emph on
way
\emph default
beyond the scope of this manual.
You can not only alter the keyboard layout, you can also change the names
of the menus buttons, etc., to reflect your language.
If you want to learn more about writing keymap files and tailoring LyX
to your native tongue, please see the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual for details.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Language Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:langlay}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog lets you set
\family roman
the language and character encoding for your language.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Choose your language by clicking on the arrow in t
\family roman
he
\family sans
Language
\family roman
\family default
combo
\family roman
box
\family default
of the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog.
The default is U.S.
English.
Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice.
The language name appears in the window.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
In LaTeX terms, selecting a language other than default adds Babel support.
If you do not have Babel installed, refer to the different LaTeX distributions
for it.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The
\family sans
Enco
\bar under
d
\bar default
ing
\family default
box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use.
The default is the
\family typewriter
Latin1
\family default
encoding, which includes the characters required by the various Western
European languages.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Keyboard mapping configuration
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:optkey}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings.
This allows you to choose the keymap of your choice for your U.S.-style keyboard.
You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
which one you want to use.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Character Tables
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keytab}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Table\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cap:The-latin1-character}
\end_inset
shows the
\family typewriter
Latin1
\family default
character set.
You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight columns directly
from the keyboard.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are a few things you need to know about this table.
This manual is set up --- by hand, mind you --- to print all of these character
s.
That ain't the default.
Nowhere near, in fact.
Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters
from the
\family typewriter
Latin1
\family default
character set:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The characters at entries A2, A4, A5, A6 and AD -- the cent, the yen, the
generic-currency-symbol, the broken vertical bar and the short dash are
just plain missing in the default encodings.
We don't know where they are or why this is the case.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Even if you've selected
\family sans
latin1
\family default
in the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
dialog, users who have only the
\family typewriter
T1
\family default
-fonts for LaTeX [or who have the
\family typewriter
T1
\family default
-fonts but aren't using them] will still miss a few characters: D0, F0,
DE, FE, AB, and BB -- the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and the
french quotes won't show up.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Users of
\family typewriter
T1
\family default
-fonts can, however, get the french quotes [characters AB and BB] if they
include the either the package
\family typewriter
umlaute.sty
\family default
or
\family typewriter
german.sty
\family default
in their documents.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
This only holds when you want to input these quotes by yourself.
The automatic quote feature described in Section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quotes}
\end_inset
, will generate automatically LaTeX code adapted to available fonts and
packages.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
\begin_layout Standard
The characters of the following table, which are inserted as commands, could
not be inserted directly with the keyboard, because the standard encoding
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
T1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
doesn't know them.
To let LaTeX understand the commands, the package
\series bold
textcomp
\series default
needs to be loaded in the peamble with the line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
usepackage{textcomp}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The package
\series bold
textcomp
\series default
is available on every LaTeX system.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cap:The-latin1-character}
\end_inset
The
\family typewriter
latin1
\family default
character set
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\bar no
\noun off
\color none
00
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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10
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
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\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
20
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
30
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
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\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
40
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
50
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
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\bar no
\noun off
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60
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
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\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
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70
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Standard
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\noun off
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80
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Standard
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\emph off
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\noun off
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90
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
A0
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
B0
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
C0
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
D0
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
E0
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
F0
\end_layout
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\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
00
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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<EFBFBD>
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Standard
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\noun off
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<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
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\series medium
\shape up
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\noun off
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<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
0B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
;
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
K
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
[
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
k
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
0C
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
,
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
L
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\backslash
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
l
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
|
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
0D
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
=
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
M
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
]
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
m
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
textendash
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
character <20>
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
0E
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
N
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
^
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
n
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
~
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
0F
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
/
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
?
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
O
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
_
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
o
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
<EFBFBD>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display
directly.
It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but
also the characters from
\family typewriter
ISO8859--2
\family default
through
\family typewriter
4
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
From
\family typewriter
ISO8859--1
\family default
:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
<EFBFBD> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20>
\hfill
diaeresis
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
^ <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20>
\hfill
circumflex
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
` <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20>
\hfill
grave
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
<EFBFBD> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20>
\hfill
acute
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
~ <20> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20>
\hfill
tilde
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
\hfill
cedilla
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
<EFBFBD>
\hfill
macron
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
The dead macron in usually not needed, as you will use a non--dead key for
this instead.
For example, S-M-minus, or if
\family typewriter
\shape up
.Xmodmap
\family default
\shape default
is correct, S-M-macron.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
From
\family typewriter
ISO8859--2
\family default
through
\family typewriter
4
\family default
:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\i \^{H}
\i \^{J}
\i \^{h}
\i \^{\j}
\i \^{C}
\i \^{G}
\i \^{S}
\i \^{c}
\i \^{g}
\i \^{s}
\hfill
circumflex
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\i \'{S}
\i \'{Z}
\i \'{s}
\i \'{z}
\i \'{R}
\i \'{L}
\i \'{C}
\i \'{N}
\i \'{r}
\i \'{l}
\i \'{c}
\i \'{n}
\hfill
acute
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\i \~{I}
\i \~{\i}
\i \~{U}
\i \~{u}
\hfill
tilde
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\i \c{S}
\i \c{s}
\i \c{T}
\i \c{t}
\i \c{R}
\i \c{L}
\i \c{G}
\i \c{r}
\i \c{l}
\i \c{g}
\i \c{N}
\i \c{K}
\i \c{n}
\i \c{k}
\hfill
cedilla
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
These characters might not look very nice on screen, but they will be just
fine when run through LaTeX and printed.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\i \={E}
\i \={e}
\i \={A}
\i \={I}
\i \={O}
\i \={U}
\i \={a}
\i \={\i}
\i \={o}
\i \={u}
\hfill
macron
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\i \H{O}
\i \H{U}
\i \H{o}
\i \H{u}
\hfill
hungarian umlaut
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts.
In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters .
Also make sure you're using the
\family typewriter
T1
\family default
font-encoding and have the package
\family typewriter
umlaute.sty
\family default
with the definition file
\family typewriter
iso.def
\family default
installed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
Credits
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people
(and we would encourage people to contribute !).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
First, we need to give due credit to those who came before us.
They gave us the base upon which the new manuals are built, and some continue
to provide information:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
Matthias Ettrich
\noun default
wrote the original documentation, from which this manual is built, as well
as the introduction to this manual [or the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
LyX Manifesto,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as some of us call it].
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
Lars Gullik Bj<42>nnes
\noun default
wrote several minidocs, including some of the information about international
support in LyX.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
Ivan Schreter
\noun default
also wrote a minidoc about international support, specifically about internatio
nal keyboard maps and customization.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
Pascal Andr<64>
\noun default
originally documented the LinuxDoc SGML interface.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
Alejandro Aguilar Sierra
\noun default
originally documented math mode and provided the entries for the math functions
in
\family typewriter
Reference.lyx
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Special thanks to the LyX Team\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{lyxcredit}
\end_inset
for help and answers to questions.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Next, it's time to give credit to the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
LyX Documentation Team,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
all of the people who helped rewrite the old documentation into the form
it had after LyX version 0.10:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
David Johnson
\noun default
:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Contributor to the FAQ and the old
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
HowDoI-.lyx
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
[now defunct].
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
General editing assistance.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Documentation of:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
math mode
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
tables
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
spellchecking
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
Rich Fields
\noun default
:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Primary contributor to
\family typewriter
Reference.lyx
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Documentation of the basic LyX interface in
\family typewriter
UserGuide.lyx
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
Paul Evans
\noun default
:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Former maintainer of the FAQ and the old
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
HowDoI-.lyx
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
[now defunct].
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Documentation of LinuxDoc in
\family typewriter
UserGuide.lyx
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
Paul Russel:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Documentation of figures and imported graphics in
\family typewriter
UserGuide.lyx
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
John Raithel
\noun default
:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Documentation of internationalization features in
\family typewriter
UserGuide.lyx
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
Robin Socha:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Documentation of:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
footnotes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
margin notes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
table of contents
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
cross-references
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
Amir Karger
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Primary contributor to
\family typewriter
Tutorial.lyx
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
Matthias Zenker:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Documentation of
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
manual fine-tuning
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
using LaTeX from within LyX
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
John Weiss
\noun default
:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
General organization and format of the documents.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Documentation of :
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
LyX setup
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
paragraph environments, document layout, nesting, typography notes, fonts
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Also responsible for Introduction in
\family typewriter
Tutorial.lyx
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Editor of the documents.
[from 6/96-fall 1997]
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
After fall of 1997, the LyX Team as a whole took over maintenance of the
documentation.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\bibitem {lyxcredit}
The LyX Team:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
href{http://www.lyx.org/about/credits.php}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph on
CREDITS
\emph default
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\bibitem {latexbook}
Leslie Lamport:
\emph on
LaTeX: A Document Preparation System.
\emph default
Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\bibitem {latexcompanion}
Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin:
\emph on
The LaTeX Companion.
\emph default
Addison-Wesley, 1994
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\bibitem {latexguide}
Kopka and Daly:
\emph on
A Guide to LaTeX2e
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
\bibitem {texbook}
Donald E.
Knuth.
\emph on
The TeXbook
\end_layout
\end_body
\end_document
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