mirror of
https://git.lyx.org/repos/lyx.git
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c1e698fd86
By the way: Please only edit the files in the 2.2.x branch unless you describe a new features of LyX 2.3.
5135 lines
99 KiB
Plaintext
5135 lines
99 KiB
Plaintext
#LyX 2.2 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
|
||
\lyxformat 508
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||
\begin_document
|
||
\begin_header
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||
\save_transient_properties true
|
||
\origin /systemlyxdir/doc/
|
||
\textclass book
|
||
\use_default_options false
|
||
\begin_modules
|
||
logicalmkup
|
||
\end_modules
|
||
\maintain_unincluded_children false
|
||
\language english
|
||
\language_package default
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\inputencoding auto
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\fontencoding global
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\font_roman "palatino" "default"
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\font_sans "helvet" "default"
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\font_typewriter "courier" "default"
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\font_math "auto" "auto"
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\font_default_family default
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\use_non_tex_fonts false
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\font_sc false
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\font_osf false
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\font_sf_scale 100 100
|
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\font_tt_scale 100 100
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\graphics default
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\default_output_format pdf2
|
||
\output_sync 0
|
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\bibtex_command default
|
||
\index_command default
|
||
\paperfontsize 12
|
||
\spacing single
|
||
\use_hyperref true
|
||
\pdf_title "The LyX Tutorial"
|
||
\pdf_author "LyX Team"
|
||
\pdf_subject "LyX-documentation Tutorial"
|
||
\pdf_keywords "LyX, documentation"
|
||
\pdf_bookmarks true
|
||
\pdf_bookmarksnumbered true
|
||
\pdf_bookmarksopen true
|
||
\pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
|
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\pdf_breaklinks true
|
||
\pdf_pdfborder false
|
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\pdf_colorlinks true
|
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\pdf_backref false
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\pdf_pdfusetitle false
|
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\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue,pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false"
|
||
\papersize default
|
||
\use_geometry false
|
||
\use_package amsmath 0
|
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\use_package amssymb 0
|
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\use_package cancel 0
|
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\use_package esint 0
|
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\use_package mathdots 1
|
||
\use_package mathtools 0
|
||
\use_package mhchem 1
|
||
\use_package stackrel 0
|
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\use_package stmaryrd 0
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\use_package undertilde 0
|
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\cite_engine basic
|
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\cite_engine_type default
|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
\paperorientation portrait
|
||
\suppress_date false
|
||
\justification true
|
||
\use_refstyle 0
|
||
\index Index
|
||
\shortcut idx
|
||
\color #008000
|
||
\end_index
|
||
\secnumdepth 3
|
||
\tocdepth 2
|
||
\paragraph_separation indent
|
||
\paragraph_indentation default
|
||
\quotes_language english
|
||
\papercolumns 1
|
||
\papersides 2
|
||
\paperpagestyle headings
|
||
\tracking_changes false
|
||
\output_changes false
|
||
\html_math_output 0
|
||
\html_css_as_file 0
|
||
\html_be_strict false
|
||
\end_header
|
||
|
||
\begin_body
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Title
|
||
The \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Author
|
||
by the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Team
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\noindent
|
||
If you have comments on or corrections to this documentation, please send
|
||
them to the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Documentation mailing list:
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset href
|
||
LatexCommand href
|
||
target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
|
||
type "mailto:"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset toc
|
||
LatexCommand tableofcontents
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||
Introduction
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Welcome to \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
!
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
This manual is designed for all of you who have never heard of \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, or do not
|
||
know it very well.
|
||
Now, do not panic – you will not need to learn \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
to use \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
That is, after all, the whole point of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG interface
|
||
to \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
.
|
||
There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
effectively.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
|
||
put two spaces after a
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
or tried to put three blank lines between paragraphs.
|
||
You found out you could not and, in fact, you will find out that most of
|
||
the little tricks you are accustomed to use in word processors will not
|
||
work in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
That is because most word processors you have used before allow you manually
|
||
to enter all spacings, font changes, and so on.
|
||
So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you focus
|
||
on the important things, like the content of your writing.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
So read on to learn more about \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
What the Tutorial
|
||
\emph on
|
||
is
|
||
\emph default
|
||
and what it
|
||
\emph on
|
||
is not
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Before we get started with this section, you need to know that this
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\emph default
|
||
uses the notation outlined in the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Introduction
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual.
|
||
If you came to this manual first, please read the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Introduction
|
||
\emph default
|
||
before you continue with the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\emph default
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now that you know which fonts mean what in the documentation, we want to
|
||
talk a bit about what this
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\emph default
|
||
is for.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Getting the most out of the Tutorial
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
|
||
To get the most out of this document, you should read through it, typing
|
||
all the little things we are telling you to type and trying out all of
|
||
the exercises to see if you get them right.
|
||
For convenience, you might want to print out the PDF version of this document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you are familiar with \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, you will probably be able to read the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\emph default
|
||
somewhat faster, since many \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
ideas are just \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
ideas in disguise.
|
||
However, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has features you will want to learn about.
|
||
Even if you do not feel like reading the rest of the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\emph default
|
||
, you should definitely check out Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "sec:latexusers"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, which is specifically written for experienced \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
users.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
What you
|
||
\emph on
|
||
will not
|
||
\emph default
|
||
find
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Detailed explanations of all of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
's features.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_deeper
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Look in the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
when you need this.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_deeper
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Detailed explanations of \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_deeper
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Unnecessary.
|
||
If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, you
|
||
can have a look at the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Embedded
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Objects
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_deeper
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
It is time to move on, time for your first document \SpecialChar ldots
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||
Getting started with \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Your first \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
OK\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
You are ready to start writing.
|
||
Before you do, there are a few things we need to mention, which will hopefully
|
||
make the Tutorial more instructive and useful.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Because there is information we cannot give you in the Tutorial, the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
first
|
||
\emph default
|
||
|
||
\series medium
|
||
thing that you need to do is find the
|
||
\series default
|
||
other
|
||
\series medium
|
||
help files.
|
||
This is very simple:
|
||
\series default
|
||
Start up \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, select the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Help
|
||
\family default
|
||
menu.
|
||
You may want to load the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Tutorial
|
||
\emph default
|
||
as well (if you are not reading it within \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
already).
|
||
This way, you can read them while you are writing your own file.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Note that once you have got more than one document open, you can use the
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
View
|
||
\family default
|
||
menu or the document tabs to switch between them.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
In this Tutorial, we are going to assume that you have a fully working version
|
||
of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, as well as a \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
-distribution and a PDF-viewer.
|
||
This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distributions, as well
|
||
as on Windows, where this is setup by the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
installers.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Finally, we have written a file called
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
to let you practice your \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
skills.
|
||
Imagine that it was typed by someone who did not know about any of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
's great
|
||
features.
|
||
As you learn new \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
functions, we will suggest that you fix those parts of
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
It also contains `subtle' hints about how to fix things.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
The hints are located in yellow
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Notes
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
If you want to cheat, or check what you have done, there is also a file
|
||
called
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_lyxified.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
which contains the same text written and typeset by a \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
master.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The example files can be found in the
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
examples
|
||
\family default
|
||
directory of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
's installation folder.
|
||
Open the document
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
and use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Save
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
As
|
||
\family default
|
||
to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
|
||
As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect
|
||
the output.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
By the way, the
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
examples
|
||
\family default
|
||
directory contains lots of other examples files.
|
||
They will show you how to do various fancy things with \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
After you have read the Tutorial, or when you are confused about how to
|
||
do something fancy in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, take a look at these files.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Typing, Viewing, and Exporting
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Open a new file with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
New
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Type a sentence like:
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
This is my first \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document!
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Save your document with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Save
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
As\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Create a PDF file, with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
View
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "buffer-view"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will open a PDF-viewer program displaying your document as it will look
|
||
when printed.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Export the ready to print document with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Export
|
||
\family default
|
||
to a format you want
|
||
\family sans
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Congratulations! You have written your first \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document.
|
||
All of the rest is just details.
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
A hint:
|
||
\series default
|
||
You can save time by leaving the PDF viewer running in the background.
|
||
Under MacOS and Linux you can use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Update
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "buffer-update"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and just click on the PDF viewer window afterwards.
|
||
Under Windows still use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
View
|
||
\family default
|
||
or
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "buffer-view"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
respectively.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Another hint:
|
||
\series default
|
||
In case you are using a high-resolution display, the LyX toolbar icons
|
||
are quite small.
|
||
To change their size, right-click into a toolbar.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Simple Operations
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
can of course do most of the things you are used to doing with a word processor.
|
||
It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
|
||
Here is a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Description
|
||
Undo \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything you
|
||
have done since your current editing session started, by selecting
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Undo
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "undo"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) over and over again.
|
||
If you undo too much, just select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Redo
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "redo"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) to get it back.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_deeper
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_deeper
|
||
\begin_layout Description
|
||
Cut/Paste/Copy Use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Cut
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "cut"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
),
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Copy
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "copy"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
), and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Paste
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "paste"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) to cut, copy, and paste.
|
||
Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs)
|
||
with the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
middle mouse button
|
||
\emph default
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Description
|
||
Find/Replace Use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Find
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
&
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Replace
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show findreplace"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) to search.
|
||
In the dialog, search with the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Find
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Next
|
||
\family default
|
||
button, and use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Replace
|
||
\family default
|
||
button to replace a word you have found.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Close the window when you are done or leave it open if you find it more
|
||
convenient.
|
||
Most dialog boxes in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
can operate like this.
|
||
Just be sure you have the right window in focus when you are trying to
|
||
type in the main \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
window or a \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
dialog.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
|
||
or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through
|
||
the document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Description
|
||
Character
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Formatting You can
|
||
\emph on
|
||
emphasize
|
||
\emph default
|
||
text (toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "font-emph"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, which will by default print characters in italics), set it in
|
||
\noun on
|
||
Noun Style
|
||
\noun default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "font-noun"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, usually small caps, used for people's names), or use your own formatting
|
||
by using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Text
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Customized
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog (toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show character"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Description
|
||
Toolbar Other buttons on the toolbar allow you to do some of the more popular
|
||
functions, such as
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
math
|
||
\family default
|
||
,
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
graphics
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
table
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Of course, you have not yet written enough to make most of these functions
|
||
useful.
|
||
As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
WYSIWYM: Whitespace in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
handles whitespace.
|
||
As many times as you hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
, you will only get one blank line.
|
||
As many times as you hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
, you will only get one space.
|
||
On a blank line, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will not let you type even one space.
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Tab
|
||
\family default
|
||
key will not move you forward one tab stop; in fact there
|
||
\emph on
|
||
are
|
||
\emph default
|
||
no tab stops! There is no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs
|
||
or margins, either.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Many word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle:
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
What You See Is What You Get.
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, on the other hand, is based on the principle that
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
What You See Is What You
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Mean
|
||
\emph default
|
||
.
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
You type what you mean and \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will take care of typesetting it for you so
|
||
that the output looks nice.
|
||
A
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
grammatically separates paragraphs and a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
grammatically separates words; so there is no reason to have several of
|
||
them in a row; a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Tab
|
||
\family default
|
||
has no grammatical function at all – so \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
does not support it.
|
||
Using \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, you will spend more of your time worrying about the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
content
|
||
\emph default
|
||
of your document and less time worrying about the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
format.
|
||
|
||
\emph default
|
||
See the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Introduction
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
|
||
After all, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
might not typeset
|
||
\emph on
|
||
exactly
|
||
\emph default
|
||
what you mean.
|
||
The
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
has information about all that.
|
||
It includes horizontal fills and vertical space — which are more powerful
|
||
and versatile than multiple spaces or blank lines — and ways to change
|
||
font sizes, character styles, and paragraph alignments by hand.
|
||
The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on
|
||
content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
|
||
With standard word processors, you will be distracted by document formatting
|
||
throughout the writing process.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Environments
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
|
||
|
||
\emph on
|
||
environments
|
||
\emph default
|
||
.
|
||
Most of a document is made up of regular text.
|
||
Section titles (chapter, subsection, etc.) let the reader know that a new
|
||
topic or subtopic will be discussed.
|
||
Certain types of documents have special environments.
|
||
A journal article will have an abstract and a title.
|
||
A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment
|
||
that gives the writer's address.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Environments are a major part of the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
What You See Is What You Mean
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
philosophy of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting,
|
||
line spacing, and more.
|
||
This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen
|
||
t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for
|
||
section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified
|
||
type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and
|
||
bibliography formats can vary widely.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this:
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Graphics
|
||
filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
|
||
scale 75
|
||
clip
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
It indicates in which environment you are currently writing.
|
||
While you were writing your first document, it said
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Standard,
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
which is the default environment for text.
|
||
Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that
|
||
you can see how they work.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Sections and Subsections
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Type the word
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
Introduction
|
||
\family default
|
||
on the first line of your new \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
file, and select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section
|
||
\family default
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
You do not have to
|
||
\emph on
|
||
select
|
||
\emph default
|
||
the line.
|
||
If nothing is selected, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
changes the paragraph you are currently in to
|
||
the selected environment.
|
||
Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment
|
||
by selecting them before picking an environment.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Be sure to use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\emph on
|
||
not
|
||
\emph default
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section*
|
||
\family default
|
||
, which will be covered below.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
numbers the section
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
1
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
|
||
Now hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
Note that the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box changes from
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Section
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
back to
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Standard
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
Type the document introduction:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
This is an introduction to my first \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
again, and select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box again.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
writes a
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and waits for you to type a title.
|
||
Type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
More
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Stuff
|
||
\family default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, and you will see that \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
again sets it as a section title.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
It gets better.
|
||
Go to the end of Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
1 again (after
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
my first \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document.
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) and hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
again, and select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box again.
|
||
Again, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
writes
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and waits for you to type a title.
|
||
Type
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
About This Document
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
More Stuff
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, which was Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2, has been automatically renumbered to Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
3! In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes
|
||
up the section titles, and \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
takes care of numbering the sections and typesettin
|
||
g them.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
to get back to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Standard
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment, and type the following five lines:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Sections and subsections are described below.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Section Description
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Sections are bigger than subsections.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Subsection description
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Subsections are smaller than sections.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Click on the second line and select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Subsection
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
numbers the subsection
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2.1
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller
|
||
than the section title.
|
||
Change the fourth line to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Subsection
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment as well.
|
||
As you probably expected, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
automatically numbered the section
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2.2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
If you put yet another section before Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2, Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2 will be renumbered as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
3.1
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
3.2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Further levels of sectioning include
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Subsubsection
|
||
\family default
|
||
,
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Paragraph
|
||
\family default
|
||
, and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Subparagraph
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
We will let you play with these on your own.
|
||
You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered
|
||
by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for an explanation and how to change this.
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Chapter
|
||
\family default
|
||
headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section
|
||
\family default
|
||
s, but you are only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes)
|
||
of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
documents (see Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "sec:Document-Classes"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
|
||
There are environments for this as well.
|
||
If you change one of your section headings to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Section*
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment (you may have to scroll down in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box to find it), \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will use the same font size for the heading as it uses
|
||
for a regular section, but it will not number that section.
|
||
There are corresponding
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
starred
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
heading environments for
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Subsection
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Subsubsection
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
|
||
and note how the other section numbers are updated.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Fix the section and subsection headings in
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Lists and sublists
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has several different environments for typesetting lists.
|
||
The various list environments free you from hitting
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Tab
|
||
\family default
|
||
a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list
|
||
when you want to add a point in the middle of the list.
|
||
Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
A slide presentation might use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Itemize
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
An outline would use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Enumerate
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
A document describing several software packages could use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Description
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
List
|
||
\family default
|
||
(also named
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Labeling
|
||
\family default
|
||
) environment is a variation on the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Description
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Let us write a list of reasons why \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is better than other word processors.
|
||
Somewhere in your document, type:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is better than other word processors because:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
and hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Now select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Itemize
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box (
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "layout Itemize"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
writes a
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
bullet
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
on the line.
|
||
Type in your reasons:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Typesetting is done for you.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Math is WYSIWYG
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
Lists are very easy to create!
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Instead, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
assumes you are going on to the next item in the list.
|
||
The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
|
||
If you want more than one paragraph within one list
|
||
\emph on
|
||
item
|
||
\emph default
|
||
, one way is to use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Protected
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Break
|
||
\family default
|
||
, which you get by typing
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Ctrl+Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Standard
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment (or just use the key binding
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "shortcut"
|
||
arg "layout Standard"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You now have a beautiful itemized list.
|
||
You might want to run \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
to see how the list looks when printed out.
|
||
But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
|
||
list
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will not let you select the first bullet (or the actual number in a numbered
|
||
section title) unless you also select the paragraph
|
||
\emph on
|
||
before
|
||
\emph default
|
||
it, which you probably do not want to do.
|
||
This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document
|
||
settings or text position, respectively.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and choose
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Enumerate
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box (
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "layout Enumerate"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will fix the numbering.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
|
||
nts,
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Description
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
List
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
/
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Labeling
|
||
\family default
|
||
(
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "layout Description"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "layout List"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
), in order to see what they look like.
|
||
For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which
|
||
is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of
|
||
the paragraph (until you hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
).
|
||
The term is either typeset in boldface (
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Description
|
||
\family default
|
||
) or separated by a
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Tab
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
|
||
term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Tab
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(
|
||
\family sans
|
||
List
|
||
\family default
|
||
) from the rest of the paragraph.
|
||
If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate
|
||
the words with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Protected
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
s.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Typeset the list in
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
|
||
An obvious example would be writing outlines.
|
||
Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
|
||
schemes for sublists.
|
||
See the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Other environments: Verses, Quotations, and more
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
|
||
text:
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Quote
|
||
\family default
|
||
for short quotes and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Quotation
|
||
\family default
|
||
for longer ones.
|
||
Computer code (the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
-Code
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) is written in a
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
typewriter
|
||
\family default
|
||
font; this environment is the only place in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
where you are allowed to use
|
||
multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
|
||
You can even write poetry using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Verse
|
||
\family default
|
||
style, using
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
to separate stanzas, and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Ctrl+Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
to separate lines within a stanza.
|
||
See the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for more complete descriptions of all of the available \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
environments.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Correctly typeset the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Quote, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
-Code,
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Verse
|
||
\family default
|
||
in
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||
Writing Documents
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
It introduced you to the basic editing operations in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, as well as the powerful
|
||
method of writing with environments.
|
||
Most people who use \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, though, will want to write documents: papers, articles,
|
||
books, manuals, or letters.
|
||
This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
to writing
|
||
a complete document.
|
||
It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different
|
||
sorts of documents.
|
||
It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
|
||
such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables
|
||
of contents.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Document Classes
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "sec:Document-Classes"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
|
||
For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are
|
||
single-sided.
|
||
In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain
|
||
some environments — such as the sender's address and the signature — which
|
||
do not make sense in a book or article.
|
||
The \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
\emph on
|
||
document class
|
||
\emph default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
for \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
users: this is equivalent to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
document class
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of
|
||
documents.
|
||
This Tutorial, for example, was written in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Book
|
||
\family default
|
||
document class.
|
||
Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they
|
||
tell \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
how to typeset the document, so you do not need to know how.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Your document is probably being written in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Article
|
||
\family default
|
||
document class.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
That is usually the default document class
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Try changing to other document classes (using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Settings
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
|
||
If you change your document to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Book
|
||
\family default
|
||
document class and look at the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box, you will see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
|
||
However, you can now use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Chapter
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given
|
||
document class, just consult the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
|
||
of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
|
||
As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
|
||
electronic submissions, creating \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
style files
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is set up to support this as well.
|
||
For example, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the American
|
||
Mathematics Society journals using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Article
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(AMS)
|
||
\family default
|
||
document class.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes.
|
||
See the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Special Document Classes
|
||
\emph default
|
||
section of the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Additional Features
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual for many more details.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\align center
|
||
\begin_inset Tabular
|
||
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
|
||
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
|
||
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
|
||
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Name
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Notes
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
article
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
one-sided, no chapters
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
article (AMS)
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
layout & environments for American Math Society
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
report
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
longer than article, two-sided
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
book
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
report + front and back matter
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
presentation
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
transparencies
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
letter
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||
\begin_inset Text
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar ldots
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
</cell>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</lyxtabular>
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Templates: Writing a Letter
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
One way to write a letter would be to open a new file, and choose a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Letter
|
||
\family default
|
||
class in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Settings
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog.
|
||
While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra
|
||
work.
|
||
Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address,
|
||
the address to which you are sending it, a body, a signature, etc.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
therefore has a
|
||
\emph on
|
||
template
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template,
|
||
you can just replace a couple of parts of the letter with your text each
|
||
time you write a letter.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Open a new file with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
New
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
from
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Template
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Select
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
letter.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
as the template.
|
||
Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
When you look at the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box, you will see several environments, like the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
My
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Address
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment, that do not exist in most other document classes.
|
||
Others, like
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Description
|
||
\family default
|
||
, are familiar.
|
||
You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments
|
||
work.
|
||
You will notice for example that the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Signature
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment has the word
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Signature:
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in red before the actual text of the signature.
|
||
This word does not show up in the actual letter, as you will see if you
|
||
view/export the file.
|
||
It is just there to let you know where the signature goes.
|
||
Also, note that it does not matter where in the file the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Signature
|
||
\family default
|
||
line is placed.
|
||
Remember, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is WYSIWYM; you can put the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Signature
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment anywhere you want, but \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
knows that in the printout, the signature
|
||
should be at the end.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
A template is just a regular \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
file.
|
||
This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
|
||
as a new template.
|
||
From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template
|
||
to save time.
|
||
We do not have to suggest an actual
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
exercise
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
here; just write a letter to someone!
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
One warning, if you are writing from a template.
|
||
If you erase all of the text in an environment — for example, if you erase
|
||
the whole
|
||
\family sans
|
||
My
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Address
|
||
\family default
|
||
field so that you can replace it with your own — and then you move the
|
||
cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear.
|
||
This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
|
||
Just reselect the environment from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
box to get it back.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
|
||
possible.
|
||
In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
|
||
document classes.
|
||
Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
for a bunch
|
||
of less computer-aware users.
|
||
When they are first learning \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, it will be less intimidating if they have
|
||
a letter template customized for their company, for example.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Document Titles
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
(like \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
) considers the title — which may contain the actual title, the author,
|
||
the date, and even an abstract of a paper — to be a separate part of the
|
||
document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Go back to your first \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document and make sure it is using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Article
|
||
\family default
|
||
document class.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
You should not be using the letter any more, since the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Letter
|
||
\family default
|
||
document class does not allow titles.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Title
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
On the next line, type your name and change it to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Author
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
On the next line, write the date in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Date
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Abstract
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
Notice how the title is presented when it is printed out.
|
||
If you change the document format to Book, you will get a separate title
|
||
page, like the first page of this tutorial.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Fix the title, date, and author in
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Labels and Cross-References
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You can label section headings, list items, formulas, footnotes, and floats
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
Floats are explained in the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
and the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Embedded Objects
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in your document.
|
||
Once you do so, you can refer to the element in other parts of the document,
|
||
using cross-references.
|
||
You can refer to a section's number, to the page on which the section begins
|
||
or to both.
|
||
As with section numbering, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
also takes care of cross-reference numbering
|
||
for you.
|
||
Automatic management of labels and cross-references is among the most significa
|
||
nt advantages of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
(and \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
) over conventional word processors.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Your first label
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Go to our second section, whose title is
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
About This Document
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Click at the end of the section title line, and select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Label
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "label-insert"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion.
|
||
When you click on
|
||
\family sans
|
||
OK
|
||
\family default
|
||
, the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
So far you have not done anything — the output will look exactly the same,
|
||
since labels do not show up in the printed document.
|
||
However, now that you have added a label, you can refer to that label with
|
||
cross-references.
|
||
We will do that next.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Your first cross-reference
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Place the cursor somewhere in Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2 of your document.
|
||
Type
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
If you want to know more about this document,
|
||
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
then see Section .
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now, with the cursor before the final period, select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Cross
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Reference
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
The Cross-reference dialog pops up.
|
||
It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
|
||
At the moment, there should be only one,
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sec:About-This-Document
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
First, select the drop-down menu labeled
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Format
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and select
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
<reference> on page <page>
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Then select
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sec:About-This-Document
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(it may be selected by default), and a reference marker will appear containing
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Ref+Text: sec:About-This-Document
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(To be really correct, you should put a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Protected
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
(shortcut
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "shortcut"
|
||
arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) in between the word
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Section
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and the reference.) An alternative way to reference a label is to right-click
|
||
the label and select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Copy as Reference
|
||
\family default
|
||
in the pop-up context menu.
|
||
The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied
|
||
to the actual cursor position via the menu
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Paste
|
||
\family default
|
||
(shortcut
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "shortcut"
|
||
arg "paste"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with the
|
||
section number and then the page number.
|
||
Preview your document and you will see that \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
has been even cleverer than
|
||
that.
|
||
It refers to
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Section 2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and depending how much text you have between the start of Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2 and this cross-reference you may see
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
on this page
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
on the previous page
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
or
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
on page n
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(where
|
||
\emph on
|
||
n
|
||
\emph default
|
||
is the page number).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Conveniently, a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing
|
||
a document in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
; clicking on it will pop up the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Cross-reference
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog, clicking
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Go
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Label
|
||
\family default
|
||
will move the cursor to the referenced label.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
More fun with labels
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
We told you that \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
takes care of numbering cross-references; now you can
|
||
test this claim.
|
||
Add a new section before Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2.
|
||
Update the preview, and — voilà! — the section cross-reference changed
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
3
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
! Change the section
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
About this Document
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2.1 instead of Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
3.
|
||
The page reference will not change unless you add a whole page of text
|
||
before the label, of course.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label
|
||
where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
|
||
in the document.
|
||
If you will be inserting cross-references often, it may be convenient to
|
||
leave the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Cross-reference
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog open.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you want to confirm that the cross-referencing gets the pages right even
|
||
for larger documents,
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Copy
|
||
\family default
|
||
a couple pages of text from the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
to the clipboard, and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Paste
|
||
\family default
|
||
them into your document.
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters
|
||
are not allowed in the article class, see Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "sec:Document-Classes"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Fix the references in
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Footnotes and Margin Notes
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "footnote-insert"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
or the menu
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Footnote
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Click at the end of the word
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
somewhere in your document and insert a footnote.
|
||
A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
|
||
Type
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is a typesetting word processor.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now click on the button labeled
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
foot
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
The footnote box is closed, leaving the button showing where the footnote
|
||
marker will be in the printed text; this is called
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
folding
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
the footnote.
|
||
You can unfold the footnote at any time and re-edit its text by clicking
|
||
again on the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
foot
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
button.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
|
||
Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
|
||
You might accidentally open the footnote if you are trying to select the
|
||
marker itself with the mouse.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Cut
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Paste
|
||
\family default
|
||
it.
|
||
In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it
|
||
and hitting the
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "footnote-insert"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
button; change a footnote to regular text by hitting the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Backspace
|
||
\family default
|
||
key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting
|
||
the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Delete
|
||
\family default
|
||
key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Margin notes can be added using the menu
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Marginal
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Note
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "marginalnote-insert"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
Margin notes are like footnotes, except that:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
the on-screen boxes say
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
margin
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
instead of
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
foot
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
margin notes are not numbered
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Change your \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
|
||
note.
|
||
Run \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
again to see what the margin note looks like.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Fix the footnote in
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Bibliographies
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "sec:bibliographies"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Bibliographies are similar to cross-references.
|
||
The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
|
||
and they can be referenced from within the document.
|
||
Like section titles, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
and \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
make your job easier by automatically numbering
|
||
the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers change.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Go to the end of the document and switch to the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Bibliography
|
||
\family default
|
||
environment.
|
||
Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference.
|
||
Type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
The Lyx Tutorial, by the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Documentation Team
|
||
\family default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
as your first reference.
|
||
Note that \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
|
||
Click on the boxed reference number, and the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Bibliography
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
item
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog box appears.
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Key
|
||
\family default
|
||
is to refer to this reference within the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document, the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Label
|
||
\family default
|
||
appears in output.
|
||
When no
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Label
|
||
\family default
|
||
is set (default), you will see the number of the bibliography in the output.
|
||
Now change the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Key
|
||
\family default
|
||
field to
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
lyxtutorial
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to make it easy to remember.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
|
||
Do so with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Citation
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
A
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Citation
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog appears.
|
||
The left panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and this
|
||
field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
|
||
Select
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
lyxtutorial
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(right now, that is the only item in the bibliography), then use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Add
|
||
\family default
|
||
button in the center to insert it.
|
||
(You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number
|
||
of keys this way.)
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
If one uses label names for references that are easy to remember it is easier
|
||
to find the entry in the list of references.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Click the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
OK
|
||
\family default
|
||
button.
|
||
Now preview your file and you will see that the citation appears in brackets
|
||
in the text, referring to the bibliography at the end of the document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Text
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
after
|
||
\family default
|
||
field in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Citation
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within
|
||
the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
|
||
If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed
|
||
output (for example, some journals would use
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
[Smi95]
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Label
|
||
\family default
|
||
field in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Bibliography
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
item
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog.
|
||
See the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for details.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise:
|
||
\series default
|
||
Fix the bibliography and citation in
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Table of Contents
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
makes this easy to do.
|
||
Just hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
after your document title and before your first section title and select
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
List
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
/
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
TOC\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Table
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
of
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Contents
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
The words
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Table of Contents
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
This may not appear to be very useful.
|
||
However, if you look at your preview, you will see that a table of contents
|
||
has been generated, listing the various sections and subsections in your
|
||
document.
|
||
As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those
|
||
changes in the preview when you update it.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document.
|
||
But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking
|
||
on the table of contents button, or by using
|
||
\family sans
|
||
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Outline
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Pane
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-toggle toc"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
This menu will work even if you do not have a table of contents inset in
|
||
your document.
|
||
This is a very useful tool for rearranging your document parts.
|
||
Clicking on a (sub)section title in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Outline
|
||
\family default
|
||
window will highlight that line and move the display (in the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
editing window)
|
||
to that place in the document.
|
||
You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
|
||
You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout
|
||
editing sessions.
|
||
You can get similar functionality from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Navigate
|
||
\family default
|
||
menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
|
||
button just like any other text.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Fix the table of contents in
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||
Using Math
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
|
||
avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
|
||
editors.
|
||
Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations
|
||
in \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
is more like programming than writing.
|
||
Happily, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has WYSIWYM support for equations.
|
||
If you are used to \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, you will find that all of the usual \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
math commands
|
||
can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
|
||
If, on the other hand, you have never written in \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, then the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Panel
|
||
\family default
|
||
will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Math Mode
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Somewhere in your \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document, type:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout LyX-Code
|
||
I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it is
|
||
\begin_inset Newline linebreak
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
so simple.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now, that equation does not look very good in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
and in the output; there
|
||
is no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you would like
|
||
to write an actual superscript for the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
That bad typesetting happened because we did not tell \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
that we were writing
|
||
a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular old
|
||
text.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
But we can create a formula that will be typeset properly.
|
||
Highlight the equation and click the toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-mode"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
or use the menu
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Inline
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Formula
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
If nothing is highlighted \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
inserts a little blue square, which is an empty
|
||
math formula.
|
||
The expression appears in blue and the blue square disappears as soon as
|
||
the formula is not empty.
|
||
Now type
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Esc
|
||
\family default
|
||
to leave the equation.
|
||
The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor to the right of the expression.
|
||
Now, if you type something, it will be regular text.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Looking at the output you will notice that the expression was typeset nicely,
|
||
with spaces between the letters and the equals sign, and a superscript
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics.
|
||
Numbers are just numbers.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
|
||
In \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
|
||
\backslash
|
||
sqrt
|
||
\family default
|
||
; this can be frustrating, because you cannot see what an expression looks
|
||
like until you run the file under \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
and you may have to spend time, for
|
||
example, finding missing brackets.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
does not attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG), but
|
||
it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like.
|
||
\SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
then takes care of the professional typesetting.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Navigating an Equation
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now let us change
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
|
||
Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let
|
||
you know you are editing math.
|
||
Now you can use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Left
|
||
\family default
|
||
and
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Right
|
||
\family default
|
||
to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
1+
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Again, you can use the arrow keys or
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Esc
|
||
\family default
|
||
to leave the formula\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
|
||
editing regular text.
|
||
Use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Delete
|
||
\family default
|
||
(or
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Backspace
|
||
\family default
|
||
) to delete things.
|
||
Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Undo
|
||
\family default
|
||
works in math mode as well as cut and paste.
|
||
One thing to be careful of: if you are left or right outside a formula
|
||
and you press
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Delete
|
||
\family default
|
||
or
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Backspace
|
||
\family default
|
||
respectively, you delete the whole formula.
|
||
Luckily, you can just use
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Undo
|
||
\family default
|
||
to get it back.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
What if you want to change
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
|
||
However, you can also use the arrow keys.
|
||
If the cursor is just after the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
c
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
but before the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, then press
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Up
|
||
\family default
|
||
and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript, just before the
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Add the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.5
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Now, hitting
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Down
|
||
\family default
|
||
will move the cursor back to the regular level.
|
||
If you hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
instead of
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Down
|
||
\family default
|
||
, the cursor will be placed
|
||
\emph on
|
||
after
|
||
\emph default
|
||
the superscript (so that you can then type the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
+1
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Exponents and Indices
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
An exponent can be entered from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
(see below), but it is actually simpler just to type the caret key,
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
^
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever
|
||
you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size.
|
||
Everything you type until you hit a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
(or
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Esc
|
||
\family default
|
||
to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy; start one by typing the underscore
|
||
key
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
_
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like
|
||
this:
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Put equation
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
1 of
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
into math mode.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
The Math toolbar
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
is a convenient way to enter symbols and/or to perform complicated formula
|
||
operations.
|
||
Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Math
|
||
\family default
|
||
menus (the latter only appears when you are in Math mode).
|
||
However, we are going to concentrate on using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
, just to let you know what is out there; you can learn keyboard shortcuts
|
||
and commands later from the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Math
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned on manually
|
||
in the menu
|
||
\family sans
|
||
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Toolbars
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
When you click there on
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "toolbar-toggle math"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Toolbars
|
||
\family default
|
||
menu with a checkmark.
|
||
When you click in this state again on
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Toolbars
|
||
\family default
|
||
menu, the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is visualized
|
||
by the renaming of the menu entry from
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(auto)
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Greek and symbols
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
allows you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math: operators,
|
||
arrows, relationships, delimiters, special characters, sums and integrals.
|
||
Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper
|
||
limits on sums and integrals.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Roots, decorations, and delimiters
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
To type a square root, just click on the button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-insert \\sqrt"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
|
||
the square root.
|
||
You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
|
||
you want.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will automatically resize the square root to fit what is inside.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Adding a
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
frame decoration
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to a character (
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) or group of characters (
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) is done similarly.
|
||
Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-insert \\hat"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Click on a decoration, and \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will insert that decoration with an insertion
|
||
point under (or over) it.
|
||
Just type what you want in the insertion point.
|
||
There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you
|
||
type, and those that have a fixed size, and are most appropriate for a
|
||
single letter.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
|
||
are a bit more complicated.
|
||
Hit the delimiter button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to pop up the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Delimiter
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog.
|
||
Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
|
||
It is a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces,
|
||
a brace and a parenthesis, or choose the empty square to have something
|
||
like
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, but will not show
|
||
up in the output).
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you are lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
|
||
using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Delimiter
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog.
|
||
However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
|
||
will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
|
||
So it is better to use one of the three delimiter buttons that insert them
|
||
directly, for example
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-delim ( )"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
|
||
existing formula parts.
|
||
Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
|
||
on the button you want from the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form
|
||
(
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
Once you have learned about matrices, this is how you will put parentheses
|
||
or brackets around them.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Fractions
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
To create a fraction, click on the fraction button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
writes two insertion points in a fraction.
|
||
As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
|
||
a fraction.
|
||
Click on the top square and type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
1
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
Now hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Down
|
||
\family default
|
||
and type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
You have made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of
|
||
the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions,
|
||
whatever.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Put equation
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
2 of
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
into math mode.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Functions: lim, log, sin and others
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sin
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in math mode, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
thinks you are typing the product of the three variables
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $s$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $i$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, and
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $n$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted
|
||
was the word
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sin
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
typeset in Roman.
|
||
In addition, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will not put a space between the word
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sin
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and the
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
x
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(pressing
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
will exit the formula).
|
||
So how do you get
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
instead of
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
?
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Click on the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-insert \\functions"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and then on
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sin
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in the pop-up function list.
|
||
The word
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
sin
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
in black, and set in upright roman type.
|
||
The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Backspace
|
||
\family default
|
||
, it will delete the whole word.
|
||
Now type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(x)
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
, which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in a formula.
|
||
In the output, the expression will be correctly typeset.
|
||
Try it out.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The function list includes other trigonometric functions and their inverses,
|
||
hyperbolic functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
|
||
These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
or
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Put equation
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
3 of
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
into math mode.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Matrices
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Click on the matrix button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show mathmatrix"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
A pop-up dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you want
|
||
in your matrix.
|
||
Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit
|
||
\family sans
|
||
OK
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
prints 6 insertion points in a
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
matrix.
|
||
As usual, you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root, another
|
||
matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
|
||
You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Tab
|
||
\family default
|
||
can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
|
||
Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Right
|
||
\family default
|
||
at the end of one box will move to the next box,
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Down
|
||
\family default
|
||
will move to the next row, etc.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you need to change the number of rows and columns, use the menu
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Rows
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
&
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Columns
|
||
\family default
|
||
or the math toolbar buttons
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "tabular-feature append-row"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "tabular-feature append-column"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "tabular-feature delete-column"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
See the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
|
||
and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
|
||
Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
's wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Display mode
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
|
||
as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
|
||
expressions.
|
||
This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger
|
||
ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need
|
||
to write them in display mode.
|
||
In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see
|
||
the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
), and multi-line equations must be in display mode.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
While being in a formula, click on the display button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "math-display"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math Toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
This centers the formula and adds a blank line before and after it.
|
||
Now type in an expression and compile your file to see how it looks.
|
||
The display button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple
|
||
of your expressions to display mode and back.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
The default font is larger for a few symbols, like
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\int$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
|
||
written under and over rather than next to the symbols
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Text is centered
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
|
||
ns are very similar.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset: be careful
|
||
about whether you are putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
|
||
If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then do not
|
||
press
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Return
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
Doing so will cause the text
|
||
\emph on
|
||
after
|
||
\emph default
|
||
the formula to start a new paragraph.
|
||
That text will be indented or follow a blank line, depending on your document
|
||
paragraph settings, which is probably not what you want.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Put the various equations in
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
example_raw.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
into display mode, and see how they are typeset differently.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Labeling
|
||
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
|
||
|
||
\series bold
|
||
Exercise
|
||
\series default
|
||
: Using various tools you have learned in this section, you should be able
|
||
to write an equation like:
|
||
\begin_inset Foot
|
||
status collapsed
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||
After you have done it the hard way, give
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Cases
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Environment
|
||
\family default
|
||
a try.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula
|
||
\[
|
||
f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
|
||
\log_{8}x & x>0\\
|
||
0 & x=0\\
|
||
\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0
|
||
\end{array}\right.
|
||
\]
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
More Math Stuff
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Now you are familiar with the basics.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
's math editor can do a lot more.
|
||
You can refer to the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Math
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual for tips on how to:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Label and number expressions.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Create multi-line equations.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Change typefaces, e.
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
g.
|
||
\begin_inset space \space{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to write bold-face text in an expression.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
|
||
(Do not worry about this until your final draft!)
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Write macros.
|
||
These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
|
||
the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Do almost all you can do with math.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||
Miscellaneous
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Other major \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Features
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
We have not gone through all the possible commands in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, and we are not planning
|
||
on it.
|
||
As usual, see the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
User's Guide
|
||
\emph default
|
||
and the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Embedded
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Objects
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual for more information.
|
||
We will just mention a couple more major things \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
can do:
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has WYSIWYM support for tables.
|
||
Use the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Table
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "tabular-insert"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
) to get a table.
|
||
Click on the table with the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
right button
|
||
\emph default
|
||
to get a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Table
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Settings
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
|
||
By pressing
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "toolbar-toggle table"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
the table toolbar will appear permanently.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
also supports including pictures in any format within documents.
|
||
(You guessed it:
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Graphics
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
Then browse for the figure file, rotate or scale it, etc.) Tables and figures
|
||
can have captions, and \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will automatically generate lists of figures and/or
|
||
tables.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is heavily configurable.
|
||
Everything from how the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
window looks to how the output comes out can be
|
||
configured in a number of ways.
|
||
Much configuration is done through
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Preferences
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
For more information on this, check out
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Customization\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
|
||
Therefore, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
|
||
German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar ldots
|
||
) than many word processors.
|
||
Even the right-to-left languages Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew and the Asian
|
||
languages Chinese Japanese, and Korean are supported.
|
||
You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
The \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
menus feature keybindings.
|
||
This means that you can do
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Open
|
||
\family default
|
||
by pressing
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Alt+F
|
||
\family default
|
||
followed by
|
||
\family sans
|
||
O
|
||
\family default
|
||
or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "shortcut"
|
||
arg "file-open"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
by default).
|
||
Keybindings are also configurable.
|
||
For information on this, check out
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Customization\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
can read \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
documents.
|
||
See section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "sec:tex2lyx"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Spell-checking, thesaurus, and word count facilities are available.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||
Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
for \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
Users
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "sec:latexusers"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you do not know anything about \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, you do not have to read this section.
|
||
Actually, you might want to
|
||
\emph on
|
||
learn
|
||
\emph default
|
||
about \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, and then read this chapter.
|
||
However, some of those who begin to use \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will be familiar with \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
.
|
||
If you are such a person, you may be wondering if \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
can really do everything
|
||
\SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
can do.
|
||
The short answer is that \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
can do pretty much everything \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
can do in one
|
||
form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing a \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
|
||
document.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
|
||
new \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
users will most likely be interested in.
|
||
In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short, we will give only minimal
|
||
information here.
|
||
The
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Additional
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Features
|
||
\emph default
|
||
and the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Embedded
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Objects
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manuals have a great deal of information on differences between \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
and \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
,
|
||
and how to do various \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
tricks in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
Mode
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Anything that you enter in \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode will be passed straight to \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, and will be
|
||
displayed in red on the screen.
|
||
You can use \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
commands in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
by choosing
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
TeX
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Code
|
||
\family default
|
||
(toolbar button
|
||
\begin_inset Info
|
||
type "icon"
|
||
arg "ert-insert"
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
In a math formula, \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode is handled a bit differently.
|
||
\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode is entered there by typing a backslash.
|
||
The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
|
||
be in red.
|
||
You exit \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode by typing
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret
|
||
or parenthesis.
|
||
Once you exit \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode, if \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
knows the \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
command you have typed in, it will
|
||
convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar endofsentence
|
||
So if you type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
|
||
\backslash
|
||
gamma
|
||
\family default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in a formula and then press
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Space
|
||
\family default
|
||
, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will change the red
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
gamma
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to a blue
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
.
|
||
This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros.
|
||
This may be faster than using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Math
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Toolbar
|
||
\family default
|
||
, and will be especially convenient for experienced \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
users.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
As a special case, if you type
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
|
||
\backslash
|
||
{
|
||
\family default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
in a formula, the beginning
|
||
\emph on
|
||
and
|
||
\emph default
|
||
ending braces will be inserted in red while the cursor is placed between
|
||
the braces.
|
||
This makes it more convenient to type those commands that take an argument.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
cannot do absolutely everything that \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
can do.
|
||
Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but are
|
||
not WYSIWYM.
|
||
\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode allows users to get the full flexibility of \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
, while having all the
|
||
convenient features of \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
could never support every \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
package.
|
||
However, by typing
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
|
||
\backslash
|
||
usepackage{foo}
|
||
\family default
|
||
in the preamble (see Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "sec:preamble"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
), you can use any package you want — although you will not have WYSIWYM
|
||
support for that package's features.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Importing \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
Documents —
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "sec:tex2lyx"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You can import a \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
file into \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
by using the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Import\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
LaTeX
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
(plain)
|
||
\family default
|
||
menu in \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
.
|
||
This will call the program
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
which will create a file foo.lyx from the file foo.tex.
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will then open that file.
|
||
If the translation does not work, you can try calling
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the command line, possibly using fancier options.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Even when the translation does work,
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
may not translate everything, though it does handle most legal \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
.
|
||
It will leave things it does not understand in \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode; so, after translating
|
||
a file with
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
, you can look for the red text and manually edit it to get it right.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
has its own documentation (manpage), which Unix/Linux users can access
|
||
via the console command
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
man
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
The manpage describes which \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
commands and environments are not supported,
|
||
what bugs you might run into (and how to get around them), and how to use
|
||
the various options.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
It is important to understand that
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
can only translate files whose document class is
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
known
|
||
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
to \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
, that is, for which there is a corresponding \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
|
||
\family sans
|
||
layout file
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
If there is no layout file, then you will get an error saying that the
|
||
conversion could not be performed.
|
||
So, unless you have a layout for the document class of your \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
file,
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
tex2lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
simply will not know how to translate the \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
that it finds there into things
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
understands.
|
||
More about layout files and how they are created is explained in detail
|
||
in Chapter 5 of the
|
||
\emph on
|
||
Customization
|
||
\emph default
|
||
manual.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Converting \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Documents to \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
You might wish to convert a \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
Document to a \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
file.
|
||
For example, a co-worker or co-author who does not have \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
might want to
|
||
read it.
|
||
Select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
LaTeX
|
||
\family default
|
||
.
|
||
This will create a file
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
whatever.tex
|
||
\family default
|
||
from the
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
whatever.lyx
|
||
\family default
|
||
file you are editing.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
\SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
Preamble
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsubsection
|
||
Document Class
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
The
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Settings
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog takes care of the document-wide options, such as changing the document
|
||
class, default font size and paper size.
|
||
Document class options and also options for \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
packages can be entered there
|
||
in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Class
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
options
|
||
\family default
|
||
area.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsubsection
|
||
Other Preamble Matter
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||
LatexCommand label
|
||
name "sec:preamble"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
file, you can
|
||
use them in a \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document as well.
|
||
Select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
LaTeX
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Preamble
|
||
\family default
|
||
and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending
|
||
on the frontend).
|
||
Anything you type will (as with \SpecialChar TeX
|
||
mode) be sent directly to \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||
Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
\SpecialChar LyX
|
||
has support for Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
, which allows you to build databases of bibliographical
|
||
references to be used in multiple documents.
|
||
Select
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
List
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
/
|
||
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
TOC\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
BibTeX
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Bibliography
|
||
\family default
|
||
to include a
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
file.
|
||
In the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Database
|
||
\family default
|
||
field you load Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
files, in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Style
|
||
\family default
|
||
field you can load Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
style files.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
After you have done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies
|
||
you have included with
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
||
Citation
|
||
\family default
|
||
(see Section
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||
LatexCommand ref
|
||
reference "sec:bibliographies"
|
||
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
).
|
||
The box in the
|
||
\family sans
|
||
Citation
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog will show a list of all the references in your
|
||
\family typewriter
|
||
Bib\SpecialChar TeX
|
||
|
||
\family default
|
||
file.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Section
|
||
Errors!
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\begin_layout Standard
|
||
Sometimes when you try to view a document, there will be errors, things
|
||
that \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
or \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
cannot understand.
|
||
When this happens, \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
will open a
|
||
\family sans
|
||
\SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
|
||
\begin_inset space ~
|
||
\end_inset
|
||
|
||
Errors
|
||
\family default
|
||
dialog.
|
||
Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place
|
||
in the \SpecialChar LyX
|
||
document where the error occurs and also display the detailed \SpecialChar LaTeX
|
||
|
||
error message.
|
||
\end_layout
|
||
|
||
\end_body
|
||
\end_document
|