2017-04-24 04:03:19 +00:00
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#LyX 2.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
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2017-08-14 06:31:24 +00:00
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\lyxformat 544
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\begin_document
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\begin_header
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2016-01-12 21:30:37 +00:00
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\save_transient_properties true
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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\origin /systemlyxdir/examples/es/
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
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\index Índice
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\shortcut idx
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\color #008000
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\end_index
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\end_header
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\begin_body
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset Note Note
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\series bold
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Nota
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\series default
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2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
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1: Para ver el archivo en PDF debes tener instalado el paquete \SpecialChar LaTeX
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\family sans
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fpl
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\family default
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.
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Si usas MiK\SpecialChar TeX
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, se te pedirá automáticamente al intentar previsualizar el
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archivo; si usas \SpecialChar TeX
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Live, instálalo mediante el administrador de paquetes
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de \SpecialChar TeX
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Live.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\series bold
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Nota 2
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\series default
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: Si deseas compilar a PDF con plain-\SpecialChar LaTeX
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(en vez de pdf\SpecialChar TeX
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), actualmente hay un
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fallo en la clase Tufte que genera errores.
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Puedes añadir la opción 'nols' (en el campo
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\begin_inset Quotes eld
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\end_inset
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\family sans
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Personalizado
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\family default
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\begin_inset Quotes erd
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\end_inset
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de
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\family sans
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Documento\SpecialChar menuseparator
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Configuración \SpecialChar menuseparator
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Clase del documento
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\family default
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) para sortear los errores, aunque esto también quita el espacio entre letras,
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una parte importante en el diseño Tufte.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\begin_layout Title
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Ejemplos Tufte
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Author
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Autor Simulado
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\begin_inset Note Note
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Autor de este archivo de ejemplo: Jason Waskiewicz
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset CommandInset toc
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LatexCommand tableofcontents
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Chapter
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Características de la clase Tufte-book
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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En este documento se ha intentado mostrar algunas de las características
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de la clase
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\family sans
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Tufte-book
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\family default
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.
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En el primer capítulo se perfila su uso a grandes rasgos.
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En el segundo capítulo se muestra su uso aplicado a un folleto para una
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clase de cálculo.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Section
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Características
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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La clase
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\family sans
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Tufte-book
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\family default
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se basa en el trabajo de
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\noun on
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Edward Tufte
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\noun default
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.
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Proporciona la misma funcionalidad que la clase
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\family sans
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Tufte-handout
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\family default
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con adiciones específicas para libros.
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Los documentos de Tufte constan de una columna de texto más bien estrecha
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y una amplia columna de margen donde se ponen notas y figuras.
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Esto tiene como fin mejorar la legibilidad:
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\end_layout
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2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
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\begin_layout Standard
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Características proporcionadas por este formato:
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\end_layout
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\begin_layout Itemize
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Figuras en el margen
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Itemize
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Figuras ordinarias en el texto con leyendas en el margen
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Itemize
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Figuras y texto de ancho completo cuando hace falta
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Itemize
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\begin_inset Quotes eld
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\end_inset
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Notas al pie
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\begin_inset Quotes erd
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\end_inset
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en el margen
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Itemize
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Niveles limitados de secciones y subsecciones
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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En este documento de muestra se ponen de manifiesto algunas de estas característ
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icas.
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Para una demostración completa, visita el sitio web de tufte-latex:
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\begin_inset Flex URL
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status collapsed
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
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https://tufte-latex.github.io/tufte-latex/
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Section
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Formato de página
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Los márgenes de Tufte son
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\begin_inset Quotes eld
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\end_inset
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irregulares a la derecha
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\begin_inset Quotes erd
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\end_inset
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, en vez de justificados.
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\begin_inset Flex Sidenote
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2016-02-18 00:53:08 +00:00
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status open
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Para obtener texto justificado se añade la opción
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\emph on
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justified
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\emph default
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en el campo
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2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
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\family sans
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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Personalizado
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2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
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\family default
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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en
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\family sans
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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Documento\SpecialChar menuseparator
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Configuración\SpecialChar menuseparator
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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Clase del documento
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\family default
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.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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El texto con el margen derecho irregular se usa en la mayoría de sus trabajos,
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pero se suministra la opción de clase
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\emph on
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justified
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\emph default
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por si se desea cambiar esto.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Tufte además da un formato asimétrico a sus páginas.
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2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
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Esto quiere decir que los márgenes aparecen en el lado derecho de cada
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página, tanto en las pares como en las impares.
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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Si lo prefieres, puedes cambiarlo por un formato simétrico, como es habitual
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en la tipografía tradicional de libros, usando la opción de clase
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\emph on
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symmetric
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\emph default
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.
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\begin_inset Flex Sidenote
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2016-02-18 00:53:08 +00:00
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status open
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Para dar formato simétrico, se añade la opción
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\emph on
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symmetric
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\emph default
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en el campo
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
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\family sans
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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Personalizado
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
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\family default
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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del menú
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\family sans
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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Documento\SpecialChar menuseparator
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Configuración\SpecialChar menuseparator
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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Clase del documento
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\family default
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.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Por último, Tufte no numera los capítulos o secciones; si quieres hacer
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referencias a secciones mediante un número, mueve el deslizador
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
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\family typewriter
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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Numeración
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
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\family default
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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en
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\family sans
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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Documento\SpecialChar menuseparator
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Configuración\SpecialChar menuseparator
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2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
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Numeración e IG
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\family default
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al extremo derecho (como se ha hecho en este documento).
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\begin_inset Flex Marginnote
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2016-02-18 00:53:08 +00:00
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status collapsed
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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nota marginal
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Section
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Figuras
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Tufte usa flotantes ordinarios de figuras tal como sigue:
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset Float figure
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wide false
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sideways false
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Box Boxed
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position "t"
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hor_pos "c"
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has_inner_box 1
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inner_pos "t"
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use_parbox 0
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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use_makebox 0
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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width "100col%"
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special "none"
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height "1in"
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height_special "totalheight"
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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thickness "0.4pt"
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separation "3pt"
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shadowsize "4pt"
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framecolor "black"
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backgroundcolor "none"
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Imagina tu figura favorita dentro de este cuadro en vez de este insulso
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texto.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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|
2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
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\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Una figura flotante ordinaria.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Además coloca figuras en el margen, como se muestra en la fig.
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|
\begin_inset space ~
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset CommandInset ref
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LatexCommand ref
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reference "fig:fig-margen"
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\end_inset
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.
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
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|
\begin_inset VSpace 5theight%
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\end_inset
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|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset Float marginfigure
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wide false
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sideways false
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status open
|
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
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\begin_inset Box Boxed
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position "t"
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hor_pos "c"
|
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|
has_inner_box 1
|
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|
inner_pos "t"
|
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|
use_parbox 0
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
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|
use_makebox 0
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
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|
width "100col%"
|
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|
special "none"
|
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|
height "1in"
|
|
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|
height_special "totalheight"
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
thickness "0.4pt"
|
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|
separation "3pt"
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|
shadowsize "4pt"
|
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|
framecolor "black"
|
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|
backgroundcolor "none"
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
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|
status open
|
|
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|
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|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
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|
Imagina tu foto favorita de una ardilla en este cuadro en vez de este soso
|
|
|
|
|
texto.
|
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|
\end_layout
|
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\end_inset
|
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|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
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|
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|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
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|
Una figura al margen.
|
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|
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
|
|
|
|
LatexCommand label
|
|
|
|
|
name "fig:fig-margen"
|
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|
\end_inset
|
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
|
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|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
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|
\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
|
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|
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
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status open
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|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\series bold
|
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|
\color none
|
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|
Nota
|
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|
\series default
|
|
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|
|
: Si insertas figuras o cuadros al margen debes usar la opción predeterminada
|
|
|
|
|
de colocación de flotantes en la configuración del documento, en
|
|
|
|
|
\family sans
|
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|
|
Posición de flotantes
|
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|
\family default
|
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.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
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|
\end_layout
|
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|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
De igual modo, la clase
|
|
|
|
|
\family sans
|
|
|
|
|
Tufte-book
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
permite la inserción de cuadros, tanto en el margen como en el texto.
|
|
|
|
|
Los cuadros al margen están recomendados para pequeños conjuntos de datos
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
para ilustrar conceptos como
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
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|
\end_inset
|
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
Fíjate, la relación distancia-tiempo en un movimiento de caída es cuadrática
|
|
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|
|
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
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|
\end_inset
|
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|
.
|
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|
|
Por el contrario, conjuntos de datos más detallados, como resultados de
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
tests de llamas y comentarios deberían ponerse en un cuadro de anchura
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
total.
|
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|
\end_layout
|
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|
\begin_layout Standard
|
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|
Finalmente,
|
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|
\family sans
|
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|
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|
Tufte-book
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
permite figuras de ancho total.
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Estas toman todo el ancho de la página, es decir, texto y margen.
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Note Note
|
2016-02-18 00:53:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
status collapsed
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
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|
|
En
|
|
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|
|
\family sans
|
|
|
|
|
Configuración\SpecialChar ldots
|
|
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|
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|
\family default
|
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|
|
del flotante (clic derecho sobre el recuadro) marca
|
|
|
|
|
\family sans
|
|
|
|
|
Extender columnas
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
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|
|
.
|
|
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|
|
(
|
|
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|
|
\emph on
|
|
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|
N.
|
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|
del T.
|
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|
\emph default
|
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|
)
|
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|
\end_layout
|
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|
\end_inset
|
|
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|
|
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Véase por ejemplo la Fig.
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space ~
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
|
|
|
|
LatexCommand ref
|
|
|
|
|
reference "fig:fig-ancho-total"
|
|
|
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|
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|
\end_inset
|
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|
.
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|
\end_layout
|
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|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Float figure
|
|
|
|
|
wide true
|
|
|
|
|
sideways false
|
|
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|
|
status open
|
|
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|
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|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Box Boxed
|
|
|
|
|
position "t"
|
|
|
|
|
hor_pos "c"
|
|
|
|
|
has_inner_box 1
|
|
|
|
|
inner_pos "t"
|
|
|
|
|
use_parbox 0
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
use_makebox 0
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
width "100line%"
|
|
|
|
|
special "none"
|
|
|
|
|
height "1in"
|
|
|
|
|
height_special "totalheight"
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
thickness "0.4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
separation "3pt"
|
|
|
|
|
shadowsize "4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
framecolor "black"
|
|
|
|
|
backgroundcolor "none"
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
status collapsed
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Imagina tu foto favorita de una ardilla en este cuadro en vez de este soso
|
|
|
|
|
texto.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Figura de ancho total.
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
|
|
|
|
LatexCommand label
|
|
|
|
|
name "fig:fig-ancho-total"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
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|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
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|
\end_inset
|
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|
\end_layout
|
|
|
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|
\begin_layout Section
|
|
|
|
|
Trabajando con texto
|
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|
\end_layout
|
|
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|
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\begin_layout Standard
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Una de las características más destacadas y peculiares de este estilo es
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
el uso exhaustivo de notas que se ubican en el margen de la página.
|
|
|
|
|
Hay un amplio margen para dejar sitio a notas y pequeñas figuras.
|
|
|
|
|
Las notas al pie se convertirán automáticamente a notas laterales (numeradas).
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Foot
|
2016-02-18 00:53:08 +00:00
|
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status open
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
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|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
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|
Esta nota lateral se introdujo como
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\family typewriter
|
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|
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|
Nota al pie
|
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|
\family default
|
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|
|
|
.
|
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|
\end_layout
|
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\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
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|
Como alternativa se puede insertar directamente la
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\family typewriter
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
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Nota lateral
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
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|
\family default
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
, usando el menú
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
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|
\family sans
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
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Insertar\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
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|
Recuadro personalizado
|
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|
|
\family default
|
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.
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\begin_inset Flex Sidenote
|
2016-02-18 00:53:08 +00:00
|
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status open
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
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Esto es una nota lateral insertada con el menú
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\family typewriter
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
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Nota lateral
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\family default
|
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.
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\end_layout
|
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\end_inset
|
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
|
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Si quieres poner información complementaria en el margen sin la marca de
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
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|
|
nota (el número voladito), puedes usar la inserción
|
|
|
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|
\family sans
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
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|
Nota marginal
|
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|
\family default
|
|
|
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|
(éstas no se numeran).
|
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\begin_inset Flex Marginnote
|
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|
status open
|
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|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
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|
Esto es una nota marginal de Tufte.
|
|
|
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|
Observa que no hay número antepuesto, y no hay número en el lugar de inserción
|
|
|
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|
en el cuerpo del texto.
|
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|
\end_layout
|
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\end_inset
|
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|
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
La nota al margen normal (
|
|
|
|
|
\family sans
|
|
|
|
|
Insertar\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
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|
|
|
Nota al margen
|
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|
|
|
\family default
|
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|
|
|
) también funciona, pero se verá un poco rara.
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Marginal
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
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|
status open
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
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Esto es una nota al margen normal.
|
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|
No la uses.
|
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\end_layout
|
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\end_inset
|
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\end_layout
|
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\begin_layout Standard
|
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\begin_inset Flex NewThought
|
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status open
|
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|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
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|
Otra innovación
|
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|
\end_layout
|
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\end_inset
|
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|
útil de Tufte es el estilo de texto
|
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|
\family typewriter
|
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|
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|
Idea nueva
|
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|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
(
|
|
|
|
|
\family sans
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Editar\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
|
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|
Estilo del texto\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
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|
Idea nueva
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
).
|
|
|
|
|
Introduce conceptos nuevos mediante el uso de versalitas, como se ve en
|
|
|
|
|
este párrafo.
|
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|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
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|
|
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|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
Las clases de documento Tufte incluyen dos nuevos estilos de texto y algunas
|
|
|
|
|
mejoras en los comandos para el espaciado entre tipos.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
Cuando se insertan caracteres en
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Flex AllCaps
|
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
MAYÚSCULAS
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
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|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
o
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Flex SmallCaps
|
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Versalitas
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, el espaciado de las letras —o sea, entre ellas— debería ser levemente
|
|
|
|
|
aumentado.
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
|
|
|
|
|
LatexCommand cite
|
|
|
|
|
key "Bringhurst2005"
|
2017-04-24 04:03:19 +00:00
|
|
|
|
literal "true"
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
El estilo de texto
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\family typewriter
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Mayúsculas
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
(
|
|
|
|
|
\family sans
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Editar\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
|
|
|
|
Estilo del texto\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
M
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
y
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ú
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
c
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
u
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
l
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
) añade el espacio adecuado en cadenas de caracteres
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Flex AllCaps
|
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
EN MAYÚSCULAS
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, y el estilo
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\family typewriter
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Versalitas Tufte
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
(
|
|
|
|
|
\family sans
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Editar\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
|
|
|
|
Estilo del texto\SpecialChar menuseparator
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
V
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
e
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
r
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
l
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
i
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
t
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
|
|
|
|
) lo añade para
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Flex SmallCaps
|
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
letras versalitas
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
|
|
|
|
Estos comandos también cambiarán automáticamente la caja del texto a mayúscula
|
|
|
|
|
o minúscula, respectivamente.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
La forma normal de
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\family typewriter
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Versalitas
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
también se ha redefinido para incluir espacio entre las letras.
|
|
|
|
|
Su caja se deja tal cual, sin embargo.
|
|
|
|
|
Esto permite usar tanto letras de caja alta como de caja baja para la misma
|
|
|
|
|
forma de letra:
|
|
|
|
|
\noun on
|
|
|
|
|
Las Letras Iniciales De Las Palabras En Esta Frase Son Capitales.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
Por último, el entorno de párrafo
|
|
|
|
|
\emph on
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\family typewriter
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\emph default
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Ancho total
|
|
|
|
|
\family default
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
proporciona un formato de párrafo que se extiende a través del bloque de
|
|
|
|
|
texto principal y del área de notas:
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Full Width
|
|
|
|
|
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
|
|
|
|
|
Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac, adipiscing vitae, felis.
|
|
|
|
|
Curabitur dictum gravida mauris.
|
|
|
|
|
Nam arcu libero, nonummy eget, consectetuer id, vulputate a, magna.
|
|
|
|
|
Donec vehicula augue eu neque.
|
|
|
|
|
Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames
|
|
|
|
|
ac turpis egestas.
|
|
|
|
|
Mauris ut leo.
|
|
|
|
|
Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem.
|
|
|
|
|
Nulla et lectus vestibulum urna fringilla ultrices.
|
|
|
|
|
Phasellus eu tellus sit amet tortor gravida placerat.
|
|
|
|
|
Integer sapien est, iaculis in, pretium quis, viverra ac, nunc.
|
|
|
|
|
Praesent eget sem vel leo ultrices bibendum.
|
|
|
|
|
Aenean faucibus.
|
|
|
|
|
Morbi dolor nulla, malesuada eu, pulvinar at, mollis ac, nulla.
|
|
|
|
|
Curabitur auctor semper nulla.
|
|
|
|
|
Donec varius orci eget risus.
|
|
|
|
|
Duis nibh mi, congue eu, accumsan eleifend, sagittis quis, diam.
|
|
|
|
|
Duis eget orci sit amet orci dignissim rutrum.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Section
|
|
|
|
|
Referencias
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
2016-02-18 00:32:37 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Las referencias se colocan al lado de sus citas, como las notas laterales.
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Esto se puede conseguir usando el habitual comando de citas.
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Foot
|
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
La sección anterior incluye una cita.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
La lista completa de referencias se puede además imprimir automáticamente
|
|
|
|
|
usando
|
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\family sans
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Insertar\SpecialChar menuseparator
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Índices\SpecialChar menuseparator
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Bibliografía
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\begin_inset space ~
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Bib\SpecialChar TeX
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\family default
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(véase un ejemplo al final del documento).
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Si no quieres imprimir una bibliografía al final de un documento, inserta
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la
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Bibliografía
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Bib\SpecialChar TeX
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\family default
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dentro de una nota \SpecialChar LyX
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y usa el comando \SpecialChar LaTeX
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\backslash
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nobibliography
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en el texto.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Chapter
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Cálculo de volumen: Secciones 2.12–2.13
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\begin_layout Standard
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Supongamos que tomamos una función como
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\end_inset
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y la rotamos en 3 dimensiones alrededor del eje X.
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La forma resultante debería ser algo como una copa (de costado).
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Interesante, la integración nos permite hacer eso exactamente y encontrar
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cuánta agua podría contener esa copa.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Section
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Visualización de la rotación
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thickness "0.4pt"
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Aquí tenía una gráfica de la función raíz cuadrada.
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name "mar:una-grafica"
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\end_inset
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Una gráfica de of
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\begin_inset Formula $f(x)=\sqrt{x}$
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sideways false
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position "t"
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special "none"
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height "1in"
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height_special "totalheight"
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2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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thickness "0.4pt"
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separation "3pt"
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shadowsize "4pt"
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framecolor "black"
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backgroundcolor "none"
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Aquí giraba la función raíz cuadrada y después dibujaba un disco sobre la
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gráfica para ilustrar cómo calcular el volumen de la figura.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
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\begin_inset CommandInset label
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name "mar:girada"
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\end_inset
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Una gráfica de
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\begin_inset Formula $f(x)=\sqrt{x}$
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\end_inset
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girada sobre el eje X con notas adicionales para la integración.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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La figura
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\begin_inset space ~
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset CommandInset ref
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LatexCommand ref
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reference "mar:una-grafica"
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\end_inset
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muestra la gráfica de la función
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\begin_inset Formula $f(x)=\sqrt{x}.$
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\end_inset
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Ahora imagina que rotamos esa función sobre el eje X: la figura resultante
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sería algo como la figura
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\begin_inset space ~
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset CommandInset ref
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LatexCommand ref
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reference "mar:girada"
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\end_inset
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.
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Esto es semejente a una copa tumbada de lado.
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En beneficio de la claridad, el artista (yo) dibujó un círculo al final
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de la gráfica para mostrar que realmente está girada.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Ahora supongamos que queremos averigüar el volumen de la figura.
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Cuando integramos la función original raíz cuadrada para calcular el área,
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imaginamos una serie de rectángulos dentro de la figura.
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Su altura es
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\begin_inset Formula $h=f(x)$
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\end_inset
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y su anchura
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\begin_inset Formula $dx$
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\end_inset
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.
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Puesto que la altura multiplicada por la anchura es el área de cada rectángulo,
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sumamos estas áreas y reescribimos esto como
|
2016-01-13 02:06:03 +00:00
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\begin_inset Formula $\int\,f(x)\,dx$
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\end_inset
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, o, en este caso concreto,
|
2016-01-13 02:06:03 +00:00
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\begin_inset Formula $\int\,\sqrt{x}\,dx$
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\end_inset
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.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Para encontrar el volumen de nuestra figura girada el procedimiento es similar.
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Comenzamos rotando cada rectángulo sobre el eje X, esto da origen a una
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serie de cilindros.
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\begin_inset Flex Sidenote
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status collapsed
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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El texto se refiere a estos cilindros como "discos".
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Esto es lo habitual en los libros de Cálculo que he consultado.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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Después, podemos encontrar el volumen de cada cilindro/disco.
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La fórmula básica es:
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\begin_inset Formula
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\[
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V=hA
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\]
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\end_inset
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donde
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\begin_inset Formula $h=dx$
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\end_inset
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es la altura del cilindro (anchura del rectángulo), y el área de cada figura
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es un círculo siendo
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\begin_inset Formula $A=\pi r^{2}$
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\end_inset
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.
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El radio en este caso es la función
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\begin_inset Formula $f(x)$
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\end_inset
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.
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Por sustitución
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\begin_inset Formula
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\[
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A=\pi f^{2}(x)
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\]
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\end_inset
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En nuestro caso concreto,
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\begin_inset Formula
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\begin{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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A & = & \pi\left(\sqrt{x}\right)^{2}\\
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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& = & \pi x
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\end{eqnarray*}
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\end_inset
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Para calcular el volumen de un disco, tenemos
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\begin_inset Formula
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\[
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2016-01-13 02:06:03 +00:00
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V=\pi x\,dx
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\]
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2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\end_inset
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o, en el caso general
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\begin_inset Formula
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|
\[
|
2016-01-13 02:06:03 +00:00
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|
V=\pi f^{2}(x)\,dx
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\]
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\end_inset
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Para encontrar el volumen de la figura entre los puntos
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\begin_inset Formula $a$
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\end_inset
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y
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\begin_inset Formula $b$
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\end_inset
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sumamos los volúmenes por medio de la integración:
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|
\end_layout
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|
\begin_layout Standard
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
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|
\begin_inset Formula
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\begin{equation}
|
2016-01-13 02:06:03 +00:00
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\int_{a}^{b}\,\pi f^{2}(x)\,dx
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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\end{equation}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\end_inset
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En el ejemplo concreto, en el intervalo
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\begin_inset Formula $[0,4]$
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\end_inset
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2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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|
\begin_inset Formula
|
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|
|
\begin{eqnarray*}
|
2016-01-13 02:06:03 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\int_{0}^{4}\,\pi x\,dx & = & \pi\int_{0}^{4}\,x\,dx\\
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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|
|
& = & \pi\left.\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)\right|_{0}^{4}\\
|
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|
|
& = & \pi\left(\frac{4^{2}}{2}-0\right)\\
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
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|
|
& = & 8\pi
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|
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|
|
\end{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset Flex NewThought
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Supongamos que taladro
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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un agujero especial a lo largo de la copa con la que acabamos de trabajar.
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Se hace con un pedazo de forma cuadrática.
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\begin_inset Flex Sidenote
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status collapsed
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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No tengo ni idea cómo se hace esto en la vida real, pero lo estoy intentando.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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Encontré que el agujero que hace el trozo puede modelarse con la función
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\begin_inset Formula $g(x)=\frac{x^{2}}{16}$
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\end_inset
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.
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Necesitaría sustraer el volumen del material quitado del volumen de la
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\begin_inset Quotes eld
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\end_inset
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copa
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\begin_inset Quotes erd
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\end_inset
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entera.
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Cada cilindro individual se convertiría en una arandela.
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Para obtener el área de una arandela podría usar la fórmula
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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\noindent
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\begin_inset Float marginfigure
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wide false
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sideways false
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status collapsed
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Box Boxed
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position "t"
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hor_pos "c"
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has_inner_box 1
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inner_pos "t"
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use_parbox 0
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
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use_makebox 0
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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width "100col%"
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special "none"
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height "1in"
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height_special "totalheight"
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
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thickness "0.4pt"
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separation "3pt"
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shadowsize "4pt"
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framecolor "black"
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backgroundcolor "none"
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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status collapsed
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|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Aquí usé RLPlot para dibujar la función raíz cuadrada y la función cuadrática.
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Después usé Inkscape para sombrear la zona entre ellas.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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|
2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
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|
\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
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|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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|
Las funciones
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|
\begin_inset Formula $f(x)$
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\end_inset
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|
y
|
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|
\begin_inset Formula $g(x)$
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\end_inset
|
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|
y el área dejada por
|
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|
\begin_inset Formula $f(x)-g(x)$
|
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|
\end_inset
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\end_layout
|
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\end_inset
|
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|
\end_layout
|
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|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
A_{arandela} & = & A_{copa}-A_{taladro}\\
|
|
|
|
|
& = & \pi f^{2}(x)-\pi g^{2}(x)\\
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
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|
|
& = & \pi\left(f^{2}(x)-g^{2}(x)\right)
|
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|
|
\end{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
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|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
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|
|
El volumen de cada arandela sería
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{eqnarray*}
|
2016-01-13 02:06:03 +00:00
|
|
|
|
V_{arandela} & = & A_{arandela}\,dx\\
|
|
|
|
|
& = & \pi\left(f^{2}(x)-g^{2}(x)\right)\,dx
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\end{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
\noindent
|
|
|
|
|
Después, sumando los volúmenes de todas las arandelas entre los puntos
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $a$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
y
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula $b$
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, se obtiene la integral:
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{equation}
|
2016-01-13 02:06:03 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\int_{a}^{b}\,\pi\left(f^{2}(x)-g^{2}(x)\right)\,dx
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\end{equation}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
En el caso de nuestro trozo de taladro cuadrático:
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
\noindent
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Float marginfigure
|
|
|
|
|
wide false
|
|
|
|
|
sideways false
|
|
|
|
|
status collapsed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Box Boxed
|
|
|
|
|
position "t"
|
|
|
|
|
hor_pos "c"
|
|
|
|
|
has_inner_box 1
|
|
|
|
|
inner_pos "t"
|
|
|
|
|
use_parbox 0
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
use_makebox 0
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
width "100col%"
|
|
|
|
|
special "none"
|
|
|
|
|
height "1in"
|
|
|
|
|
height_special "totalheight"
|
2015-11-13 18:14:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
thickness "0.4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
separation "3pt"
|
|
|
|
|
shadowsize "4pt"
|
|
|
|
|
framecolor "black"
|
|
|
|
|
backgroundcolor "none"
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
status open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
Esto era el conjunto rotado de 2 funciones.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014-03-23 16:31:51 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Caption Standard
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
|
|
|
|
La copa con un agujero cuadrático taladrado a lo largo.
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset Formula
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{eqnarray*}
|
2016-01-13 02:06:03 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\int_{0}^{4}\,\pi\left(\left(\sqrt{x}\right)^{2}-\left(\frac{x^{2}}{16}\right)\right)\,dx & = & \pi\int_{0}^{4}\,\left(x-\frac{x^{4}}{256}\right)\,dx\\
|
|
|
|
|
& = & \pi\left(\int_{0}^{4}\,x\,dx-\int_{0}^{4}\,\frac{x^{4}}{256}\,dx\right)\\
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
& = & \pi\left(\left.\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)\right|_{0}^{4}-\left.\left(\frac{x^{5}}{1280}\right)\right|_{0}^{4}\right)\\
|
|
|
|
|
& = & \pi\left(\left(\frac{4^{2}}{2}-0\right)-\left(\frac{4^{5}}{1280}-0\right)\right)\\
|
|
|
|
|
& = & \pi\left(8-0.8\right)\\
|
2011-06-15 20:26:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
& = & 7.2\pi
|
|
|
|
|
\end{eqnarray*}
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Section
|
|
|
|
|
Tarea
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
|
|
|
|
p114: 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
|
|
\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex
|
|
|
|
|
LatexCommand bibtex
|
2013-06-24 09:07:40 +00:00
|
|
|
|
bibfiles "../biblioExample"
|
2009-12-12 02:41:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
options "plainnat"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_inset
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_layout
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end_body
|
|
|
|
|
\end_document
|