Tutorial.lyx: revise the last missing chapter 4

Intro.lyx: rewrite some sentences suggested on the docs list

git-svn-id: svn://svn.lyx.org/lyx/lyx-devel/branches/BRANCH_1_5_X@22145 a592a061-630c-0410-9148-cb99ea01b6c8
This commit is contained in:
Uwe Stöhr 2007-12-14 01:25:44 +00:00
parent c54529ad15
commit 089ccab8a6
2 changed files with 203 additions and 246 deletions

View File

@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
#LyX 1.5.2svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
#LyX 1.5.3svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
\lyxformat 276
\begin_document
\begin_header
@ -699,12 +699,12 @@ LyX: Visual, WYSIWYM word-processor that uses LaTeX to do its printing.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
LaTeX is the reason why LyX differs from other word processors.
LyX is a graphical user interface (GUI) frontend for LaTeX.
It is designed to typeset documents using LaTeX without knowing its macro
commands.
But although LyX can never support all commands graphically, it offers
its usage, so that LyX is as functional as LaTeX.
LaTeX makes LyX different from other word processors.
LyX is a graphical user interface (GUI) frontend for LaTeX, designed to
typeset documents without knowing LaTeX's macro commands.
LyX does not provide graphical support for all the countless existing LaTeX
macros, but can parse all of them.
Thus LyX is every bit as functional as LaTeX.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard

View File

@ -2901,22 +2901,7 @@ LaTeX is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
LyX can't check if the math you're writing is actually
\emph on
correct
\emph default
.
Sorry.
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
@ -2933,12 +2918,9 @@ I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it's so simple.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now, that equation doesn't look very good, even in the
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
file; there's no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you'd
like to write an actual superscript for the
Now, that equation doesn't look very good in LyX and in the output; there's
no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you'd like to write
an actual superscript for the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
@ -2954,13 +2936,24 @@ dvi
\begin_layout Standard
Instead, we create a formula that will get typeset properly.
In order to create a formula, just click the toolbar button with
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$
In order to create a formula, just click the toolbar button
\begin_inset Graphics
filename ../images/math-mode.xpm
scale 75
scaleBeforeRotation
\end_inset
written on it in blue.
or use the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Inline\InsetSpace ~
Formula
\family default
.
LyX will insert a little blue square, which is an empty math formula.
LyX has placed the cursor in the blue square, so just type
Now just type
\family typewriter
E=mc^2
\family default
@ -2977,11 +2970,7 @@ Esc
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Run LaTeX and look at the
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
file.
Run LaTeX and look at the output.
Notice that the expression was typeset nicely, with spaces between the
letters and the equals sign, and a superscript
\begin_inset Quotes eld
@ -3006,27 +2995,13 @@ This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
sqrt
\family default
; this can be frustrating, because you can't see what an expression looks
like until you LaTeX the file, and may have to spend time to find missing
brackets or other
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
bugs
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
On the other hand, LyX doesn't attempt to get the expression to look perfect
(WYSIWYG), but it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression
will look like.
like until you LaTeX the file, and may have to spend time to find e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
g.\InsetSpace ~
missing
brackets.
LyX doesn't attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG), but
it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like.
LaTeX then takes care of the professional typesetting.
99% of the time, you won't have to make any changes to the font sizes or
spacing that LaTeX outputs.
This way (sorry to be so repetitive) you can focus on the
\emph on
content
\emph default
of your mathematical expressions, not their format.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
@ -3086,27 +3061,20 @@ Backspace
Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Undo
\family default
works in math mode, as does cutting and pasting.
One thing to be careful of: if you're right outside a formula and you type
works in math mode as well as cut and paste.
One thing to be careful of: If you are left or right outside a formula
and you press
\family sans
Delete
\family default
(or
or
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
), it will delete the whole expression.
, respectively, you delete the whole formula.
Luckily, you can just use
\family sans
Undo
@ -3141,11 +3109,12 @@ c
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, then typing
, then press
\family sans
Up
\family default
will move the cursor to the level of the superscript, just before the
and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript, just before the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
@ -3168,11 +3137,15 @@ Up
Down
\family default
will move the cursor back to the regular level.
In fact, if you hit
When you hit
\family sans
Space
\family default
instead of
\family sans
Down
\family default
from anywhere within the superscript, the cursor will be placed just
, the cursor will be placed
\emph on
after
\emph default
@ -3195,7 +3168,7 @@ Exponents and Indices
An exponent can be entered from the
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
Toolbar
\family default
(see below), but it's actually simpler just to type the caret key,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
@ -3216,7 +3189,7 @@ Space
\family sans
Esc
\family default
to exit Mathed entirely) will be in the superscript.
to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
@ -3261,9 +3234,9 @@ The
Math\InsetSpace ~
Toolbar
\family default
is a convenient way to enter symbols or to perform many complicated Mathed
functions.
Many of these functions can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
is a convenient way to enter symbols or to perform complicated formula
operations.
Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math
@ -3288,7 +3261,8 @@ The
\family sans
math toolbar
\family default
can be turned on in the menu
is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned on manually
in the menu
\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Toolbars
@ -3383,8 +3357,15 @@ Square roots, accents, and delimiters
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To type a square root, just click on the button with a square root sign
on it.
To type a square root, just click on the button
\begin_inset Graphics
filename ../images/math/sqrt.xpm
scale 75
scaleBeforeRotation
\end_inset
.
The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
the square root.
You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
@ -3402,11 +3383,15 @@ Accenting a character (
\end_inset
) is done the same way.
The
\family sans
Decoration
\family default
types are available from the toolbar.
Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button
\begin_inset Graphics
filename ../images/math/hat.xpm
scale 75
scaleBeforeRotation
\end_inset
.
Click on a decoration, and LyX will insert that decoration with an insertion
point under (or over) it.
Just type what you want in the insertion point.
@ -3419,19 +3404,22 @@ Decoration
\begin_layout Standard
Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
are a bit more complicated.
Hit the
\family sans
Delimiter
\family default
button, which features a blue square surrounded by brackets, to pop up
the
Hit the delimiter button
\begin_inset Graphics
filename ../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.xpm
scale 75
scaleBeforeRotation
\end_inset
to pop up the
\family sans
Delimiter
\family default
dialog.
Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
It's a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces,
a brace and a parenthesis, or even choose the empty square to have something
a brace and a parenthesis, or choose the empty square to have something
like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
@ -3454,20 +3442,19 @@ If you're lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
\family sans
Delimiter
\family default
window.
dialog.
However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
Using the
\family sans
Delimiter
\family default
window will guarantee that the delimiters are sized based on what's inside
them.
So better use in this case one of the three delimiter buttons that insert
directly e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
g.\InsetSpace ~
a (\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
) pair.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
existing text.
existing formula parts.
Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
on the button you want from the
\family sans
@ -3494,17 +3481,21 @@ Fractions
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Fractions are very simple in Mathed.
Just click on the
\family sans
Fraction
\family default
button in the
To create a fraction, click on the fraction button
\begin_inset Graphics
filename ../images/math/frac.xpm
lyxscale 75
scale 60
scaleBeforeRotation
\end_inset
in the
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Toolbar
\family default
, which shows a fraction with blue squares in the numerator and the denominator.
.
LyX writes two insertion points in a fraction.
As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
a fraction.
@ -3562,7 +3553,7 @@ sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in math mode, LyX thinks you're typing the product of the three variables
in math mode, LyX thinks you are typing the product of the three variables
\begin_inset Formula $s$
\end_inset
@ -3602,17 +3593,17 @@ x
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(typing
(pressing
\family sans
Space
\family default
will just exit math mode).
will exit the formula).
So how do you get
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$
\begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$
\end_inset
@ -3624,7 +3615,7 @@ Space
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $sinx$
\begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$
\end_inset
@ -3635,7 +3626,20 @@ Space
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Click on
Click on the
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Toolbar
\family default
button
\begin_inset Graphics
filename ../images/math/functions.xpm
scale 75
scaleBeforeRotation
\end_inset
and then on
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
@ -3643,16 +3647,7 @@ sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in the
\family sans
Functions
\family default
list in the
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Toolbar
\family default
.
in the appearing function list.
The word
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
@ -3661,7 +3656,7 @@ sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is written in black, in upright roman type.
is displayed in LyX in black, and set in upright roman type.
The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type
\family sans
Backspace
@ -3671,26 +3666,18 @@ Backspace
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
x
(x)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in Mathed.
In the
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
file, the expression will be correctly typeset.
Try it.
, which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in a formula.
In the output, the expression will be correctly typeset.
Try it out.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Other commands you need to type in TeX mode using the
\family sans
Functions
\family default
box include other trigonometric functions and their inverses, hyperbolic
functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
The function list include other trigonometric functions and their inverses,
hyperbolic functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
\begin_inset Quotes eld
@ -3742,24 +3729,24 @@ name "sec:matrices"
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Click on the
\family sans
Matrix
\family default
button in the
Click on the matrix button
\begin_inset Graphics
filename ../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.xpm
scale 75
scaleBeforeRotation
\end_inset
in the
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Toolbar
\family default
.
The dialog has two sliding bars which allow you to choose how many rows
and columns you want in your matrix.
The appearing dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you
want in your matrix.
Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit
\family sans
Apply
\family default
or
\family sans
OK
\family default
.
@ -3768,7 +3755,7 @@ OK
\end_inset
matrix.
As usual, you can put any sort of Mathed expression (a square root, another
As usual, you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root, another
matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
\end_layout
@ -3791,53 +3778,47 @@ Down
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If you suddenly need more rows or columns, use
If you need to change the number of rows and columns, use the menu
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Add\InsetSpace ~
\bar under
R
\bar default
ow
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Rows\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
&\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
Columns
\family default
and
\family sans
Add\InsetSpace ~
or the table toolbar buttons
\begin_inset Graphics
filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm
scale 75
scaleBeforeRotation
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Graphics
filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.xpm
scale 75
scaleBeforeRotation
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Graphics
filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-column.xpm
scale 75
scaleBeforeRotation
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Graphics
filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-column.xpm
scale 75
scaleBeforeRotation
\end_inset
\bar under
C
\bar default
olumn
\family default
.
They add a row or column just after the current position.
Overdid it? Use
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
elete\InsetSpace ~
Row
\family default
and
\family sans
D
\bar under
e
\bar default
lete\InsetSpace ~
Column
\family default
from the same menu.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
@ -3848,7 +3829,7 @@ User's Guide
for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
LyX' wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
LyX's wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
@ -3867,22 +3848,19 @@ All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
), and multi-line equations (see Sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:multiline"
\end_inset
) must be in display mode.
), and multi-line equations must be in display mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Click on the
\family sans
Display
\family default
button in the
Click on the display button
\begin_inset Graphics
filename ../images/math-display.xpm
scale 75
scaleBeforeRotation
\end_inset
in the
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Toolbar
@ -3892,12 +3870,8 @@ Toolbar
LyX inserts a formula, but the insertion point is on a new line, and it's
centered within that line.
Now type an expression and run LaTeX to see how it looks.
The
\family sans
Display
\family default
button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple of your expressions
to display mode and back.
The display button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple
of your expressions to display mode and back.
\end_layout
@ -3932,7 +3906,7 @@ ns are very similar.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
One final note about the way displayed formulae are typeset: be careful
One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset: Be careful
about whether you're putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then don't
press
@ -3945,7 +3919,8 @@ Return
after
\emph default
the formula to start a new paragraph.
That text will therefore be indented, which is probably not what you want.
That text will therefore eventually be indented, depending on your document
paragraph settings, which is probably not what you want.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
@ -3971,25 +3946,14 @@ Exercise
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
After you've done it the hard way, why don't you give
After you've done it the hard way, give
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Mat
\bar under
h
\bar default
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\bar under
C
\bar default
ases\InsetSpace ~
environment
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cases\InsetSpace ~
Environment
\family default
a try?
a try.
\end_layout
\end_inset
@ -4011,8 +3975,8 @@ More Math Stuff
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Mathed can do plenty more.
By now, you're familiar with the basics, so we'll just refer to the
LyX's math editor can do plenty more.
By now, you're familiar with the basics, so we refer to the
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
@ -4040,17 +4004,10 @@ Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
Write macros.
These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
If you change the macro definition, the references to the macro will be
changed throughout the document.
Macros can even take arguments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Do lots of other things we didn't have time to mention in this
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
Do lots of other things that can't be mentioned in this Tutorial.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter