lyx_mirror/lib/examples/linguistics.lyx

#LyX 2.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
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\begin_modules
linguistics
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\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
Writing linguistic papers with \SpecialChar LyX

\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
Jürgen Spitzmüller
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "spitz@lyx.org"
type "mailto:"
literal "false"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Date
21/04/2015
\end_layout

\begin_layout Abstract
This paper describes some features that \SpecialChar LyX
 provides to linguists.
 It demonstrates how to use some native support in order to produce numbered
 examples, glosses, OT tableaux, semantic markup, structure trees, and phonetic
 symbols (IPA).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Aims and prerequisites
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Basically, this paper describes the features of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Linguistics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 module that ships with \SpecialChar LyX
 as of version 1.6.0.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Modules
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 are support files (introduced with \SpecialChar LyX
 1.6.0) that can easily be selected for
 any document.
 In order to use the Linguistics module, go to 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Modules
\family default
, select 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Linguistics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 from the list of available modules, and hit the 
\family sans
Add
\family default
 button to select it for your document (as already done for this document).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You should be able to use the module with any document class (please inform
 me, if not).
 However, in order to use all the features, you need to have the following
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages installed:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
covington.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "covington"
literal "true"

\end_inset

: This is the base package used for numbered examples and glosses.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system: 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "covington"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
enumitem.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "enumitem"
literal "true"

\end_inset

: This package is used for the Subexamples style.
 It is generally useful to alter the appearance of lists (such as 
\emph on
enumerate
\emph default
, 
\emph on
itemize
\emph default
, 
\emph on
description
\emph default
).
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system: 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "enumitem"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
csquotes.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "csquotes"
literal "true"

\end_inset

: Needed for the 
\emph on
Meaning
\emph default
 character style.
 The package provides context sensitive quotation marks, depending on the
 language in use.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system: 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "csquotes"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
float.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "float"
literal "true"

\end_inset

: Needed for the OT tableaux floats and list of floats.
 This package should be part of any \SpecialChar LaTeX
 distribution.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system: 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "float"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
forest.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "forest"
literal "true"

\end_inset

: This package is used to generate structure trees.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system: 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "forest"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Section
Numbered examples
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Numbered examples are inserted via the layout drop-down box in the toolbar.
 There are three variants:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
This is a multiline example [Style 
\emph on
Numbered Example (multiline)
\emph default
]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
it can have several paragraphs
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
This is a single example
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "exa:single-example"

\end_inset

 [Style 
\emph on
Numbered Example (consecutive)
\emph default
]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
Consecutive single examples get their own numbers
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subexample
This is a subexample
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:subexample"

\end_inset

 [Style 
\emph on
Subexample
\emph default
]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subexample
And another one
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
References to examples are produced as usual: insert a label to the example
 and a cross-reference via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross references
\family default
.
 We refer here, just for the sake of demonstrating this, to 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "exa:single-example"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:subexample"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want to modify the numbering of an individual example, you can use
 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Numbering 
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Glosses
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Linguistics module provides two kinds of glosses, which can be inserted
 via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Insets
\family default
: The standard 
\emph on
Glosse
\emph default
 provides a gloss that consists of two lines (a gloss pair) and a translation,
 the 
\emph on
Tri-Glosse
\emph default
 insets consists of three lines and a translation (the third line is usually
 needed to give morphological or phonological information next to the gloss
 pair).
 Each translation line might span multiple lines in the output, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e., the paragraphs are automatically broken if they exceed the text width.
 The translation line is inserted by means of 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Glosse Translation
\family default
.
 It does not matter where you insert the translation, it is always printed
 as the last line.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a simple example for a 
\emph on
Glosse
\emph default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Glosse
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
C'est     un exemple simple
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is
\end_layout

\end_inset

 an example simple
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

This is a simple example
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
Use 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
GroupGlossedWords
\family default
 in order to hold together multi-word expressions (or alternatively just
 put braces in TeX mode 
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

around those words
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

).
 Note that you can enter multiple spaces to align the glosses in the \SpecialChar LyX
 work
 area; this will not affect the output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a three-line gloss (
\emph on
Tri-Glosse
\emph default
); the procedure is the same:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
C'est      un exemple simple
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Das ist
\end_layout

\end_inset

 ein Beispiel einfach
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is
\end_layout

\end_inset

 an  example simple
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

This is a simple example
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
If you want to have numbered glosses, simply insert the gloss inset to a
 numbered examples paragraph, as follows:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
\begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller  Aale
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
My    skeertuig                   is  vol       palings
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
My    hovercraft                 is 
\begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
full of
\end_layout

\end_inset

 eels
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

Do you have matches?
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Tips & Tricks
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Avoiding Page Breaks within Glosses
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Page breaks might occur within glosses, which is not desirable.
 A workaround is to wrap glosses into boxes (via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Box\SpecialChar menuseparator
Frameless
\family default
).
 If you want to automate this for all glosses, you can copy the following
 code to 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX Preamble
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

% Do not break pages at two-line glosses
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
AtBeginDocument{%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
renewenvironment{linggloss}[2][]{%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
def
\backslash
glosstr{
\backslash
glt #1}%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
begin{minipage}{.7
\backslash
textwidth}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
gll #2}{
\backslash
glosstr
\backslash
glend
\backslash
end{minipage}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

% Do not break pages at three-line glosses
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
AtBeginDocument{%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
renewenvironment{lingglosss}[2][]{%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
def
\backslash
glosstr{
\backslash
glt #1}%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
begin{minipage}{.7
\backslash
textwidth}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
glll #2}{
\backslash
glosstr
\backslash
glend
\backslash
end{minipage}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You might have to adapt the minipage width (
\family typewriter
.7
\backslash
textwidth
\family default
 in the example code) to fit the glosses to your actual page width.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Footnotes in Glosses
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Although you can insert a footnote in a 
\emph on
Glosse
\emph default
 inset, LaTeX compilation will not succeed.
 If you need footnotes, put 
\family typewriter

\backslash
footnotemark
\family default
 in TeX mode in the glosse at the point where the footnote number should
 appear, and
\family typewriter
 
\backslash
footnotetext{Actual footnote ...}
\family default
, also in TeX mode, right behind the 
\emph on
Glosse
\emph default
 inset.
 If you need several footnotes, just insert multiple of these constructs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Using Glosses (and Examples) in a Beamer Presentation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use the linguistics module with 
\emph on
beamer
\emph default
 presentations, there are some caveats:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
If you want to use glosses in 
\emph on
beamer
\emph default
, you need to put it in a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

fragile
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 frame.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Older versions of the 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 package (before version 1.1) do not play with the 
\emph on
beamer
\emph default
 class out of the box, since both 
\emph on
beamer
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 try to define the commands 
\family typewriter

\backslash
example
\family default
 and 
\family typewriter

\backslash
examples
\family default
.
 In these older versions of 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
, this results in a \SpecialChar LaTeX
 error.
 You can work around this problem by inserting the following code in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Local Layout
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily},tabsize=4"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

Provides covington 1
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

AddToPreamble
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

		
\backslash
let
\backslash
example
\backslash
relax
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

		
\backslash
let
\backslash
endexample
\backslash
relax
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

		
\backslash
let
\backslash
examples
\backslash
relax
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

		
\backslash
let
\backslash
endexamples
\backslash
relax
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

		
\backslash
usepackage{covington}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

EndPreamble
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Press 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

validate
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

OK
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 This effectively defuncts 
\emph on
beamer's
\emph default
 example(s) environment in favor of 
\emph on
covington's
\emph default
 (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e., you can use the 
\family sans
Numbered Example
\family default
 styles, but not 
\emph on
beamer's
\emph default
 
\family sans
Example
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Examples
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As of v.
 1.1 of 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
, this problem is solved.
 
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Section
Optimality Theory Tableaux
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
OT tableaux itself can of course simply be inserted as ordinary tables (for
 specific features such as dashed lines and shaded cells, cf.
 the 
\emph on
EmbeddedObjects
\emph default
 manual).
 However, you might want to have the tableaux numbered throughout the document,
 and you might want to have a 
\emph on
List of Tableaux
\emph default
, similar to the 
\emph on
List of Tables
\emph default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Linguistics module provides support for both.
 In 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Floats
\family default
, you will find a Tableaux float:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float tableau
placement h
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" special="|c">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
/atikap/
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\noun on
Onset
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\noun on
NoCoda
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\noun on
Dep
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\noun on
Max
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{☞}$
\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
\end_inset

a.ti.ka
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
a.ti.ka
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
\end_inset

a.ti.kap
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
a.ti.kap
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Example Tableau
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that by default, the caption is always placed below the tableaux in
 the output, no matter where you put it in the \SpecialChar LyX
 window.
 To get the Tableau captions on top, put the following code in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preamble
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
floatstyle{plaintop}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
restylefloat{tableau}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use a KOMA class, use the following code instead:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
floatstyle{komaabove}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
restylefloat{tableau}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A List of Tableaux inset can be found in 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Lists & TOC
\family default
.
 It looks like this:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset FloatList tableau

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Semantic Markup (Character Styles)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Linguistics module comes with some character styles that are common
 in linguistics:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Concept (in small caps): 
\begin_inset Flex Concepts
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
concept
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Expression (emphasized): 
\begin_inset Flex Expression
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
expression
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Meaning (in single quotes): 
\begin_inset Flex Meaning
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
meaning
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert the character styles via the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text Style
\family default
 submenu.
 If you need to change the appearance of these styles later, you can redefine
 them in the preamble.
 To make expressions bold, for instance, insert:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
renewcommand
\backslash
lingexpr[1]{
\backslash
textbf{#1}}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Similarly, concept (
\family typewriter

\backslash
lingconcept
\family default
) and meaning (
\family typewriter

\backslash
lingmeaning
\family default
) can be modified.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Linguistic structure trees
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Meanwhile, many \SpecialChar LaTeX
 are available which help producing structure trees.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 supports the 
\family sans
forest
\family default
 package, which combines high flexibility and power with a comfortable input
 syntax.
 The Linguistics module provides a Structure Tree inset, which can be inserted
 via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Insets
\family default
.
 Within this inset, you can insert the bracket notation used by 
\family sans
forest
\family default
 (and also by other similar packages such as 
\family sans
qtree
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a simple example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]] ] ]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
If you view the PDF output, you will see that the input
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
\size small
[VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]]]]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
expands to a real structure tree.
 To view the result within the \SpecialChar LyX
 work area, you can simply embed the Structure
 Tree inset into a Preview inset (
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preview
\family default
).
 If instant preview is correctly installed and activated, you should see
 the tree immediately (just click on the image in order to edit):
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Preview

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[VP [DP[Mary]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[John]] [DP[D[a]][NP[response]]] ] ]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
Roofs can be easily generated by means of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

roof
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 option
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
Note that the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

roof
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 option only exists as of 
\family sans
forest
\family default
 version 2.0.
 We have added some code to the preamble of this manual to support previous
 versions.
 If you use a 
\family sans
forest
\family default
 version < 2.0, you either need to copy this code to your preamble or use
 the old option 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

triangle
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 instead of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

roof
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 (note that the comma has special meaning, as it marks options):
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[another letter, roof]] ] ]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
In order to align nodes of the tree more elegantly, use the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

tier
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 option.
 All nodes which have the same 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

tier
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 allocated get aligned.
 Here is an example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[VP [DP[John,tier=word]] [V' [V[sent,tier=word]] [DP[Mary,tier=word]] [DP[D[a,ti
er=word]][NP[letter,tier=word]]] ] ]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
The package supports many additional features, such as movement arrows and
 decorations, that cannot documented here (please refer to the detailed
 package documentation 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "forest"
literal "true"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Phonetic Symbols (IPA)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You do not need the Linguistics module to insert phonetic symbols, this
 is a base functionality of \SpecialChar LyX
.
 However, since this is frequently used by linguists, we will describe it
 (briefly) in this manual nevertheless.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use traditional \SpecialChar LaTeX
 or PDF\SpecialChar LaTeX
, a prerequisite to use \SpecialChar LyX
's IPA support is
 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "tipa"
literal "true"

\end_inset

, which is automatically loaded by \SpecialChar LyX
 if you follow the procedure described
 below.
 If you use Unicode fonts (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e., if you have clicked 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Use non-\SpecialChar TeX
 fonts
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Fonts
\family default
), the package 
\emph on
xunicode
\emph default
 is loaded instead (since 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 does not work in this context).
 
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
See also https://github.com/wspr/fontspec/issues/280 and the discussion in
 docutils-devel (https://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=mid&q=1487664738.2405.6.camel%
40lyx.org).
\end_layout

\end_inset

 The 
\emph on
xunicode
\emph default
 package emulates the 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 output, but is not perfect at that, so some things might not look as expected.
 Furthermore, you need to take care in this case to use a font that includes
 the IPA glyphs (such as 
\emph on
CMU Serif
\emph default
 or 
\emph on
SIL Doulos
\emph default
).
 You can also specify an extra font only for IPA by adding the following
 to 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX Preamble
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
AtBeginDocument{%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
newfontfamily{
\backslash
ipafont}{CMU Serif}% or another font
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
def
\backslash
useTIPAfont{
\backslash
ipafont}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

Additionally, and independent from which of the above approaches you use,
 if you want to have instant preview, you should have the 
\emph on
preview-latex
\emph default
 package 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "preview"
literal "true"

\end_inset

 installed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The recommended way to insert phonetic symbols is via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
Phonetic symbols.
 
\family default
This gives you an input box (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in \SpecialChar LyX
 speak), where you can insert the symbols.
 Note that this box can be used both for the insertion of small snippets
 (inline) and multiple paragraphs of phonetic notation.
 While the cursor is inside the box, a toolbar opens, which provides the
 basic set of phonetic symbols (sorted by the IPA categories).
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Currently, there is one symbol missing: the labiodental flap (added to the
 IPA in 2005).
 This symbol is not yet supported by the 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 package and thus cannot be supported by LyX.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Each of the toolbar's panels can be torn off the bar by clicking on the
 dashed line on its top.
 This way, you can insert most symbols quite comfortably: 
\begin_inset IPA

\begin_layout Standard
[l
\begin_inset IPADeco bottomtiebar
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
ai
\end_layout

\end_inset

k ðɪs]
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Note that, if you want to insert diacritics, the diacritics are inserted
 
\emph on
after
\emph default
 the base character.
 That is to say, for 
\begin_inset IPA

\begin_layout Standard
[d̥]
\end_layout

\end_inset

 you need to insert 
\family typewriter
<d>
\family default
 and then the 
\family typewriter
<voiceless>
\family default
 subring diacritic from the toolbar immediately after the 
\family typewriter
<d>
\family default
.
 If you need a diacritic alone, you can achieve this by inserting a blank
 and then the diacritic, as in 
\begin_inset IPA

\begin_layout Standard
 ̼
\end_layout

\end_inset

 (
\family typewriter
=
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

<space>+<Linguolabial from the IPA toolbar>
\family default
).
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Given that
\emph on
 preview-latex
\emph default
 is installed and you have switched on instant preview (in
\family sans
 Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Look
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Feel\SpecialChar menuseparator
Display
\family default
), you'll get a nice WYSIWYG preview as soon as the cursor leaves the box.
 Alternatively to the toolbar, you can also insert the symbols directly
 via the shortcut notation which is described in the 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 manual: here's 
\begin_inset IPA

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\strikeout off
\uuline off
\uwave off
\noun off
\color none
[@n Ig"zA:mpl]
\end_layout

\end_inset

 (
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 shortcut notation: 
\family typewriter
[@n Ig"zA:mpl
\family default
]).
 Furthermore, you can insert symbols via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
Symbols\SpecialChar ldots

\family default
 (which might be useful for symbols that are not yet covered by the toolbar),
 or you can simply paste unicode-encoded text (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., from other applications) into the box.
 The output should be equal, no matter what input method you chose.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that you can also insert or paste most IPA glyphs outside the specific
 IPA input box: [əz ʃəʊn hɪə].
 In the output, they will be automatically transformed into the correct
 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 macro (if not, please inform us).
 However, please note that this method produces inferior output quality,
 since it will most likely result in a mix of fonts (the latin characters
 are taken from the base document font, the IPA glyphs from the IPA font).
 Within the IPA input box, on the other hand, the IPA font is used for all
 characters.
 So unless you only need to insert single IPA characters, using the IPA
 input box is highly recommended.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Further information
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For a detailed description of specific possibilities for linguists, please
 refer to the Linguist\SpecialChar LyX
 page on the \SpecialChar LyX
 wiki 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "linguistlyx"
literal "true"

\end_inset

 (feel free to enter your own hints there).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "covington"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The covington package: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/covington/
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "csquotes"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The csquotes package: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes/
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "enumitem"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The enumitem package: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "float"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The float package: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float/
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "forest"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The forest package: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/graphics/pgf/contrib/forest
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "linguistlyx"
literal "true"

\end_inset

Maria Gouskova, Stacia Hartleben and Jürgen Spitzmüller: Using \SpecialChar LyX
 for Linguistic
 Papers.
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "preview"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The preview-latex package: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/preview/
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "tipa"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The tipa package and fonts: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document